Norman Taylor collection
1
_
Plate I.
S3 £5
T- ^O- -3
s
^§
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.
EUGENE ALLEN SMITH, Ph. D.,
Statk Geologist.
PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA,
AN ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION, MODES
OF ASSOCIATION, AND ADAPTATIONS OF
THE FLORA OF ALABAMA, TOGETHER
WITH A SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE
OF THE PLANTS GROWING
IN THE STATE.
By CHARLES MOHR, Ph. D.
REPRINT OF VOL. VI, CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE U. S. NATIONAL
HERBARIUM, PUBLISHED JULY 31, 1901, BY THE
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Alabama
ALA.BAMA EI)ITI0:N",
WITH PORTRAIT AND BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR.
I'rinted at Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
ALABAMA EDITION
BOUND AND PUBLISHED BY THE BROWN PRINTING CO.,
MONTGOMERY, ALA., OCTOBER, 1901.
.-^
K.1S0
Ml
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
University of Alabama,
August 1, 1901.
To His ExcGllencij, William D.Jclks, Governor of Alabama:
Sir — I liave tlie lionor to transmit herewith a report on
"Plant Life of Alabama," by Charles Mohr, Ph.D., with the
recommendation that it be published as one of the reports of
the Geological Surve3\ In compliance with the requirements
of the law organizing the survey, which makes it the duty of
the State Geologist to ju'epare reports on the Geological, Ag-
ricultural and other natural resources of the State, and in ac-
cordance with the plan outlined in my first report, 1871, this
volume has been prepared hy the one man in the State compe-
tent . to do it. Dr. Mohr in his introduction beyond,
has given a historical sketch of the origin and pro-
gress of the investigations which have led up to the
X)resent report, and to this sketch I will add that" in 1880 we
imblished a list of our combined collections, under the title
"A Preliminary List of the Plants Growing Without Cultiva-
tion in Alabama." In this list were enumerated about 1,500
species and varieties of flowering x)lants and ferns. How much
has been added since that time through Dr. Mohr's efforts
may be seen by comparison with the list in "Plant Life."
The present volume — according to our plan, the first part of
a comprehensive report on the Botanical Resources of
Alabama — is a classified catalogue of our indigenous
and naturalized flora. The second part of this re-
port, on the Economic Botany of the State, to the irre-
parable loss to science in general and to the State in particu-
lar, the author did not live to complete. This proposed vol-
ume was to have been a classified and descriptive catalogue of
all our plants useful for timber, for ornament, for forage and
food purposes, for medicinal use, for perfumery, etc., as well
as of those undesirable because of their interference with de-
sirable growths or of their poisonous or other deleterious
qualities. Such a book would have been of service to a very
large number of our citizens, and we can only bewail the un-
timely death of the gifted man who alone of our acquaintance
possessed the qualifications needed for such a work.
It will be seen that the present volume is far more than a
bare list of our native plants, for, even considered merely as
a catalogue, it has the merit of presenting the plants ac-
IV LICTTKll OK TKANSMlTTAr,,
rordiiiu; 1<> tln-' iiiosl iiKxIciii svstciii of chissilical i(»ii, with llic
sviioiiN iiiv of cMcli siM'cics iiiosi cai-criill V and coiisciciil ioiisl v
udikcd oul, with llic l.\ |><' localiiv, and I'lill iiolcs ol' ils (Mciir
iviict's ill Alahaiiia.
The amount ol" laltoi- and N-ainini; iii\(tl\i'd in this can he
a])|ir('(iat('d hy the few only who have had similar \v<trk to <h>.
The iirciiminary cliaiitcrs on the thtral rciiions <d" the Slate,
and t he j^eoj^raphical disi rihiit i(»ii (»!' oiii- iiali\(' phmts, their
mo(U's of association and aihiplal ions, emho<lyin_n ail the latest
results of botanical study, will interest and instruct even the
s[K'cialist.
Foreseeing Ihe dilliculty, if not the imiK>ssil)ility, of lia\ing
a book of so teclmical a character as ''Plant IJfe" l)i-(»u_i;hl out
un(b*r our supei'vision alone, and kiiowim:, that the authoi-i-
ties of the I)ei)arlnu'nt of Agriculture, through J)r. Mohr, had
become interested in the work, it was proposed b}' me that the
first publication sliould be undertaken by that Department,
with the understanding that an edition for the Alabama (Jeo-
h)gical Survey should be printed at the same time with that for
the Department, each edition to liave its appropriate title page
and hotter of transmittal. This proposition was accepted, and
■we desire here to acknowledge our obligations to the Division
of liotany and to Mr. Coville and the others who have i-endcn-ed
such signal aid in bringing out the book. In view of the un-
timely death of the author, we realize that we have been for-
tunate in having this aid, without which the book would not
have been printed during his lifetime, and could not have re-
ceived his last revisions.
It has been thought proper and desirable in this Survey (nli-
tion to add a short biogi-aphical sketch of Dr. Mohr, c(»ndensed
from the J*It(ii'iH(icciitiscJic h'iiii<lscli(iii, together with his port-
rait and that of another man Avhose name will ever be honor-
ably associated with Alabama l)otany, Judge Thomas ^linott
Peters,
Kespectfully,
EuGt:Ni-: A. Smith,
State Geologist.
&Cl^i^ .^-^tW^t,^
CHARLES THEODORE MOHR.
The subject of this sketch was born Dec. 28, 1824, in Esslin-
gen, on the Neckar. Here, and at the Cloister Denkendorf,
where his father had acquired an interest in a manufactory
of chemicals, his earlier years and school days were spent.
After the death of his father, which occurred soon after the
removal to Denkendorf, 3'oung Molir after school hours was
frequently called upon to assist in the conduct of the business.
His taste for Natural History was first aroused hj the read-
ing- of the famous Bridgewater Treaties, especially that of
Buckland, and frequent Avalks with his great uncle, a pension-
ed forester of the district, who had for many years had his
home in the Cloister of Denkendorf, laid the foundation of that
love of the forest which he retained to the end of his life.
Here he became acquainted with the various useful trees, and
their peculiarities, and with many of the jdants which pos-
sessed medicinal or poisonous properties.
At the termination of his school days Charles was expected
to devote himself to the clerical work of the business, but he
had slight inclination thereto, while on the other hand, he was
greatly interested in the chemical details of the manufacture.
The return of his elder brotlier from his apprenticeship re-
lieved him of this office work, and gave him the opportunity
which he was not slow to improve, of increasing his knowledge
of Nature. During his stay in one of the mining districts of
the vSchA>artzwald, the brother had made- a collection of ores
and minerals, which he brought home with him. To the study
of these Charles applied himself with his accustomed zeal, and
thenceforward the tvro brothers made frequent excursions
through forest and mountain in search of mineral and botani-
cal specimens.
In 1842 Mohr entered the Polytechnic School at Stuttgart,
with Feliling as his instructor in chemistry and laboratory
wtu'k. Here he met with AVilliam Hochstetter, at that time
apprentice in the Royal Gardens at Stuttgart, a part of whose
duty it was to keep up a constant temperature in the hothouses.
Mohr shared witli him many of these night watches in order
to improve the opportunity thus afforded for the study of exot-
ic ])lants.
From this intercourse he became an innuite in tlie
house of voung Hochstetter, where he met the botanist
VI r.loClJAI'llKAl. SKKTCII OF
J()Ii;nni llolu'iiackci-, tlicii ciiiiniicd in llic |nil»Ii(';il idii of llic
|tl;iiils collctit'd hv liiia iu .Vsiuii- Knssia nud til" a li"i!'.iiiiini
of iiicdiciiial plants.
Din-in,:;' the snimiicr vacation ol JSiT) yoHiijLi .Molir was cin-
pldvcd in arranjiini;' the dnplicatc* specimens of the Polytech-
nic School, accnnuilated dnrini>' many years, and in distrihut-
inii; tliem amon^' llie Real >iclnilc of tlie land. In this work he
made the acMpiaintance of Ani;nst Kajjplei- wh(> for many years
had heen en^a^^cd in the collection of natural history sjx'ci-
mens in Dutch (Juiaua. Alohr's application to accompany him
on his next voyage as a collector especially of botanical speci-
mens, met with* favor, and when his work in the arrangement
of the cabinet of the Polytechnic School was ended, he remain-
ed some weeks with Hohenacker, applj'iug himself diligently
to preparation for the proposed voyage. Hohenacker also un-
dertook to publish the botanical collections which were to be
made in Surinam.
In ]S\)vember, 1845, with Kappler, young ^lohr left Stutt-
gart for Amsterdam, where they took passage in the bark Na-
talie, reaching- the coast of Guiana towards the middle of
March, 1846. At that time a \Qvy severe drouth was prevail-
ing, which made possible the collection of many interesting
plant forms occurring in the swamps and marshes about Par-
amaribo. An expedition was made to the upper waters of the
Surinam, in order to make before the rain}' season a collection
of living plants for the Belgian trade. On account of the dry
weather this expedition did not prove very successful in the
collection of insects and of herbarium specimens, but was
more satisfactory as regarded the living plants. A few days
after his return to Paramaribo from this expedition, Mohr
was attacked with bilious fever which kept him confined to his
hammock for several weeks. During the rainy season, which
soon set in, nothing was done in the way of collecting, but the
time was employed in preparations for the long excursion to
the Maroni River and in writing up notes and in correspond-
ence. At the end of the rainy season the expedition was made
up the Maroni liiver to the borders of Cayenne, where the
party encamped and a])])lied themselves with great industry to
the collections for which they had come.
]Most of them were attacked by fever and dysentery, from
which they ra])idly recovered, but it Avas otherwise with young
l^Iohr, who was kept confined to his hammock for many weeks,
losing all this time from his work of collecting, to his great
disappointment and grief.
CHARLES THEODORE MOHR. VII
Returning to Paramaribo to\Yards the eiid of September,
and not regaining his strength, he concluded to return to
Europe.
Accordingly in November, 1846, after a seven months' stay
in Surinam, lie took passage on the schooner Polaris for Rot-
terdam, which was reached in March following. In Maj^,
1847, he accepted a position as cliemist in the manufacturing
establishment of the firm of Hochstetter & Schickard, in Brunn,
Austria. In this prosperous business he remained till the revo-
lution of 1818 brouglit it to a close.
At the instigation of his elder brother, who had decided to
emigrate to North America, he embarked in August, 1848, on
the ship Spartan for New York, from which place he went first
to Philadelphia, and then to Cincinnati, where he found em-
ployment with a German manufacturer of chemicals.
He soon made acquaintances among the educated people of
the city, and in March, 184D, in company with about fifty young
men, he left Cincinnati to seek his fortune in California. At
Fort Laramie it became evident tliat further progress was im-
possible with the amount of baggage which they had, and in
consequence all articles which were not absolutely needed
were left behind, and the party was divided up into groups of
six to twelve, and the journey continued. At Fort Hall, on the
upper waters of the Lewis fork of Snake river, the party was
compelled to abandon their wagons and to proceed with pack
mules, and as the nuudier of tliese was limited many had to go
on foot. Here Mohr was obliged to leave his well filled herbar-
ium and all his books. On the 10th of August they reached a
settlement in the Sacramento Valley, the first since leaving the
borders of Missouri 110 days before. Here ^lohr remained en-
gaged in f>lacer mining, till protracted illness, brouglit on by
heat and exposure,' decided him to give up this mode of life
and return to the East. '
Having disposed of his mining interests, in company with an
English comrade, he left the mines about the beginning of
September, 1850, descended the river from Marysville to San
Francisco, and went thence by steamer to Panama. In Pana-
ma he remained for a time in the hopes of recovering bis.
strength more fully before undertaking to cross the istliinus;
but he had the misfortune to have all his baggage, including his
collection of plants and minerals, stolen from him, and to
crown all, was attacked by fever. On the steamer from Chag-
res to New Orleans, he suffered a relapse of fever, which kept
him prostrated till New Orleans was reached, and his recovery
there was in the main due to the tender care of his countiwman
and companion, Duke Paul, of Wurttemburg. From New Or-
VIII I'.Ktl.'UAiMllCAI- SKI.TCII Ol*
leans 111' icacJHd < "iiirimiai i alitiiil llicciid i)\.' I h'cciiilK'r, lS."i().
rpoii tlic r(sl(»iati(in ol" his licallli lie piinliascd a j<»int intci--
csi with his hrothcis in a I'ai-Mi in ('larkc count v, Indiana,
and in lsr)2 he was niaia-icd. 'I'lic iiardslnjis to w liidi he had
Iteen ( xposed in California had lendeicd liini siilijert to at-
tacks (d' i-heuinatisin ami it soon Ik canu' evident that a fann-
er's life was to him iin[»(>ssilde. .Vccordin^lv lie removed to
Louisville, whi'i-e, after a short time, he ohtained a jxisition as
assistant in a (Jei-niaii aiiothecarv cstahlishnH^it, and aftei- a
year's service here he Lecame a niemher of an American linn.
The business was mucli to his likinu, and he soon renewed his
interest in hotany, niakin;; tlie acciuaintance of Leo Lesiiuer-
eux, through whose intlnence he directed his studies to the
mosses. An atta(dc of neurali;ia, which affected the heart and
confined him to his bed for a hmj*- time, warned him that his
complete recovery would be slow in the chanjieable climate of
Louisville, and he was advised by his physician to i»() South.
He was thus aj4,ain obliged to give np all the results of foui-
years' profitable business and seek a new home. He went first
to Louisiana, but not finding relief there, he proceeded to
Vera Cruz, which he reached after a four weeks' voyage, early
in the year 1857. Here he l)ecame interested in a jiharmaceu-
tical business, but on the approach of the rainy season decided
to remove to the highlands between Cordova and Orizaba,
where he was the guest of his countryman, Herr Sartorius. In
the autumn of 1857, in consequence of a political revolution in
Mexico, he returned to the United States and established him-
self in the drug busine^ss in Mobile, Alabama. This
profitable business suffered greatly during the Civil
War, but meanwhile Mohr was employed by the Confed-
erate government in manufacturing drugs from native resour-
ces and in testing the uuMlicinal preparations smuggled into the
country from Europe.
Towavds the end of 1860, at the request of Leo Lesquereux,
Dr. ]Mohr had begun his study of the mosses of Alabama, and
a complete catalogue of these plants was contributed by him
to the "Mosses of North America," published in 1884, A col-
lection of the ferns of South Alabama was nmde at the same
time, and thoroughly worked up, and the results turned over
to Prof. Eaton for his "Ferns of North America."
In addition to these botanical works. Dr. Mohr, undertook
in the interests of the "Grangers,'' many investigations of the
fertilizing value of the ashes of the various woods of Alal)ama,
and of pine straw and leaves, and of the hulls of cotton seed.
He also delivered many lectures and wrote many articles on
subjects connected with the improvement of the exhausted
Charles theodore mohr. i^
soils of tlie State, and the betterment of agricultural practice.
In the summer of 187G he made an examination of the i^old
resources of the metamorphic region of the State, and had the
opportunity during the journe3S made for the purpose, to ob-
serve also the richness of our flora and especially of the great
forests. The results of these observations were published in
Berney's Hand Book of Alabama in 1878, under the titles
"The Forests of Alabama and TJicir Products/' and ''Tlie
Grasses and Other F^orage Plants of Alaha^na."
The collections of minerals of economic importance brought
together during these excursions were placed on exhibition in
Mobile in 1876, and in Atlanta in 1881, and a report of the
same entitled ''0^/ i/ic £^corto//<ic Gcoloyij of Aldhama/' was is-
sued in 1887. This collection went finally to the Department of
Agi'iculture in Washington. A treatise on the Grasses and
Forage Plants of Alabama was prepared for the Department
of Agriculture in 1878 and 1879, and in May, 1878, was pub-
lished in the Botanical Grazette an account of the useful plants
of foreign origin which were acclimated in the Gulf States.
In the same year, in connection with the State Geological
Survey, he began the arrangement of a herbarium of Alabama
plants from the collections made by himself and Dr. Smith,
Sind n'^'Prelimiuarg List of the Plants Groa-ing Without Cul-
tivation in Alabama/^ prepared by him, Avas j)ublished by the
Geological Survey in 1880.
As a natural sequel to this preliminary work, came the pre-
paration of a volume for the Geological Survey on the Plant
Life of Alabama, which occupied more or less of his time and
interest till his death.
In 1880, for the Tenth Census, he took charge of an investi-
gation of the forestry conditions of the Gulf States, and the re-
sults of this investigation were published in Vol. IX of the
Tenth Census Reports. While engaged in this work he also
collected for the Arboretum at Harvard, and for the Jessup
collection of the American Museum of Natural History, large
sections of trunks of the typical forest trees. At the same time
he brought together the material, afterwards worked up under
his direction in book form, illustrating the forest and timber
trees of Alabama, which now forms part of the Survey col-
lection in the cabinet of the University of Alabama.
In 1882 he was invited by the chief of the Agricultural De-
partment to superintend the arrangement and installation
of the Agricultural and Forestry collections which liad been
brought together by the great railroad lines of the Soutli, and
exhibited in Atlanta in 1881. This congenial work occupied
him for some time during which he was associated with the scien-
X i;i(»(;uAriii(;Ai> si'CiiTcii op
lilic nu'ii i»l lilt' \;ii-it»iis (k'i»ai-LiiiL'iil.s in W'ashiii^tnii i^^-cally to
his pleasure and ^idvaiita^e.
Ill ISMi lie was eiiii>l(»ve«l l»v Hie Louisville ami Nashville
Kailroad lo make a lull colleelious of the agricultural, I'oreslry
ami minerai resources ueeurriu"; alon^ the line of thai road.
'1 hese eolleelions, toj^ether with manv a<lditioiis suhseciuently
imule, were jilaeed on exhibition at the World's Exposition in
New Orleans in 1SS4, where J)r. Molir also had charge (»!' the
exhibit of the agricultural and oilier natural resources of the
IState of Alabama. This exhibit was also displayed at the
Louisville Expositi<»n, and a descriittive catalogue of it was
published under the title ""The \ahiral JiC^^jtirccs of Alu-
uuiiiu," concerning which I'rof. Lamson-Scribner, in a lecture
on Southern Botanists, S'dya, "this is one of the few pajR'rs of
its kind which possesses real scientific merit, and in no way
can mislead the reader or prospective settler." In the follow-
ing year (1884) he prepared a report on the soils, climate and
agricultural resources of the territory traversed by the L. &,
N. railroad lines.
The long continued work in the Exposition building in New
Orleans during exceptionally unfavorable weather ct)nditions,
brought on a return of his rheumatic troubles, which greatly
interfered with his subsequent work in the Held.
In 181)2 he turned over the management (^f his drug business
to his son and devoted his entire time to the preparation of the
'^ riant Life of Alabama'' and to the investigation of the Flora
of Nortli Amei'ica for the Division of Forestry of the U. IS. De-
partment of Agriculture.
In the prosecution of these works he spent much time in ar-
ranging the herbarium of Alabama jjlants at the University of
Alabama, mounting the specimens in the most beautiful style,
and classifying them according to the system of Engler and
I'rantl. As a supplement to the collection of the native woods
of Alabama above mentioned, he also prepared a set of about
one hundr(Ml and fifty individual glass-front cases in which
were displayed the specimens illustrating the foliage, flowers
and fruit of the forest trees. In recognition of the importance
of the work of Dr. Mohr in these collections illustrating
the hotany of the IState, the herbarium has received the title of
the '\\fo]ir Hcrhariani."
During these years also, in connection with the Forestry
Division, were prepared his great work on the Pines, publish-
ed in 181)(), and his monograiihs on the Cypress, the Juniper,
and the Ked Cedar, which are now in press. Monographs on
the hard wood trees were to follow next, the first of the series
being that on the Oaks, which he had just completed when he
died.
CHARLES THEODORE MOHR. XI
in March, 1900, he removed from ^Mobile to Asheville, N. C,
Avhere he spent the remainder of his life in the preparation of
the monographs above mentioned, and in reading the proof of
"The Plant Life of Alabama," which had all passed through
his hands in final revision, althongh he did not live to see the
completed book, which was not issued till a week or two after
his death.
In connection with this volume, Dr. Mohr had planned the
preparation of another volume on the "Economic Botany of
Alabama'- for the Geological Survey, in which was to be given
full accounts of the useful and noxious plants of the State.
Unfortunately for the State of Alabama and for the science of
Botany, he was not spared to complete this, the crowning
work of his life.
During the two years of his residence in Asheville he had the
opportunity of coming much in contact with the botanists of
America. Especially did he enjoy his frequent visits to the
Biltmore Herbarium, where he sought for new species among
the specimens sent in by Mr. Beadle's collectors in the field.
The genus CratiBgus which presents so many interesting fea-
tures especially occupied him there, as Mr. Beadle is working
up this genus. Here also he had the opportunity of studying
the Herbarium of Dr. Chapman, from which he obtained
much valuable information. Frequent visits to the forests of
the Biltmore estate, enabled him to collect many valuable
notes on the hard woods of that section.
His last illness came on suddenly after a day spent at work
in the Biltinore Herbarium.
The trying days of intense suffering preceding his death
brought out strongly the beauty of his character; not a word
of complaint; a kind word for every one around him; i)atient
to the last ; and a realization of the inevitable end, brave and
unflinching. "How beautiful the world is" were among the
last words he ever spoke.
In the lecture on Southern Botanists above alluded to.
Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner has touched upon some of the strik-
ing characteristics of the subject of our sketch. He says "]Mohr
is possessed of a true scientific spirit and great enthusiasm in
his botanical work. By the amount he has accomplished it
is very evident that he has well improved his hours of leisure,
and doubtless stolen much time from hours of needed
recreation. But in this day and generation, one can-
not stop to recreate, for if he does some more zeal-
ous worker will win the prize he seeks. Success from true
merit seems now to depend upon one's powers of endurance."
xii
SKI:T("II Ol' CIIAia.KS tiikodouio moiik.
".Molir li;is llic (list iihl i<iii of li.iviiiii lionc I'l-om ilic hcalcii
(rack dl' s\ siciiial ic Ixilanists and (•(Hisidcrccl ilic jdaiils lie
sliidicd ri'(»iii an <'r(»iM>iiiic aspccl. lie lias not mily iiicrcascMl
Ilic suiii III' (iiir kii(»\\ Icdiic Iml has added lo our |M»\\<'rs of di-
rt'( I iisct'iiliicss. I would sav lo lliosc \\li(» in rdcrriii^' lo bot-
any arc c\-cr askiiiu llic (lucslion ciii bono, caj-cfiilly I'cad llic
\\i-itiii,ns of Di-. .Molii-; llicy afford a most able answer."
Personally Dr. .Molir was (lie iiiosi lovalde ami nnselfisli of
men, totally (le\<»id of aft'cclat ion and iiretense. I Ic made friends
with old and y(Mini: wlicrcN'ci- he went, ins])irin.n all who knew
him with lo\(' and resjiect hodi on a<-conn( of his nolde
character and of the fullness and accnracy of his knowledju-e,
11 is nnselfisli devotion (o liis favorite scienc<' came (o he es-
teemed at somediini; like its real \v(ti'tli dnrinii his lifetime,
and the name of Charles Mohr will loni:,' he cherished in the
eonntry at lari!,e and in his a(h)i)ted State in i)articular, by all
wlio ean appreciate true merit and greatness of character.
Eugene A. Smith.
PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA,
BY
CHARLES MOHR.
LETTl^R OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. 8. Department of Agriculture,
Division of Botany,
Washington^ D. 6'., January 5^ 1900.
Sir: Under date of November 8, 1897, a letter was received from
Dr. Eugene A. Smith, State Geologist of Alabama, as follows:
In connection with the work of the Geological Survey of Alaljania, and as a })art
thereof, Dr. Charles ]\Iohr, of MoV)ile, has prepared an elaborate account of the plant
life in the State. Deeming tliis work a most important and timely contribution to
our knowledge of the Southern flora, as it discusses the character, distribution, and
general aspects of plant life in Alabama in a broad and philosophical manner, I
believe that it would prove of interest to a larger section of our country than the
region to which it is confined by its title. In order to secure, therefore, a more wide-
spread distribution, allow nie to suggest the propriety of publishing it as one of the
contributions from the United States National Herbarium. I may add that I am
induced to offer this vakiable manuscript for publication to the National Herbarium
because under present financial conditions of the State Survey its i)ublication would
proljably be delayed for an indefinite time, and thus its immediate usefulness would
be impaired.
Dr. Mohr is now and has been for several vears a special agent of
the Division of Forestry of this Department, and there being, there-
fore, no obstacle in the way of accepting this manuscript, I earnestly
recommend compliance with the courteous suggestion of the State
geologist of Alabama, Dr. Smith, and I desire to take this opportunit}'
of acknowledging the obligations of this Division, both to Dr. Smith
and to Dr. Mohr.
The report is in part a complete enumeration of the plants of Ala-
bama and in part a discussion of the various natural belts and areas
of vegetation into which the State is divided, with a full description
of the vegetative characteristics of each.
1 have, therefore, the honor to transmit the manuscript for your
final approval, and recommend its publication as Volume VI of our
series of Contributions.
Respectfully,
Frederick V. Coville,
Botanist.
Hon. James Wilson,
Secretary of Agriculture,
PREFACE.
The following description of the plant life of Alabama is the result
of nearly forty years of sojourn and wanderings through the State,
during which all parts were visited and the collections were made that
serve as a basis of this work.
The writer has attempted more than has been usual in the descrip-
tive works and the various floras of regions or States of this continent.
He thought it not sufficient to give merely an enumeration of the
plants known to be indigenous, together with those which are known
as inunigrants growing without cultivation in the State, and to supple-
ment such enumeration with notes on geographical distribution and
habitat, but he has attempted a deeper study, that of the relations of
plant life in the held; that is, of its ecological conditions.
In this attempt the work of Merriam on the life zones and areas
of the North American continent north of Mexico^ and Willkomm's
"Grundzuege der Ptianzenverbreitung auf der iberischen Hal])insel
(Leipzig, 1896),'' have served as a general basis in respect to the dis-
tribution of plant life over wide geographical areas and limited regions
embraced within them.
The writer has been especially fortunate in having been able to con-
sult, before the completion of his task, the classic work of Warming,^
which may be considered as laying down for the first time, in a S3'S-
tematic manner, the principles of plant ecology. While these prin-
ciples had been more or less foreshadowed by other writers, they
were enunciated by Warming with such logical precision as to inaugu-
rate a new departure in the study of plant life.
Since these methods of viewing plant life have not yet become
familiar to most students of botany, it has seemed necessary to discuss
them somewhat in detail in the introductory part of this volume. It
is hoped that by describing the plant associations to be found in the
diflerent localities, not only the primary object of a floral work as a
part of a geological survey will be subserved, but a new interest will
be added to the studv of botany, both for the botanist and the thought-
ful layman, which maj' enable them to use the volume for practical
purposes.
1 See p. 29.
'■' Dr. E. Warming, Lehrbuch der Oekologischeu Pflanzengeographie, German
edition of Dr. E. Knoblauch, Berlin, 1896.
5
b rUKFACK.
Ill tilt' |)rt'i)ar:iti()ii ot' llii> wDrk t In- w :itfi- i> itulddcd for assistimcc,
tirst of all. to I)r. A. \V. Cliapman. tiir \"('tt'iaii Sou.Ihtii l»otaMist; to
Prof. Chiirli's S. Sarjj;('nt for aid r<'M<li'rt'»l in tlu' frrc iisr of the
librurv of tho Arnold Arhoretum and advice in jM-rplexin^r (|iiostioiis
of iioniencluturi'. and to Mr. Charlos Faxon, of the Arnold Arl)orttiiiii.
for bil)lioirr!ipliical assistance; to Dr. N. L. Britton and Di. d. K. Small,
of the C'oluinhia I'niversity ; to Dr. William Trideast". of tin- Missouri
BoUmical Garden; to Prof. F. Lanison-Scriliner, chief of the Division
of Agrostolo*ry, United States Do])artni('nt of A«rriculture: to Mr. F.\'.
Coville, chief of the Division of Botany, and his assistant Mr. T. II.
Koarne}', jr. ; and to Dr. J. X. Rose and Mr. Charles L. Pollard, assistant
eiirators of the National IIerl)arimn. for facilities ati'orded: also to
Dr. Edward L. Greene, of the Catholic University, for his revision of
doubtful and new forms of Compositae; and to Prof. L. H. Bailey for
his help in Carex. Thaidis are due, also, to Dr. B. E. Fernow. late
chief of the Division of Forestry, for help rendered in the arranjrcment
of the general part of the work for the press, and to Mr. George B.
Sudworth. dendrologist of that Division; and lastly to Mr. C. D.
Beadle, director of the Biltmore Hei'barium. and his associate,
Mr. F. E. Bo3'nton, for their assistance while consultino- the Biltmore
Herbariiuii and Library.
The writer with pleasure takes this occasion to express his gratitude
for the friendl}^ aid extended to him by many of his fellow-citizens
while engaged in the field, and to President Milton Smith, of the
Louisville and Nashville Railroad, to the Hon. T. G. J-iush. president of
the Mobile and Birmingham Railway, and to Col. K. L. Russell, presi-
dent of the ^Mobile and Ohio Railroad, for courtesies liberally extended
to him in his travels through the State. Without the aid recei\'ed
from these sources the appearance of this volume coidd not have l»een
accomplished.
Charles Mohr.
CONTENTS
Page.
Introduction 11
History of the present botanical exploration of Alabama 11
Plan of the present work 12
Systematic arrangement 12
Xomenclature 13
History of the earlier botanical explorations of Alabama 13
William Bartram 13
Sauniel Botsford Buckley 16
Hezekiah Gates •- 16
Thomas 3Iinott Peters 17
Beaumont, Nevius, and recent collectors 17
General physiographical features of the State 18
Topograph}' and geology 18
The Coastal Plain 18
Region of Crystalline Rocks ■. 19
Region of the Coal Measures 20
Region of the Coosa Valley 21
Region of Tennessee Valley 21
River system 22
Tennessee River 22
Alabama River 23
Tombigbee River 23
Coosa River 24
Cahalja River and smaller streams 24
Climate 24
Temperature 25
Rainfall 2&
Winds 26
Cloudiness 27
General princii^les of the distribution of plants 28
Plant zones of Humboldt, based on isothermal lines 28
Life zones established by ]Merriam 29
Boreal region 30
Arctic or Arctic-Alpine zone 30
Hudsonian zone 30
Canadian zone 30
Austral region 31
Transition zone 31
Upper Austral zone 31
Lower Austral zone 32
Tropical region 33
Secondary factors influencing plant distribution 33
Distribution of species as depending upon geological history 34
7
8 roNTKNTS.
GiMU'ral |>riiici])l»'s of tin- distriliution (»f plants — ( "initiiinnl. I'affi-.
I'liiiit toriiiatioiis and jilant associatiims '.\'t
ny<lr<ipliyti<' plant assoriations .'57
XtTupliytic jtlant assciciaf i<»ns 'M
1 lalopliytic plant associations .■{"
Mfsopliytir iilant associations .{7
CnMicral <liaractcr of the Hora of Alahania 'M
Systematical relations 'AS
Kndi'niic jtlants :iS
Relationship of the Alahania Hora to tliat of adjoinini: retrions ;!t>
Relationship of tlie Alahania Hora to forei<rn Hoias :)".i
I^a'itern Asia :'>•'
West Indies, Mexico, Sonth America 41
l".nru|ic ;iiiil the Mediterranean n-L'ion 4H
Biolo^'ical and ecolo<rical relations 44
F( irest Hora 44
Shrubby i)lant associations 44
Arboreal plant associations 45
( )iH'n land or canipestrian flora (xerophile i)lant associations) 4S
Water and swamp floi-a (hydropiiytic plant associations) 48
Hydrocharidean class 48
I.ithophytic ami limn;ean classes 49
I'alnstrian classes 49
Organotopic flora 50
Epiphytic plant associations 50
8ai)roi)hytic and symbiotic plant associations 51
Parasitic i)lant associations 52
Insectivorous i)lants 52
Introduced plants and their inHuem-e upon native jilant associations . 5.i
Naturalized plants 53
Adventive plants 54
Fugitive plants 55
Plant distritnition in Alal tania 50
Carolinian area or flora 57
IMountain region 58
Ranges of hills of the Metaniorphic and older Paleozoic strata 58
Table-lands of the Warrior and Coosa Basins t>9
Physiographical features and climate 69
Vegetation of the plateaus, mountain slojies, and higher valleys. . 70
Region of the Tennessee River Valley 80
Physiographical features and climate 80
Vegetation of the table-lands and higher ridges 81
Vegetation of the lowlands, coves, and 1 iluffs 86
Vegetation of the barrens and river hills 88
Cultural plant formations 89
Region of the Lower Hill country 89
Gravelly hills of short-leaf pine and hardwood trees 90
Coal Measures of the Cahalja Valley and Warrior basin 90
Louisianian area or flora 94
Region of the Central Pine belt 96
Central Prairie region 97
Physiographical features 97
Xerophile forests 98
Mesophile forests 99
OO^STTENTS. 9
Plant (listriV>ution in Alabama — Continued.
Louisianian area or tlora — Continued.
Central Prairie region — Continued. Page.
Mesophile herbaceous plant ass!Ociations= 102
Campestrian plant association^^ 104
Cultural plant formations 1 05
Maritime Pine region 106
Upper division of the Coast Pine belt, or region of mixed tree-
growth 106
Lower division of the Coast Pine })elt, or lower region of lonu;-
leaf pine 110
Physiographical features and climate 110
Rolling pine u^jlands or <lrv pine barrens 112
Pine-barren flats and hydrophytic plant associations 116
Region of the Coast plain or low flat pine barrens 118
Littoral belt 129
Cultural plant formations of the Lower Pine region and Coast
plain lo3
Systematic catalogue of the plants growing without cultivation in tlie State,
including descriptions of new, rare, and little known species 139
Slime molds 139
Algae 142
Fungi 148
Lichens 263
Liverworts 284
Mosses 289
Fernlike plants 310
True flowering and seed-bearing plants 323
The spontaneous flora of Alabama in its relation to agriculture 821
List of the plants cultivated in Alabama 825
ADDITIONS TO TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Letter of Transmittal jyj
Biographical Sketch of Charles Mohr .p' y
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Portrait of Dr. Mohr, Plate A. to face p y
Portrait of Judge Peters, Plate B. to face p. XVII
ILLUSTRATIOXS.
Page.
Plate I. Map of Alaliama, .•^howiiijr tioral aivas and (lifjtrilmtion of forest
trees Fnjiitispiece.
II. Sogittaria loityirostra an^l rails J. G. Smith 331
III. Sagittaria mohril J. G. Smith 333
IV. Neciusia alabamcnsis Gray 539
V. Croton alabamemis E. A. Smith 591
VI. Codnus cotinoides (Xutt.) Brittnn 6(.)0
VII. Vaccinlum melanocarpnm Moh v t)58
VIII. Oldenlandia littomlis ^lohr 737
IX. Hieraciuin scribncri Small 752
X. Eupatorium smithii Greene c't Mohr 761
XI. Eupatorium mohrii Greene 762
XII. SUphium mohrii Small 793
XIII. Silphium gatesii Mohr 793
10
PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
INTRODUCTION.
HISTORY OF THE PRESENT BOTANICAL. EXPLORATION OF
ALABAMA.
In 1879 the botanical collections made by the State g-eologi.st of Ala-
bama, Dr. Eugene A. Smith, in the northern section of the State, were
submitted to the writer for classification, with the request that he take
charge of the investigation of the Hora of Alabama in connection with
the Geological Survey. Having accepted this duty, the formation of
a Normal Herbarium of the State was undertaken. To this end the
collections of the writer, made in the Coastal plain, and particularly
in the Lower Pine region and Littoral belt, were incorporated with
the above collections, and thus the foundation was laid for the Normal
Herbarium of the Geological Survey of the State, deposited in the
Museum of the University of Alabama, which has served as a basis for
this report. Subsequently, and during a long series of years, the
writer has worked singh^ in the tield at such intervals as his oiiicial
duties would permit. Engaged in the investigation of the forests for
the United States Census in 1880 and 1881, and later in making collec-
tions for the exhibits of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, at the
Exposition in Louisville, and the Cotton Exposition at New Orleans in
1884 and 1885, extensive collections of plants were made and advan-
tage was taken of the opportunities for the study of plant life in the
field in all the diti'erent regions of the State. Further facilities in the
same direction were enjoyed from 1890 to 1896 while engaged in the
study of the forests and in the collection of the material for timber
tests under the direction of Dr. Fernow, then chief of the Division of
Forestry, Department of Agriculture.
During the summer and fall of 1892 several special trips to investi-
gate more closely the flora of the State were undertaken for the Geo-
logical Survey of the State. These trips included visits to the so-called
Canebrake (Central Prairie) region, the basin of the Coosa River, the
eastern part of the mountain region, and the Tennessee Valley. In
1896 a visit was paid to the Chehawhaw Mountain and the higher val-
leys and denuded plains in Clay County, the most elevated district in
the State. Verv desirable contributions have been received during
11
12 PLANT LIFK (»F A I. A HAM A.
rcrt'lil y»';U"s fl'oin Plot". M . C Wilson, of the Normal School iit F1(M'-
(Mice. Tlic lur«;(' collt'ctioiis mad*' in iM'ti. uiul in tin- early part of the
foUowiiii.'- season. Iiy the l)iol()«ifists o\' the Aericultiiial Kxi)erin)ent
Station, iindei- the auspices of the BioloLiieal Sur\ey of Alaltaina. con-
nected with the Aericultiiral and Mechanical College at Aiduirn. and
kindly sul)initted to the writer foi- examination attoi'ded many |)lants
fioui localities not I'epresented l)efore in the Normal Ilerltarium.
an<l from a section of the State of peculiai' interest to the student of
plant distribution, hut hei'etofore almost uid<nown to botanists. They
included a number of foi'uis not ])re\iously oltserv cd in the State, some
of them new to science.
PLAN OF THE PRESENT WORK.
In tho geneial part of the work a short sketch of tho physiographical
features of the State precedes a chapter on the jufenerul aspect of the
flora of Alabama, and its relation to that of adjoinintr States, and to
the continental and extra-continental floras. In the ijara^iraphs on
geological and climatic conditions, the publications of the (reological
Survey of the State and of Prof. P. H. Mell. in charge of the meteor-
ological service of the State, have been depended upon.
In the general discussion of the geographical distribution of plants,
the principles leading Dr. ]\Ierriam to the establishment of his life
zones on the North American Continent north of Mexico have l)een
adopted, these having already been successfully applied in the investi-
gation of the distribution of animal as well as plant life in the part of
our country west of the l)asin of the Mississippi River by Messrs.
Merriam and Coville.
The delimitation of the floral divisions of the State introduced by
the writer can only be regarded as tentative. The area, as yet, has
been but superflcially explored, and in many parts the borders of the
divisions are but obscurely outlined, and need to be cleared \ip and
rectifled, while several gaps remain to be flUed.
No ettort has been spared to ascertain the distril)ution of each species
and variety known from the State, flrst, over the globe, then, within
the life zones of this continent, and last, within the floral divisions of
the State. For this purpo.se the leading works on systematic botany,
particularly North American botan}'. and all the available State and
local floras and catalogues have been consulted.
SY.STEMATIC ARRANCJEMENT.
In the catalogue of the plants growing without cultivation in Ala-
bama the natural system of Engler and PrantP has been followed.
This embodies the results of the latest investigations of the natural
relations of plants and their aflSnities in the light of the development
^Ender und Praiitl. Die Natuerlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 1887 to 1900.
EARLIER BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS. 13
of life from the lowest to the highest forms, the trul}" natural order,
and at the present time generally accepted as such by biologists. The
study of plants is now coming to be generally conducted in accordance
with these views, and the natural system of the vegetable kingdom, as
enunciated in the classical work cited, has already been adopted in the
most important works on descriptive botany in this country which
have lately made their appearance, and will without doubt be followed
in similar publications during another generation.
NOMENCLATUKE.
In nomenclature the principle of priority, regarded as the funda-
mental one, is strictly adhered to in the present work. This was first
advocated by De Candolle at the International Botanical Congress at
Paris in 1867, and its application was developed by American botanists
at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science at Rochester, in 1892, and through the rules reported by the
conmiittee on nomenclature which were adopted at the next meeting
of the botanical club of the association held at Madison, Wis., in
August, 1893.
The applications of plants to the use of man are briefly alluded to
under the abbreviated head of Economic, and a list of the cultivated
plants of the State is given at the close of the volume. The fuller
treatment of the relations of the plant life of Alabama to the necessi-
ties or comfort of mankind was at first contemplated as a part of this
volume, but, on account of the expansion of the other matter, has had
to be deferred. •
HISTORY OF THE EARLIER BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS OF
ALABAMA.
In regard to its vegetable productions Alabama, like the rest of the
territory fronting the Gulf of Mexico east of the Mississippi, remained
until the last quarter of the eighteenth century a terra incognita.
W^ILLIAM BAllTKAM.
The tirst description of these productions is given by William
Bartram,^ in his account of his memorable travels through the South-
ern States, in the years 1773 to 1778. This intrepid explorer of the
botany of Southeastern North America entered the State to all
appearance somewhere near the middle of its eastern border, at the old
^Muscogee town Uche (the site of which can at present not l>e exactly
located), after a journey of three da3\s reaching the Indian settlements at
Tallassee on the Tallapoosa River. In his account of his travels from
the Tallapoosa Valley to the coast Bartram depicts most graphically the
' Travels through North and South CaroUna, Georgia, east and west Forida, etc.
Philadelphia, 1791.
14 PLANT LIFP: of ALABAMA.
features of tht^ vcirotatioii prcxMilidL"" in tlio tlortil rc^Lrions travorsed.
Ho p:iss«Ml tlirouu'li the suhti-opical /one. rt'c()«ifiiiz('(.l Ity the loiijx wrcatlo
of tho Spanisli moss invcstiiiM- the liuj^'-c liiiihs of vcncrahl** (>verixr<'tMi
oaks (tlif laurel oak. ineiitiout'd liy liiiii as (Jinri-n-s /ifi/iJsp/m<Tir(i). ami
hiij^e niaj^niolias. with the C'retae«'oiis ])laiM l>efore him, which tlie trav-
eler deseril)es as a eouiitry with a rich hhick soil I'estinj^' upon a chalky
testaceous limestone clad with tall urass(\s and a \ariety of other herh-
age. most conspicuous anion*:- it tall rosinwecnls (.S/Vy ;////////). with tiieir
large spikes of golden yellow flowers and a resinous su))stance exuding
from the bruises and splits of the stem; heyond the ])lains a hrokiMj
groiuul of hills and vales covered with forests of statt ly trees — locust
(designated as Kohinia. but most likidy th«' lion(>y locust), linden, mul-
berry.elm. hickory, and t)lack walmit. with the Southern crabapple, dog-
wood, and redbudfor the smaller tree growth: further south a generally
level plain, with a lighter soil, pebbles and sand mixing with the surface
soil, covered with an open forest of oak. hickories, ash. red buckeye,
and the smaller trees mentioned above, associated with an abundance
of chestnut^ and with pines (/V/zw-s' hitea^ i. e., short-leaf pine, I*/)i)is
echinata) interrupted l)y expansive cane meadows and detached groves,
in strong contrast with the gravelly and rocky hills and vales support-
ing the forests mentioned above. The traveler s])eaks enthusiastically
of the dense cool groves of dogwood and of the fragrant groves of
sweet illicium and odorous calycanthus or spicewood covering the
higher banks of the streams, together with the beautiful Ilalesla dlp-
tera (silver bells, Mohrodendron)^ stuartia, storax bushes, azaleas, and
particularly Magnolia aurh-ulata (undoubtedly meaning MagnnJIa
macropliylla)^ all overtowered b}' the stately largc-Howered magnolia
{Magnolia foetida). Across the Shambee (Escambia) River the coun-
try is described as low and open, descending for the next 80 miles
to the southeast, exhibiting a landscape ditierent from others, not
unlike the low country of the Carolinas, consisting of grassy savan-
nas, intersected by narrow forests along the water courses, hiunmocks,
and swamps, with long-leaved pines ''scatteringly planted among the
grass, associated on the higher knolls and swells with barren oaks,"
the rivulets rumiing swiftly over their gravelly ))eds. their banks
adorned with evergreen andromedas, American olive, illicium, hollies,
sweet bay, and azaleas. Descending to the lowlands toward the bay
of Mobile, "cane swamps alternate with pine-clad knolls." Tensas,
situated on the eastern arm of the great Mobile River, on a high bluH',
about 30 miles above Fort Conde and the city of Mobile, was reached
in the early days of August (1777). After a short visit to Mobile
Bartram returned to Tensas, where he obtained a canoe and explored
^ The existence of the chestnut in the Upper Division of the Coast Pine belt is at
present in some parts onlv indicatt-il by the larcro etu'.nps. which have during the long
periods of time resisted decay.
bartkam's exploration. 15
the flora of the Imnks of the river up to the Tombigbee. On one of
these excursions he discovered the scentless wax myrtle, a small tree
called l\v the French the wax tree, which possessed none of the fra-
grance of the common wax or candleberry tree {Myrica cerifera)^ and
for this reason was described l)V this author as Myriea inodora. Sick
with fever, he went in search of a plant of great repute as a remedy'
against malarial diseases. This he found about 30 miles higher up on
the 1)anks of the river, growing under the shelter of Stwrrfkf virgin-
!ra, azaleas, and others of the shru})S noticed before. He recognized
it as a species of Collinsonia/ and named it C. anisata., on account of the
fine scent of the plant, reminding one of sweet anise and lemon. There
he also found the blue sage, S<dria azurea^ "with its spikes of flowers
of celestial blue," the scarlet calamintha {CUnopodiiom coGcin,euiri)^ and
a plant of peculiar beauty described as Gerardia flammea, easily rec-
ognized ])y his description as Macrantliera fuchsioidts Torr. The
swamps are mentioned as covered by tall grasses and l>y cypress of
astonishing growth, above which rise on the higher banks magnificent
forests of magnolias, with Ilaleski dijjtera and other trees, the bullace
grape with its juicy l)erries of various colors, crossvine, and American
glycine {Krauhnia ( Wixteria) frutei^ccms), ascending these trees to their
loftiest heights, and the dense shrubbery Ijeneath them entangled l)j^
the trumpet vine, grape vines, and yellow jessamine. On his return
from the Perdido River and from Pensacola, Bartram describes the
grassy savannas with their sarracenias extending from the Apalachi-
cola to the Mobile River.
Delighted with his rich harvest of "curious vegetables," Imt with
his health shattered by malarial fever, Bartram left the banks of the
Tensas River and the Bay of Mobile for the banks of the Pearl River
in search of medical aid. Returning to Mobile soon afterward, he
started near the end of November, ITTT, with a party of traders toward
the Atlantic coast. After three days' travel he arrived again at the
settlements of the Creek Nation, between the falls of the Moclassee
(Tallapoosa River) and the Indian town Alabama, near the confluence
of the Coosa and the latter river. After a short rest he again left the
soil of Alabama by crossing the Chattahoochee River between the
towns of Chehaw and Usetta (a short distance above the city of
Columbus, Ga.).
At this point in his narrative this genuine lover of- nature repeats
his praises of the fragrant groves of illicium left behind him, stating
that he never met with it north of latitude 33° nor south of Mobile
except at one place, namely, at Lake George, eastern Florida, in
latitude 28-.
^ The citronella of the settlers, a deeoction of it fi'equently used in fevere as a dia-
phoretic and invigorating drink.
!•• I'l.ANT I. IKK OK ALAHA.M \.
-\^ll KI. m)r>KnK|) 111 » KI.IA .
At'icr tlir lapM- of ;ili(iut llir('c-(|u;irtfr^ ol" a triituiy. Saiiiufi Hots-
f()i-(l Uui-klt'v followed tlif t'(i<it>(r|)> (if liaitiaiii in the t-xploratiDii of
the tloni of Alal)aiiia. Mr. l>iuklcy \\a> a iiativi- of New Y<n-k Itut
iTiH'ixM'd his education at W'oicyan riiixcrsitx . Middh'towii. Conn.,
where he ;^iaduat<'d in |.s;'.ti. After h'a\ in*.'' (•ollc<;c the rntlmsiastie
voun^' l»otani>t was anion*:- the earli«'st to explore the southei'n .V))pa-
hiihian mountains, diseoveiine luany new plants and niakine- the study
of the triM's his thief object. liueklev reached Alal>aina l)y tiie piin-
cipal road of travel leadin^r from the Ohio VaUey to the (iulf. l*ass-
in«i" o\ei' the detached spurs of the C'uml)erland Mountains in Madison
County, on his journey to Alabama and pursuing his favorite oecupa-
tioii lie discoxered the interesting Ameri«-an smoke tree {( of/'/ii/.s catl-
iioltlrs ('Snii.) Britton). l)efore known only from a singh? locality in the
Indian Territory near the tK>rders of Arkan.sas. Arriving in central
Alabaiua, he settled in Wilcox County as teacher in an advanced school
(al>out ISo'.t), There, among the hills and vales of the; Cjjper Division
of the Maritime pine l)elt. and near the woods and gra.ssy glades of
tile Central Prairie region, an inviting field was open to the botanist.
In the prairie region he discovered that tine tree of the white-oak
group named l)y iiini Que/'ct(j< durandii {Q. hnwlloh<i (Torr.) Sar-
gent), and in the hills, TJidJletriun d<jl)Ur^ besides a host of other inter-
esting plants heretofore unknown from the Southern States. He
described his discoveries in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia
Academy of Science. Working without the advantage of a large
l)otanical library he met with severe criticism; ))ut many^ of his new
species which at the time were not regarded as valid have now
received their deserved recognition. In 18()(I Buckley was ajipointed
State geologist of Texas, and, contiiuiing his botanical studies, he
enjoyed ample opportunities for discovering many undescribed plants.
He never lost his interest in botany, and his last years were devoted to
fruit raising and horticulture at Austin, Tex., where he died in 1J584.
l^uckleya. a remarkable shrub of the North Carolina mountains, com-
memorates Buckley's zealous eti'orts in th(> cause of Southern botany.
HEZEKIAII (lATKS.
Dr. Hezekiali (rates, a nativ«; of New England and for many years
a successful apothecary at Mobile, was the first collector of Alatnuna
plants from the coast region, Avhen'ce he contributed valua})le material
to Torrey and Gray for their Flora of North America, from the year
1830 to the early forties. He died at Mobile in 1850 (0. Prof. Asa
Gray dedicated to his memor}' the genus Gatesia. a monotypical peren-
nial of the Southwest, native from Alabama to eastern Texas; but
unfortunately the name Gatesia has had to Ix' given up, having been
previously applied to ant^ther })lant.
Pi^ hxla^^u^ fi/^^y^
EXPLORATIONS OF PETERS, BEAUMONT, AND NEVIUS. 17
THOMAS MINOTT PETEES.
Thomas Minott Peters, of New England parentage, but a graduate
of the L'niversity of Alabama, was engaged in the practice of law
until his death, June 14, 1888. He served his State as a representa-
tive in the legislative assembly and afterwards as a State senator. In
1861) he was appointed a judge of the supreme court for a term of six
years. In his love for botany he found recreation from his profes-
sional duties, and his greatest enjoyment was to wander through the
adjacent mountains in search of plants. The study of lichens and
fungi attracted him particularly, and he was one of the few mycolo-
gists working in the Southern field along with Curtis and Ravenel. Of
his zeal and activity in this line the long list of Southern fungi of his
contribution, published by M. A. Curtis and Berkeley, bears ample
testimony. He was also a close observer and accurate student of the
plants of higher orders. He first brought to light the delicate and
extremely rare fern, Trichomanes petei^sii^ described by Gray, with
others like it hidden in the dark recesses of rocky defiles and the so-
called '' rock houses." He gave close attention to the species of Carex,
furnishing the investigators of this difiicult genus with material from
a region unknown to botanists. In acknowledgment of the services
rendered him, Boott, of London, one of the first authors on these plants,
presented him with a copy of his magnificent work. Illustrations of
the Genus Carex. These classical and valuable volumes Judge Peters
bequeathed to the University of Alabama, his alma mater, together
with his mycological herbarium and collection of Carices, all mounted
and labeled. In 1880 the writer had the privilege of enjoying the
company of this venerable botanist during his inA^estigations of the
forests in Lawrence and Winston counties, and also received from him
much valuable information on the mountain flora of the State, made
use of in the present work.
BEAUMONT, NEVIUS, AND RECENT COLLECTORS.
John F. Beaumont, of German extraction, was born in Pennsylva-
nia in 1825. Judge Peters speaks of Beaumont as a man of a fair clas-
sical education, an enthusiastic student of botany, and a contributor to
our knowledge of Alabama plants who, following his own example,
became the active correspondent of Tuckerman and the other botanists
already named. After some years spent as a missionary in Africa, he
returned to Alabama, where he taught school. He died at Troy about
the close of the civil war. He discovered that interesting grass,
Luziola alahamensis^ first described in Chapman's Flora (18()()).
The Rev. R. D. Nevius collected plants in 1853-54 in the vicinity of
Tuscaloosa. He is the discoverer of the singular shrub Neviusia, named
15894 2
IH I'LANT Lll'K OK ALAHAMA.
ill lii> lioiioi' l»\ (iiMV. wliirli is (•()iiliii('<l (o m ^iip/lc Uviililv on tlio
Wanks of (lie AlalmiiKi K*i\ • r.
Mole iTcciillv Diir know lr(lL;(' of the tloi'ii of Aliibiiiiia has )»0('n
«,T<'atly cni'icliid liy llif <'\l»'nsi\(' collections made liv Profs, I-'. S.
Kailc and L. M. I'lKlcrwood in ISIHI, and also l»y those made the fol-
jowinu- s|)i'inti- ii"d suniiiiei- l>y Professors Karle and Carl F. Baker.
GENERAL PHYSIOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE STATE.
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.'
Alaliania. cxtcndiiio- from the shoros of the (riilf of Mexico in hiti-
tiid<' ;')<> 'M' to the I'ini of th(^ hi<rhlaiids of 'rcnnessee under the
thirty-lifth parallel of latitude, presents two w(dl-inarke(l divisions
which nearly coincide with the northern and southern halves of the
State, and wiiich an; readily distinguished l>y climatic diffei'onces,
topoerapiiical features, and e-eolou-ical structure, and l»y the aspect of
the vegetation corresponding with these conditions. The upper or
noi'thern division emhracesthe mountainous region of the State, which
oU'eis great complexit}' in its geological formation, almost every
stratum of the various geological epochs being here represented. This
gives rise to gi-eater diversity of topography and soil than exists in
any othcM- of the (iulf Stat(\s, thus producing that variety of resources
wITkIi gi\('s Alaliania such a prominent position among her sister
States.
'['he lower division, which occupies the southern half of the State,
can lie considei'ed as a vast plain of great iinifoi-mity in its general
featuri>s; gently undulating where the loose sedimentary strata of the
Post-Tertiary foi'uiations pr(\v;iil, and broken where the cherty ridges
of the Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks otl'ered greater resistance to
erosion by water.
TIIK roASTAI- IM.AIN.
The sivlimentary strata forming the Coastal plain cover three-fifths
of the area of the State. In the lower part, in ^Mobile and Baldwin
counties, this plain rises in gentle swells to 800 feet above the tide-
wtiter region, reaching at its northern limit an average elevation of
about 500 feet above the sea. For a distance of from 80 to 100 miles
from the seashore this plain is almost entirely covered with the man-
tle of sands and gravels of the Lafayette formation, the oldest of the
Post-T(>rtiarv strata, which give rise to soils varying from almost
pure sand to loamy sand and generous sandy loams, and support a
rather uniform but magnificent vegetation of coniferous trees. To
the north of these terrains appear the limestones and marls of the
' Drawn chiefly from the Reports of the Geological Survey of Alabama, 1875 to
iwm, by K. A. Sinitli, State Geologist.
COASTAL PLAIN AND REGION OF CRYSTALLINE ROCKS. 19
Tertiary formation, slightly dipping south and southeast. The warm,
fertile, calcareous soils nvsulting from admixtures of these strata with
the Lafayette loams support an arboreal ^'eg•etation of varied char-
acter. The lower members of this formation, Buhrstone strata, con-
sisting of hard, flinty limestones, render the surface of the plain
broken by cherty hills which rise above the underlying lignite marls.
Further north these hills merge into the cretaceous plain, or " Black
Belt," so called on account of the })lack lime soil, the great agricul-
tural region of the State. This Black Belt is followed by a belt of
gravels and sand, partly of the lowermost Cretaceous (Tuscaloosa) for-
mation, partly of the Lafayette formation, in which sandy loams pre-
vail, and which is from 5 to 30 miles in width, widening at its western
border, where it suddenly takes a northern direction and forms the
geological feature of that section of the State to the Tenn(\ss(^e River.
This central belt of sands and pebbles forms the northern border of
the great Coastal plain, separating the Paleozoic from the Mesozoic
formations. Through its southern portion runs the border line between
the two principal biological divisions of the State, the Austroriparian
or Louisianian life area and the Carolinian life area (Merriam).
North of this Coastal plain rise the highlands of Alabama with their
mineral wealth, which cover about two-fifths of the area of the State.
The first terrace of this mountainous region forms the so-called "Fall
line." Here the head of river navigation is reached, the tri})utaries
of the Tombigbee and Alal)ama in this region making their way over
rocky obstructions, over shoals and through rapids, to the main chan-
nels of the extensive drainage area south of the Tennessee River.
Rl^GION OF CRYSTALLINE KOCKS.
Ascending this terrace at the falls of the Tallapoosa River, the most
easterly of the tributaries of the Alabama, the region of crystalline
or metamorphic rocks is reached. This extreme southern extension
of the eastern Appalachian ranges consists of a congeries of crystal-
line rocks, to a small extent granitic, mostly of stratified gneiss,
micaceous schists, argillaceous shales, and quartzites, wrinkled by
many folds and deeply furrowed by the effects of erosion. The
difierent degrees of resistance to this agency offered by these various
rocks give rise to an ever-changing configuration of the surface,
and to wide variations in the mechanical and chemical conditions
of the soil. The folds of the highly siliceous slates and (luartzites
form sharp crested ridges of an elevation not reached in any other
part of the State, while the stratified gneissic rocks and clayey
slates most prone to decay under atmospheric influences form the
undulating uplands. The sandy soils derived from the first men-
tioned siliceous rocks, often intermixed with the angular fragments of
quartz and hard slates, render the surface obdurately sterile: while
LM) PLANT LIKK (>K AI.AliAMA.
t lie l:il tiT r()fk>. (Iccoiiii )(•>(■(! and coiivTi-tt'd /// sil n itilo st rat iti('(l days,
I'oriii tlic (It'cj). warm soil of" a I'cj^ioii iiotrd I'oi- iN I'l-rt Hit y.
'I'lic iiictaiiiorpliic i'('»;ioii »'.\tcii(U without any iMlciTuptioii Iroiu the
central licit ot" saiuU and i;i"a\'cls alon^• the castei'n Wordcr of the State
nearh to its noi'thei-n Itoiiiidary.
KKIMON OK IIIK COAI, MKASl KKS.
The lare-est poiiion of the northei'n part of theSt;ite is occupied hy
the Coal Measures. There are three coal tields i-ecouni/ed, more or
h\ss separated hy other formations which will !>«' })i«'seiitly referred to.
The most southiu'ii of these tields is the Cahaha coal Held, hejriiniinjr
al)o\e the shoals of the C'aiiaba Kiver. This iield is separat«»d from
the A\'arrior tield by the Birmingham or .Jones Valley toward the
northwest, and from the C-oosa coal tield ]>y the Cahaha Valley toward
the southeast. The southern outlines of this region ai'c extremel}'
])roken; the strata of the steep rugged hills disturl)ed l»y many folds
and faults are dee})ly furrowed liy erosion. The principal })ai-t of this
region is formed b}' the Warrior t-oal tield, a triangular area, wnth the
southei'n corner at the shoals of the Warrior near Tuscaloosa. The
topographical features of the western field are of much greater uni-
formity than those of the Cahaba field. In the lower part of the
basin pi'oper, where soft shales overlie tiie lower conglomerate of the
Coal Measures, the surface is undulating, the highest swells rising-
most frequently to low hills. Toward the north the hills pass gradu-
ally into the table-lands formed ])y the heavy bedded sandstones of
the upper conglomerate, which exhit)it an almost hoi'izontal stratifica-
tion. These table-lands are the flattened summits of the several con-
verging spurs of the Appalachian chain, known north of the Tennessee
River as th(> Cuml)erland Mountains and south of the river as the
Sand Mountains: the latter with escarpments fronting the Tennessee
VaUey toward the north, and toward the southeast, Blounts Valley,
which is formed l)y the southern extension of the Se<piatchee fold.
The tal)Ie-land lying between Blounts Valley and Big Wills Valley
in the southeast is known as the Raccoon Mountain. The table-land
of the i-ange forming the eastern border of Big Wills A'allev is know^n
as Lookout Mountain, the steep escarpment of which fronts the Coosa
Valley.
This highland area of the Coal Measures presents in its general
aspect a somewhat rolling plateau. It rises to an elevation of from
1,000 to a little over 2,000 feet above the adjacent valleys. It slopes
gently awa}' from the greatest elevations in the north to the north-
western limits of the region, where the Coal Measures disappear under
the deposits of more recent formations; and to the south, where it
passes graduallv into the lower hills in the Warrior coal basin proper.
COOSA AND TENNESSEE VALLEYS. 21
REGION OF THE COOSA VALLEY.
Between the region of crystalline rocks and the region of the Coal
Measures a narrow area inserts itself, extending in a southwesterly
direction along the course of the Coosa River for a distance of about
50 miles, located upon the line of the greatest disturbance caused by
the Appalachian upheaval. Consisting of an anticlinal valley, the river
valley proper, and a succession of vertically uplifted strata of Cam-
brian and Silurian rocks with successive faults, the surface of this
region is extremely broken and presents a mountainous aspect. To
the southeast of the anticlinal, through which the river winds its way,
the hard Lower Cambrian sandstone, offering the greatest resistance
to the action of water, forms the most prominent ridges in the Alpine,
Cold water, and Ladiga mountains, reaching a height of from 1,800 to
2,000 feet above the sea. The upper aluminous strata of the Cam-
brian shales cover the floors of the valleys, where from want of drain-
age the}' give rise to the stifl' impervious clay soils of the '•flatwoods."
Areas of these flatwoods are found in the anticlinal valle}^ itself, which
is for considerable distances covered by drifted sands and gravels.
Where the cherty beds of the Silurian dolomite prevail, the surface
in the valley's is more or less broken and the soil thin. The surface
soil of the Coosa Valley along the banks of the river (i. e., in St. Clair
County) is underlaid by the Subcarboniferous shales.
Running mainly parallel with the Coosa Valley and similarly inter-
secting the Coal Measures there are several smaller valleys similar
to the Coosa Valley proper in their geological and topographical
conditions.
REGION OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEY.
The remainder of the northern part of the State north and west of
the Coal Measures is covered by the strata of the Subcarboniferous
formation, which form the region drained by the Tennessee River.
The river basin is about 45 miles wide, and toward its northern and
southern limit is hilly, and often even mountainous. The plain
through which the Tennessee River winds its tortuous way is from 12
to 15 miles wide. On the western frontier of the State the river level
is about 180 feet above tide water, w'hile near Huntsville it reaches an
elevation of 612 feet.
West of the table-land of the Cumberland Mountains, already
spoken of in connection with the Coal Measures, this plain or valley
proper is bounded by the Highlands of Tennessee, described as a
plateau of from 700 to 800 feet abov'e the sea. through which numer-
ous streams have cut their deep and narrow channels, rendering the
surface very broken and hillv. South of the river the escarpment of
the Sand Mountain forms the southern boundary of the valley. From
the eastern part of Morgan County in a northwesterl}' direction the
22 PLANT LIFK <»F ALABAMA.
vallt'N i> t i":i\('i-sc(l liy (lie Little Mountain fant^c. wliidi owes its oxist-
t'licc t(t the SulH-arlumitt'idiis sandstones wliicli lia\e resisted erosion.
'Ilie de|)i-ession hetween the main fanii'e (Sand Mountain) and Little
Miuuilain w idens l»v tlieif di\ crLience into a l)tdad \allev <»!' the same
eliaratter as the main valley.
Where tho uppermost cherty strata of the Suhearljonit'erous lime-
stone form tiie surt'aee rock the surface soil is li«>ht and more or less
siliceous. 'Hiis kind of soil })revails chielly toward the northern limit
of the \alley. The soil of the river plain proper. r«'stin*^ upon tho
lower and more purely calcareous strata, is of j>-reat fertility.
RIVER SYSTEM.
Its extensive river system forms a most prominent feature in the
physical geography of the State. Many of the larger tributaries of
the main channels of drainage are navigable, and their innumerable
feeders, the creeks and streams, traverse highlands and ])lains in all
dii'«M'tions. ati'ording an abundant water supply in ev'ery part of the
State.
TENNESSEE RIVER.
Among the principal rivers is the Tennes.see. most remarkable
for its anomalous course. It rises in the mountains a short distance
beyond the Ijorder of southwestern Virginia, and following mainly
a southwestern course it becomes navigable at Knoxville. A short
distance south of Chattanooga it cuts its channel through a southwest-
ern range of the Cumberland Mountains, and enters Alabama at the
northeastern corner at Bridgeport. From this point it Hows in a
nearh' uniform southwestern course about 75 miles, when it reaches
Guntersville. Here it turns abruptly to the northwest, reaching the
Mussel Shoals, 10 miles below Decatur. These shoals are formed of
hard, tiinty rocks, over which the water rushes in a series of shallow
cascades for a distance^ of about 88 miles, forming an insurmountable
o])stacl(» to navigation as far as Florence. From Florence the river is
again naviga])le. It takes a northerl}^ turn at Waterloo, and leaving
the State near its northwest corner, continues in this direction, and
after a course of 2i)6 miles empties into the Ohio River at Paducah,
K}'., making the distance from its source 1,037 miles.
The vast area south of the Tennessee River is in the main drained
by the Tombigl)ee River and its tributaries, the larger ])eing the Sip-
sey and Black Warrior; and the Alabama River with its trilnitaries,
of which the chief are the Coosa and the Tallapoosa. These main
channels of drainage find their outlet into the bay of Mo])ile through
the IVIobile River, which is formed by their confluence about 50 miles
above the river delta.
ALABAMA AND TOMBIGBEE RIVEE8. 23
ALABAMA RIVER.
This is the largest and most important of the waterways of Alabama.
It is formed b}- the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, a
little southeast of the center of the State. It cuts its way through the
rotten limestone and underlying sands of the Cretaceous formation, and
farther south through the limestones and marls of the Tertiary forma-
tion, flowing not infrequently ])etween the vertical walls of high ])lufl's
formed by the horizontal strata, at other times winding through wide
low bottom lands of great fertilit3\ In its lower course toward its
confluence with the Tombigbee River it passes through beds of sand
and pebbles of more recent formation, and pine-clad hills front its
banks, with wide cypress swamps where the banks are almost perpet-
ualh^ submerged, or extensive hardwood forests where less subject to
overflow. From the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa to the
confluence of the Tombigbee with the Alabama, the length of the latter
is variousl}' estimated at from 312 to 400 miles. The average depth
from Mobile to Claiborne is from 6 to T feet, and from Claiborne to
Montgomer}^ it varies from 3 to 5 feet. The Alabama River passes
througli the richest agricultural region of the State, and through the
Maritime Pine belt, its great timber region.
TOMBIGBEE RIVER.
This river is formed by the confluence of the Little Tombigbee or
Upper Tombigbee and the Warrior River in Marengo County, a short
distance above Demopolis, and unites with the Alabama Ri^er 243 miles
south of that place. The course of the river is ahnost due south, trav-
ersing a country rich in agricultural products, its banks often spread-
ing out in heavil}" timbered bottoms. The character of the country
traversed is the same as of that crossed by the Alal)ama River. The
Tombigbee River is throughout its course in the State navigable by
steamers for nearly the whole year. The numerous feeders of the
Little Tombigbee River take their rise on the southwestern rim of the
Warrior highlands and among the gravellv hills in the -southwestern
extension of the watershed of the Tennessee basin. The most impor-
tant tributary of the Tombigbee is the Black Warrior River with its
two forks, the Locust and the Mulberry, both of which take their rise
in the wild ravines of the Warrior table-lands. These forks unite on
the dividing line between Walker and Jefferson counties, the river
continuing its southwestern course for about 50 miles farther. On
reaching Tuscaloosa the Warrior takes a more southerly direction
and unites with the Little Tombigbee about 170 miles below Tusca-
loosa. According to the late Professor Tuome}" the fall of the War-
rior River between its source and Tuscaloosa is nearly 1,000 feet,
or 5 feet to the mile, and between the latter place and Mobile the
24 PLANT 1,1 KK <>K ALAHAMA.
Avutors wliicli imitr with llic W anior l\i\t'r li:i\ f a fall of only KJl feet,
t)r r> inches in a iiiih'. It is lor this n-ason that the W aiTJor River
ris(>s duriiii:' freshets to the heieht of .')(> feet at 'I'liscaloosa, the water
Ix'iiie- suddenly ehci'ked l»y the diminished fall and t hei-efore aceuinu-
latine- at that point. Al)o\ e 'i'usealoosa the W'aiiior or l;la<k \\'an'i()r
Ki\er is not navigahh'.
("oosA KI^■I•:l{.
This is the largest of the trilmtaries of the Alahania and is formed
by the junction of the Oostenaula and Ktowah rivers at Rome, in
uortheni (Georgia. After a southerly course of UH) miles, the river
enters Alabama in Cherokee County, where, continuing its southerly
trend, it joins the Tallapoosa River at a distance of 334 miles from
Rome. The river is navigable from Rome to Clreensport, a distance
of 180 miles. From the latter point to Wetumpka, a distance of 137
miles, navigation is interrupted by a series of shoals and reefs of
ragged rocks, but from the latter point it is navigable again to its
confluence with the Tallapoosa River. The chief tributaries of the
Coosa River take their rise in the Blue Ridge and the Alleghenies of
Georgia. The I tanks of this river arc mostly high. It passes through
a country rich in its mineral, agricultural, and forest wealth.
CAHABA RIVER AND SMALLER STREAMS.
Th(^ Cahaba is one of the smaller tributaries of the Alabama, into
which it empties 289 miles above Mo})ile. It takes its rise in the
lower hill country in or near St. Clair County, draining a mineral
region containing the coal field of the same name, and passing through
the rich agricultural counties of Perry and Dallas. In former years
steamers ascended from its mouth to Centerville. in Bib!) County, a
distance of 80 miles.
Smaller streams affecting the drainage of the Coastal plain east of
the basin of the Alabama River are the F^scambia River and the Choc-
tawhatchee River, the former emptying into Pensacola Bay, The
Chattahoochee River, with an almost directly southern flow, forms the
boundary between Alabama and southwestern Georgia, forming by its
confluence with the Flint River of the latter State the Apalacliicola
River, a deep stream, to its mouth inclosed mostly between extensive
forest-clad swamps and cypress brakes, and emptying into Apalachi-
cola Bay. The Chattahoochee River is navigable throughout the \'ear
between Bainbridge and Columbus, Ga. Its banks are lined with
steep blufls of the later Tertiary strata.
CLIMATE.
Owing to its geographical position, extending from its northern
contiues to the Gulf shore, over five degrees of latitude, and further to
TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS.
25
the difference in elevation between its northern and southern sections,
the State of Alabama is favored by a varied, but in its extremes not
excessive climate. The climatic conditions give rise in the upper
part of the State to a vegetation closel}^ related in character to that
prevailing in the cooler temperate zone, and in the lower division
stamp upon it the features of subtropical i-egions. Such conditions
admit the successful cultivation within its borders of almost all the
chief crops and many other useful and ornamental plants raised in
higher latitudes, and also the cultivation of the great industrial staple
crops and others serving for the sustenance of man and domestic ani-
mals, originally derived from warmer zones.
TEMPERATURE.
Equall}' open to the influences of the warm and vapor-laden breezes
from the Mexican Gulf and the intertropical Atlantic Ocean and the
cool and drier aerial currents from the north unimpeded by mountain
ranges or table-lands of very great elevation, the climate is mild and
equable. The following table, transcribed from the diagram com-
piled by Prof. P. H. MelP from the records of the Alabama State
weather service, showing for the entire State the monthly mean
maximum and mean mininuim temperatures and their average, exhibits
the run of temperature during the course of the year. The regularity
with which it proceeds within comparatively narrow limits from month
to month, in the line of the mean maximum as well as the mean mini-
mum temperature, both series keeping close to the line of the aver-
age temperature, makes the mildness and uniformity of the climate at
once apparent.
Data of temperature by months {degrees F.) .
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Mean maximnm
54.4
43.2
35.5
59
49
38.7
64.3
57
46
70
65.2
56.8
75
73
65.8
83
80
73.2
86.7
81
75.5
86
78
73.8
82
73
66
72
64
56
61
56
44.2
54
M ean average'
M ean minimum
48
42
The following gives similar information for the seasons and the
average temperature of the year:
Data of temperature by seasons and for the year {degrees F. ) .
Mean temperature
Mean maximum (6 year.s) ,
Mean minimum (6 years) .
Widest range (6 years)
Spring.
Summer.
Autumn.
Winter.
63
80
63
50
90
94
92
71
30
38
26
15
60
56
66
56
Whole
year.
63
' P. H. Mell, Climatology of Alabama, Bulletin 18, Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, new series, August, 1890, p. 31.
26 PLANT LIKE OK ALABAMA.
'riif r:iiiu»' lu'twfcii till' lowest and liij^licst iiiraii tciii])<'i-al iii'cs for a
jx'iiod of Iwt'Mlx -tlii"cf \cars ((tvci's ^>2 . with ;>."> in .lanuaiy and sT
in Julv for cxtrcnics. Tlic widest i-aiicre in the extremes ()f teiupeni-
ture observed once in that pei-iod covers 1(»4 between the absolute
miniimini of "J in January' an<l the absolute niaxiuiuui of loti in
.July.
In the southei-n dixision of the Stiite. which is luaiidy embraced
within the isothermal lines of tis and (54 F., tiie lines of mean annual
temperatui-e follow with but slii>ht deviiition tln' parallels of latitude.
Between the isothermal line of <>4 and that of 6U"^ extends a central
belt closely foUowine- the terrace that divides the northern and south-
ern divisions of the State. The lines of nu'an annual temperature
of 00"^ and &2^ include its northei-n dixision.
RAINFALL.
The meteorological region including Alabama receives the supply
of moisture for its precipitation ])rincipally from the Gulf of Mexico.
In the distribution over time and space the rainfall is of great uni-
formity. According to the records of the State weather service,^
consisting of observations made at the 48 different stations through
periods of from tw'o to over thirty years, the amuial rainfall for the
entire State is about 52 inches. Of this amount 14.52 inches falls
during the winter months, December, January, and February; 14.83
inches in the spring; 13.21 inches in the summer, and not quite 10
inches (9.55) in the autumn. The greatest annual rainfall does not
exceed (55 inches at any place and the least falls not below 41.75 inches.
The numl)er of rainy days in a year observed during a period of six
successive years fluctuates between 74 and 117, according to the records
kept at ^lontgomery: no periods of w^et weather (>xtend over five
days.-
Snow falls occasionally in the northern i)art of the State; usuall}'
one considerable snow fall occurs during midwinter. In the lower
part it snow^s very rarely.
Such a plentiful and evenly distributed, but not excessive, supply
of atmospheric moisture, in connection with a mijd and (equable tem-
perature, is productive of a highly luxuriant vegetation, which is most
strikingly exhibited in its arboreal growth.
WINDS.
In its correlation with temperature, precipitation, and cloudiness,
wind exercises a potent influence upon the climate. The prevailing
' On February 13, 1899 (not included in the above period) , the temperature fell at
Tuscaloosa to 6° or 7° lielow zero F. and at Mobile to 3° below.
2 P. H. Mell, Climatology of Alabama, op. cit., pp. 28,29,59.
*E. A.Smith, Agrieultiiral Features of Alal)aiiia. Report of Geological Survey of
Alabama for 1880 and 1881.
PKINCIPLES OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION. 27
winds in Alabama come from the south, southeast, and southwest.
According to the meteorological summary of the observations collated
by the State service, covering a period of six successive years, the
winds from these directions prevailed in fortj^-one out of the seventj^-
two months, and they are most likely to be followed by rain, most
frequently l)y a heavy precipitation, when coming from the east, south,
or southeast. The cool and dr}" winds from the north and northwest
are least likely to be followed by rain. The western and northwest-
ern currents prevailed during the period stated in twenty-three months,
the north and northeasterly onl}^ in eight months. From the wind
chart showing the average direction of the wind in Alabama from
1884 to 1889, it appears that southeastern winds prevailed almost
exclusively during the winter and earlier part of the spring, but with
some northwestern winds; that winds from the northwest and north-
east predominated in spring and in summer, and that in autumn the
winds were from the south, southeast, or southwest, and more rarely
from a northern direction. The differences in mean annual directions
of the wind are l)ut slight. In their rush toward centers of depres-
sion, the warm winds from the south, charged with moisture, imping-
ing upon the cold currents from the north, produce a whirlpool,
resulting in electrical storms, generally with a heavy rainfall, often
assuming the force of a tornado. These tornadoes, moving generally
in a northeasterly direction, are most frequent in the north-central
part of the State, and happen most often in the latter part of the winter
or in the spring.
CLOUDINESS.
South and southwestern winds are generally followed by a sunny
sky, those coming from the east and northeast by a veil of clouds
which strong blasts from the north are apt to rend and disperse.
According to the meteorological summary quoted,^ in a succession of
six years the number of clear days per year averaged 120, of fair days
119, and of cloudy days 116. No data are at hand for the deduction
of the average duration of sunshine during this period.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS.
Wherever life finds support plant life thrives and is reproduced, but
no one plant, except perhaps a few of the lowest forms, is found dis-
persed over every part of the globe. Every one of the multitude of
forms which constitute the plant covering of the earth is bv its organi-
zation restricted within certain limits. It grows and reproduces its
kind in those places where conditions of climate and soil are most
favorable for its particular needs. If all plants could adapt themselves
'P. H. Mell, Climatology of Alabama, op. cit., pp. 59 to 63.
28 I'l.ANT I.IFK «»K A I. A HA MA.
to tlii'ir suiTouiiilinus with tM|ii:il finilily. llit'ir would lit- no limit to
tlu'ir tlispcrsioii o\irr\(M\ j):irt ot the ;^lol)r wIhtc lite exists, only
witii tlu' i-('st'i-v:itioii that in thr st rii»:«rlf for the possession of the
tji-oimd tho>c of JiJLihesI \ itality. endowed w ith ti'i'i'iitest power of re-
production and possessed of spei'ial facilities for dissemination, would
overcome the less faxored and e\-entually establish themsel\-es, to the
exclusion of others, upon the a\ailal)le space. It is by the di\ersity (d"
theii- ( limatic recpiirements. their \iiryiii«z' decrees of dependence upon
the uni\ersal en\ ironmental factor.s — air. liuht. heat, and moisture (the
last two heinu- tl"' principal ones)--tliat jdaiits are restri<'ted within
specitic limits.
The dependence of plant distribution upon heat is demonstrated l)y
the ditl'erent character of the vegetation under ditiorent parallels from
the poles to the ('(piator. and vertically in the ascent from the shore of
the sea to the heiiihtsof the mountains. As Alexander von Humboldt
oraphically and ehxiuently expresses it: '* I'nlike in design and weave
is the '-arpet whicii the plant world in the abundance of its flowers has
spread over the naked crust of the earth, more denscdy woven where
the sun ascends hioher on the cloudless sky, looser toward the slug-
gish poles, where the early returning frost nips the undeveloped bud
and snatclu's the barely matured fruit. Kvery zone is endo^ved with
peculiar charms — the tropical in the variety and grand development of
its production, the northern in its fresh meadows and in the periodical
revival of nature and the influences of the first breezes of the spring.
Besides having its own special advantages, every zone is marked by a
peculiar character." It is a fact well established by observation that
the same or more or less closely related ft)rms will often appear under
similar climatic conditions in parts of the globe widely separated by
oceans or deserts. This applies, if not to predominating specitic and
generic types, at least to representative orders. On the summits of
mountains, covered for the greater part of the year with snow and ice,
plants are found which are at home in the Boreal Zone; again, the flora
of the equatorial zone bears the same gejuM'al features around the globe.
Plants with the same climatic recpiirements, calling therefore for the
same physiological fimctions, nin-essarily show similarities in their
morphological development, and thus we fljid that in difl'erent parts
of the globe the plants exhibit a stronger or feebler resemblance
morphologically.
PLANT ZONES OF HUMBOLDT BASED ON ISOTHERMAL LINES.
Alexander von IIuml)oldt was the flrst to divide upon these princi-
ples the surface of the globe into botanical zones and to lay the foun-
dation of the science of plant geograpliy . Each of these distinct zones
of plant life exhibits features which are al)sent or at most more or less
feebly represent(Hl in the other zones.
LIFE ZONES OF HUMBOLDT AND OF MERRIAM. 29
Recognizing- heat as tiie prime factor in the distribution of plants,
this great investigator of nature established the boundaries of plant
zones by connecting the points having the same mean annual tempera-
ture. The resulting isothermal lines denote broadly the limits within
which certain plants find their demands upon this factor satisfied. He
established for plant as well as for animal life the following life zones:
The Boreal, or Northern; the Austral, or Southern, and the Tropical
Zone, The borders of these zones rarely conform with the parallels
of latitude, but frequently diverge widely from them, according to the
elevation of the land, moving northward when they pass over lowlands,
moving southward when running over the mountains, and also affected
by the prevailing aerial currents and proximity to the sea. Since, how-
ever, two points of the same mean annual temperature may present
wide differences in the extremes of annual, monthly, or daily tempera-
ture, and since the physiological functions and the development process
must be correlated with these conditions, the zonal divisions established
upon these isothermal lines are in a high degree faulty.
LIFE ZONES ESTABLISHED BY MERRIAM.
The amount of heat required to accomplish the cycle from germina-
tion or the first movement in the unfolding bud to the maturity of the
seed has been called the physiological constant of the species, which
for a given species has been ascertained to remain the same wherever
it may grow. To determine this constant the temperature of 43^ F.
(6° C.) has been assumed by phj^siologists in general as the lowest
point at which germination and bud movement takes place. As to the
method of establishing this physiological constant opinions differ
widely, some investigators believing that the desired coefficient is
obtained by multiplying the mean temperature of a certain period by
the num))er of daj^s, while others find it in the sum of the maxima
shown by the thermometer exposed to the sun (maxima of insolation).
Merriam recognizes it as a law that the physiological constant rests
upon the sum of the mean daily temperatures during the cycle of
vegetation.^ By adding the mean daily temperatures above the
assumed zero point of ^'egetation at numerous stations of observa-
tion from spring until such time in the fall as the temperature again
falls to the zero point, and connecting stations of the same sum
of these effective temperatures, lines are established which are
regarded b}' Merriam as determining the northern limit of
the species. In its southward distribution he finds a barrier in the
^C. Hart Merriam, "Laws of temperature control of the geographic distribution
of terrestrial animals and plants," Nat'l Geogr. Mag., vol. 6, pp. 229 to 238, 3 col.
maps, 1894; The geographic distribution of animals and plants in North America,
Yearbook Dept. Agr. for 1897, pp. 203 to 214; Life zones and crop zones of the LTnited
States, Bull. No. 10, Div. Biol. Surv., U. 8. Dept. Agr.
IW IT, A NT \.\VK OK A I, A HAM A.
mean trinjtcralun' (liiriiiLT :i l»rirt' jH-rind coxciiiij^" the lioltcst |»art ol
the ycai'.
Tlu'Sf hoiindarics were IOiiikI (<» confonii with the liinils of dis-
t ril)ii(i(Hi ol" species as arrived al l»y lield olisei\at ioii>. 1 )in'ei'eiico.s
ill moisture, the factor next in importuiice to heat in the distril»ution
of life — on this continent most potent in its inlliience fi'om east to
west — detei'miiie the disti-iluition of animals and plants within dis-
tinct areas of tiiese life zones.
Based on thesi> principles Dr. McM'i'iain recoefiii/es in the North
American continent three primary divisions or reeions Hoi'eal. Aus-
tral, and Tropical -and se\-en transcontinental zones. His (dassifica-
tion is as follows:
I Arctic or Arctic- Allelic '/.(inc.
Hnil>i(»naii Zone.
CaiKidian Zone.
Alloghcnian Area.
' Transition Zone { A ri< 1 Transition A rca.
Pacilic Coast Transition Area.
AisTKAL Region.
r. 1,1'/ /Carolinian Area.
i nucr . iistnti Zone < ,t , , .
'' \ Up])er Sonoran Area.
r i 4 I V / Austrorii)arian Area.
Lower A iixtral Zone % , ,,' .
\ l.,o\ver .Sonoran Area.
T, r, f Humid Tropical.
lUOlMCAl. KE(iION < . • 1 rn • ^ 1
\Arid Tropical.
BOREAL REGION.
This, as seen in th(> table, presents three ti(dts or natural suhdivi-
sions.
AKCTie OK AKCTK-ALJ'INE ZONE.
This division, the first of the three, extends from the limit of tree
growtli to the polar lands. The greatest portion is covered with eternal
snow and ic(>, and farther south it intdudes the sununits of the moun-
tains reaching- al)ove the line of arboreal growth, subject to the same
conditions. This zone is recognized by some writers as the hyper-
boreal region, and as the realm of mosses and saxifrages.
nUDSONlAN ZONK.
The second, namely, the Hudsonian or subarctic zone, embrac^es the
most northern part of the American forest. Its spruces, firs, and
most of its l)irches and aspens extend from the shores of La])rador to
Alaska. This zone is spoken of as the Northern Forest or Lacustrian
Forest of the North.
CANADIAN' ZO.VE.
This is the third sul)division, or the second of the northern belts
of cone-bearing trees. In this zone pines, spruces, firs, and hendocks
outnumber the deciduous forest growth. In the southern and warmer
parts of this belt the cultivation of the hardier cereals — oats, r3^e,
barley — is possible, and potatoes and other root crops succeed.
AUSTRAL REGION AND ITS ZONES. 31
AUSTRAL REGION.
The great transcontinental Austral Region covers nearly the whole
of the United States except northern New England, northern Michi-
gan and Minnesota, and the higher mountains genei'ally. It embraces
three distinct life zones — Transition, Upper Austral, and Lower
Austral.
TRANSITION ZONE.
This includes the vast forests of deciduous trees of the cooler tem-
perate region of the continent. Here the outposts of the northern
types meet those of a decidedl}^ southern distribution. In its exten-
sion from east to west this zone presents three well-marked "areas,"
or floras.
AUeghenian Area. — The hiunid eastern division, the Alleghenian
Area, extends from the coast of New England to the eastern
border of the grassy plains west of the Mississippi River and pushes
southward in a long arm along the heights of the Allegheny Moun-
tains to Georgia and nearly to the border of Alabama. In its forests
oaks, hickories, chestnuts, and locusts, with rhododendrons, azaleas,
andromedas, and other shrubs of the heather family, mingle with the
birches, aspens, mountain ash, ashes, the northern spruces, lirs, hem-
lock, and pines, and other cone-bearing trees at home farther south.
In addition to small grains, the Indian corn (maize) is grown here;
the potato, with a number of other root crops, is raised, and apples,
pears, cherries, and plums, and a variety of berries and fruits of the
orchard are common.
i\'ntral Continental Area. — This is the arid middle division of the
Transition Zone, and comprises the dry plains and elevated table-lands
extending from the eastern border of the former to the Cascade and
Sierra Nevada mountains, and corresponds in part to the Central prov-
ince of Gray and the northern prairies of other botanists.
PacijTc Areti. — -This consists of the Pacific slope, west of these
mountains, recognized by botanical writers as the Pacific floral region.
UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE.
This zone is naturally divided into a humid eastern and an arid
western area or flora.
Carolhiian Area. — The eastern division, or Carolinian area, com-
prises the lower part of the northern deciduous forest which covers
the coast region south of New England; an interior portion of the
Southern Atlantic States, including northern Georgia and the larger
part of the upper half of Alabama; the basin of the Ohio River to the
southern shores of Lake Michigan, and the great central valley of the
Mississippi to near latitude 43^, finding its western limit between the
ninetieth and ninety-fifth degrees of longitude. Here the tulip tree
,'i2 ri.ANT LIFK OF ALABAMA.
{IJi'lotl, inlroii fiillj)if,r<i), ciicuiiilxM- ti't'c ( M(i(/n(>l ill iicutn'nuilii), por-
siiniuon {Diosjtijros ri r<iliil<iii<i), sussiitras (Sd.ssufnis siissafrus), l»uck-
(\vt' ( Ar.sri//i/.'< sp|).). swcot *»"uin {IJ</iil(/<iiiihiir .^ti/nidl^ ii<t), thi' fhcstiiut
oak ((Jii< reus iiciiiiiniiiiii)^ and Spanish oak ((Jii,i;-iix dlgitata) make
tlioir api)('ai'aiic('. C'hcstiuit {('(isiiund <l<iif(it<i) and hlack jjfuin (.\//.v.va
si/l riitl<'<i) arc coniinon. and of conc-hcarin};" trees the yellow pine
{Pltnix r<-liiii(ii(i) and scriih pine (/'. rlrijiiiliiiin) ai"e met with. In this
di\ision the (•ulti^■ation ol" Indian corn exceeds that of small <ii'ain.
Soru'huui and the suj^ar beet are successfully o-rown. The culti\ati()n
of the grape and peach adds to th(> variety of the fruits, as also in the
correspondiiio" division of the precedin*'' zone.
The Upp< I' S<))i()>'<()i Area. — This, the arid western division of the
Upper Austral life zone, extends from the vaguely defined limits of
th(> last division over the great western plains; beyond the Rocky
Mountains it covers much of th(^ great l>asin and parts of California.
LOWER AISTKAI, ZONE.
The Lower Austral zone, like the Upper Austral, is divided into a
humid eastern and an arid western area.
Austroriparliui Area or Loiiislanian Flora. — This consists of the
eastern or humid division of the Lower Austral zone, and embraces
in its southern reach the subtropical belt of North America. Begin-
ning with a narrow strip of the Atlantic coast near the southern
shores of Chesapeake Bay, this area covers the coastal plain of the
Southern Atlantic States nearly to the southern extremitv of Florida
and the Gulf States to the center of Texas and the southern section
of Indian Territory, finding its western limit between longitude 90°
and 95°. It follows the lowlands of the Mississippi River toward its
junction with the Ohio. This Louisianian flora has been designated
as the realm of the magnolia, southern pine, and dwarf palmetto.
The greatest part of the arable land is devoted to the cultivation of
cotton. Rice and sugar cane, particularly in the lower part of this
division, contribute to home demands and furnish staple products for
export. The sul)tropical cowpea takes the place of clover for forage
and as an ameliorating crop. The sweet potato is the chief root crop,
and corn is the only grain crop cultivated for breadstuff. Peaches
and grapes are successfully grown, and in the lower belt the loquat
or Japanese medlar, while in proximity to the Gulf the orange ripens
its fruit.
Lower Sonoran Area. — This flora, consisting of the western and
arid extension of the Lower Austral zone, extends from the plains of
western Texas to the Pacific Ocean. It is generally recognized as the
cactus region, or the Mexico-Californiau region.
OTHEK FACTOKS INFLUENCING DISTRIBUTION. 33
TROPICAL REGION.
This zone embraces in eastern North America a narrow belt along
the coasts of the southern extremity of peninsular Florida and the
surrounding keys, and contains part of the West Indian or Antillean
tlora.
SECONDARY FACTORS INFLUENCING PLANT DISTRIBUTION.
Besides the primar}^ factors, heat, light, and atmospheric moisture,
which regulate the distribution of life within the wide areas recog-
nized as life zones, there are others which exercise a potent influence
upon the distriliution of plants in confining them to narrower l)ounda-
ries. The former are due to geographical position, latitude and longi-
tude, extent of land area, presence and position of mountain chains, and
prevailing winds and oceanic currents, while the latter are dependent
on ndnor local conditions, such as altitude, topograph}^, proximity to
large bodies of water, all of which influence the lesser fluctuations of
temperature, precipitation, occurrence of frosts or other extremes,
secondary currents of the air, and exposure to sunlight. In addition
to these and of equal importance are the stratigraphical relations deter-
mining the chemical and physical character of the soil and sul^soil, as
well as the drainage of the surface and the soil l)eneath, which in itself
must be considered as one of the most important of the secondary
factors influencing distribution.
To this class of factors belong also the facilities possessed by
different species for dissemination. These consist chiefly of biological
agencies, special adaptations with which the fruits and seeds of man}'
species are provided, to secure their dispersion. This is effected in
various ways, particularly through the agency of animals. One means
consists of fleshy, sweetish fruits tempting animals to feed upon them.
In most instances the seeds are discharged with their vital power unim-
paired and thus are transferred to distant localities, particularly when
the fruit has served as food for birds. A second means consists of the
prickles, hooks, or stifl", hooked hairs covering the surface of the hard
fruits, by which they attach themselves to wandering animals.
Distribution of seeds is also effected l)y atmospheric agency, the
fruits or seeds being very minute or provided with l)road, wing-like,
or plumose attachments, which enable them to be wafted through
the air. In some cases the sudden tearing asunder of the parts of
the fully-matured hard fruit when touched causes the scattering
of the seeds. Finally, some seeds are disseminated through their
ability to float about in fresh or saline water without losing the power
of genuination.^
• O. Drude, Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie, 121 (1890) .
15894—3
34 ri,.\Nr lifk ok ai.aisama.
'I'lic <)|)|)(iit unilit's tor tlir dispcision <»!" sjx'cics li\- tlicsc iiioans aro
more or less diiiiitiislKMl l»y iii(cr\ cniiiL;' f.\t('ii>i\ r water and desert
areas or liiiili iiiountairi I'anecs.
'riies«' priiiiai'v and secondary t'actoi's. in their e\ cr-varyin*,'' eoinhi-
natioiis, are the conditions hy which the \ai"ioiis associations of species
and tlieir restriction witliin specitic areas ol" ei-catcM- or h-ss extent are
determined. Such areas constitut*' tlie Hoi'al re»;ions: and the system-
atic relationsliii) ol' the ditt'erent species, theii- numei-ical pi'opoitions,
and their various assembhij^'es impart to each ree-ion its lioral character.
SuitabhM'iivironment. tliat is, a proper c()ml)inatio!i of conditions of
moisture, suflicient room and lig'ht, propei' ex])osure, etc.. (h-termines
tlie plai-e in whicli a phmt linds all the icijuirements for its existence
met. that is, its Jidhifaf.
The conditions wiiich outline its hahitat. in comliination with the
greater factors of latitude, altitude, rainfall, etc.. d(>termine tlie distri-
bution of pUints over wider areas, in which th(> particular plant (species)
may find few or maii}^ suitable localities, which areas constitute its
range. Within this ranije the plant may be found in tew or many
places, isolated or gregarious, Ijut outside of this range it does not
occur.
DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES AS DEPENDING UPON GEOLOGICAL
HISTORY.
The distri})uti()n of plants can not always be explained on the ground
of their dependence upon the atmospheric and terrestrial factors.
The differences in climatic conditions become too insignificant to
explain the continement of many species within extremely narrow
limits, and at the same time topogra})hic and other conditions of
environment offer no satisfactory account. Premising the theory
that the existing ])lants are the descendants of similar tyju's which
flourished in past periods of th(^ history of our globe, in most instances
an explanation is easily found on geological grounds. Viewed in this
light, the occurrence of the hendock (7'sv/f/^/ ca)i(i<le)hsl.s)^ for example,
with its northern companion, the sweet birch, on the extreme southern
extension of the Allegheny Mountains, in Winston County, Ala., in
a completely isolated spot hundreds of miles distant from the range
of its distribution, can be accounted for when the}- are regarded as
the sole remnants of the northei'ii arjjoreal flora which during the
glacial period was jjushed to lower latitudes and which on its recession
to cooler zones left these trees l)ehind in the narrow valle\' of the
Sipsey River, where at present the former shades the cliff-bound
banks. The TorveyA {Tinu ioti ta.vifoliiiiii) and fhe Florida yew {TaxuK
floridana) oi the valley of the Apalachicola Kiver in w^estern Florida,
the American smoketree or chittamwood {('otlmiK cotinoides) in its
isolated localities in north Alabama and southwestern Missouri, and
ECOLOGICAL GROUPING OF PLANTS. 35
the Leitneria (Z. fioridana) in the latter locality and the .swanip.s of
the estuary of the Apalachicola River present similar striking instances
of a strange localization, in some cases within an extremely limited
range. The relation of these woody plants to the flora of a preceding
geological period, of which the present is the progeny, is clearly
proved b}" the remains of almost identical types found buried in the
strata of the Middle Tertiary formation of southern Europe and the
Rocky Mountains. If we regard these plants as the slightly modified
descendants of types belonging to an ancient flora, which have sur-
vived the changes our globe has undergone and have foimd a refuge
in their present localities, the mystery of their strange isolation finds
a satisfactory^ solution. The confinement to a single spot on the
Warrior of Neviusia alabam&iisis^ with its nearest relation in Japan,
and of Crotori alahcnnensis to a secluded valley of Little Cahaba River,
can be accounted for on the same ground.
PLANT FORMATIONS AND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.
The same causes to which the restriction of a plant within a floral
region is due, give rise to the grouping of species widely differing in
their natural affinities but equally adapted to accommodate themselves to
the same conditions. Such asseml)lages, forming groups of a definite
character, are by the later writers on plant geography recognized as
plant formations (Grisebach, Drude); or, with respect to their condi-
tions of life, theii' ecological relations as plant associations l)y Warm-
ing.* The former authors define a plant formation as a group of plants
of a definite physiognomic character, such as a forest, a grassy swamp,
the vegetation of a dune of the seashore. The group may be composed
either of only one species, as the forests of long-leaf pine or the South-
ern canebrakes, or characterized by the predominance of species of
the same family or allied families, as most coniferous forests and our
forests of oaks and hickories, or composed of an aggregate of species of
various affinities with some of their features in common, as is the case
with most forests and prairies. These plant formations impress upon
a flora its physiognomy, as was long ago noticed by Humboldt. The
following plant formations, recognized b}" Engler and Di'ude,^ will be
referred to in considering the distribution of plant life in Alabama:
1. Open plant formations, more or less interrupted, inhabiting —
a. The strand or beach.
h. The sands of seashore, hill, and plain.
e. Rocks and pebbles.
' Warming, Oekologische Pflanzengeographie, 1896.
^Engler und Drude, Die Vegetation der Erde: I, Pflanzenver))reitung aiil' dci' Iher-
ischen Haibinsel, M. Willkonmi, p. VII. 1896.
'MS I'LANT LU'K OF A LAMA MA.
li. ( "oiiUKict or (•(tilt iiiii >u-- plant t'i>iiiiat ii)ii> ol a miilonn t ypc. coiisi.st-
//. Of mosses or liclicns.
'. Of ("("spitosc i,Tass('s (incadows, urassy swales).
/'. (.)[' various ln'il)> (prairies, pastures).
</. Of ^l-e^aiious sulll ilteseent i)laiits ;)i' low inuieisiirwhs.
/'. Of <;i'ei«farious lar»,'"er, woody plants hianclied fiom the base
(thickets).
/. Of aft)oreaI ve^jfetatioii (()])eii and diMis(^ hi<ili forest).
/. Of paludial plants (riparian swamps, marshes, and hoj^s).
/. ()f immersed aquatics, floating free or rooted in the soil.
Considering these natural groups or plant formations in their bio-
logical aspect and investigating the mutual relationship between the
{)lant and the place where it lives (habitat), Warming tinds that the
properties by which a plant is able to adapt itself to the influence of
the various factors to which it is exposed and to hold its own in com-
petition with its associates are deeply founded in peculiarities of
anatomical structure as well as in the morphological development of
its organs and the resulting physiological functions. The presence
or absence of a type in any given plant formation tinds its explanation
in these peculiar modifications of its organism by which its mode of
life is regulated, as w^ell as in the ecological relations existing between
its own life and the life of its associates.
On these principles Warming has proposed a new classification of
the plant covering of the globe, recognizing four principal groups
of associations based on ecological relations, nanudy:
(1) Hydrophytic vegetation, forming the associations of plants sur-
rounded entirely or partially by water or growing in a constantly
water-soaked soil.
(2) Xerophytic vegetation, forming the associations of plants con-
fined to an arid soil and a dry atmosphere.
(3) llalophytic vegetation, making up plant associations restricted
to a saline soil, wet or dr}'.
(4) Mesophytic vegetation, including the general vegetation prefer-
ring a soil and an air of medium humidity.
Of the various plant associations met with in Alabama, those com-
posed chiefly of vascular plants will be more thoroughly discussed
under this classification of Warming.
It is self-evident that there exist many intermediate forms between
these groups, and these often render it extremely diflScult to assign a
certain plant association to a place in one or other of the above groups
or (dasses.
Within each of these four principal groups the vegetation is com-
posed of t3'pical forms of plant life, distinguished as trees, shrubs,
PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF ALABAMA. 37
undershrubs (including- the low perennials with a woody stem and
branchlets partiall}^ dying- at the close of the season of growth) and
perennial, biennial, and annual herbs.
HYDROPHYTIC PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.
Of the associations of this group the following are recognized in
the Alabama flora, consisting of plants: {a) Floating free in water either
on the surface or submerged; for example, the water fern (Azolla),
duckweeds (Lemna, Spirodela), bladderworts (Utricularia), hornweed
(Ceratophyllum), etc. ; (h) connected with the soil, rooting either on
rocks, as Podostemon, many fresh-water alga3, and some mosses (Lith-
ophile associations), or in the loose soil, as the pondweeds (Potamo-
geton), ditch weed (Ruppia), eelgrass (Vallisneria), and of the higher
cryptogams Nitella.
(<?) Immersed only at their base and rooting in the slightly sub-
merged or swampy soil, forming- associations of paludial plants, as the
vegetation of the grassy marshes and of bogs, and the shrubs and trees
covering the alluvial swamps; for example, cypress swamps.
XEROPHYTIC PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.
These consist of the vegetation of the dry, exposed, drifting sands
of the seashore and of dunes, and the woody vegetation of loose sands
(Psammophile associations); also of the vegetation of dry prairies
(""bald prairies"), and of the forests of the dry uplands, either of
evergreen cone-bearing trees (pine ])arrens) or deciduous trees.
HALOPHYTIC PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.
These are composed mostly of aquatic plants, inhabiting the beach
and saline marshes of the seashore.
MESOPHYTIC PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.
These eml)race the plant associations confined to a soil and atmos-
phere of moderate humidity, as grassy swales, canebrakes, the arbo-
real vegetation of the subtropical forests of broad-leaved evergreen
trees and shrubs, and the deciduous forest of the lowland with a fresh
soil rich in humus, never or infrequentl}' overflowed.
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE ALABAMA FLORA.
The flora of Alabama stands in the number of species and varietal
forms, as well as in the diversity of their characteristic associations,
unsurpassed among those of adjoining regions. This wealth and vari-
ety of Alabama's plant life is easily explained when, on the one hand,
its area is considered, extending over nearly ,5 degrees of latitude, andon
the other, the diversity of its topographical features, varying from the
38 I'LANT 1. 1 IK OF AI-AMAMA.
ul)rin)l Mil mil tain r:iiiL;"f>. w illi tlirir hioad tatili- laii(l>. w idc vullcy.s, und
ru^'jr<'<i liill> 1" •!"' Minllifiii half of (lir Statt' ti> llif fertile Cretaceous
plain in its center; and fafther ^oiilli. totlie pine-elad liills and rollini,'-
uplands nier<,'-int;- int(» the i-oast plain with its opi'ii and fore.st-eovei-ed
swamps, and the sands and saline marshes of the seashore. The ninn-
ber of distinct sju'ciesand \arieties known <'an undoubtedly be increased.
sin<'e thoroui^h botanical investi«r!ition has been atteni])ted by but a
few. The closet- exploration of any of its reerions is sure to I'eward
the botanist in t)rinjj;inj^- forms to lieht which ha\f never been obsei-ved
iu the State, if indeed not new to science.
SYSTEMATIC RELATIONS.
The list of va.st-ular plants urowing- without cultivation in Alabaiua,
as given in this volume, numbers between 2,500 and 2,550 recognized
distinct forms (species and Aarieties), including all the introduced,
adventivi', and fugitive forms. Of this numlx-r, 51> are spore-bearing
plants — Pteridophyta. Of the seed-bearing plants — Spermatophy ta —
12 species belong to the Gyninosperms, their ovules destitute of an
inclo.sing ovary; the remainder to the Angiosperms, their seeds within
an ovary. Of the latter, 707 distinct forms belong to the Monocoty-
ledons, the division consisting of plants with the embyro of the seed
bearing but a single cotyledon or seed leaf, and a little over 1,700
species and varieties belong to the DicotAdedons, comprising the angio-
sperms, with an embryo bearing two opposite cotyledonary leaves.
Among the families of the above divisions most prominent by num-
ber of species the Compositae^ (goldenrods, asters, sunflowers, hawk-
weeds, etc.) take the first place with 808 species, followed by the
Poaceae with 289, Cyperaceae with 140, Leguminosae~ with 116, Nepe-
taceae with 60, Scrophulariaceae with 5i:>, Rosaceae, including the plum
and the apple tribe, with o-t. Of the families less prominent in num-
ber of species the Apiaceae have 16 species; Ranunculaceae, 13;
Euphorbiaceae, 11; Orchidaceae, 40; Polygonaceae, 38; Liliaeeae,^
36; Alsinaceae, 33; Polypodiaceae, 43; Malvaceae, 26; Onagraceae,
25; Fagaceae (chestnuts, oaks), 26; and Ericaceae,^ 21 species.
Among the genera excelling in number of species, Panicum stands
first, with 71, Carex has fully 60, Aster 38, Cyperus 35, Rynchospora
31, Solidago 25, Eupatorium 25, Quercus 23, Paspalum 20, fuid
Hypericum 20 species and varieties.
ENDEMIC PLANTS,
The lumiber of plants endemic to Alabama is small, ))ut suggestive.
Only the following t3^pes are exclusivelj'^ found within the limits of
' Carduaceae and Cichoriaceae.
^ Miinosaceae, Caesalpinaceae, Viftiaceae.
* Here ii.sed in the Vjroader sense.
EELATIONSHIPS OF ALABAMA FLORA. 39
the State: JVeviumi cdahamenMs^ Crotmi alahainenx'tx^ and Trichomanes
ixdersu. This poverty in endemic forms is easily explained by the
absence of any serious obstacles to plant migration from and to all
parts of the eastern section of this continent. The gradual descent of
the Allegheny Mountains to the Coastal plain rendered the influx of
plants from the north and east easy. The oldest types flourishing on
the most ancient strata succumbed gradually to the vicissitudes of eons
of time and gave way to later invaders. Completely open on the east
and the west, the denizens of the plant world from these directions
found no hindrance in peopling the new soils of the secondarj^
(Mesozoic and Cenozoic) formations, after their rise above the water.
RELATIONSHIP OF THE ALABAMA FLORA TO THAT OF ADJOINING
REGIONS.
It results from these conditions that the plant-covering of the State
coincides closely with the flora of the adjoining regions. In its south-
ern portion it is very intimately related to the flora of western Florida,
Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, equally so to that of the maritime
plain of North and South Carolina and Georgia, and in a less degree
to that of western Louisiana and eastern Texas. In its central parts
the same close connection exists with the flora of the middle region
(Piedmont region) of these States and with that of southern Arkansas.
The flora of the northern part of the State, wdth its mountains and
the Tennessee Valley, presents a similar relationship with the flora of
the Allegheny ranges south of the Potomac River, below an elevation
of 2,000 or 2,500 feet above sea level, and with that of the southern
extension of the Cumberland Mountains and the rim of the Highlands
of Tennessee.
RELATIONSHIP OF THE ALABAMA FLORA TO FOREIGN FLORAS.^
EASTERN ASIA.
Asa Gray first directed attention to the intimate relationship exist-
ing between the flora of eastern North America and that of eastern
Asia, particularly^ that of Japan. ^ The eastern Asiatic element is in
this part of our continent most pronounced southward. It is here
most strikingly manifest in the arboreal and shrubby vegetation of the
numerous genera of the catkin-bearing families, such as walnut, chest-
nut, oak, beech, hazlenut, iron wood, hornbeam (Ostrya), willow, wax
m3a'tle; and of the coniferous family, such as pine, hemlock, cypress
(Chamaecyparis), savin (Juniperus); to which are added elm, mul-
berry, linden, pear, plum, service trees (Amelanchier), maple, witch
'In this discussion the introduced and immigrated plants occurring in Alabama and
the genera represented only by cosmopolitan species inhabiting the temperate and
warmer regions all over the globe are disregarded.
^Asa Gray, Memoirs N. Y. Acad., vol. 6, part L 1859.
40
IM.AN'l' l-IKK OK AT-.\I5AM.\.
hil/cl. suiniic { l\liii>). iiiid a-li. all of w liidi air w idrly (lillu--r(l tliroujjh-
oiit llif tt'm|)t'ra(t' /.oiii's of eastern NOrlli America and in eastern Asia,
ii small mimliei- e\tendin«^- westward to the Altai Mountains and Hima-
la\an India. 'IMie niimlier <d' arlxireal and rnit<'scent j^eiicra is still
fmtliei" increased by tlioso ehit'lly eoidin<'d to tlic soutlieastiTn section
of our contincid. such as Maiinolia and Illicium of the mauriolia
faniih': I'ersea and lieuzoin (d" tlic laui'el family: I'oses. honey locust,
storax hushes, calalpa trees, and de\il wood or American oli\e. of
difi'erent families.
On closei' com])arison of the lloi-a of Alahama with that of eastern
Asia and i)i'inei])ally of »Iaj)an, it is found tliat al)out 1<"><' <:<'nei-a or
nearly "Jtl pei- cent of the genera indio'enou.s in Alabama, beloni^injj;" to
6<) families. ha\t' their representatives in eastern Asia. Besides the
above connnon t^-enera there occur othei's in those ])ai'ts which in their
essential characters differ but slightly from the nearest allies found in
Alabama, forming with them such pairs as Glaueidium and Hydrastis,
Sphaerostemon and Schizandra. Ste})haiiandra and Neviusia. Corv-
lopsis and Fothergilla, Paris and ^Nlodiola, Scilla and Quaniasia, liox-
biirghia and Croomia, and some others.
The iuunl)er of types indigenous to Alabama w'hich are identical
with species found in eastern Asia is small, amounting scarcely to
forty. Though this number by itself considered is insigniticant, it
must be viewed together Avith the fact that every one of the genera
common to Alabama and eastern Asia is represented in the latter
region by one or several species closeh'^ allied to the forms found in
Alabama, so closely in not a few cases as to be dilHcult to sepai'ate.
The relation of these tw^o floras is expressed in the following table:
(ii'inni roimiioii In (lif fioni of cdKlirii Axid (Did thai of Al<ih<iin<i.
CUussiliciilioii.
Ptfriflophyta:
Filifes'
Ophioglossaceiif
Lyeopodiai'eiiu . .
ToUl.
Gymnospermae:
Pinoideae
Cupressineae .
Total
Monocotyledoneae:
Liliai'eae"-
Orchidaceac . . .
CypcTuceae
Araceae
Poaceae
Najadaeeae
Alismaceae
Dioscoreaceae..
Smilaceae
Iridaceae
Total.
Number
of
genera.
Cla.ssifi(ratioii.
Dicotylcdoneac:
Archichlaniydcae —
Lt'guniiiiosat'"-...
Kanuiiculacoae .
Kosacfaf-
Apiaceac
Betulaceae
Fagaceae
Urticaceae
Euphorbiaccae . .
Vitaccae ,
Nyinpliai'aceae. .
Aristolocliiafuae
L'liuaci'ar
Moraceae
Magiioliaci'ae
BerbL-ridaceae
Funiuriacoao
Khauinacfao
Lanraccau
Juglaiidact'ae
Salicaoeae
Myrioaceae
P()lyK<iiiac(.'ac
Pliytdlarcaceae .,
Mfiiis|)crii!ac'eae ,
Crassulaceae
Xuinber
of
genera.
1 Including Polypudiaceaf. Hynu-nophyllrtceae, and Osmiindaceae. =Here used in tlie broader sense.
ALABAMA FLOKA AND ITS SOUTHERN NEIGHBORS.
41
Genera common to the flora of eastern Asia and that of Alabama — Continued.
Classification.
Dieotyledoneae— Continued.
Archiehlamydeat — Continued.
Hamamelidaueae ,
Anacardiaceae
Ilicaceae
Staphyleaceae :
Aceraceae
Aesculaceae
Tlieaeeae
Hyperieaeeae
Violaceae
Araliaceae
Cornaceae
Total
Sympetalae:
Ericaceae, Vacclniaceac
Carduaceae (Eupatorium 1, As
tereae 2)
Cichoriaceae
Number
of I
genera. ;
Classification.
Number
I of
genera.
Dieotyledoneae — Continued. ]
Sympetalae — Continued.
Nepetaceae I 4
Caprifollaceae 3
Loganlaceae 2
Apocynaceae 2
Verbenaceae 2
Clethraeeae 1
Monotropaceae 1
Oleaceae 1
Symploeaceae I 1
Styracaceae !
Ebenaeeae 1
Polemoniaeeae ' 1
Rubiaceae 1
Campanulaceae 1
Total 35
Total Dicotvledoneac 118
WEST INDIES, MEXICO, SOUTH AMERICA.
Not less than 290 genera containing- nearly 40 per cent of the plants
indigenous to the Alabama flora are represented in the West Indian
Islands, Mexico, Central America, and more rarely in South America
as far south as Argentina. On the western coast of the continent but
a few genera occur which have also their home with us. The num-
ber stated above is comprised within 22 families. About 140 species are
common to Central America, Mexico, and the West Indian Islands.
This relationship is most evident between the flora of that part of the
State embraced within the Austroriparian area and the flora of the more
elevated regions of tropical America with climatic conditions some-
what similar to those prevailing in southeastern North America. The
flora of the subtropical regions of Alabama exhibits faintly the fea-
tures of the vegetation of the neighboring tropics by the presence of
a few genera of the epiphytal plant formation (Tillandsia, Epidendron,
Poh'podium), which in the al^undance and variety of its forms consti-
tutes one of the most striking characteristics of the tropical vegetable
world. A scarcely stronger suggestion of tropical character in our flora
is afi'orded in its arboreal vegetation by the presence of our dwarf
palmettos (Sabal, Serenoa) with their short or prostrate trunks. Our
deciduous-leaved trees are represented by 10 genera common to both
regions. 2 species of oak {Quercus mrginicma^ Q. hrevUoha) and 2
of hickory {IRcoria pecan,, II. myristicaeformii'i) being common to
Alabama and the plains of northern Mexico near the Texan frontier.
Our wax myrtle, hop hornbeam, mulberry, elm, box elder, haw, and
sweet gum occur in the elevated regions of the eastern declivity of
the Mexican Andes. Our evergreen magnolia is in the .same region
42
TLANT LIl-K <>K Al.AIiAM A.
l"('j)rt'st'iitc(l li\- till' clioi'h rchilrd Mt'iius 'ralMiima. Hf conit'd'oiis
trees pines iire altiimlaiit in the liij^liei" mountains of Mexico and
Central AnM-riea. ()iii' sla>li pine, of ('iil)an pine, extends from tlio
W e^l Indian Inlands to jlondiii'as; 'laxodiuni inhabits Mexico, iind
sa\ in {.I iiit'i i*, nix. hiirl><i(l< tisls) the ^^'est Indies, with other sj)ecies of
fluniperus in Mexico.
The cdinnmn elements in these Moras are exhibited in the fo!lo\\in<^"
tal)h-:
(iinrrn nml .tinciix (•(iiiimuii In Aliiliinnd <iiiil triipiaii Aiiicrira.
Clossincntion.
rtcridoplivtu :
Filices'
Of)lii(>)<lossn<'i.'iu>.
L\ro|»Miiiicfai' ..
ScliiKiiiclljiii'iii'..
Ktiuisetaci'uc- ...
Total
Gymiiospermue
Monocotyledoneae :
Poaeeive ■' ,
Cyperaceae''.
Liliacfae'' ...
orclii<la('eae
AmaryUidaceao
Alisinacfae
Eridcaulaceae
CoiaiiK'liiiat-cae
PontfiU'riaceae
Najailacoae
Juncaginaceae
Arecaccae
Mayacaceae
Xyridai-eae (Xyris) .
Total
Dicotylodoncac:
Art'liichlamydeae —
Lfguiniriosae
Chunopodiacfae .
liaimnculaceae . ,
R()sa(;eae '' ,
Euphorbiaceae .
.\piaceae
Onagraceae ,
Lythraceae
Malvaceae
L'rticaceae
Juglandaceao
Bras-sicaceae
Nyniphaeaceae .
Alsinaeeae
Rhamnaceae
Vitaceae
Hypericaeeae
Myrieareac
Salicaceae ,
Betulaceae
Fagaeeac
Moraceae
Niunber | Nuuibir
of ! of
genera, i species.
1 1
1
18 1
14
3i
3
4
4
2
•i
2
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
73
101
Cla.ssificalioii.
I>ieotylcdoneac— Continued.
Arehichlaniydeae — Con-
tinued.
Batidaeeao
Ari.slolocliiaceae
Ijoranlhaeeae
Polygonaeiae ,
Anacardiaceae
Ilieaeeae ,
Cistaeeae
Passifloraeeae
Cactaeeae
Haloragidaceae
Cornaeeae
Total
Sympetalac:
Carduaeeae—
Vernonieac and Eu-
patorieae
Helianthtae
Astereae
Senecioneae
Inuleae
Cynareae
Cichoriaceac
Number i Number
of I of
genera. ' specrieH.
Total Compositae'
Scrophulariaceae ,
Nepetaceae
Ericaceae, Vacciniaceae .
Hydrophyllaceae
Solanaceae
Asch'piiidaccac ,
Conviilvulaceae
Ordljaiu'lniceae
Logtmiaccae
Boraginac cae
Vcrbcnaceae
Piiifruiciilac-eae
Moudtnipaccae
Primulaccac
Sapotaceae
Cuscvitaceae
Polemoniaceae ^
Bignoniaceae
Acaiithaceae
Total Sympetalae
Total Dicotvledonae.
100
11
4
2
1
1
34
14
14
8
6
4
4
4
8
3
3
G
3
3
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
91
34
191
94
1 Including Polypodiaceae, Hymenopbyllaceae, and Osmundaceae.
- Equifelniii robuHuvi.
3 Chiefly I'aiiiceae (Panicum, Paspalum) and Andropogoneae ; all widely diffused from the West
Indies to Argentina.
•• Mostly of the genera Cyperas, Eleocharis, Scleria, and Rynehospora, 10 species of the last 2 genera
being not met with, outside of the West Indies, in tropical America.
''Hereusedinthebroadersen.se. The species belong to Yucca and other genera, mostly Melan-
thioideae.
* Here used in the liroader sense.
7 Phlox.
ALABAMA FLORA AND EUROPEAN FLORA.
43
EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION.
The r(4ationship between the flora of Ahibama and that of Europe
and the parts of Asia and Africa bordering upon the Mediterranean
Sea is indicated by their having in common about 100 families with
about 230 genera, this being nearlj' 35 per cent of the genera indig-
enous to Alabama, with 55 species which occur in Alabama and also
in western Europe and in the Mediterranean region, chiefly the former.
Of the ar])oreal plant formation nearly all of our deciduous catkin-
bearing trees and most of the shrubs are represented by closeh' allied
species in those regions. Some of these genera are represented far to
the north in the European-Asiatic forest belt, such as willow, cotton-
wood (Populus), birch and alder, and pine, while walnut, beech, oak,
hornbeam, hazelnut, ash, maple, plum and cherry, pear and apple, and
the savin are widel}^ diffused over the more temperate regions of
Europe. In the Mediterranean region our white cedar (Chamaec}^-
paris) finds itself represented in the cypress (Cupressus), from which
it differs b}' a mere technical character, and Celtis (hackberry), Cercis,
and Storax are represented in the same region. It is a remarkable fact
that in no one of these genera is the European species identical with that
found in Alabama. The ferns and allied families are represented by
4: families with 12 genera; of these 7 belong to the ferns proper with
5 identical species, 2 to the Ophioglossaceae, 1 to the Lj^copodiaceae,
1 to the Selaginellaceae, and 1 to the Equisetaceae.
The followino- table exhibits the relation of these two floras:
Genera and species common to Alabama and Europe, with Mediterranean Asia and Africa.
Classification.
Number
of
genera.
Number
of
species.
Classification.
Number
of
genera.
Number
of
species.
Pteridopliyta:
Filice.s 1
7
2
I
1
1
5
Dicotyledoneae:
Archichlamydeae —
itanunculaceae
Rosaceae •*
13
n
9
8
6
5
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
Lycopodiaceae . ...
Brassicaceae
Leguminosae
1
Total
12
5
1
2
Monocotyledoneae:
Poaeeae
20
8
5
4
4
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
Chenopodiaceae
Orchidaceae
Urtlcaceae
5
7
2
NajadaceaeS
Salicaceae
Aristolochiaeeae
Polygonaceae
Nymphaeaceae
Crassulaceae ••
Saxifragaceae
Juglandaceae
1
3
3
2
3
Lemnaceae. . . .
J uncaceae
1
1
Moraceae
Araceae
1
Ceratophyllaceae
Fumariaceae
Droseraceae=
1
Eriocaulaceae
1
1
Total .
54 2«
1
Linaceae
1 Including Polypodiaceae, HjTnenophyllaceae,
and Osmundaeeae.
'^ Including Potamogeton, .5 species.
3 Here used in the Iiroader sen.se.
<Tillaea.
6 Drosera.
44
ri-ANT 1-ll'K (»F ALAHAMA.
(Inifni mill x/iii'it's cdiiniitiii In .[lulmmn nml J'.'iirojir, ilr. — ( 'iiiitiiiiiccl.
NuihImt
ClHiWincHtioll. of
i generii.
Number 1
of i
species. \
Cliuwiflcatiou.
Number
of
genera.
Numbcr
of
species.
Dicotyli'donono— Continued.
AnhichliiniyiU'iie— Con-
tinued.
}
Dicotyieflonoae— Continued.
Syiii|iclalai — (Continued.
HoraKiiiafcae
Scn>|.liiilariaeeae
.Siilanaccat'
•1
1
I'olyKulaci'ae
Kiiiih(>rl>iiii'eiu'
1
I'riniiilaci'ae
1
<'a|>rii(ilia('i'ae
Mi)ii()tr(i|)a(i-ai'
FlunihaKiiiafeae
f^tyracaccai'-'
1
Apocyiiaceae
Asclfpiadaccae
Gfiiliaiiacoae
Poli'moniaccae
Convolvulaeeae
Cuscutaceao
HnloraK'idaceae
Vfrtn-naccai'
PlantaKiliacnH'
2 1
1
\
Total
109 1 19
Valerianaceae
Total
Synipc'talao:
53 j 3
12
7
162 -W-
1 Cotinns in the Mediterranean region.
-Hibisfus of the Mediterranean region.
■'S(uithorn and western Europe.
••Stora.K of Ww Mediterranean region.
6 Fraxinus.
"Orobanehe and Phelypaea diflfcr but slightly
from our Thalesia "(Aphyllon;.
■(Jaliinn.
BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONS.
YioAvinu- the plants of Alul)anui in their bioloo^ical aspect, their
habit.s of life, and the peculiar adaptations by which they establish
and maintain themselves successfully among" their various associations,
no striking features are met with which are not presented in one or
the other of the adjoining States. With our present knowledge it is,
however, impossible to enter upon very close comparisons. The per-
ennial plants are largeh' in excess of the annuals and biennials, com-
prising five-sixths of the total vascular flora of the State. Among the
woody pertMinials, 343 distinct species and vai'ieties have been counted,
32 with climl)ing or creeping stems. This number includes 45 under-
shrubs and suffrutescent perennials, most numerously belonging to the
Hypericaceae (St. Johnswort famih'), with 12 species, which, owing to
the large number of individuals gaily adorned with bright yellow
flowers, form a striking feature in the plant covering of the flat pine
barrens in the coast plain.
FOREST FLORA.
SnRrBBY PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.
The 171 species and varieties of shrubs known in Alabama, intimately
coniKH'ted Avith the arboreal vegetation, form the higher undergrowth
and the bi-iish\- cover of the soil of the mixed forests in the southern
SHRUB AND TREE ASSOCIATIONS. 45
part and prevail in the openings and along the borders of the deciduous
forests in the northern half of the State. Twenty-four species of the
woody plants are of the liana form, stout climbers, which ascend the
highest trees, nearly half of their number belonging to the grape
family. Outside of the forest the shrubs rarel}^ aggregate into an
independent '4)ush"' formation of such extent as to make an impres-
sion upon the physiognomy of the vegetation and to form a proper
plant association. In the coast region, however, the followin;;- species
form to a limited extent thickets more or leso free from larger trees:
Myrica cerifera (wax myrtle) . Rhododendron f<pp. (azalea) .
Myrica inodora (wax myrtle) . Pierls riilida (andromeda) .
Ilex cassine (dahoon holly) . LeurotJioe axillaris (andromeila).
Ilex voviitoria (yaupon holly). Kidmiahdifolid. (monntaui laurel) .
Osmunthus americanuH (American olive). Vacciiiiu)ii and Gaylussarta ppp. (huekle-
Illici'Uiii foridanuiii (sweet illicium). berry, whortleberry) .
Symplocos tinctorid (horse sugar) . Vaceinium arborenm (farkle berry) .
Bosquets of groundsels {Baccluirk halimifolici)^ with marsh elder
{Iva frutescens)^ dot here and there the salt marshes of the seashore.
The arborescent grasses of the bamboo tribe, the so-called cane, repre-
sented in eastern North America b}' AnmcUnaria mact'osjx-niKi and
A. tecta^ form by their spread over wide areas a most peculiar and
prominent feature in the vegetation of the State, known as cane})rakes.
The big cane, attaining not rarel}' a height of from 20 to 30 feet, occu-
pies the more or less overflowed alluvial river banks. The so-called
reed or switch cane, of smaller size, forms the impenetrable under-
growth of the forests of the humid and fresh soil depressions, and is
most prevalent in the Cretaceous plain, designated as the canebrake
region.
ARBOREAL J'LANT ASSOCIATIONS.
As in most parts of eastern North America, forests constitute in
Alabama the most extensive and predominating of plant formations.
Under the influence of the mild climate of relatively low latitudes with
an abundant rainfall evenh^ distributed throughout the year, condi-
tions most favorable to tree growth, Alabama presents the aspect of a
richly wooded countr^^ From the mountain heights and valleys of
the north to the shores of the Gulf the State is clad in a robe of forests
scarcely surpassed in the diversity of their tree grow^th and timber
wealth by those of any other part of eastern North America. Origi-
nally the tree covering was almost uninterrupted. It can safely be
assumed that at present over 50 per cent of the area of the State
remains under cover of the original forest growth, although more or
less invaded by the ax in the more accessible localities. Of the 172
arboreal species recorded as growing without cultivation in the State,
15 are introductions from the warmer temperate and tropical regions,
mostly of the Old World, and 3 from the States of the Southwest.
4r,
PLANT LIKK <>F ALA1?AMA.
pfi/thiniis t'ni;sfs. l)tMi(lii(>ii>-l»'ii\ t'(l forests ])rc\:iil ])rincipall y in
tlic iiortlirni \v,\vi of the Stale. Tliey are iiiarkeil Wy the same vai'iety
of forms and the saiiu> ei-rat atiuiidaiiee of eatkin-hearinir or mit-hear-
iii«_:' t rees {aiiieiitaceons oideis) w hieh ai'e cliai'aeteristic of the forests of
the htwei- AUeirheiiy i-aiiiiesas far north as southern Now En<rhin<l and
tlie h)\ver OhioA'aUey. with their wahiuts, hickories, oaks, hornlu-ams.
I»eeeli. eottonwoods, ehn^. tuli|) and cncninliei" trees of the magnolia
family, cherries, phinis. liaws, and serxice herries.
Of tlie A'.\ species of amentaceous and otlier a])etalous trees known
to occur in the Stato 3'.> are common also to the rei^ions just mentioned.
Of th(> 1^:5 oaks occurrin*^ in Alaltama. l<i are found in tlie more
northern forests; of the 8 ]\Iauiioliaceae. T); of the S plums and
cherries. 4; of the L^t> or more speci(>s l)(dont*"iii_y to the ajjple tribe,
mostly haws, 7: of the U iiiai)les, 4; of tlie 4 elms. ;'.. and all of the t>
species of ash.
In the mesophile forests, covering the vallevsand terraces of a rich,
nioderatcdy humid soil, oaks predominate, l)ut many oth(>r genera are
present. The following list exhibits the characteristic trees, all of
which. e.\c(>pt Magnolia acuminata ear data^ extend noi'th of the Ohio
Kiver:
Qiierciis alhu (white oak) .
Quernis minor (post oak) .
Queraisdigilata {(J./ctlcatd) (Spanish (jak).
Jllcoria oratd (hickory) .
Ilicoria minima (l)ittermit) .
Juglans nigra (black wahmt) .
Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip tree) .
Fagus americana (beech) .
Carpinns caroliniana (hornbeam) .
Fraxinus americana (white ash) .
Cornusforida. (dogwood) .
Ulinns americana, I', alatd, f. jmhcxceiwi
(elm).
('citis mii^siK.'tippieiisIs (Southern hack-
berry).
Sassafras KUi^safras (sassafras) .
Diospyroii inrginica (per.simmon) .
Aesculus octandra (Ohio buckeye) .
Qiiercus michauxii (cow oak) .
Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum).
Magnolia acuminata and variety cnrdala (jJeditaia triacantJiox (honey locust) .
(cucumT)er tree) . Fraxinns laiiccolata (green ash) .
Acer narcharinwii. {A. <hi.siicarpum) .
The sweet gum here attains its largest dimensions. The last 5 pre-
fer the lower })ottoms subject to occasional overflow.
In the paludial forest, particularly^ or the alluvial region, with the
soil submerged or constanth' water-soaked, the C3''press {Taxodium
d'lstickum) forms in the so-called cypress brakes the most imposing
feature. This tree is found throughout the State, and in that portion
belonging to the Louisianian area, it is associated with the tu])elo gum
{Nyssa aquatica) and the Carolina ash {Frnxinua caroliniana). Toe
overcup oak {Quei'cm lyiHita) prefers the shallow lagoons of the allu-
vial lands in the center of the State. Planer tree {Phmera aquatied)^
water hickory {Ilicoria aquaticd)^ Carolina Tdack gum (Ay-swa lifora).,
apple haw ( Crataegia< aestivalis)., and green ash {Fraxinus lanceolata) are
DECIDUOUS AND EVERGEEEN FORESTS. 47
frequent inhabitants of the forest-clad swamps of the alluvial district
in its lower part.
Deciduous forests of xerophile trees and shrubs prevail on the dr^'
mountain spurs, the table-lands, and the lower hills, the following
forming the bulk of the arboreal vegetation :
QuercHS prinos (inountain oak). Hicoria rillosa (pale-leaf liickorv).
Querciis velutina (black oak) . Castanea dentaia (chestnut) .
Quercus marilandica (black jack) . TJlmus australis (Southern rock elm) .
Quercus cocdnea (scarlet oak) . Acer leucoderme (white-bark majile) .
Ilicoria glabra (pignut) . Acer sacchariun and variety harbatum.
Hicoria alba (mockernut) . (hard maple) .
Hicoria caroUnae-septenlrionalis (Southern Acer floridanum (Florida maple) .
shellbark hickory) . Oxydendrum arboreuin (sourwood)
All of these, except Acer leucoderme^ A. saccharmn harbatv/m^ and
A. forldanum^ belong also to the Northern forests. On the arid
ridges with a poor siliceous soil Southern pines mingle freely with
the hardwoods.
Evergree)h forests.^ — The evergreen arboreal vegetation forms a most
prominent feature of the flora of the State. The 31 species found in
Alabama are nearly all distributed throughout the warmer temperate
and subtropical regions of eastern North America. In the xerophile
forests of the dry uplands the cone-bearing evergreens, embracing
six species of pines, one type of the cypress tribe, and the red cedar,
hold an important place in the tree-covering of the State, particularly
the pines. These cover extensive areas, the long-leaf pine extending
almost exclusively and with scarceh^ any interruption over many
hundreds of square miles, while short-leaf and loblolly pine form a
large element in the forest growth of the northern half of the State.
Broad-leaved evergreen trees and shrubs in great variet}- of species
prevail in the mesophile semiswamp}^ forests of the subtropical zone.
In these forests the magnolia, single or in groups, finds its home with
the white ba}^ of the same genus, red bay, dahoon holly, yaupon,
wax myrtles, ti-ti, American olive or devilwood, leatherwood, and
large oaks with persistent leaves (live oak, etc.) or retaining their
foliage during the greater part of the winter (laurel oak and water
oak). A host of evergreen shrubs — the sweet illicium of the mag-
nolia family, azaleas and andromedas of the heather family, holly, and
others — form the dense undergrowth. Of conifers, the loblolly pine,
with the Southern spruce pine and Cuban pine and, mostly in
swampy localities, the white cedar, tower above the broad-leaved
forms. The strange-looking Spanish dagger {Yucca aloifolia)^ an
arborescent lily, with its trunk covered with rigid sharp-pointed
leaves and, in the beginning of the summer season, crowned with
ample panicles of snowy white flowers, forms a characteristic feature
of the arboreal vegetation of the sands in the coastplain.
48 I'l.ANT lAVK OF AI,.\I'. AMA.
OI'KN-I.AND <>i; < AMri.Slia AN II.OKA ( \ I. K( »l'l I I 1 ,1 : I'l.AN'r ASSOCIATIONS.)
Uiulcr :i iliiiiMtf so liit.'-lily t';i\ ()r:il>lr to t n-c u row t li and with soil
conditioiis which in ^^cncral present no ol)staclcs to the (ic\ clopincnt
of an arltorcal \c^'-clation, thci-c is in Alal)ania. as in the a<ljoinin<4"
States and the correspondinu- reL;i"iis ot' the Southei-n Athmtic St}it(\s,
hut litth' room hd't for the chai'acleiistic vegetation of open-phiin or
trtMdess mountain and hill coiuiti'v. es|)ecially if we exclude the vej^e-
tation of heili^ and luidershi'ulis of the open rolline- pine l)arfens. of
the pine Hats of the coast with their scattei'ed tree erowth, and of the
scantily shaded rocky crests of the, uiountains. It is only on the. coin-
parali\ely small tracts of the Cretaceous ])lain when*, the undorlying
limestone strata couie lu'ar tho surfaci' and tln^ coverin<r of the rich
black calcareous soil hecoiuos too shallow to pcu'mit the roots of tlie
trees to uain a linn hold, that arboreal vegetation is completely
(wcluded. In these localities — the so-called bald ]>rairies, low knolls,
or lu'oad swells of limited extent, with the soil not deep enoueh to be
plowed — many of the typical plants of the eastern North American
prairie have found a refuge, from which they have spread over the
bordei's of fields. o})en w^aysides, pasture^ and waste grounds, and worn-
out and abandoned lands. In such localities the ovioinal types have
to contend for the possession of the ground with many inti'oduced
and ad\entive weeds, the hardy oti'spring of species originating in the
exposed plain. Most of the native typical plants of these remnants
of the prairies, and of the open in general, are also common to the
prairies of the Mississippi Valley from the Wabash to the vallc}' of
the Colorado River in Texas. Most of the rosin weeds {SUphlum
laciniatum ^ etc.), species of sunflower {ILJianfJiKs)^ fleabanes {Kri-
geron)^ lludbeckias, and other tall, coarse composites are character-
istic of the prairie flora; most of the species of the pea family and
most of the umbellifers and grasses inhal)iting the prairies, open
borders of flelds, and pasture grounds in the central and northern
part of the State, have also their home on the prairies of Illinois,
Missouri, southern Ai'kansas, and eastern Texas.
WATKIi AND SWAMl' FLORA (lIYDKOPHYTIC I'LANT ASSOCIATIONS).
I'lantsof these associations are most prominently represented in the
lower ])ine region of the Coast plain. Among the 227 species of vas-
cular hydrophytes so far observed in Alabama 11 are pteridophytes,
139 species are monocotyledons, and 77 dicotyledons.
HYDROCHAKIDKAX CLASS.
Of hydrophytes floating free in w'ater. '.> species are known in the
State. They are kept afloat by their thallus or thallus-like stems, as
in AzoUa and duckweeds {Lemiia irdnm^ L. trlsulcata^ Spirodela)^ or
WATEK AND SWAMP FLORA. 49
by the rosettes of their floating leaves, as in sundew {Drosera inter-
inedifi)^ water feather {Hottonia injiatci)^ bladderwort ( ZTtricularia
hif-ata)^ or by leaf -covered stems, as in hornwort {Ceratophylluni).
LITHOPHYTIC AND LIMN.EAN CLASSES.
Of submersed hydrophj^tes rooting on the solid rocky bed of swifth^
running brooks two species of Podostemon occur in the mountainous
regions. They are moss-like plants, their roots provided with peculiar
organs by the aid of which they fasten themselves closely to the rocks.
More numerous species of different families constitute that association
of submersed hydroph^^tes which take root in the soft soil (Limnaan
associations). These are in some cases provided, in addition to the
immersed foliage, with peculiarly constructed shield-like leaves floating
on the surface, only their flowers being lifted above the water, of
which the following are examples:
Castalia (water lily) . Sagittaria natans (arrow leaf) .
Nelumbo (water chinquapin) . Potamogelon spp. (pondweeds) .
Nymphaea (spatter-dock) . CallitricJie heterojihylla (water star) .
lAmnanthemum lacunomim (floating heart) .
Others have the foliage entirelv suomersed and of one form, as
water crowfoot {^Batrachiuni (^/t'«r/6'rt7!i/7«), bladderworts {Utrioularia
mdgaris and U. purpurea)^ water milfoils {Myriophylhmi spp.), with
their leaves finely divided; Vallisneria, with long strap-shaped leaves,
and numerous pondweeds (Heteranthera, S^cijas spp. , Philotria, Zanni-
chellia, and Ruppia), with the leaves from narrowly lanceolate to linear.
These Limnsean aquatics, with their stems mostly emerging from the
water at flowering, but their seeds ripening beneath it, form the fre-
quently very dense vegetation of ponds, lakes, and semistagnant
waters of the estuaries. Of this association, the species are especially
numerous in the Coast plain.
PAl.rSTKIAN (I^ASSES.
This association embraces the halophytes and fresh-water plants
which root in a water-soaked soil, with their leaves and flowering
stems above, and frequentl}' their bases alone surrounded b}^ water.
They are nearly all perennials, with stout roots or strong running root-
stocks (rhizomas), and cover the extensive open marshes of the tide-
water regions and river alluvium. Large monocotyledonous plants of
various kinds form the characteristic feature of this vegetation, of
which the following are representatives:
Phragmites (tall reed) . Scirpus spp. (bulrush) .
Spartina spp. (cord grass) . Cladium effusum {saw grass) .
Zizania, Zizianopsis (water rice) . Scirpus maritimus (triangular-stemmed
Typha spp. (cattail) . bulrush) .
15894^—4
f)!) PLANT MKK «»K \I,.\ltAM\.
I'lif >lrii(lrr >t('iii> of tlicsr t:ill rt'c(U!intl rii>lic> >\v;iy tt>:iii(l tro
iil)()V<' the limiildtT },^rii.ss('s (1 lomiilotTiicliiMis, cti'.), lotmd riislics (,/////-
rit-s spp.), «i;':iliii;4':il('s ( ( 'i/j>< /v/.v s|)]). ). s('(lt,''«'s ( f 'iiiux s]))). ). and Imr reeds
{SjKtr<i<tnluiii sp. ). Th(>se tDnii the lloor of the sponi^-y soil, wliicli
is fre(iiieiitly of fatlioinless depth and inoi'e or h'ss snhiiieiyed. The
monotony of the uiiiniineoiis vi'j^etation is often relie\'ed l>y various
showy llowers. namely:
Iris versicolor, Jrix lii.i(i(jniiii (l)liif lla^). }f('xa>ltiii<i. (( 'aail.ln) luiirroldln (cacalia).
Ilijmenocalli.'i rolata (.spider lily). Lythruia Ibn'arc (lytliruiii).
Sugitiaria sp]i. (arrowhead). CiciUa maculata (water heinlick).
Ponft'ilrria rordata (pickerel weed). Sinm Intifol'mm (water pan^iiip).
IlHiisms inosclu'utos (fjwani]i rose mallow ). J'udwx aUisinmitx (swamp dock).
Asclepkii< liinceolala (swamp milkweed).
To the same ela.ss of hydrophytes l)eh)no- tlie pahidial i)lants eon-
fined to the .'><alt mar.she.s of the .seashore and the outlyino- islands with
their rig-id salt gra.s.sos {lJij<tivJili.s xpicata^ Sjmrtitui spp.). hhick rush
{Jimcus roenicrianuH)^ elub-rush {Sdrpus inarltinvuii)^ and the .species
of the dicotyledonous orders mentioned above. The plants of these
associations of haloph^'tes are nearly all perennials with stout, fre-
quently deeph' rooted, running rhizomes. This vegetation of the
swamps and salt marshes encroaches upon the water with the shoaling
of the rivers and the formation of mudd}- banks in the inlets of the sea
and on the open shore, and serves to break the force of the waves, and
finally, by the close interlacing of the rootstocks, binds the loose soil
into a solid matting as a bulwark against the ceaseless destructive
action of the water and winds.
The paludial arboreal vegetation of the more or less submerged soil
of the alluvial districts has already l)een spoken of, and the flora of
the tree-clad swamps fringing the pine-barren streams and of the open
pine-barren swamp will be fully discussed in treating of the several
regions in which th(>3' occur.
OKd.ANOTOriC FLORA.
These plants differ from all others in finding theii- habitat upon
other living plants or their decomposed riMuains.
EPIPHYTIC PLANT .V.SSOCTATIOX.S.
The epiphytes are simph> lodgers living upon trees in an atmosphere*
saturated with moisture, without depending for their nourishment on
the tissues of the supporting plant. Only a few of the many species
of these plants which lodge in the trees of the Tropics are represented
in the flora of Alabama. The}^ inhabit the trees of the damp or semi-
swampy forests of the Louisianian area. The Spanish moss {Tilland-
sia usnwides)^ a rootless plant of the Bromelia famih', simulates in its
habit the lichen Usnea of the Northern forests. This plant draws
SAPEOPHYTIC AND SYMBIOTIC VEGETATION. 51
its nourishment solely from the air, and propagates itself ehielly by
the detached strands of its thread-like stems entwined and fastened on
the liml)s and branches of the trees. Epidendron conopseum^ a hand-
some ol'chid, inhabits large magnolias and hoary live oaks in the
deepest recesses of the same swampy hammock lands, with numerous
roots closely fastened to the bark of the largest limbs of these trees.
Polypodhtin poly pod loides {P. incanuhi Sw.) and Polypodlum tndgare
are frequent inhabitants of trees. They are, however, found to grow
also upon shaded rocks and prostrate trunks.
SAPROPHYTIC AND SYMBIOTIC PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.
Saprophytes are colorless plants which, as far as those belonging to
the phanerogams are concerned, live upon the debris of the vegetable
world, deriving their nourishment from the organic matter resulting
from its decay. The largest number of saprophytes belong to the
fleshy fungi and some of these \\\c upon decaying animal matter.
Being destitute of chlorophjdl, their vascular system less developed,
without breathing pores, their leaves reduced to mere scales, these
plants are unable to elaborate the constituents needed for nutri-
tion or to change carbonic acid from the air into assimilated food mate-
rial. The number of seed-bearing saprophytes occurring in Alabama
is small, and widely dispersed through the deep, shady forest, as
Apteria Corallorhiza, and Hexalectris of the orchid family, and in
grassy, damp swales Burmannias. Hemisaprophytes are green per-
ennial herbs of the ordinary structure and habits, which for their
nutrition are only partially and to varying degrees dependent upon
organic matter. Some live in humid, peaty soils, mostly in the open,
for example, some of our club mosses {Lycopodkmi carolinianuin^ L.
cernuwn) and a number of orchids (Limodorum, Pogonia, Jlahenaria
spp.), while others can exist onl}^ in a humid soil, rich in vegetable
matter, under cover of the forest.
Symbiots are pale, almost colorless, plants, of waxy appearance, in
their organization similar to the saprophytes, and have been until
recenth^ regarded as truly parasitic in their mode of living. It has,
however, been found that they do not subsist on decomposed vegetable
matter, nor are the}^ root parasites. They are true symbiots, being
in their existence closely bound up with that of another plant which
contributes to their necessities, but is equally benefited l)y this con-
nection; Monotropa and Hypopitys, of the Indian pipe family, belong
to this group. Immediatel}^ after their germination the rootlets of
these plants are infested by the vegetative threads or spawn (uwcelium)
of a fungus which, as the plant develops, fastens itself upon ever^^
root, finally enveloping the rootstock with a thick film, the higher
plant drawing its nourishment solely from the elaborated food of the
fungus.
52 I'LANT I.II'K <»F AL.\1?A.M.\.
I'AliASmi- I'l.ANT ASSIM lATIDNS.
Tiur ])arasitcs arc also dcstitiitr of cliluropliyll. and loufloss, hut
tli»\v take their iKuirisliint'iit from ihr living- tissues of tlieii- host, suh-
sistinef t'litii'ely on its ehilK»rate(l fo«i<l materials. Three species of
this ehiss of parasites which foist theniseh'es upon tlie roots of theii-
hosts (i-oot ])anisit(>s) occur in the Carolinian zone of Ahihama, and
are also friMjuently found in otluM* })ai-ts of temperate North Auhmmcu,
all heloMi^inu- l<» the family of hroom I'apes (Orohanchaceae), namely:
('uiiuitliolis itiiuricana. Tluilixin iiiiijluru.
LrpfnnntiiDii ( Kpijiliripis) rln/hriaiinin.
Of the parasites which fasten tliemsidves ui)oii the stems of their
host, ») are found in Alal)ama. all htdonyinj^ to the (h)dders or love vines
(Cu-scuta). These plants at the start root in the ground, but upon
springing up, when they meet a plant suitable for a host they wind
themselves around its stem and at places of close contact send haus-
toria through its bark to the wood, and, the cells of the two uniting,
the parasite draws its food from the plant attacked. Thus firmly
estal)lished. the part of the stem of the parasit(> connecting it with the
ground dies, and it depends henceforth entii-ely for its nourishment
on its host. The chloroph3'll-bearing slirul)l)y parasites of trees are
represented by a single speeies, the American mistletoe {Phoradendron
flavesce)i><).
The so-called hemiparasites — green herbs which fasten themselves
by their lateral rootlets upon the roots of their host — are only partly
dependent upon assimilated food material. These half -parasites belong
mosth" to the figwort family, examples being Canadian lousewort
{Pedicularis ainaden-sis)^ painted cup {(kistiJIeja canade/isls)^ and sev-
eral Gerardias. The number of plants subsisting in this wa}' has not
been ascertained, l)ut outside of the Scrophidariaceae, Comandra and
Darbya are also supposed to lie hemi-parasites.
INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.
A class of these plants inhabit the bogs of peat mosses and the damp
flat open pine barrens of the Coast plain, consisting of sarracenias
(Sarracenia), sundews (Drosera), butterworts (Pinguicula); and others,
viz, the })ladderworts (Utricularia), inhabit stagnant or still-flowing
waters of shallow pools, ponds, lakes, and streams, floating upon the
surface of the water or immersed. It is evident that by the facult\" of
appropriating animal substances for their nourishment, nature has
provided these plants with an additional supply of nitrogenous food
which the sterile soil, extremely deficient in the elements required for
plant nutrition, does not contain. In order that the}^ may get hold of
the animals serving them for food the}' are endowed with peculiar
appliances of a highly specialized character, as, for example, the
CLASSES OF INTRODUCED PLANTS. 53
trumpet-shaped or urn-,shapod leaves of the Sarracenias. In these the
peculiar arrangement and structure of the hairy covering on their
inside permits the easy access of the insects to the sweet secretions
hidden within and at the same time prevents their escape. In the sun-
dews sensitive contractile viscid hairs cover the upper side of the
leaves and entrap the insect upon its approach; in the bladderworts
the hvaline bladders of the immersed leaves and stems serve as traps
for the minute organisms swarming around them. Twenty-one spe-
cies of insectivorous plants have heen noted in Alabama, viz, r> Sarra-
cenias, 4 Droseras, 3 Pinguiculas, and 8 Utricularias.
INTRODUCED PLANTS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON NATIVE PLANT
ASSOCIATIONS.
Fully one-sixth of the plants enumerated in the catalogue of the
Alabama Hora as growing without cultivation are immigrants from
other regions, and l)ut few of these are native in the more distant
parts of this continent north of Mexico. They are mostly from the
warmer temperate, suljtropical, and tropical regions of the Old
World. Those of widest distribution and which have gained the
firmest foothold are wanderers following civilized man in his conquest
of the wilderness. Originally children of the open plain, exposed to
the extremes of heat, cold, drought, and excessive rain, these plants
necessarily acquire the widest elasticit}'^ in adapting themselves to
new surroundings and possess the greatest power of resisting adverse
conditions.
Considering the way these foreign plants have established and are
maintaining themselves in their new home, they may be regarded as
'naturalised when they have taken a permanent place among indigenous
plants; adventive when restricted to cultivated lands or to the vicinit}^
of human dwellings; and fugitive when they have gained only a tem-
porary or precarious hold on the soil.
NATURALIZED PLANTS.
Naturalized plants, in a strict sense (De Candolle, A. Gray), are
those which have estaljlished themselves firmly among the native
plants and participate in their various associations over considerable
areas. Their introduction is in many instances due to the direct
agency of man. About 150 species of this class have been noted in
Alabama, the greatest number (about one-fifth) belonging to the
grasses. Fully one-half had their home originally in central and
western Europe; one-seventh in the Mediterranean region; one-sixth
in the subtropical and tropical regions of the Old World; about the
same proportion come from subtropical and tropical America (West
Indies and Mexico to southern Brazil and Argentina); and, lastly,
three species are from the territory west of the Mississippi and
immediately north of Mexico.
54 PLANT 1,1 I'K <'!• A I, A ISA MA.
It is ot'tcii iiii|t(f->il>l(' to drcidi' w lict Ikt :i plant >lii Mild I ir considered
iiat urali/.ed or nati\c. part ieularly wlirn. tlioiiti'li it n'rows in distant
jKirts of tlie ^lolie. every tiaic is olditerated ol" the time :ind niannei-
in which it niav hii\e been Int rodue«'d. Such instances arc found in
tht> ( 'herokee rose (linsti lih i'i(f((tii), tile eonmion t^cmrd {Ldfjenaria im/-
</''/v.\). and the th<)rna|)))h' {Ihilnra si nuiitnuiiin). I'he first, also at
lioine in eastern Asia, is said to ha\'e been found hy the wljites on
their liist arrival at t he \illaL;»'s of the ( "herokcM's and ('recks; the sec-
ond, dispei'sed o\-er the warmer I'cg-ions of the Old World, was frc-
(|uent]y found al»out the hal)itations of the aborij^ines in the wai'mcr
temperate and siibti'opical /one of this continent. aii<l the last was met
with about the Indian \ illau'cs on the ])anks of the dames River in
Virgiina.
A I )VENTI V !■; PLANTS.
Thes(> arc forciofu plants which have i>-aincd a firm foothold only on
cultivated lands, or land abandoned by the cultivator, and aic rarcd}'
found to stray beyond the waste places near his dwelling, lacking
power to hold their own in the struggle with the indigenous plants for
the possession of the soil. Strong feeders, of quick growth, these
adventive plants are dependent upon soils rich in available nitrog-
enous plant food, such as is provided by the tiller of the soil for liis
crops or is accunudated in the rubbish about his habitations. Here
belong the host of weeds which infest fields, gardens, and meadows,
and consequently are in close connection with the cultuial plant
formations.
If it is diificult to draw the liiu^ l)etween naturalized and indigenous
pljints, it is not less so to decide Avhether a plant is thoroughly natu-
ralized or merely adventive. Some of the species, at first merely ad-
ventive, acquire speedih' the ability to accommodate themselves to
their changed environment and thus l)ecome aide to gain a firm hold
upon the soil among the indigenous plants, not infrequently spreading
widely if the proper opportunities for their dissemination exist. Some
of the plants of (juite recent advent from distant shores offer striking
examples of this kind. The Japanese clover {Lcsjjedesa sti'lata)^ advent-
ive from eastern Asia, and first observed at the port of Charleston,
S. C , during the second quarter of this century, has noAV spread over
thousands of square miles, west to Louisiana and southern Arkansas,
and as far north as Maryland. This enormous spread was speedily
effected by the droves of cattle and horses following the armies during
the late war. Greedil}' eaten by the animals, the seeds l)eing voided
without being injured and readily germinating in the decaying drop-
pings, this annual was soon permanently established in the open
woods and pasture lands, over hill and lowland, throughout a vast
extent of country. The bitterweed {Ilelenium tenuifolium)^ originally
from the sunn}' plains w'est of the Mississippi River south of the
ADVENTIVE AND FUGITIVE PLANTS. 55
Arkansas valley, was first observed in Mobile in 1866. It has spread
along- the embankments of the railroads to the mouth of the Ohio
River, literally covering in many places the waste and uncultivated
grounds, and reaching out along byroads and borders of fields and
woodlands. In its northward spread this plant has largely taken the
place of the mayweed {Anthemis cot aid) ^ a European weed of early
introduction. Acanthospennum australe^ of the Antillean flora, has,
during the past thirty years, made its way along roadsides from the
coast of Georgia to western Florida and Alabama, and toward the banks
of the Mississippi River. As an example of a plant of more recent
advent, which has gained a firm hold among the weeds and native
plants of the waste heap, Melochia Mrsuta deserves to be mentioned.
First observed on recently turned soil at Mobile in 1875, and subse-
quently lost sight of for a number of years, it is now found to infest
cultivated and waste places widely in the Coast plain; and as it ripens
its seeds in abundance throughout the summer this weed proves most
troublesome and difiicult to eradicate.
Somewhat over forty species of adventive plants have been recog-
nized in Alabama, fully one-half from Europe, and a small number
from the warmer regions of the Old World; one-third from the West
Indies and South America, and about one-sixth from the trans-
Mississippi region. The following weeds, classed among the adventive
plants, are most conspicuous by their abundance all over the State,
or, at least, in some one of the recognized botanical regions :
Leptochloa mucronata. Cassia tora.
Hackelochloa granular is. Sida rJiombifolia.
Cyperus rotundus. Sida spinosa.
Amaranthus retroflexus. Coronopus didi/mus.
Amaranthus hybridus. Veronica pereyrina.
Amaranthus spinosus. Veronica arvensis.
Spergula arvensis. Lamium. amplexicaule.
Porkdaca oleracea. Richardia scabra.
Cassia occidenUdis.
FUGITIVE PLANTS.
Under this designation are understood those immigrant plants which
have not firmly established themselves upon our soil and are liable to
succumb to the vicissitudes of climate and accidental changes in the
locality of their growth. In some instances their disappearance is to
be ascribed to the absence of the specialized insects necessary to their
fertilization and also to the occurrence of early and late frosts. They
are mostl}^ introductions coming with the ballast of ships and, show-
ing but a slight tendency to spread from the place where they were
landed, are mostly confined to ballast heaps. One hundred and fifty-
seven species of these fugitives have ))een observed in Alabama,
mostly on ])allast about the port of Mobile and on the shores of Mobile
56 I'LANT 1,1 KK <>K Al.AHAAIA.
BilV. About oiiP-lliilf iiic native in the West Indies. ]\[oxico, southiM'li
Brazil, and Ai'L-'enlina; (tne-loiii-tli ar(> an-i\als from tlic Mediteri-anean
reijion and ti-oi)i»aI i-e<:ions of tlie Old AN'orld, and the rest are from
central and western Europe.
Of the trees and shrubs introduced into cultivation in Alabama a
comparatively small muuber have escaped. Such are lait 1\ found
to stray far from the localities where, they have ])een cultivated, and
they establish themseh'es mostly amon*^ the native j)lants along fences,
about dwelliniis. on tlie borch'rs of adjacent woodlands, and in hedge-
rows. Still smallei- is the ninnlu'r which have escaped of the orna-
mental herbaceous exotic plants cultivated in our gardens, A few
spring up voluntarily one season after another within the inclosure,
such as Ammi majus^ Ageratimi mexicanum^ Adicea microphijlla Jier-
niaHoides^ but are never found outside of them, while a feAV others
stray into the adjacuMit fields and waste places, the principal examples
being:
Ipomuea purpureit. Viola tricolor.
Quaviodlt quamodil. Perillu fntteHcens.
Gynandropm pentaphylla. Gernmingia chinensis.
jVIore numerous are the escapes from the gardens of potherbs, medic-
inal herbs, and otherwise useful plants. Such are:
Mentha piperita (peppLTiiiiiit) . C'nicus benedicius (blessed thistle) .
Mentha spicata. C'hrysanlhemum parthenium (feverfew) .
Mentha rotundifolia . Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) .
Nepela cataria (catnip) . Leonurus cardiaca (motherwort) .
Marrubium vulgare (hoarlioniid). Ruinus communis (castor bean).
The greatest number of species escaped from cultivation or acci-
dentally introdiu'ed belong to the grasses, which make up fully one-
tiftli of the naturalized plants. These are mostly abundant and
W'idely ditfused, covering large areas and forming a conspicuous fea-
ture among the associations of the indigenous plant. PromincMit
species are:
Syntherisma sanguinale (crab grass) . Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum (Egyptian
C'apriola dactyloii (Bermuda grass) . crowfoot) .
Paspalum compressum {carpet graas) . Paspaluiit dilatatum (hairy-Hijwered pas-
pahiin).
PLANT DISTRIBUTION IN ALABAMA.
In several instances, the boundaries of the life zones and areas,
based upon the distribution of heat and moisture on this continent,
as established b}' Mei-riam, can not at present be distinctly drawn in
Alabama. The investigation of the plant covering of the State, the
location of species, and the study of their relation to the factors
controlling their distribution within its limits is as yet not sufficiently
CAROLINIAN AREA IN ALABAMA. 57
advanced to furnish the data required for this purpose. The frequent
yet only indistinctly perceived overlapping- of these zones adds to the
difficulty of placing- .satisfactorily the lines b}" which they are separated.
The efforts here made to lay down the lines of life zones and their
subdivisions can only be regarded as tentative.
The following subdivisions of the life zones of Alabama have been
recognized as floral regions; that is, as endowed with a flora of
characteristic and distinct features, due to the presence of types
which, if not confined exclusively to their limits, predominate within
them and impart a peculiar character to their several associations.
The prevalence of one or another of these associations or plant forma-
tions in the difl'erent sections of the same region determines the
character of its subordinate floral divisions.
CAROLINIAN AREA OR FLORA.
A line drawn from the northwestern corner of the State to the lower
part of Lee County, crossing the Coosa Valley near Childersburg, makes
the limit of the highlands having an average elevation of 800 feet above
sea level (E. A. Smith). This line coincides approximately with the
isothermal line of 60*^ F., and may be regarded as the boundary in Ala-
bama of the Upper and Lower Austral zones, therefore of the Carolin-
ian and Austroriparian or Louisianian areas. It winds its way from
northwest to southeast and southward to the "fall line."' Accepting-
this zonal line, a botanical limit is gained, northward of which is found
a flora difi'erent in character from that to the southward, generally
described as the flora of the great Central Mississippi Valley, and dis-
tinguished by the feeble representation, if not total absence, of the
subtropical element and the exclusive prevalence of deciduous forests.
Various shrubs and trees coincide in their limits of northern and south-
ern distribution closely with this boundary line, and serve as unerring
guides in pointing out its course. Such truly zonal plants are:
Pinus rmjiniana (scrub pine) . Prunus americatia (American i)lum) .
(juercus acummata (yellovv-liark chest- Azalea arborescens {sweet-scented az'd\ei\) .
nut oak) . Stuartia penta(jyna (fringed stuartia) .
Quercus 2)jinus (mountain oak). Butnena fertilis (mountain spice wood or
Quercus coccinea (scarlet oak) . smooth calycanthus) .
Quenits rubra (red oak) . Rhus aromatica (aromatic sumac) .
Acer leucoderme (white-bark sugar maple) . Adelia ligustrina (southern privet).
These all find in Alabama their southern limit on this line. Although
the vegetation of the Carolinian area presents in its broad features great
uniformitv, particularh' in its tree growth, there exist in its range of
nine degrees of latitude differences in the latitudinal distribution of
heat, which necessarily affect the distril)ution of plants within its lim-
its and present insurmountable obstacles to the extension of a number of
species northward. Due to this temperature element, there is a most
pronounced limit be^'ond which the successful <'ultivation of the cotton
58
PLANT LIFE OK ALABAMA.
crtip can not In- pu^-licil. ami wliidi aUo prfsctits a liarricr (o scNcral
trrcs and a iimiilirr of other plants of Soiit licni disl i-il»iitioii tliat un;
only nirclv met farther noi'tli. as. for.exanijdf. the willow oak (Qnrmis
J>h«'ll<>n), lohlolly pin<' {Piiius fanhi), loni^-leaf pine ( I 'i n us jhiI iisf i-Ik).
and cane {AniiidliKirni nuici'Dsjuriint). This line, iv)ui;hly extendine-
fioni tlie Atlantic coast atthe mouth of the Chesapeake Bay westward
to s(Uith\\t'steiii Missouri and noitherii Arkansas, was located l)y Gray
alone- latitude ;'><i ;>(>'. and l)y him I'ee-arded as the line of sepai'alion
hetween tile two principal tloral divisions of eastern North America,
nainidy. the flora of the northern riiited States and Canada and the
flora of the Southern States. In Alabama it is oidy this lower Itelt of
the Carolinian area, cMnhracinjj;" the mountain reeion and the lower hills
with which >ve are concerned.
MOUNTAIN KEGION.
The extreme southern spurs of the Ai)palachian chains l)elone-. with
their western and eastern frontiers, to two distinct members of tliis
mountain system. Their ditferences in topographical and stratigraph-
ical conditions affect visibly the distril)ution and localization of species
in the sections traversed by them.
RANGES OF HILLS OK THE METAMOKPHIC AM) OI.DF.K PAI.KOZOIC STKATA.
Physhigrapliical features and cl'miate. — The spurs w^hich enter the
State at its eastern boundary are the continuation of the most eastcu'ly
of the Alleg-henian ranges, and are composed of metamorphic crystal-
line rocks skirted \y\ the oldest sedimentary strata. They extend from
the Coosa River to the Tallapoosa and include th(^ most elevated parts of
the Sttite. The valleys reach an extreme elevation of about 1,000 feet
above sea level, and the highest summits of the ridges reach an alti-
tude of from 2,0(J0 to 2,400 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. These
ridges rise abruptly from the vallej'S and above the lower hills; their
steep flanks are covered with the sharp-edged fragments of the sili-
ceous rocks Avhich crown their crests with bold (ditfs.
The locality of Talladega (altitude 800 feet) coincides nearly with
the center of this subdivision. The records of daily meteorological
observations made at this town for only two successive years ai-e at
hand, which are embodied in the following table:
DnUt itf temperature {degrees F.) and precipitation {inches) at Talladeya for liro years.
Annual.
Winter.
Spring.
Summer.
Fall.
63.7
100
15
49
43.7
64
80
64.1
18
11.6
10
9.98
This mean annual precipitation can be considered as representing
that of the whole sulxlivision. with the exception of Lee County, on
its southern border, where it rises to 54.4 inches.
XEEOPHILE FOEESTS OF MET AMORPHIC HILLS.
59
Xeropliile forests. — The most prominent and characteristic feature
in the vegetation of this su])division of the mountain region is the
xerophile forests of long-leaf pine which cover the arid rocky ridges
to an elevation of 2,000 feet, as observed on the Chehawhaw Moun-
tain, the highest in the State. These pine forests are open, almost
entirel^y bare of undergrowth; only in the depressions on the flanks of
the mountains a stunted growth of black-jack makes its appearance.
At its vertical limit of distribution the pine is suddenly replaced
by mountain oak, chestnut, and pignut hickory. Whenever on the
summits of the pine-clad ridges at lower levels soil conditions more
favorable to deciduous tree growth prevail the pine is obliged to give
way to the hardwood trees. The pine timber on these mountains
is somewhat stunted; the body of the trees is short and more or less
knotty, and the old trees are frequently afl'ected by dry rot, caused
by the mycelium of polyporous fungi. It is little esteemed for lum-
ber, but largel}^ consumed for charcoal. There are, however, found
exceptional tracts, with a timber growth unrivaled in density and per-
fection. Such heavily timbered forests of long-leaf pine have been .
observed, for instance, at Hollins, in Clay County. They extend for
miles over a narrow valley and along the rounded foothills of the
higher ridges which rise abruptly above them on either side. These
particular tracts of forest are not surpassed in yield and qualit}'
of timber by the best pine timber lands elsewhere east or west of
the Mississippi River, the trees showing most vigorous growth and
remarkable uniformity in size and averaging from 20 to 24 inches in
diameter breast high. By actual measurement they were found to be
of a total height of from 110 to 120 feet, the greatest height growth
of the species on record. Of the large number of felled trees exam-
ined in the logging camp not one was found defective. Of several
taken at random measurements were made and the annual rings
counted, with the following result:
Diameter
breast high
(inches) .
Length of
merchantable
timber (feet) .
Total
height of tree
(feet).
Annual rings
on stump
3 feet high.
22
24
25
50
05
•15
110
120
116
150
IfiO
1.55
The sapwood in none of these trees exceeded 2 inches in thickness.
A loblolly pine felled on the border of the brooklet watering the
valley measured 25 inches in diameter across the stump and was
found to be scarcely 50 years old.
The herbaceous vegetation on these pine-clad hills is of essentially
the same character as that found on the uplands of the Central pine
belt, denoting a dry soil. The hidden cause of such perfection in the
development of the longleaf pine on a soil apparently as unpromis-
ing as any of the rolling pine barrens was clearly revealed by the
(')() PLANT MKK oK ALABAMA.
('xaiuiiiat ion of tlif sul»s()il. 'V\\r arLi'lllaccoiis sclii^t niidcrlyint,'' tho
saiuK surtacc was t'oiiiid coiiiijlctcly dccoiiiposctl, truiisl'oniu'd into ji
t'rial»lr loam rich in plant food and sullicicnt ly porous to permit tlio
slow piM'colalion of (he surtacc water and its unliintlcivd ac(;cs.s to the
lono- taproot of the pine.
Open forests of lon^lc^af ])in<' res])oiidin»;- to conditions similai" to
those pi'e\ailinu- on the flanks of the Talladoj^a Mountains or Blue
Kidu'c of Alal»ama. already mentioned, cover the lower cherty rid*(cs
in Calhoun County and the isolated i)eaks south of Talladega known
as the Alpine Mountains, which rise to a hei<rht of 1,500 to 2,000 feet
above the sea. These pine forests of the metamorphic hitrhlands and
of the Cambrian hills on their outskirts have in many localities become
important since the development of the iron inchistry in these districts.
Duriny- the past twenty-five years extensive areas have been denuded
of their forests to yield the large supplies of charcoal demanded l)y
this industr}'. Characteristic herbaceous species here found are:
Cracca virginiana. Eupatorlum aromaiicuni.
Cracca spiccUa. Solidago odora, and others.
Lespedeza hirta. Sericocarpun tortifolms.
Lespedeza repens. Gaylussaciu dumosa.
Meihomia spp. Vaccinium stamineum.
Euputorlum album.
Heavy forests of longleaf pine cover the lower hills toward the
Coosa River and the adjacent deposits of sands and gravels of the
valley from Renfroe to Kymulga and to the banks of the Coosa Ri\er.
A similar timber belt follows the drifted deposits from (iadsden,
Etowah County, through Cherokee County and for a short distance
beyond the Alabama and Georgia Stat(> line. The timber resources
of these forests in the basin of Coosa River have furnished the sup-
plies for an active lumber industry during the last twenty -five years.
They are. however, rapidly becoming exhausted.
Wherever a richer and deeper soil covers the heights, the slopes of
the mountains, and the lower hills, deciduous trees predominate, though
rarely the shortleaf pine makes its appearance. The deciduous forests
of these metamorphic mountains and Coosa hills difler only slightlj'
from the xerophile forests of the same character in other divisions of
the mountain region. Nota))ie is the greater scarcity of tulip and
cucumber ti'ees, shagbark and pale-leaf hickory, elms, and lindens,
which abound in other parts. On the rock}^ heights above 900 to 1,000
feet the following prevail:
Qiiercus priuws (mountain oak) . Quercus digitata (Spanish oak) .
Querais marilandica (black jack) . Quercus minor (post oak) .
Quercua relulina (black or yellow oak) .
More rarely occur:
Qiifrni.^ nlbn (white oak). Cnstancd derdula (chestnut).
Hiroria ylahru (piiinut liickory).
HERBACEOUS FLORA OF THE DRY FORESTS. 61
The chestnut, originally one of the most frequent trees of these for-
ests, is at present rarely found in perfection. The older trees mostly
show signs of decay, and the seedlings, as well as the coppice growth
proceeding- from the stump, are more or less stunted. It is asserted by
the old settlers that this tree is dying out all over the mountain region,
where at the beg'inning of the second half of the century it was still
found abundant and in perfection. Wild cherry {Prunus serotma) is
onh" found here and thei'e in the richest spots, and red plum {Pr'uniis
americana) rarely along the banks of streams. In the mesophile for-
ests of the bottom lands, as elsewhere north of the maritime belt, cow
osik (QutTcus v2-ichauxu), Texas OB.k {Querctis texana),wi\\owoak{Que7'-
cus phellos)^ and hornbeam {Carj)in'tLS caroUniana) prevail. Mountain
silverbell {Mohrodendron carolvrixmi)^ redbud {Cerds canadensis)^ hard
maple {Ace7' saccliarxijin harhatum)^ catalpa {Catalpa catalpa)^ and dog-
wood {Co7'7ius fioridd) follow the rich slopes fronting the streams;
water oak {^Qxiercus nigra L. {Q. aqniitlca Walt.)) ascends to the upper
valley of Talladega Creek in Clay County (1,000 feet); various haw-
thorns {Crataegus jiava^ C. coccimea., and C. crus-galli) and Southern
crabapple {Pyrus angiistifolia) frequent the openings and borders of
the woodlands, and swamp dogwood {Corni/s sp.) the wet margins of
streams. Posa Carolina was found on the Delta divide near the Idaho
gold mine, in Clay County, the only locality for this rose known in the
State. The American hazelnut {(hrylus americana) in the forests of
mountains in Clay and Cleburne counties frequently forms the dense
brushy undergrowth. The frost grape ( Vitis cordi/olia), the most
frequent of grapevines in this division, along the water courses covers
shrub and tree with its festoons.
Xerophile herhaceoas associations. — The flora of the pine-clad moun-
tain slopes and the pine forests of the lower arid hills is decidedly of
a xerophile character, denoting a sterile if not barren soil. Coarse
grasses {Andropogem furcatxcs^ A. scopariiis^ and Eriantkus alopecu-
roides) cover sparingly the steep declines with an association of numer-
ous plants of the pea family and Compositae, all more or less in
common with other parts of the mountain I'egion. On a visit to the
Chehawhaw Mountain, the Blue Mountains, and the Alpine Moun-
tains, in Talladega County, in the latter part of September there were
observed of Viciaceae and Caesalpiniaceae (Leguminosae):
Meihomia nigosa. Lespedeza frutescenfi.
Meibomia marylandica. Lespedeza virgimca.
Meihomia obtusa. Lespedeza Idrta.
Meibomia rigida. Lespedeza capitata.
Meibomia laevigata (rare) . Amorpha virgatn.
Meibomia glabella. Cracca virginiana.
Meibomia michauxii. Phaseolus pohjstachyus.
Meibomia arenicola. Cassia chamaecrista.
Lespedeza nutallii.
{V2 l'l,\N'r MFK <»!•■ ALA15A.MA.
or ( "anliiMct'iH' (( "oiiipositac) were ohscrv nl :
Lui-iiiiirin .iftiriusii fi<iniirriili)sii. Siliiliunn minjidsilinii.
Ij(triii(iri(i ijrinniiiifi)li(t. ('liri/so/isiK i/nuiiiiiifoliti.
Knii'ihiriniii (ilhiini. Cliriisi)j)sij< iiKirliniu.
EniiittiirUuii arotnntiruin. Asirr it)i<hU<itns.
I'lirtliriiiiiw iutegrifolimn. Asin- uikIuIiiIiix iUvcrxifnUnx.
.Stilidago odora. Axler rfuuploHornn.
Solidago iiemorali.'<. Aster patcnif.
Sericorarpus hifoliotus. AMer n(igitiifoliu».
Scrkocarpus asleroidfs. Aster laeds.
These are all characteristic of open situations on the stciilc rocky
ridtivs. The asters were of stunted o-rowtli. On these siiinniits two
conditions prevail, namely, rocky rid<,^es without nuich soil support-
ing a xerophile or rupestrian flora, and depressions with a moist deeper
soil supporting a mesophih* flora.
With the disappearance of the lono--leaf pine the deciduous-leaved
trees make their appearance, the same which also form laroely the tree
coverino- of the lower mountain rido-es,with their dry l»ut luoi-e o-ener-
ous soil. The flora becomes more varied and types characteristic of
these rocky heights more numerous. On their clift-bound brow P/'U7ius
serotlna neo-montana makes its appearance. This variety of the wild
cherry is at once distinguished from the tvpe by its low stature, scarcely
exceeding 25 or 30 feet; by the stem, which is somewhat crooked with
the ))ark rough; the wide-spreading slender ])ranches, which are slightly
drooping ; its l)roader, thick leaves, with a tine close pubescence
beneath, and its rigid horizontally spreading racemes, the berries
ripening in August. This tree was first observed in Alabama, in 1892,
on the sunnnit of the Alpine Mountains, near the signal station (1,900
feet), on the same range near Renfroe, nearly 1,000 feet lower, and on
the sunuTiit of Chehawhaw Mountain, 2,400 feet. On the exposed cliffs
forming the escarpment of the last Lo7ilce7'a jlava was found, trailing
abundantly over the rocks, associated with Ruhus villosus {B. cana-
densw authors) and Sniilax rotundifolia. It is also found on the
lower ridges of the Alpine Mountains, near Renfroe, at an elevation
of about 1,000 feet, and confined to a few localities on the eastern
Alleghenian ranges in South Carolina and Georgia at similar altitudes.
rranus mjacunda^ a low, straggling shrub latel}' described from
northwestern Georgia, and Vitls hicolor\ or Le Conte's grape, are not
infre(iuently met with on Chehawhaw INIountain, as well as on other
sununits of the metamorphic region (Alpine Mountains, 1,900 feet)
and on the highest of the Coosa hills (Anniston, 1,000 feet). Le
Conte's grape is recognized at first sight bv the long stems of a bright
reddish-brown (rufous) color stretching from rock to rock and over-
hanging the clitis, the leaves sharply lobed, with deep narrow sinuses,
HERBACEOUS FLORA OF FORESTS AND FIELDS. 63
pubescent beneath, the berries in compact rather oval clusters, pur-
plish black without bloom, juicy, and sweet, ripening in the latter
part of September. Rohlnia hkpida and Rosa hum.ilis are common
on these rocks. Amorjjha virgata and Vilmrnum acerlfolium prefer
slight declivities with a dry but somewhat less rocky soil. Among
the other xerophile rupestrian associations, on the summit of Che-
hawhaw Mountain rock-tripe, a large lichen (Umbilicaria), covers
with its black thalloid frond the bare crags, and forms a striking
feature; it has also been observed to cover the rocks on the crest of
Lookout Mountain (De Kalb County, 1,800 to 2,000 feet altitude),
and is characteristic of the southeastern Alleghany ranges north to
Pennsylvania. Of the few ferns frequenting these arid heights,
Chellanthes tomentom is the most common. The long stipes of the
fronds lie deeply buried among the smaller fragments of the rocks,
where the fibrous roots, protected from the sun, find the needed
supply of moisture. Dry(ypteris marginalis is rarely found in the
sheltered rocky clefts. The coarse Andropogoneae, already named,
under the scanty shade of mountain oaks, chestnuts, and pignut hick-
orj', completelv hide the ground with their luxuriant growth. The
fine tufts of StenophyUus capiUaris^ with Talimim teretifolkmi^ cover
the fiat expanses of the rocks, bare of any other vegetation. Silene
stellata and Anychia dicJiotoma prefer the shaded rocky shelves. Stei-
ronema toyisum^ through the abundance of its bright golden flowers,
is the most conspicuous among the herbs. This ornament of the cliffs,
extending northward to the mountains of Kentuck}^, has also been
observed on the open hills of the Delta divide (Clay County, altitude
1,600 feet). Laclnaria graininifolla^ in dense tufts formed b}" its
confluent tuberous root-stocks, covers the sunny rocks throughout this
subdivision, while the following, more or less common throughout the
southern extent of the Appalachian chain, are frequenth^ met with in
open rocky woodlands:
Campanula diniricuta. SoUdago ererta.
Dasy stoma flava. Brachychai'ta sjyharelata.
Solidago hicolor. Gerardia ieutiifolia asprrida.
Wherever the ridges spread out into wider expansions forming
broad uplands, now denuded of their original forest growth and mostl}^
subjected to cultivation, a xerophile campestrian flora has taken pos-
session, with Compositae as its prominent feature. Such plains extend
through the metamorphic region of South Carolina and Georgia to
its southern limit in Alabama, with an elevation of from 1,<)00 feet
(Clay County, about Delta) and 1,200 feet (Cleburne County, Chula-
finnee) down to 860 feet in Lee County (Auburn). The borders of
fields and woods, meadows and pastures, appear to be emphatically
(U TLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
the lioiiic of ^oMcii-i-ods, i-()s'm\V(MHls. sunllowcrs, and KudluH-kias,
hosidcs iiuiiicroiis s|)«'<'i('s ol" other Liciicrii of" the same tribes as ll(di-
opsis. Verliesiiia. and Coreopsis. The rollowiiio- species, eoiinnoti on
the plains of the western AMetihenian area, inhahit (he open throii^'h-
out the Cai'olinian area from the h)\ver AUog'honies to the Mississippi:
ISoliihujo iwglccta. Ilrliantliafi diiyiricalns.
Solidngo nrmoralis. Ile/idiifhns niropurpiiri'us.
tSolklago ereda. Hrlidiithiix tonicnlosus.
Solidago bicolor. Bnrlhrrlda Irilolxi.
Silphium tercbiiithinnceuin. Rmlhrckin hcHopiidix.
Silphium asperriinum. RudbaMa sputhuladi.
Silphium intermedium. Verbenina andata.
Silphium. denfaium. Heliopsis helianthoide.s {II. laevis).
Silphium trifolialum. Heliopm minor.
Silphium htevigatnm. Coreopm verticillata.
Ildiaidhu.s microci'phnlnx. Aster vimineus folioms.
Ihiicmthu^ hirsutns. Aster luteriflorus.
Helianthus Idrsutus trnrlii/jdii/lhis. Hieracium venosum.
Jlelianihus tracheliifolius. Hieracium panimlatum.
Ilelimdhus .^trumosw. Hieracium mnrianum.
Helianthus schweinitzii. Hieracium scribneri.
Mesaphile plant associatums. — The highest summits are frequently
watered by numerous springs, giving rise to grassj' swales and lively
brooklets. In the almost perpetually damp soil of the first prevail:
Osmunda dnnamomea. Angelica villosa.
Sckria caroliniana. Solidago arguta.
Habenaria ciliciris. Solidago odora inodora.
The damp banks of the brooks are shaded with a varied vegetation
of shrubs and small trees of whieh the following are examples:
Kalmia latifolin. Aronia arbutifolia.^
Ilex opara.^ Xoli^ma ligustrina.
Amelanchier ramidctisis.^ Hydrangea arborcscem cordata.
A dwarfed form of the sweet birch {Betula lento) was found on the
cliffs near the ])rink where a brooklet on Chehawhaw Mountain leaps
over the precipitous escarpment. This tree, a species of noble dimen-
sions in its home in the Alleghenian life area, finds here, reduced to
a small shrub, its southern limit. Azalea viscosa glauca^ with Zan-
thoriza apilfoHa.^^ frequent throughout the mountains and Coast
plain, prefer the moistened rocks near the brink. In the open val-
leys from 1,000 to 2,000 feet above sea level — as, for example, in the
Shinbone Valley and Talladega Valley in Clay County— the following
associations of mesophile herbaceous plants have been observed.
^ Growing also in the lower valleys and on the Coast plain.
FLORA Of SOUTHERN EDGE OF METAMORPHIC HILLS. 65
Inhabiting the damp margins of water courses and the borders of low
woods are found the following:
Cyperus JJavescen a. Steironema dliatum.
Polygonum sagittalum. Lobelia syphilitica.
Impatiens biflora. Lobelia inflata. ,
Lnpatiens fulva. Vernonia fasciculatn.
Oxalis grandis. Eupatormm maculatum amoenum.
Parnassia asarifolin. Rudbeckia laciniata.
Onagra biennis.'^ Helianthus tomentosus.
Ludwigia aUcrnifolid.^ Coreopsis tripteris.
Gentiana saponaria. Verbesina alternifolia.
Phlox macidata. Polymnia uvedalin.^
Phlox panicMluta. Carduus altissimns.^
In the open bottom lands, with their meadows and pastures, the
following grasses and other glumaceous plants form the bulk of the
vegetation :
Paspalum boscianum.^ Panicum polyanthes.^
Paspalum laeve.^ Syntherisma sanguinale.^
Panicum agrostidiforme. ^ Muhlenbergia diffusa.
Panicum elongatu m.^ Eleusine indica. ^
Panicum roslratuin.^ Sieglingia seslerioidcji.^
Panicum, clandestinum.. Carex lurida. ^
Panicum commutatum.^ Carex vulpinoidea.^
Panicum latifolium. '
On the borders of lields with many of the above are found:
Cassia marylandicn. Physalis angnlaia. '
Cassia chamaecriMa. ' Physalodes physalodes.
Cassia multipintuUu.^ Dlodia teres.^
Poly gala curtisii. Diodia firginica. '
Ipomoea hederacea. Coreoj)sis pubescens.^
Gerardia tenuifolia.
Vegetation of tJie .'southern edge of the Metamarphic hills. — An
extensive collection of the vascular plants, made in the vicinity of
Auburn, Lee County (850 to 900 feet altitude), near the border line of
the Louisianian area, was kindly contributed by the Biological Survey
of Alabaiiia. From a district investigated botanically but slightly
before, it proved of particular interest, showing the intermingling of
Alleghenian types with many from the Coast plain and a number of
local species sparsely scattered through the Carolinian and Louisianian
areas, of which the following are remarkable examples:
Dryopterisforidana} Coleosantltus {BrickcUia) cordifolius.
Ophioglosswn (■rotalophoroides.^ Eupatoriian ageratoides.
Lycopodiurn alapecuroides.^ Viola lillosa.
Leptorchis liliifolia. Solidago neglect<(.
Juncus canadr)ii<is. Solidago pallescetis.
Lobelia itmociKi g/diidulifcnt.
' Growing also in the lower valleys and on the Coast plain.
15894 5
()(>
PLANT LIKK <>1- ALAHAMA.
( )l" these I>i'>i(>i>i< ris -th>ri(lii mi li;i<l liithcrlo Imm'm l<n<)\\ ii oiilv from
pfniiisuliir I'Morida ami t'loiii I v()ni>iaii:i: ( fi>/ilti<//<is.siiiii <i(iI(iI(>)>Ii<h'ohL'h
hikI Li/cojkkHiiiii (ildjx ciiriiiil'S 'AW known also t'l'oni the coast plain of
the Soulh('i-n Atlantic and Kastci'n (lulf States, and the remainder
extend hithei- fiom the Allee"henian area and the u|)|)ei- l»(dt of the
Cai'olinian.
The followine-. tlecidt'diy of northern dist i-iltiit ion, se"m to lind on
these hi«dihiiids their southern limit of distribution:
I 'vularUi ]irrf(>li(il(i.
L 'ndarid .>«'.s,vi///c(/u/.
Vag)iiTa rareuiosu.
Trilliuni sfi/lnmnn.
I'ohjgonatnni hltlonnn.
Smiln.r erirrhattt.
Achnxnithi't^ luiifolla.
Hahcunria hicera.
Hahauiria flava.
Darbtja tnnhelbilala.
A sanmi rirgiirlni /» .
Asimhia triloha..
Ifi/<lr>ni(/e(i orhorcifCi'Hx.
Phihidelphus t/randifloruK.
Saniculu marilandica.
iSaii Irida Irifoliatd.
C'li imajjh da u iid>cd(dii.
Azalea vlscosa glauca.
Xolisma lignstrina (the lyitical form).
Vaccinhim vacdlaiis.
Koellki jyycnanthoiioidix.
Ilonstonia tenuifoUa.
IIoKxIoii id lougifoUd.
Sdlidago (iiiiplrxiraidix.
Brdcligchaela sphacelatd.
Aster shortii.
Aster sagittifolius.
Sericocarpvs asteroides.
Sdphium coinposituni .
H'icracmm venosum.
The following belong- to these hills in common Avitli the Louisianiaii
area, and reach here their northern limit:
Ophioglossum crotdlopJioroides.
Danthonia sericea.
Campidosus aromaticus.
Eaton ia filiform is.
Cyperns steuolepis.
('i/perns liospdu.
PcHdudra sdgiftifolid.
Commelina erecla.
Xyris iridi folia.
Toficldia puberis.
Chrosperma musi-aeloxicuin.
Trillin m undenvoodii.
Smilax pninild.
Polygala nana.
/'t)/yt/(d<i incarnatd.
Ihjpcricwa drunnnoiidii.
Phucelia duhid.
fponioea harl/igera.
Mohrodendron diplerani.
Pieris nitida.
Collinsonia anisald.
Verhcsina aristafd (!'. imdlrdiili.i
Aster purpureus.
Aster dumosus sulmlaefoUus.
Eupatorium pinnatifidum.
GaiUardUt lanreoldta.
Holidago pcfioluris.
Solidago hrachyplnjlld.
Yegetatwn of tJie Lofoer Ooom hills^ fertile ralh 1/ l(iii</s^ and flat
inooda. — On the extrem(dy ru<:;-oed area which forms the western out-
skirts of this region and the watershed between the Coosa and Talla-
poosa rivers, xerophile plant associations prevail almost exclusively.
The steep hills of siliceous cherts and o])durate sandstone, Avhich reach
scarcely an elevation of 1,000 or 1,200 feet, support an inferior growth
of the upland oaks named before, and pignut hickory, with the long-
leaf pine scantily interspersed between the hardwood trees and stunted
sassafras and persimmon, with sumac {Rhm aq^alUnti. R. (/hihra) iov
VEGETATION OF LOWER COOSA HILLS. 67
the undergrowth. Among the associations of herbaceous xerophile
plants, which cover the exposed slopes and brows of these hills, the
pea family with its bush clovers, tick-trefoils, etc., is most numer-
ously represented in species as well as in individuals, while the Car-
duaceae present a number of golden asters, golden-rods, and blue asters,
common throughout the mountain regions. Characteristic species are:
Lcsjinleza Itirta. Meibomia bract eom.
Lespedeza capitala. Strophostyles helvola.
Lespedeza fnitescenn. Craeca virginiana.
Lespedeza vlnjinica. Psoralea pedunculala.
Lespedeza nuitallii. Chrysopsis mariana.
MeUioniia ohtusn. Clm/sopsis gramimfolia.
Meibomia rigida. Solidago ovata, etc.
Meibomian mardandica. Aster undulatus.
Meibomia glabella. Axter patens.
On the suunnit of the ridges between Shoal Creek, east of St. Clair
County, at an altitude of about 1,000 feet. Ilex monticola and But-
nerla fertUlH {(Vdycantkns glaucu.s)^ both at home on the Alleghenian
ranges from about New York to South Carolina, are strangely asso-
ciated wnth the Carolina ash {Fraxinus platycarjm) from the swamps
of the Coastal plain, here inhabiting the wet banks of brooks, and
form an interesting group of mesophile shrubs. In rocky but some-
what rich soil on these ridges various species of blueberries abound
beneath the hardwood trees, especially Vacclnium vacUlans., a low,
bushy form of Y. corynihosmn^ and Y. Tneianocarpmn^ the so-called
wnld gooseberry, remarkable for its large fruit. The berries of the
last are of the size of a small garden gooseberry, of a shining plum
purple, almost black color, juicy and palatable, and eagerly consumed
by man and animals. This shrub, from 2^ to nearly 4 feet high,
when in bloom is at once recognized by the abundance of its strictly
racemose flowers, and when bending under the burden of its fruit pre-
sents a pretty sight. The berries ripen in the latter part of July. It
is sparsely distributed over other parts of the mountain region, and
occurs also in the Ozark Hills of the same geological formation in
southwestern Missouri.
Where the floor of the Coosa rests upon the Silurian dolomites and
subcarbonif erous limestones, and the same strata form the flrst terraces
of the hills, the soil is highly fertile. The flora is rich in the number
of herbaceous species, belonging to many families and parth^ of cam-
pestrian and partly of sylvestrian character, and it stands in strong
contrast with the flora of the arid rocky hills. In early spring Ilepatica
lieiKitica and Syndesrium thalictroides adorn the shelves. The meso-
phile association of herbs, mosth^ perennials, is particularl}' attractive
during later spring and the earlier part of the summer, on account of
the bright flowers of the Indian pink (Spigeliamarilandica), the i^cavlet
flower of the catchfly {iSUene vlrginlca)^ the purple flowers of Phlox
()8 IM..\>T l-IFIi OF ALABAMA.
(iiiioiiiii, /'. iiKii-iiliilii, iiiid /'. il/ I'liririi/ii. the (la/./liiiu <»i!iii<ic ol" the Imt-
Icrtly wtM'd ( . \sil, jiliishilh royd), llir |)iiik ot" Maini i-</<i iishil<)s<ixi\\i\ M. rics-
stllidiKi^ tlio Idiif ot" SciitiUorld rcrs'iciildr and J*/i(i<-rli(i l)lj>lini(if((^ jind
the g()ld(Mi lltiwt'is of Stiu'clo hulstniilf(it\ S. citrlrt^ uiid ('orrt>j>sts
iinrlciiliitii. while later in (lie season SnltihK/n (implexlcnulix^ S. lati-
follii, S. ciirfisn. and S.c(i(sl(i <i,riH<irl.s cnlivdi thoso low hills.
'V\\v ])(M'tVctl\ level tracts of a cold. <:ray, iiii|)ei-\ioiis soil, a ju-it'cct
mire dmine' the season of rain and a hard crusty nia>s torn l)y iiiaiiy
lissures while haUiii*;" in the siiiiiiiiers sun, form a peculiar featui'e in
the t()])o<:i"ai)hy and flora of the Coosa Vall(\v. These flats extend for
many miles in the main \alley where the inipeiA ious Camhiian slates
form its floor. They ai'e foi' the oreater })art covered witii ii low
forest of dwarfed trees, black jack, Texan oak, post oak scarcely over
'2(» feet hjoh. with eciually stunted loblolly — more rarely shoitdeaf and
scrul) pines scattered amono- them. These dwarfed woods are ren-
dered truly impenetra))le by the multitude of shiubby hawthorns
[Crataegus crua-gallK ('• xjxdhulata^ 0. ajnifoUd)^ South(>rn ci'ab apple,
persimmon, and black «»-un) {Xi/sm multifoni)^ entangled with the
tough x'ines of bam))oo briers {SunJax hona-no.i'^ S. hiiirlfol /<i) and
forming a perfect ma/e of green. In the ])are openings the following
form the very open vegetation upon the ashy gray Hats:
Roii'i humilis. Cracca vlrguiiana.
Kneiffia suffruticosn. Coreopsln rrassifoiid.
Asdepias variegaia. Juncua ucuniinotUH (Irhilin.
Apoojnum carnuibimim .
Th(> last of these is the most frequent. liosa ]niiiiUts is here reduced
to a height of «j to K) inches.
No grasses or cj'peraceous plants inliabiting a damp soil are uK^t
with, a faet readily accounted for when the sharp extremes of wet and
dr}' to which these Hats arc su])jected and the total absence of decayed
vegetable matter are considered.
Cultural plant formations. — A)K)ut 25 per cent of the area of this
su))division is farm land more or less subjected to the plow; the rest is
under tree covering. High forests in their original condition prevail
on the steep mountains, which are not profitable for tillage, and in
valleys remote from the highways of traflic. In the metamorphic area
the lower hills and valleys with a warm loamy soil, resulting from the
decomposition of the more basic schists and softer shales and augitic
or feldspathic gneiss, worn down far beyond their original level, are
of high and lasting fertility and almost entirely under cultivation,
which is also to be said of the fertile lands of the Coosa Valle\'. Over
one-half of the tilled lands are devoted to cotton, broad fields of which
alternate with smaller ones of Indian corn [Zea tiiays).) of small grains
(mosth' oats, wheat, and rye), and forage crops (clover and meadow
grasses), with patches of the Chinese sugar cane or sorghum {Sorghum
FEATURES OF WAERIOR AND COOSA TABLE-LANDS. 69
mcehardtum)^ sweet potatoes {Ipomoea hatatas)^ gTound nuts [AraeJils
JiyjxHjaca), and more rarely the Irish potato, presenting a S3\steni of
diversilied farming- like that practiced throughout the mountain
region, with the difference that in the richer soils of this subdivision
the production of cotton, the staple crop of the South, has assumed
far greater proportions.
Among the cultivated fruit trees the peach takes the first rank, no
other part of the State producing this fruit in greater perfection than
the lower metamorphic hills and plains, where also the grape is suc-
cessfully cultivated, and is, owing to the drier atmosphere, less liable
than elsewhere to the injuries caused by fungoid diseases. Pears and
apples are of a thrifty growth all over the mountain region and pro-
duce abundant crops of high quality, particularly the latter, in situa-
tions on the higher levels.
TABLE-LANDS OF THE WARRIOR AND COOSA BASINS.
PnYSIOGRAPHICAL FEATrKES AND CLIMATE.
This area comprises about 4:,500 square miles, including all of Cull-
man, Winston, A¥alker, and Blount counties, nearly all of Marshall
and Dekalb, and small portions of Etowah and Cherokee counties,
with the detached spurs of the Cumberland Mountains in the north-
eastern part of the Tennessee Valley in Jackson County. About three-
quarters of this area contains the coal measures, with their drainage level
above the Subcarboniferous limestone lands.
The extreme southern spurs of the westerly Alleghanian ranges,
including the Cumberland Mountains and all of the strata of the lower
coal measures and underlying Subcarboniferous rocks, constitute this
floral subdivision. It comprises the extensive table-lands drained by
the Warrior River and of the coal field drained by the Coosa River,
covering fully three-quarters of the area of the mountain region, and
also the valleys with their water level not below 700 or 800 feet above
the sea.
The lower Carboniferous sandstones and conglomerates form the
surface rock of these table-lands. Their surface is furrowed by the
narrow beds and deep gorges through which the numerous tributaries
of the main channels of drainage have worn their way. The soil
resulting from the disintegration of the strata is a light, more or less
sandy, loam, and where shallow, full of thin rocky fragments.
The mean annual temperature on these highlands at their average
elevation of from 800 to 1,500 feet is about 55° F., with a mean of 45°
for the winter and 75° for the summer months; average minimum 12°
in January, and maximum 87° in August. The mean annual precipi-
tation amounts to 55 inches; mean for the winter months 18 inches,
for the summer months 1-1 inches. The larger streams forming the
70 ri.ANI' I-IKK <»K A I, A HAM A.
main cliaiiiirls of (li-aiiiavf liavi- cut llifir ln-d tlii-oiiijli (•> the Sul>cai'-
lninift'iouv liiiu'stonc. Tin- laicairous strata (•oiistitiitr tla- tloor of
llic wide \ all('\ s of ci-osion li\ w liicli tln" div criiiii!^- ranges ai«' scparatt'd
and also of tlu'ir foothills.
VKlil-ri-ATlON tH' TIIK IM, ATKA I S, MOTNTAIV SI.OI'KS, AND IIICHEK VM.I.KYM.
Xrrojtlulr fm'rxfs.- All iiii 1 lit cnii ) )tcd fort'sl of a \arifd ^^rowtli of
(Ifciduoiis leaved ti'ccs and cvcrjiTci'ii cone boarers oiijiinally covered
this siil)<li\ ision. On the hroad expanse of the, table-lands above '.»(><»
or l.(»(H» feet the tan-liark of mountain oak larjj;«>ly pi'e\ails, associated
with post oak and S))anish oak, or more rarely with l>lack-jack and
l)lack oak. (u-ctisionally 'with seai'let oak, ii rare ti'e<' in this State; also
with mockernut, pionut hickory, and tine chestnut trees (the latter rap-
i(ll\ disappearing, having been eagerly sought for on account of their
durable tim])er for fencings or wantonly destroyed for the nuts),
and with white oak {Quercuf> a/ha) and highland gum (Xyssaxylmt/ca).
Among the tree growth of smaller size the sourwood {Oxych'txfnim
arhomiiii) is most frequent, here attaining its largest development, not
infre(iuently becoming 40 feet in height and over a foot in diameter;
together with dogwood, persimmon, sassafras, and the Southern pale-
bark maple {Acer Jcacoderme)^ and in localities with a deeper soil, the
Nortliern sugar maple {Acer mccharam, harhatniii)^ tulip tree, l)ox elder
{Acer negundo)^ and angelica tree {Aralia Hpinom). On Sand Mountai n,
in (^ullman County, where these forests have been more closely inves-
tigated, the woodlantls support from 25 to 35 timl)er trees of various
species per acre, aflording from 5,000 to 6,000 feet B. M. of merchant-
able luml)er of all grades, the largest amounts being derived from the
Spanish oak and the less valuable black oak {Querea^s velat'ina). The
lumber finds a ready maiket in the mining districts.
Wherever the mountain oak prevails pines are rarely seen. On the
ridges of a lower altitude, with a thinner soil, the short-leaf pine
{Pinus ecliinata) forms from 20 to .30 per cent of the timber growth,
and. together with the lo])l()lly pine {Pinus taeda)^ supplies pine lumber,
which always finds a ready market. Dense groves of the latter cover
the shallow depressions deficient in drainage, which are particularly
fretpient on the Warrior table-land. On these swales, from a fraction
of an acre to several acres in extent, the loblolly pine arrives at its
perfection, scarcely surpassed anywhere in its dimensions and in the
({uality of its timber. The trees average about 2-1: inches in diameter,
with a height of from 110 to 120 feet, the trunks free of knots for a
length of from 45 to TO feet and with Ijut a small proportion of
sapwood.
The scrub pine {Plnufi virginiand) is found on the most broken and
poorest places at an elevation mostly above 1,200 feet, and is not
frequent.
XEROPHILE AND MESOPHILE FOEEST FLORA. 7l
Under the cover of the mostl}' rather open forest a variet}" of shrubs
contribute to form a dense undergrowth. Blueberries ( Vaccfnium
vaclUan.'<^ V. .stamlneuni) are met with everywhere in the mountain
region, and a bushy low form of the common azalea or honeysuckle
{Azalea nudif.ord)^ conspicuous by the abundance of its mosth^ snow-
white flowers, borne in close clusters, almost hides the ground. The
fringed stuartia {Sttiartia pentagyna)^ mountain holly {Ilex monticola)^
and its variet}' (/ monticola mollis)^ with soft hairy leaves, extend
northerly on the lower of the western Alleghenian ranges to south-
eastern Kentucky, western Virg-inia, and Pennsylvania, and reach
their southern limit on Sand Mountain. Ilex Irmglpes extends from
North Carolina and Tennessee to the Louisianian area, and the rare
Ilex dubia is found on the richer slopes, with Darhya umhellulata.,
which of late has also been discovered on the edge of the metamorphic
hills in Lee County. The last occurs also in a few localities in North
Carolina and middle Georgia. Seven bark {Hydrangea qiiercifoUa)^
one of the most ornamental shrubs, adorns the open woods and rocky
hillsides throughout the region, l)eing' also common on the lower hills
and extending to the Coast Pine belt. The following shade the rockj^
borders of the water courses:
Vuccinium tenellnm (small-leaved hnckle- SluartUi mrgmica (Virginia stuartia) .
berr}') . Aronia arhutifolia (chokeberry) .
KcdmUi latifoUa (evergreen kalniia) . Pyrun angustifoHa (Southern crabapple) .
Azalea (irborescens (sweet-scented azalea) .
The chokeberry, which is here of arborescent habit, presents a
beautiful sight when loaded with its bright scarlet fruit, which
remains from earl}' autunm through the winter. The following add
to the number of mesophile shrubs, which prefer a damper and deeper
soil:
CMonuitlkua virginica (fringe tree) . Crataegus crus-galli (cockspur thorn) .
PyruH angustifoHa (Southern crab apple) . Crataegus mollis (downy haw) .
Crataegus cocclnea (scarlet haw) . Crataegus uniflora (winter haw) .
Crataegus spathulala (sugar haw) .
Of woody creepers and climbers —
Smila.c rotundifoUa (horse brier) , Clematis virginiana (common virgin's
bower) ,
are confined to the mountain region, extending to the Alleghenian
area; while —
Bignonia capreolata (cross vine) , Berchemia rolubiUs (supple-jack) ,
Tecoma radicans (trumpet vine) , Vitis aestivalis (summer grape) ,
are widely distributed in the Carolinian and Louisianian divisions.
Mesophile forests. — Where the sandstones give way to clayey shales
more subject to erosion, the channels of the water courses become
72 PLANT LIFK oF ALABAMA.
wider uikI tin- nmIIcvs nif llaiikcd Ity lidj^^'s of a jj^iMitlcr slope and are
t'ovorod willi dee])ei- and ricliei' soil. In these secluded valleys of the
table-land, particularly where they hee-in to slope almost impereej)-
tihly toward their southern and southw(\stern hordei's, the ai'horeal
jjrowth is of groat luxuriance and \aiiety. Hesides many of the trees
of the uplands, the followiii<i- are t'oun<l:
Qiiemi,^ micliauxii (cow oak). MtiynoiKt umhrdla (miil»rcll;i tree).
/(/griis ammrana (beech) . Magnolia aniniindla Icinniiiori curmiilKT
VlmtLs americana (elm). tree).
Juglans cinerea (butternut) (rare). Magnolia macrophyUa (large-leaf mag-
Tilia americana (basswood) . nolia.
TUia hetcrophylla (ba.si<wood) .
These deciduous-leaved maj^nolias in these sheltered valleys arrive
at their best development, the last havin<^ been observefl with a trunk
fully 20 inches in diameter. In such a valle}' on the northern border
of Winston County, near a branch of the east fork of the Sipsey River,
the yellow-fiowered magnolia {Ma<iii(>lia acuinimda cordatu)^ first
described as a distinct species ' by Michaux the elder, was discovered
by the writer in 1882. Since the original discovery of this rare and
beautiful tree h\ this great investigator of the trees of eastern North
America, on the banks of the upper waters of the Savannah River, the
range of its distribution had remained obscure. It can now be said,
however, to extend from upper South Carolina and the upper moun-
tain region of Georgia to northwestern Alabama. Here this tree
has been observed as large as a full-grown common cucumber tree,
of which species Professor Sargent regards it as a variety. When
unfolding under full exposure to the sun, the flow^ers are from a dingy
canary to a golden yellow color, but are of a greenish tint when
opening under the shade of the dense foliage. In the shape and
size of the mature leaves the 3'ellow-fiowered variety can scarcely be
distinguished from the typical form; it is only in the foliage of the
young vigorous shoots that the heart-shaped form of the leaves is
observed.
Entering near the same valley the cliff -bound channel of the Sipsey
fork, one finds to his surprise the rocky defile shaded by groves of
stately hemlock {Tsuga cariadennin). This inhabitant of the coniferous
forests of northern regions extends southward along the highest sum-
mits of the Appalachian ranges to (xeorgia and northwestern Ala-
bama, where it follows this mountain torrent for a distance of about 10
miles, nearly to the falls of Clear Creek, in Winston County, there
reaching its southern limit. In this vallev' the hemlock is accompanied
b}' the sweet or cherr}^ birch, Bdula lenta^ at home in the same
northern life zone.
Xerophile and mesophile herbaceo%bS plant associations.- — Belonging to
^M. cordaia Michaux, Flora, Vol. 1, p. 328 (1803).
XEROPHILE AND MESOPHILE HERBACEOUS VEGETATION. 73
the former, many ferns peculiar to the mcnuitaiii region take root in
the chinks of the bare rocks. Such are:
ChdlantJies iumentosa. Asplenium montanum.
Clieilanthes lanom. Asplenium ruta-muraria.
Cheilanthes alahamensix. Asplenium pinnatifidum.
I'ellaea atropurpuren .
In similar situations are found the following flowering plants:
Silene rotundifolia. Arenaria stricta.
Silene caroliniana. Lacinaria graminifolia.
Saxifragu inrginica. Senecio obovatus.
Other species of ferns on the border line of xerophile and meso-
phile associations prefer the more sheltered rocky ledges, as:
Asplenium panmlum. Dicksonia punctilobula.
Woodsia ohtusa. Camptosorus rkizophyllus.
Polypodiwa vulgar e. Cystopteris fragilis.
Carex picta (C. hootttana) covers in dense tufts the rocky shelves on
the banks of the head waters of the eastern Sipsey fork, in Winston
County, where this pretty and rare plant was collected by the late
Judge T. M. Peters.
Associated with Carex picta are C. nigro-marginata^ C. virescens,
and 0. digitalis^ T'lpiilaria unifol'ia (of a widely disrupted distri-
bution from the Gulf coast to Lake Huron in the Allegheuian area),
and the northern Perariikim ( Goody era) repetis. Therofon {Boykinia)
aconhifoliurii inhabits the bare rocks forming the brink of streams,
and Dknnorp)ha pimlla is found in similar localities — both extend-
ing hither from the lower mountains of South Carolina and
Georgia. Ileuchera americana grows in more open, and 11. rugelii^
Viola midticaulis^ and Jlepatica hejjatica in deeply shaded situations;
and where the rocky walls are constantly kept moist by the dripping
water, Thalictrwnn clavatum^ Yiola rostrata^ Y. hlaiida^ and T' striata
are found.
In the open woods of a light dry soil where pines are mingled with
the hardwood trees, and in the openings of old fields and pastures,
where the progeny of the pine is apt to take possession of the ground,
there are present numerous xerophile species, which are character-
istic of the mountain region in general. Of these, the following glu-
maceous plants (grasses and sedges — Poaceae and Cyperaceae) are
scantily diffused throughout woods and fields having a thin thirst}^ soil:
Erianthus alopecuroides. Eragrosiis pectinacea. '
Andropogon sroparius. ' Poa chapmaniana. '
Andropogon furcatus. ' Carex laxiflora. '
Chrysopogon avenaceus. ' Carex laxiflora varians. '
Sieglingia seslerioides. ' Carex cephalopJiora.
Melica mutiea. ^ Carex leavenworthii.
' Occurs also in the Louisianiaii area.
74 PLANT LIFK OK AI-AHAMA.
Aiikiiil;' tin- liirLfi'ly pi-cddiuiiintiiiL;' ( Onipositar tall i-usinwccds and
(•<tai">f ^iinllow crs arc conspicuous, paiiicnlarly (In i'oniici-, wliicli
prcsriii a numlici- ot" tyi)cs riiridy or not at all ohscrNcd in tlic State
outsid(> of this siil)di\isi()n; for example, SHj)/uiiiii inohr'ii and X.
gatei<}!^ both l<iio\\n i'roni Cullman County; *V. frlfolaitiifii^ ranj^inu-
from the plains of tlie Ohio Valley to the Central Prairies rej^ion; S.
liti I'tijuiunu IL'lldiiflnis xehineiiiltzl!. and //. (jhtncini^ from the lower
mountains of South Carolina and (ieoriiia. and .S'. cnnipfmtitni^ abund-
ant throughout the reyion. The follow inu- are frequent in dry thin
soils all over the Mountain rejj^ion. some extendinj^" all over the State:
Ileliunthus uiroruben^s. Lactuca hirmla.
Heimnthus hirsutus. fMduca sagittaefolitt.^
Jleliatiihus microcephalus. Nabalus fraserl.'^
Ilii'tanthus divaricatus. Lechea racemulosd.
llelwpsis helianthoideti. Lechea legtjetlli.
Parthen'mm integrifolium. Koellia pi/OKiiilliriiKjiiles.
Sericocarjnis asteronles. Blejihilia clliuld.
Aster divaricahis. Monarda fiatidond.
Eupaturium sexsilifulium. Monarda hradhur'iarut.
Solidayo caesia.^ Dasy stoma viryiniia.^
Solidago erecta. Gerardia tenuifoUa.^
Chr-ysopsis mariana.^ Physalis virginkiiia.
Brauneria ])urpure((. Physalis pubtscens.
Rudbeckia Jiirtn.^ Physalis jmiiiiosa.
Rudbeckia spatltulata.^ Sabbatia boy ki nil.
Coreopsis grandiflora.^ Thaspium aureuin Irifo/ldhnn.^
Coreopsis pubescens.^ Oxulis recurva.^
Coreopsis auriculata} 2\agia urticaefolia.^
Carduus virginicus. Meibomia (many species) .
Andropogon virginicus. ' Lesped^za (many species) .
Vicia caroliniana} and buffalo clover, Trifolium reflervmn., are fre-
qucnt on these taT)le-lands, and Latkyru)^ venosus in Ala})ama is con-
tined to them.
Strictly mewphile herhaceoivs plant a.s.sociati(ms. — Ferns abound in
the shade of the forests. Characteristic species are:
Adiantum pedatum. Botrychium obliquum.^
Asplenium plalyneuron.^ Dryopterls novehor a census.
Pltegopteris hexagonoptera. Dryopteris marginata.
Botrychium lirginicum.^ Dryopterls acrostirjioides.^
Ai<2}l€niimiciii(f list i folium., which is most frequent in the Ohio valley,
occurs very rarely. Of grasses and sedges Muhlenbetyia diffam forms
dense plots, and the following prefer the shade of woods:
Brachyelytrum ereclum. Poa autumnalis.^
Festuca nuta^ns. Carex laxiflora.^
Festuca .fhortii. Carex laxiflora varians.
Poa sylvestris. Carex laxiflora patulifolia.
^ Occurs also in the Louisianian area.
'■'Nabalus Hook., as a strictly American genus, has been reinstated, differing in
habits of growth and distribution and essential morphological characters from Pre-
nanthes, with which it was connected by later authors, but which is exclusively con-
fined to Europe.
VEGETATION OF KOCK HOUSES. 75
The following are frequent in the openings of woods and on their
borders:
Vagnera racemom. Tiarella cordifoUa.
Ui'ularia pubernhi. Hypericum virgatum.
Uvularia sessillfolia. Scutellaria incana.
Iris eri^tata. Phlox divaricata.^
Syndesmon thalicli-oidi's. Mertensia virginica.
Anemone quinqncfolin. Vincetoxicum idmUum.
Anemone virginica. Gentianamllosa.^
Jianuncidus recnrraiiin. Galium circaezans.
Cimidfuga racoiioaa. Housionia caendea.
Trautvetteria carolivenris. Deringa canadenrii<.
Viola hastata. Podophyllutn peHaiwn . '
Viola midticaulis. Sanguinariu canadentiix.
Viola pubescent.
On the higher shad}" banks of water courses are found:
Porteranthus {Gillenia) stipulaceus. Slachys eordata.
Porteranfhus trifoHatUR. Zanthoririza apiifolia.^
In the more or less dense forest, covering hill and dale, are to be
found:
Orchis spedahilis. Aralia racemosa.
Cypripedium parrifloruiii .^ Sanicula marilandica (rare).
Arisaema quinatum. Phryma leptostachya.
Circaea lutetiaria. Frasera carolinensis.^
Hydrastis canadensix^ (scarce). Cynoglossum virginicuni.
Bicueulla eucullaria. Obolaria virginica.
Dentaria diphylla. Solidago flexicaulis.
Cubelium concolor. Solidago vaseyi.
Panax quinquefoliinn.^
The Soli(Ja<j<> vasey! has been collected near Holmes Gap (1,500
feet), and is know^n from a few localities on the highest ranges of the
Carolinas and Georgia,
On the restricted flat semiswampy places, not infrequently met with
on the Warrior table-land, open or slightly under cover, the following
are most frequently seen:
Cyperus pseudo-regeins.^ Phlox macidata.
Carex lupulina.^ Lysimacliia quadrifolia.
Car ex lurida . ^ Genliana elliottii. ^
Habenaria ciliaris.^ Bidens involucrata.
Xyrisflextwsa.^ Coreopsis grandiflora.
RJie.na virginica.^ Doellingeria injirma.
Ludwigia alternifolia. ^
Mesopldle 2)lttnt associations of rock houses. — On the perpendicular
walls at the head of the deep narrow gorges are found shelves of hard,
resisting sandstone w ith the softer strata beneath them worn away by
the action of the percolating surface water. The wide and deep exca-
^ Occurs also in the Louisianian area.
76 PLANT LIFK <)K ALAIJAMA.
\ ati(»iis thus t'oi-iiK (1 arc called \)\ the jx'dpjc of the coimti'v " lot-k
houses." Ill these ^iooliiv I'eeesses, iie\ci' \ i>ite(l l»v the direct rays
of (lie sun, thcii- roots and walls coiistuiitly inoisteiied l>y lli*^ water
oozniji" from cxciy cre\ ice. some of the rarest aiul most dclicutc ferns
tind a shelter from wind and sudden chanties of temperature. Tr/c/io-
imiin.s j» (( i-sll^ tiie tiniest of this order in the. rnited States, and eoii-
tined to iiorthcMii Ahihama, is at home in these rock houses, and thence
it way first hroueht to ii<iht by -hidj'e T. M. Peters, who discovered it
on the l)aid<s of the head watcn-s of Sipser River. The liliform hori-
zontal rhizomes are interwoven into (Umisc patches, their fronds of
dark green scarcely an inch high, somewhat resembling the thalhis of
a hirge liverwort. This fern was su])se(|uently found in a similar
locality on the western edge of the table-land ))y Prof. E. A. Smith,
and later l)y the writer on its eastern border at the fid Is of Black
Creek, in Etowah County. Trichontanc.^ rad/canf< is also a freciuent
inhabitant of these rock houses, being found on wet, deeply shaded,
rocky walls northward to the Cumberland Mountains of Kentucky.
The long creeping rootstock of this beautiful fern, adhering tirmly to
the rock, decorates the roof and walls of these recesses. A.s2>Ieiiiuiii
trichoinanes^ with its fronds of ))rightest green, ana the thallus of a
large liverwort {D urn art lent sp.) are the frequent companions of the
above. Of plants of higher orders onl}- a few have been observed in
these cavities. Thin grass {Agrostis pef'ennan^) with its weak, decum-
bent stems, occurs here, where its foliage is scarcely ever afll'ccted by
frost and never touched ])V the direct sunlight, and ITeachern nu/ch'l
is also quite frequently found on the damp ledges which form the
threshold of the caves, but rarely penetrates beyond them.
ITydropliyt'ic plant as-sociadoiis {jM/Zt/dlalp/a/its). — On the table-land
beyond the channels of the large streams and their very numerous
])ranches no areas of great extent of a water-soaked or submerged
soil are foimd, and the narrow cliamiels through which the water
rushes towaid the lowlands afford l)ut little chance for the spread of
a h^'drophile vegetation. The wet grassy swales are inhabited by the
following:
Anclropogon virginicus. ( 'nrex f/ranulariK.
Homalocenchrus {Leermi) viryinirua. KleocJiariH tmuis.
Panicularia nerrata. Ekocharh aciciilaris.^
Panicum rostratmii. Kleocharis ovata.^
Pan inim comvi niaium . ScirpuH polyphyllus.
Panicum polyardhen. Dlchromena colorata.
Panicum sphaei'ocarpon. Kobresia pumila.
Carex lurida. Juncus marginalus.^
Carex lupulina. Juncus (common species) .
Carex intumescens. Cicuta maculata.^
Carex squarrosa (rare) . Coreopsis tripteris}
Carex torta. Eupalorium maculatum.. '
' Occurs also in the Louisianian area.
FLORA OF LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 77
In the brooks where during its lowest stage the water becomes stag-
nant, a large Fontinalis, F. lescurll., is found. IlymeiwcaUk occlderi-
talis occurs in deep clefts of rocks barely rising above the water.
Sagittaria latifolia^ and S. Jongirostris australis are found on the vaivy
banks of Ryans Creek, Cullman County, with Peltandra virglnica.
Orontium aqimticurn is common in the streams of the wider valle3^s
not above 1,000 feet. On the loose stones in the swiftly running
))rooks and shallow streams Podostemon ahrotanoides^ a type of the
southern Alleghenie«, is not rare on the Warrior table-land, and P.
ct'rato/>}n/lh(in of northern distribution is known in the State, but only
from the vicinity of Atiburno
Vegetation of Lookout Mountain. — Near the northern frontier of the
State the most easterly of the spurs of (he Appalachian ranges belong-
ing to this subdivision rises abruptly at Valley Head to an elevation
fully 800 feet above Little Wills Valley, with its floor at this point
1,150 feet above tide water.
The summit of Lookout Mountain spreads out to a wide table-land
of the same character as the plateau of the Warrior coal field, and ter-
minates suddenly in the precipitous escarpment abutting upon the
Tennessee River known as the most prominent landmark in the Ten-
nessee basin. Near Mentone, Little River, a pretty stream which
follows the southern extension of this table-land, leaps over a ledge
into its narrow channel, some 125 feet below . By reason of a rainfall
more copious than in other sections of the mountain region (64.1: inches),
and toward its northern extremity of a generally deeper and fresher
soil, this mountain was recently covered with a fine hard-wood forest,
chiefly of oaks, and was noted for the abundance of white oak timber
{Quercus alba) and tan-bark oak; but this timber wealth is now almost
exhausted. On its flanks the black locust {Robinla psendacacia) is
found, one of the few localities in Alabama where it can be considered
to be indigenous. The short-leaf pine is rarely met with on these
heights. The scrub pine is more frequent, reaching its best develop-
ment on rocky benches and declivities with a scanty covering of soil.
On the brow of this mountain, and particularly along the low, damp
banks of Little River, there occurs a strong mingling of tj^pes that
are at home in the Alleghenian area of the adjoining States and of
North Carolina with plants of the lower ranges within the Carolinian
area, giving rise to a varied flora, the like of which has not been
observed in any other part of the mountain region of Alabama. When
the low elevation of this extremel}^ limited spot is considered (not
quite 2,000 feet above the sea), the sufiusion of types from different
life zones admits of no explanation on the ground of climate or local
influences controlling plant distribution, but points clearly to a disjunc-
tion of floral conditions due to geological changes. Among the woody
plants peculiar to the Alleghenian area, Rlwdodendron catawhlense
78 PLANT ]AVF. OF A I.. \ HAM A.
is (lie most prttiniiH'iil . In tlir tu'i^inniii;^" of >iimiii('i'. when rovcrorl
with the profuse t-lustcis ol" its purple or lilac llowers, this slinih,
from ti to |(t feet in lieitiht. massed in (lens(> thickets aloni,'" the hanks
of Little KivtT. foi'nis one of the mo--l attra<ti\»' sights. 'I'he home of
this shrul) is ascrilx'd to tlie hiyhest crests of the southern chains of
the mountains fi-oiii western Vire^inia to I^)an Mountain, on the Ixtrder
of North ( arolma and Teimossee., at an altitude of tijKM) feet. It lias.
howcNcr. l)een found. l>y Mi". Small, at a nuich lower elevation on
Tal)lc Mountain. At its extreme southei'n limit in Alahama it isasso-
ciated with the, Az<il<(i (ii'hdri'Haiix and kiilin'm l(il!/'(il!<i. Of other
shrubs \'!h>irintiii r^/.s-.s7'//<^vVA.v. extendinoto the Canadian zone, is abund-
ant on the banks of this stream. V!hnr)iHin (h-ntntuiii. Ruhu.s cnxlciiii^
and Cel(iMtruH scanden»^oi the same range of distribution, are frecpient
tinionji: the shrubs of the more exposed I'oeky heielits. \\'\\\\ these
AUeghenian shrubs occur a host of other species, which are at liome
on the southern extremity of the lower ranges within the Carolinian
area, and are more or less fre<iuent throuuhout our mountain I'euion.
For example:
Butneria {CahjcantliVK) ferlili,s. Hyrhrnif/cd (irhotrxci'ii.'^ lonlalit.
Ilex moiilirola. PliilndrlphuH hirmlii>i.
Vaccinium melmLocorjtum. DierviUa rivularis.
Vaccinium pallidum.
The Vacclniniii pnUhlinii is reported as scarce on some of the highest
summits of North Carolina (Buckley). Crataegus blltiuorcaiKi^ C.
amtromontana^ and C. mrgenti are new discoveries made on the decliv-
ities of the mountain h\ Mr. Beadle of the Biltmore Hei-])arium in
1899, which have also become known from western North Carolina,
eastern Tennessee, and northern Georgia. The prostrate stems of the
northern RuJms h/.sp!<h(x cover open, miry places.
The large lichen, Uinh'dicar'ia pastulatd ijapidosa^ which covi'rs the
naked clitfs, forms an association strongly expressive of the AUeghen-
ian character of the flora of this locality. Tn the soil, rich in humus,
shaded bv the rocks, and on the shaded ledges lining the banks of
Little River, mesophile ferns are also abundant. At^plenhuib hradleyl^
of vcrv local distribution in the C/umberland Mountains of Tennessee
and Kentucky, occurs here, together w-ith the more frequent —
A8]>lniiniu ])arnthnn. Asplenium montanum.
A.y>h'iiiHiii trichoiniinex. Asp/riiiain plniKttiJidinti.
A.^jilniJuin pl'u-foeinhia. Dryopteris inar<jiii<ili.^.
Ijiclcvjiild ptiuHilobidd.
The last three are xerophile species, occurring on somewhat exposed
rocks. Other herbaceous southern Appalachian types here found are:
Galax aphylla. Viola blanda.
TliaUdniia ckiraium. Viola roxtrata.
Viola uiuUicaidvi. Ealoniu pennsi/lvanica.
CULTIVATED PLANTS OF THE TABLE-LANDS. 79
Of these the first is the most prominent, frequenting springy, rocky
banks and dripping ledges, and the others are all more or less frequent
in simihir localities throughout the mountain region. Snrracenia cates-
hael and Isoetes engeliTianni valida are paludial plants so far only known
in the State from the l)anks of Little River near De Soto Falls. There
occurs also Danthoiila (jJahra^ a most rare plant, lately described, from
upper Georgia (Nash), with DantJionla compresm, and Deschampsia
fjexiLom^ so far not yet reported from any other locality in the State,
while Carex v/resceNs, TlareJ/c vordifoUa^ Ascleplas qnadrifolio., and
Asarum macranthum frequent the rocky dells and more or less open
copses. The tiny Arefiarla Tn'evifolia^ known from a few localities in
upper Georgia and the Cumberland Mountains of Tennessee, roots in
crevices of rocks among the dark-green cushions of mosses (Grimmia,
Hedwigia), Avith the three-leaf stonecrop {Sednni ternatuiu) and the
round-leaf talinum {Talhiam teretifolluiii)^ a fleshy perennial with
rose-purple flowers adorning exposed rocks in the mountains north-
ward to Pennsylvania. On the exposed rocks close to the edge and
above the falls of Little River dense tufts of flliform leaves produced
l)y a many-branched rootstock deeply sunk in the crevices attract the
attention. Specimens of this plant in flower obtained in September
proved to be ChondropJioni vliyata (BigeloA'ia Nutt). The identity of
our plant with NuttalFs specimens is, however, not free from doubt.
In the type collected by Nuttall in lower New Jersey and preserved in
the Herl)arium of the Academy of Sciences at Philadelphia the radical
leaves, which furnish the decisiA'e character, are wanting; furthermore,
the similarity to Evtham k( grain ui Ifol la ascribed by Nuttall to his type
is not recognized in our plant. The locality quoted by Nuttall is also
doul)tful, his plant having never been found afterwards, although the
ground has been closelv investigated by later botanists.
Under the umbrageous cover of the high forest on the upper flanks of
the mountain, in the deep soil, rich in humus, tall umbelliferous herbs
are conspicuous, among which are Llguxt'icuiri canadense^ frequent
throughout the mountains northward to Pennsylvania, Tliasjnuni pln-
vidlfidum^ and Thmpluin harhinode^ which extends north to the Ohio
Valley. Together with these occur O.ndls grandts^ Polygonatinu coni-
tiudidutii^ wideh' distributed through the Alleghenian area, Trillium
xfijlosnui of the southern Appalachian ranges, and Cypidpediuin acaide^
found in more open boggy places.
Cult a rid plant associations. — Scarceh" 20 per cent of the area of the
table-lands is reduced to a state of cultivation; the rest consists of
more or less devastated woodlands and of high forests, which, how-
ever, near the settlements and highways of commerce are largely
stripped of merchantable timber and are sufl'ering from the inroads of
fire and cattle.
Scarceh more than a (^[uarter of a century ago, before these table-
so I'LANT LIFK ( H' AI.AKAMA.
lands \v(M"t' madf easily jicccssihlf to llic iimiii«^iaiit liy tlic L;'i'<'iit li'uiik
lines IcadiiiLT from the centers of jxtpulation in the Noiili to the (Jiilf
coast, tlicv were hut sparsely inlialtited. The earlier settlers who had
>t I Halted upon the in depended for their suppoit nioic on th(^ cha.sc than
upon the cultivation of a soil which was looked upon as too ])<)or to
alVord an adequate return. i'his, iiowevei', has all Keen clianj^ed hy tlie
inllu.x of a population which was attracted hy the mild and .salul)rious
climate, and which, cominti' with the determination to estaldish its home
here, has sui-cecded in coniiuering the unpromisin*^ soil and develo})ed
its po.ssihilities. With the rapid increase in ])opulation these land.s
have come much into demand, and under rational mana<,'"ement almost
every ci'op raised in the Xortiiern States can he successfully grown on
these tahle-lands hy the side of cotton.
'rh(^ meadow grasses of the North, with red clover and similar for-
age ])lants, do well here. Much attention is given to the production
of hreadstuti's, chiefly corn, to which the greater part of the aral)le
land is devoted. Small grains, as wheat and rye, supi)ly a part of the
home demand. Irish and sweet potatoes are protita})le summer crops,
and nearly all of the root crops and vegetahles grown in the temperate
zone are produced here in a])undance and perfection. Of small fruits,
the strawherry has heen found highly protitahle, usually Ijeing har-
vested hefore the end of April. This fruit finds a ready sale in the
distant northern markets. Orchards of fruit trees on a large scale
do not yet exi.st, although apples, pears, and peaches are successfully
grown. The cultivation of the grape was given great attention hy
the earlier of the German immigrants until the appearance of a fun-
gous di-sease proved a great drawback. But wnth the successful
employment of remedies to suhdue this di-sease viticulture, particu-
larly of grapes for tal)le use. has received a new impetus.
REGION i)V THE TENNESSEE KIVEK VALLEY.
rnYsioiw; AiMiKAi, fi:atcui:s and climate.
"West of the detached spurs of the C'lunhcrland Mountains, which
form the northeastern continuation of the tahledands south of the
basin of the Tennessee Riv^er, this valley is marked as an area of
erosion, in which the waters have cut their chaniud altogether in the
sul)carhonifer()us limestone, the surface rock. The mo.st distinctive
feature of the vegetation of the Teimes.see Valley consists in decid-
uous forc^sts, generally of a mesophile composition, with decidedly
northern types prevailing, and containing species in common with the
Carolinian area in the Ohio Valley which are not found in an}- other
part of Alabama. For example, of trees and shrubs there occur here:
Aesmlm ockmdru (buckeye). Staphylea trifoUa (bladderwort).
Aesculus glabra (buckeye) . Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (coral-
Acer .tacchandn (sugar maple) . berry) .
Cladraslis tinctoria (yellowwood) .
DRY FORESTS OF TENNESSEE VALLEY REGION".
81
Pines are almost totally absent in this valley, and it is only at its
western limit, and chiefly south of the Tennessee River, in Colbert and
Franklin counties, where deposits of sandy loams and gravels overlie
the Subcarboniferous strata, that the character of the forest flora
changes b}' the appearance of the short-leaf pine among the hardwood
trees. The climate of the valley is somewhat extreme. According to
the observations of the United States Weather Service at Huntsville
(altitude 650 feet), made during a period of fourteen years, the mean
annual temperature is 59.9° F. ; for the winter, 41'^; spring, 59.9°;
summer, 75°, and for the fall, 59.7°. The lowest temperature once
during this period was 9° below zero; the highest, 96°. The average
of annual minimum temperatures is 11°; the average of the highest
temperatures, 92i°. The range of temperature throughout the year is
most clearly exhibited in the following table:
Absolute and average minima and maxima of temperature for each month.
Month.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Absolute minima
—9
14.4
75
68
12.2
75
70
o
8
19.5
84
80
o
13
34.8
86
82
o
31
45.8
90
86
o
36
61.9
92
90
o
61
69.8
95
92
o
.54
58.2
96
90
39
42
91
86
29
34
86
81
13
21
78
72
7
15
68
Average maxima
76
The mean annual precipitation is 54.1 inches; for the winter, 14.68;
spring, 15.41; .summer, 15.16; fall, 8.85.^
VEGETATION OF THE TABLE-LANDS AND HIGHER RIDGES.
XerojpKile forests {cedar glades). — The limestone strata of the foot-
hills which form the lower terraces of the higher ridges, undermined
and dislocated by the action of water, are almost bare of soil. On
these rugged grounds the red cedar {Junip&rus virginiana) predomi-
nates, but a few other trees gain a foothold. Among them is the blue
ash {Fraxiniis quadrayigidata)., a fine timber tree of the Alleghenian
area, which reaches its southern limit here, where it is of stunted
growth, being rarely more than a tree of medium size. A peculiar
varietal form of the white ash {Fraxinus americana curtissii) is not
infrequently found w ith the last. It is readily distinguished by its
low habit of growth, almost always beginning to branch below a height
of 8 to 12 feet, the spreading branches .somewhat drooping, the foliage
pale, and the fruit smaller. In this locality the seeds have the embryo
well developed. This tree has also been found bj^ Curtiss in the cal-
careous hills of Eufaula, on the eastern border of the State, and is
apparentl}^ not rare in the cedar brakes of central and southeastern
Tennessee.
' P. H. Mell, Climatology of Alabama, bulletin 18, Alabama Experiment Station,
new series, 1890, p. 23.
15894 6
82 PLANT LIFE OK ALABAMA.
( )ii iIh" iiiL;Lr»'tl tV)(»tliills and iiioiiiilaiii slopes, and pait iciilai'ly on tlio,
bi'oad. hancn. liincstoiu^ Mats ot' the uplands in tlu' eastern part of tho
valley north and east of the Tennessee River the red cedar forms
oxt<>nsi\e woods, of piii"e jrrowth. inteiriipted oidy l»y hare openings
where the rocky ground scarccdy allords a foothold to shrul) or luM-h.
The trees in the cedar glades or cedar l)rakes are closely set and attain
a height of from 50 to 75 feet, the trunk from 15 to rarel}' 24 inches
in diametei-. hreast-high, fi-e([uent]y deeply ridged toward th(; base,
knotty, and with the crown from 3<» to 50 feetor mon^ above theground.
Under these severe soil conditions the growth of the trees is exceed-
ingly slow, particularly during the later stages of life. By counting
the annual rings trees of the dimensions mentioned were found to be
from 140 to 175 years old. Large supplies of the valuable timber of
the cedar, used for piling and for telegraph and telephone poles, are
drawn ever}^ year from the cedar glades. On the gentler slopes with
a deeper soil covering, and in the narrow valleys with a damp and rich
soil, red cedar occurs scattered among the hard woods and hen^ reaches
its greatest perfection. The trunk is smooth from the base and free
from knots and limbs for the greater part of its height; the wood is
straight-grained, soft, and easily worked, and possesses all the (juali-
ties for which it is so eagerly sought in the manufacture of pencil
casings and the best qualities of hollow ware. Not long since this tree
was abundant in the narrow valleys and rich coves south of the Ten-
nessee Kix'er, but these resources are now becoming rapidlj' exhausted.
On the sunny exposures, in the openings and borders of the forest
which covers the calcareous hills, where the soil is deeper, a vai'iety of
xerophile trees of small size and of shrubs of the lower belt of the
Carolinian area are found mingled with the red cedar. Examples are:
Rhamnus caroliniana (buckthorn) . Crataegus coccinea (red haw) .
Bumelia lycioides (bumeUa). Comus asperifolia (rough-leaf dogwood).
Bumelia lanuginom (shittimwotxl). Viburnum pinmifolium (black haw).
Ostrya virginiana (hop hornbeam) .
X^eroplule herhaeeoux jdant (msocldtroihH. — The herbaceous associations
are naturally, in the main, of xerophile character. On the exposed
rock}^ flats tiny cruciferous winter annuals fill every crevice. Leaven-
ivorthia aiired^ L. nniflora^ and Z. torvlom^ the first harbingers of
spring, are followed by Draba caroliniana and D. hrachycarjja. With
the advent of warmer weather all herbaceous vegetation withers on
these arid cedar glades, which then continue to present the aspect of
absolute barrens.
On the rocky banks and shelves of the sunny hillsides a varied array
of characteristic herbs makes its flowery display. In the height of
springtime, as observed on the southern slopes of Monte Sano»(near
Huntsville) and on the northern declivity of the Warrior table-land
XEEOPHILE HEEBACEOUS PLANTS AND MESOPHILE FORESTS. 83
near Moulton, the following prefer the slightly sheltered rocky
shelves:
AUionia nyctaginea. lAthospermum canescens.
Ranuncuhis fasdndaris. Lithospermiim tuberosum.
Arabis laevigata. Saliia urticaefoliu.^
Claytonia mrginica. Scutellaria cumpesirh.
Arenaria serpyUifolia. Polymnia. canadensis radiata.
Opuntia rafinesquii} Bellis hdegrifolia.
Geranium maculatum.^
Sedum pulchellmii and Plmcelia piirsh'd adorn the interstices of the
rocky fragments, and Arenaria jMiula the bare rocks. During the
first summer months the golden flowers of Ilijpericum aureum and 11.
sjjhaet'ocarpoii ^ adorn the hills, giving way in the latter part of the
season to blue and purple asters — Aster ohlongifoliiis.^ A. laevis lati-
foliiis., A. cordifolius and others of the more commonly difi'used
species — and to the bright flowers of goldenrods, such as SoUdago
amplexicauUs and Brachychaeta spJmcelata {B. cordata Torr. & Gr.),
which are confined to the lower southern Appalachian ranges.
West of the spurs of the Cumberland highlands isolated knolls rise
above the wide river plain with its seemingly interminable fields of
cotton, corn, and small grain. These hillocks, of a siliceous limestone
which has resisted erosion, support with their scanty covering of soil
a stunted growth of chinquapin oak {Quercus acuminata).^ wild plum
{Primus americana)^ honey locust {G led Its la triaca?ithos), hop hornbeam
{Ostrya virgin iaiia)., and shrubs common on dry calcareous soil, and are
frequently destitute of large trees. The plants which find a refuge in
these localities form an interesting combination of xerophile, campes-
trian, and sylvan associations. Under the shades of the denser clumps
of the low trees have been noted:
Poa sp. Deniaria laciniata.
Leptorchis liliifolia. Meihomia paucijiora.
Cypripedium parviflormn. Mertensia virginica.
Delphinium Iricorne.
In exposed places the following species of the open plain have estab-
lished themselves:
Arenaria patula. Euphorbia ohtusaia (rare).
Isanthus brachiaius. Kuhnisiera gattingeri.
Anemone earoliniana. Grind elia lanceolata.
Hypericum prolificum (frequent) . Amphiachai-ys dracuncidoides.
The Kuhnistera is rendered attractive by its numerous spikes of
rose-purple flowers. The last two are remarkable outposts, if not waifs,
from the plains west of the Mississippi River.
Mesophile fmests. — North of the Tennessee River the detached spurs
of the Cumberland Mountains, capped with the sandstones and con-
^ Extends to the Louisianian area.
84 I'LANT T.Il-'K OK AI-AIiAM A.
j^loiiUTiitt's of tlic Coal Measures, lisr to an clrNalioii of fidiii l.'J(M»(()
l,a(>(» ft'ft al>o\»' sea Icm'I. 'I'licir suiimiils. sprcadiii*; into taMr-hiiicls
of ('onii)arali\t'ly limited cxtnit. suppoit a inofe varied and lieavier
trc(> ufow til than tlie taide-lands of the \\'an'ior basin. dilVerinj,'' chielly
l»y the total absence of pines and tli«^ appearance of species connnon
also to the forests of the Ohio Valley, and as yet not o))servod in other
parts of the State. Oaks form the ])re(lominatin<i' forest jj^rowth of
these highlands white oak, mountain oak. and tine black oak. A.s
obsorx'cd on Monte Sano and the adjoinine- ridj^n's. the typical sugar
maple {Acer saccharvm) of the North is not i-arely met with on the
smumit and the hiirhest flanks in the richest s])ots. Its variety {Acer
Kticclnifuiii h<(i'h(ifi(iii) with smaller and sharper-lol)ed leaves, is more
frequent and is widely diffused over the rocky hills which extend south-
ward to the tertiai-y rido-es of the UppcM- Division of the coast pine
belt, associated with the cucum])er tree, silver-leaf linden {Tilia hetero-
j)/it/I/a), and sweet l)ucke\^e {Aescultis octmidrd). A group of fine trees
of this last species, which is rare in Alabama, was observed on a ter-
race of rich soil a short distance below the brow of Monte Sano. The
trees measured from 25 to 30 inches in diameter and from 75 to 85 feet
in height. This truly Allegh(>nian type, extending from the head-
waters of the Ohio River in Pennsylvania along the mountains to the
northwestern corner of Georgia, finds its southern limit at this point.
The vallevs skirting the detached spurs of the Cumberland Moun-
tains are for the greater part still covered with the original forest,
which is practically untouched by the ax. It can be said that a consid-
erable portion of the most valuable hardwood timber found in the State
is hidden in these secluded valleys — as, for example, in the valley of
the Paintrock River. It is stated that in this valley, of about 35 miles
in length, the tulip tree or 3'ellow^ poplar {Lirlodendron tuUpifera)
abounds in its largest dimensions, with white oak, linden, white ash,
large sassafras, and black walnut, and with red cedar of superior qual-
ity occupying the damp rocky r(>cesses.
The ridges of Subcar})onif erous limestone rarely exceed an elevation
of 1,200 feet. Their tree growth is the same as that of the forests
which cover the gentler slopes of the limestone ledges cropping out
beneath the sandstones which cap the summit of the higher ranges.
On the flanks, with a deeper soil covering, the tulip tree becomes more
frequent among the oaks, associated with the maples mentioned, and,
more rarely, with white ash and shell-bark hickory {Ilicoria ovata).
Black walnut {Jugla/tis nigra) and wild cherry {Prunus serotind) are but
rarely found even on the richest spots. Fetid buckeye (Aesctdtts gla-
hra) is of rather rare occurrence on the more exposed slopes of the cal-
careous hills, and red cedar is mingled with the hard- wood trees. Of
the trees of smaller size, the American smoke tree {CotinuH cotinoides)
makes its appearance on the calcareous summits and upon the shelves
MESOPHILE ARBOREAL AND HERBACEOUS FLORA. 85
where the sandstones overlie the calcareous rocks on the flanks of the
higher mountains. This highly ornamental tree, one of the rarest of
the Atlantic forests, is confined in the State to the mountains of
Madison County, where it attains a height of from 30 to 60 feet, with
a diameter of from 8 to 12 inches. The American smoke tree was
first discovered by Nuttall on the limestone cliff's bordering Grand
River, near the northeastern limit of Indian Territory. It was subse-
quently found in Alabama by Buckley, and has also been detected as
far west as the Medina Valley, in western Texas. Having disap-
peared from the locality where it was first discovered, and subsequent
to its discovery in Alabama not having been seen b}- any botanist,
the tree remained in obscurity for the next forty years, until it was
again brought to light by the writer in 1881. Later it was found hy
Mr. Bush^ in southwestern Missouri, and since then Professor Tre-
lease has found it in several localities in the Ozark Hills of the same
region. Being in the Tennessee Valley exposed to a temperature
falling not rarely nearly to zero, this tree will prove hardy in almost
every locality where the cultivation of its European relative is possi-
ble. In its native location it is readily reproduced by sprouts from the
stump, almost all of the vigorous coppice growths which it forms — for
instance, the one observed on the Gurley place (near Gurley) — being of
this origin. Red plum {Prunus americanci)^ red buckeye {Aesculus
pama)^ aromatic sumac {Rhus aromatica)^ redbud {Cercis canadensis)^
with seedlings of the red cedar, form the bulk of the undergrowth of
the high forests, and coral-berry and shrubby St. John's wort {Ilyjyeri-
ciim jprolificuni) the bushy covering of the ground.
Mesophile herbaceous plant associations. — The herbaceous flora on
these forest-clad heights is represented chiefly by mesophile plant
associations, which seek the shelter of the forest, or its borders and
more or less shady openings. Besides the species common through-
out the mountain region, a number of others are here found which are
widely distributed to the northern limit of the Carolinian area, but
occur rarely if at all in other regions of the State. Examples are:
IXsporum lanuginosum. Thalidrum dtGicum.
Uvularia puberula. Dentaria laciniata.
Uvularia grancUflora. Pimpinella integerrima.
Caulophyllmn thalidroides.' Washingtonia daytoni.
Anemone virginiana.
On the densely shaded bluffs of the Tennessee River at Sheffield
landing a few mesophile species have been observed which deserve to
be mentioned. Of woody plants the Northern yellow wood ( Cladrastis
tinctoria)., a representative type of the lower souttiwestern AUeghenian
ranges, frequent from Kentucky southward, reaches here its extreme
^ W. F. Bush, Trees and Shrubs of Missouri, St. Louis.
* Blue cohosh.
86
PLANT LIKK <)K ALABAMA.
suulhi'iii stutioii, reduced to a shrul)l>y urowtli. A jx'culiiir torni of
Ahim' jiiihriti (\iir. I< iuu'.sKerii.sif<) fouiid l»y Dr. Short in Kentucky,
ju'cordine" to 1 )r. Small, with Iliin/iriui Jiixjuda /il/xiitlcaidlK^ iidiahits
the d('e])ly shach'd, daiuj) roeky shelves and clefts with L'yxUtpteris
fragillx, and the delicate fronds of the Northern ( 'ijstopter!^ huJhlfera
with the Soiithei'ii maidenhair { .\(lliiiifi(m cdjull us-rtiirrlx) overhaiijj
dri])pin«i' rocks.
\ K(iI-ri'.\Tlt).\ dl" IIIK LOWLANDS, COVIOS, AM) MUFF'S.
Mesojfhlli'fori'xf.— '&onXh of tiie Tennessee liixcr the lowlands border-
ing Catoa, Flint, and Big Nancy creeks are covered with extensive
hardwood forests. The dense tree cover consists chiefly of cow oak,
Texas oak, willow oak, Spanish oak, and more sparingly of mocker-
nut hickory, beech, and white ash, with hornbeam, papaw, deciduous
holly {Ilex decidud), and liawthorns {Cr<it<ir</itx ap'iifoJ'm^ 61 eru><-<f<dU.,
C. sjMt/iidata)j connnon in damp fresh soils, as undergrowth.
The cow oak abounds in the bottoms along the streams in the per-
fection of its growth, tre(>s from 80 to 40 inches in diameter not l)eing
rare. Three tret's felled, representative of the average size of this
valual)le hardwood timber, showed the following dimensions:
THmensiotifi imd age of roir out tinifier.
No. of
sample.
Diameter
breast high
(inches) .
Length of
stick of
merchant-
able timber
(feet) .
tree (feet,. ;^;:[-,';|-f,
1
2
3
33
30
26
:?5
39
37
93 1 280
103 220
9.5 177
The Texas oak or Southern red oak, the frequent companion of the
above, is often found from 2i to 3 feet in diameter and from 80 to 100
feet in height, dimensions attained at an age of from 150 to 175 years.
The timber of the Southern red oak is considered little inferior to that
of the white oak.
White ash {Fraximis ame)'icana) is found scattered throughout the
forest, particularly along the base of the declivities bordering the low-
lands. Trees from 2i to 3 feet in diameter have been observed in the
valleys, as well as occasionally in other localities, extending to the
border of the Louisianian area. Not being of gregarious habit, this
tree is not abundant in an}' localit3^
The benches of the Mountain Limestone which form the terraces of
the wide fertile coves surrounding the head waters of the streams
named are covered by a deep fresh soil rich in humus, productive of
an excellent timber growth. On these terraces oaks predominate,
and, above all, the white oak (in this region called ridge white oak to
distinguish it from the swamp w hite oak or cow oak), together with
FOEESTS AND HERBACEOUS FLORA OF LOWLANDS. iS i
post oak, Southern shagbark hickory {Hicoria carolinae-septe^itrio-
nalis), black oak, Spanish oak, and more rareh^ black walnut, the last
becoming scarce wherever it is accessible.
On these bench lands the white oak takes the place of the cow oak.
There can be little doubt that the largest supplies of white oak timber
in the State are preserved in these coves of the Tennessee ValW .
The full-grown trees average from 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Four
trees felled for investigation were of the following dimensions:
Dimensions and age of white oak iimher.
No. of
sample.
Diameter
breast high
(inches) .
Length of
stick of
merchant-
able timber
(feet).
Total
height of
tree (feet).
Annual
rings in
stump.
1
2
3
4
22
26
36
28
52
35
25
38
108
115
99
102
170
180
190
1G2
Five or six trees of these dimensions have frequently been counted
upon an acre.
The Southern shellbark or shagbark hickory is also abundant in
these coves, and large quantities of this timber are annually shipped
to the manufacturing centers North and South. The saplings of this
tree form the greater part of the undergrowth in the more open forest.
The Spanish oak {Quercm dig 'data {Q. falcata Michx.)) is at its best
where the terraces merge into the lowland. Its sturdy trunk aver-
ages from 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with a total height of from 90 to 100
feet, affording clear sticks of timber 36 to 48 feet long. The age of
such trees of full growth varies between 135 and 175 years.
The willow oak {Quercus phellos) is most abundant in wet, undrained
flats of an impervious soil. In Alabama it is rarely found outside of
this valley, but extends sparingly southward to the Central Prairie
region. This oak seldom exceeds 80 feet in height, with an average
diameter breast high of 25 inches, and spreads its massive limbs at a
height of from 30 to sometimes 40 feet from the ground.
The large amount of hardwood lumber sawn at the mills on the
banks of the Tennessee River (chiefly at Decatur) and at the numerous
smaller factories along the Memphis and Charleston Railroad exhibits
the rapid development of the industries depending upon the timber
wealth of the Tennessee Valley.
Mesophile lherhace(ym jplant associations. — The herbaceous flora of the
forests of the bottom and bench lands comprises but a small number
of mesophile species growing under their dense shade. Late in autumn
the writer observed ChimapMla maculata and Galium circaezans., both
northern types extending to the Canadian zone, and also MitcheUa
repens^ common throughout temperate eastern North America.
88 PLANT LIKE OF ALABAMA.
VKCETATIU.N UK THE HAKUENS ANI> KIVEK HILLS.
Tn the northern part of the Tennessee Valley and west of the out-
lyin*,'' spurs of the ('uinlu'rliind Mountains rises an undulatin*; plain
from 2(X> to 800 foot above th<' river level, broken by the de<'p narrow
channels of the numerous tributaries of the river which take their
rise in the ''Highland Rim" of Tennessee. The soil is a sandy com-
pact loam of whitish color, destitute of lime and vo^etal)le matter
and deficient in underdrainage, being underlaid by an impervious clay
or hardpan. This plain is covered with an open forest of the upland
oaks, which are coumion in the mountain region, black jack prevailing,
accompanied by mockernut hickory. The trees are all of stunted
growth, scarcely above medium size, with an undergrowth of dogwood,
black haw, sourwood, and sumach. A low willow {Salix tristin) covers
acres of the level expanse, imparting by the ashy hue of its foliage a
peculiar aspect to the low, bushy, deciduous forest. The herbaceous
iiora of these barrens exhibits the same want of varietj'^ as their woody
growth. As noticed on a single visit to the barrens between the forks
of Cypress and Shoal creeks, in Lauderdale County, in the early part
of June, the paucity of the glumaceous plant formations was a sur-
prise. Of grasses and Cyperaceae,
Andropogon virginicm, Eleocharis tenuis,
Agrostis hiemalis, Cypei'us ovularis,
Panicum comnmtatum,
were scantily scattered between the herbaceous perennials, indicating
a cold, ill-drained, rather poor soil. The following were among the
herbaceous plants observed, the first being the most abundant:
Phlox maculaia. Meibomia caneseens.
Steironema lanceolatum. Meibomia dillenii.
Steironema ciliatum. Coreopsis tripteris.
On the more exposed declivities, which admit of ready surface
drainage, the same associations of xerophile herbs prevail which
inhabit similar localities all over the State, mostly Leguminosae, con-
sisting of bush clovers {Lespedeza spp.), tick-trefoils {Meibornia spp.)
Stylosanthes, Psoralea, Cracca, and of other families, Coreopsis seni-
folia^ Ceanothus americanus^ and Polygala incamata. Tick-trefoils,
chiefly Japanese clover {Lespedeza striata)^ which overruns the ground
around dwellings, afford the only pasturage to live stock.
On their descent to the river plain the channels of the water courses
intersecting the barrens widen and the highland becomes divided by
broader valleys into ridges, which encroach more or less upon the
banks of the Tennessee River. These hills are mostly steep and
densely wooded. With the dip of these strata toward the south the
soil becomes looser and calcareous and the vegetation more luxuriant.
The timber growth is of great diversity and of fair quality. White
FLOEAL REGION OF LOWER HILL COUNTRY. 89
oak, post oak, and Spanish oak are most frequent, with chestnut, bass-
wood, and tulip trees. As lias been observed, the trees on these hills
are of rather rank growth. Of smaller trees and shrubs, forming the
dense copses and bordering the high forest, small-leaf sugar maple,
redbud, dogwood, and hazelnut prevail. Box elder, winged elm, wil-
low, with azaleas, whortleberries, farkleberry, and the poison laurel
[Kalmia latifolia) shade the rocky banks of the swift mountain
streams. The Carolina silverbell tree {Mohrodendrori {Halesia) caro-
Umim) also makes its appearance here, a strictly southern Appalachian
type, frequently met with from the lower ranges of southwestern
Virginia, along the mountains, to the lower hills in Alabama.
CULTURAL PLANT FORMATIONS.
Of the 4,500 square miles embraced within the region of the Tennes-
see Valley about 2,430 belong to the Valley proper, their red soil
resting upon the more or less siliceous limestones of the subcarbonif er-
ous strata. Being highly productive, these lands are mostly cleared
and under cultivation. Mainly in the hands of small owners, they are
under a high state of cultivation, the effort being directed to the devel-
opment of all the possibilities of the farm. Hence, proper attention is
given to the raising of every kind of live stock and the cultivation of
all the crops needed on the farm for the sustenance of man and beast.
Fields of corn and small grain alternate with fields of cotton, in which
crop from 12 to 15 per cent of the whole area of the valley is planted.
The fresh green of the meadow and the clover field greet the eye, and, as
in the gardens and orchards of the Warrior table-land, all the vegeta-
bles, root crops, forage plants, and a large part of the fruits of the
temperate zones of the globe can be successfully grown in this valley.
Peaches, pears, and apples are raised in'perfection on the hills, and
for the cultivation of the grape no other section of the State appears
to be so well adapted. Red wines of high quality can be produced on
the sunn}^ slopes of the calcareous hills.
What has been said of the agricultural plant formations of this
valley applies generally to the Coosa Valley proper and to the smaller
outlying Aalle3\s from the foot of Lookout Mountain westward to
Blount's Valley.
REGION OF THE LOWER HILL COUNTRY.
The line of demarcation between the mountain region and this part
of the Carolinian area can not be distinctly drawn. South and south-
west, where the strata of the same geological formation slope gradually
away from the high table-land to the hills which rise from a lower
water level, these regions overlap each other and the changes in the
character of their flora are difficult to discern. Not less difficult is it
to recognize their border line toward the south and southeast along
90 I'LANT l.IFK OF ALABAMA.
the limit of the nictanioipliic hills, 'riic cliiiiitrc in llu; chanictor of
tlif lloiu in this ill tl<'linc<l region is indicated hy the absence of or
dccrrasr in the nunittrr ol' species possessed in connuoii with the north-
ern AilcLiiianics and tiie ()lli()^'alley and (he appearance of Southern
forms which nc\ cr or l)ut rai-ely occur in the mountain region. These
hills havt> a numl)er of specie's in common with the northern extension
t)f tiie Carolinian area which find tlu'ir southern limit in this region
and impait to its llora a northern aspect. For this reason it might
hotanicallv he icuarded as a sululivision of the mountain region of
which these lower hills in their descent to the Coastal plain form the
hist tei-race and of which stratigraphically they are an integral part.
GHAVKLLY lULl.S OK SIIOKT-I-EAK I'lNK AM) HARDWOOD TREES.
On the western desc^ent of the Warrior table-land the coal measures
disappear under heavy (U'posits of sand and gravels of a more recent
formation, through ^vhich the water courses have cut their beds, result-
ing in the foiinaticm of rounded hills from 250 to a little over 300 feet
high down to low undulating ridges, of considerable length and width
between the hills. This belt of drifted deposits extending along the
western ])order of the State across the Tennessee River forms the
divide between the waters of the Tombigbee River and the Warrior
basin, and is the northern extension of the central belt of drifted
deposits which separates the older from the recent geological forma-
tions. It embraces nearly allot Colbert, parts of Franklin and Marion,
all of Lamar, the western section of Fayette and Pickens, and the
northwestern part of Tuscaloosa counties. Notwithstanding the dif-
ferences in its geological condition, this subdivision can not well be
separated botanically from the floral region under consideration. This
upland area is at once distinguished by the frequency of the shortleaf
pine among the hardwood trees, mostly upland oaks and hickories,
the pine having originally constituted about one-half of the tree growth.
This proportion has, however, during later years, been greatly reduced,
and the supply of pine timber is at present nearl}^ exhausted. The
forest presents almost the same aspect as that found on the table-lands
at or below the elevation of about 800 feet above the sea, which have
a similar light and dry soil.
These gravelly hills, being closel}'^ connected with the Tennessee Val-
le}^ and with the mountain region through the numerous prongs of the
western edge of the "Warrior ta))le-land intersecting this subdivision,
its herbaceous flora, mostly of the xerophile class, presents no peculiar
characteristics.
COAL MEASURES OF THE CAHABA VALLEY AND WARRIOR BASIN.
Crossing the southern rim of the Warrior coal basin and the Cahaba
coal field an extremely hilly area is entered, most rugged along its
southern borders. It comprises the eastern part of Marion and Fay-
FORESTS OF CAHABA VALLEY AND WARRIOR BASIN. 91
ette counties, the lower half of Winston, the southern edge of Cull-
man and much of Blount, all of Walker and Jefferson, a great part of
Tuscaloosa, the northern border of Bibb, and portions of Shelby and
St. Clair counties. The hills within this region rarely exceed 600
feet above sea level. The soil resulting from the disintegration of
coal-bearing shales, frequently rocky and shallow, is poor and dry.
Xerojyhile forests. — The xerophile forests consist largely of decidu-
ous trees of inferior size. These are upland oaks of the })lack and red
oak group, with stunted post oak, more rareh' chinquapin oak {Quercus
acuminat(i) of a more or less arborescent habit; pignut hickor}- and
pale-leaf hickory {Ilicoria viUosa)., a tree of medium size, lately distin-
guished, occurring from Missouri, Tennessee, and North (Carolina to
Alal)ama, being frequent on the rocky hills of the siliceous conglom-
erates. White-bark maple {Acei' leucoderm^ and various hawthorns
( Crataegus collma., C cocGinea., C. spathulata., C. raohri.^ and C. tri-
fj(yrd)^ all common to this and the mountain region, form the vegeta-
tion of the dejise copses and the undergrowth in these xerophile forests.
On the outcrops of the subcarboniferous limestone the chestnut oak
{Quercus acuminata)., here in its best development, is not infrequent,
and Texas white 0'c\h {Querciis hreviloha).^ known commonly as pin oak,
finds its northern limit on the calcareous hills near the Mulberry Fork
of the Warrior River, in Blount County.
On the cliffs of sandstone which form the eastern brink of the Black
Warrior River, a short distance above the city of Tuscaloosa, a mono-
typical shrub, Neviiisia alahamensis., finds its only home. The numer-
ous slender wand-like stems bear abundant white apetalous flowers in
the earliest days of spring, when the leaves begin to appear. This
unique shrub belongs to the Asiatic element of Alabama's flora, and is
strictly contined to the above locality. It was discovered by the Rev.
R. A. Nevius and Professor Wyman in 1858.
In Tuscaloosa County, between North River and the Black Warrior
River, a tract of longleaf pine extends to the banks of Yellow Creek
near Oregonia, and in the northern part of Walker Countv a dense
forest of this pine covers an isolated area of sand and pebbles extend-
ing over several townships, and is in its timber growth not surpassed
by the best pine lands, further south. South Lowell, Walker County,
450 feet above the sea, is near the center of this pine forest. The
upland willow oak or blue jack, common in the lower Coast Pine belt,
in this isolated pine forest reaches its most northern station. The
herbaceous flora presents the same associations of xerophile grasses,
Leguminosae, and Compositae, common in the maritime belts of long-
leaf pine. Noteworthy is Ilelianthus mollis.^ a rare plant widely
diffused from the prairies in southern Missouri and Arkansas to Ten-
nessee and upper Georgia, and known in Alabama also from another
locality, viz, the pine forests near Gadsden, Etowah County.
\>*J PLANT \AVV. OK AI.AHAMA.
M,.^,, J, III I, j'i>r>.-<fs. 'I'lif t'on-sls of the t't'i-lilr \ :ill<'\ >:iii(l the iiiclosino-
liilUidcs of a soiiicw hat fell ilt- >oil aic lira\ily I iiiilirrf*!. The Soutli-
»M"ii liacklu'lTV ( ( r/f/'s ////.v.sv'.v.v/yy//V/^s/'.s), iioiK'V locust, and lur«^<', swi'ct
or vv<{ )i\\\\\ ( Li<jiii<l<i mini r sfi/r(ic!lf I'll), hccoiiH' iiioi't' fi"('(|U<'iil aiiionu-
tlic al»uiulaiit cow oak, Southoni icd oak, Spanish oak. and tlic more
scattered tulip trees, white ash. and iiickories ot tlie h)wlands. and tlie
scarce Ithick wahuit. The tiiid)er orowth on the hirjjfei' Irifmtai'ies of
the ^\'an•ior. jjarticuhirlv the MulboiTV fork and its numerous hrancbes
(("ane. Lost, \\'olf. and others) crossed l>y tlie writer, has been hut
sliehtly i'lici'oached upon. 'I'he loblolly })ine is confined to the luirrow
bottoms along the ])ank8 of the streams. In the semiswampy bottom
of the Luxa])allila. of a cold, somewhat sandy . and com]jact soil, this j)ine
is found of lare«> dimensions, scatter«'d among beech, sweet gum, willow
oak. cow oak, water oak, and laurel oak, the last two now becoming
more frequent than observed farther north. The hillsides with a fresh
soil and the openings in tliese forests are in the spring and early sum-
mer adorned by the flowers of tlie uml)rella tree {Magiuflm tripetala)^
Fraser magnolia (M.frdscr't)^ and lai"ge-leaf magnolia (J/! iinKTophyJla)^
})y the ])l()()m of the Carolina silverbell, and b}' the profusion of the
delicate white-flowered spikes of the small-flowered buckeye {Aescvlus
parviflfrra) and the dense clusters of Ilydrangea quercifolld^ known
as sevenbark, l)oth of these shrubs, strictly southern Appalachian,
extending along the mountains to South Carolina and southwestern
Virginia, respectively, and southward to the Tertiary hills.
The importance of the forests of the ''Hill Country of Alabama,"
the great mineral region of the State, in connection with the wealth
hidden in the ground beneath them, can not be too highly appreciated.
The mining of every ton of coal requires half a cubic foot of timber.
To this demand of the miner nmst be added the large drafts upon
these forests for charcoal and foi' lundjer, which are augmenting with
the rapid increase of the population at the centers of mining and other
industries.
Her}}aceoi(j< ]d(i'>^>i o^fKociationfi. — The her])aceous flora of the Lower
Hills, with its associations of species common on the table-lauds and
in the higher valleys of the mountain region, mingling with forms
more or less fre((uent in the Louisianian area, differs but slightly in
its general character from the similarlj' mixed flora of the southern
edge of the metamorphic region. Characteristic, however, is the
occurrence of a few endemic types confined to a single localitv in this
region and of others of a peculiarl}' local distribution rarely found
elsewhere in the Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Neviusia aZaham-
eiisw has already been mentioned as a monotype endemic to this
region. To this is to be added Croton alabamensU^ presently to be
further discussed. Phacelia Mpmnata hrevistylis is known only from
the banks of the Warrior River near Tuscaloosa, and Cromnia pauci-
HERBACEOUS FLORA OF OAHABA VALLEY AND WARRIOR BASIN. 93
ii(yra is known in the State only from the same locality, though it is
found also in western Florida on the banks of the Apalachicola near
the Georgia State line, A notable instance of disjoined range is that
of Solidago curtisi!.^ which also occurs near Tuscaloosa. It is chiefly
a plant of the high mountains of Virginia, North Carolina, and Ten-
nessee. Eupatorium incamatum^ which is found on the banks of
North River (Tuscaloosa County) ranges from northwestern Louisiana
and eastern Texas to east Tennessee and South Carolina. The fol-
lowing species, recorded in the order of their times of flowering,
descend from the Tennessee Valley and the mountain region and on
these hills find their southern limit:
Sanguinaria canadensis. Folemonium reptarijf.
Anemone quinquefolia. Phacelia purshii.
Synrlesrnon thalidroides. Heuchera americana.
Isopyrum biternatum. ■ Heuchera villosa.
Uvularia grandiflora. Porteranthus slipulacea.
Uvularla sessilifolia. Sabbatia boykinii.
Dentai~ki laciniaia multifida. Verbesina helianthoides.
Anemone caroliniana. Verbesina alternifolia.
Anemone virginica. Campanula divaricata.
Saxifraga virginiensis. Mimidus alatus.
Viola sagittata. Solidago nemoralis.
Viola pubescens. Solidago amplexicaulis.
Actaea alba. Solidago flexicaulis.
Bicucidla cucullaria. Aster shortii.
Washingtonia longistylis. Aster camptosorus.
Obolaria virginica.
In their extreme southern continuation the Alleghanian spurs pene-
trate the Central Pine belt in Bibb County, there reduced to low, short
ridges. Their outcrops, consisting of the oldest Silurian sandstones
and cherts and Subcarboniferous limestones, give rise on this narrow
area to a diversity of soil conditions, and hence their plant associa-
tions, generally of xerophile character, present a remarkable variety.
Among the arboreal vegetation Acer jioridanum is found. This
maple, below medium size, occurs also in middle Florida and on the
Tertiary hills in the upper division of the coast pine belt. It is here
for the first time encountered by one coming from the northern part
of the State.
After a long series of 3'ears of doubt concerning the existence of
Quercux hreviloha in Alabama, it was found in this region by the
writer on the limestone hills lining the Little Cahaba River in 1882,
more than forty years after it was first credited to the State by
Buckle}', who also discovered this tree subsequently in southern
Texas. Under the shade of an open grove formed by this stately
oak, in a rocky valley near Pratts Ferry, Croton alahamensis was dis-
covered by Dr. E. A. Smith, forming dense thickets several acres in
04 PLANT LIFK oK M-AHAMA.
(\\t»Mit. It is :i slnult <>r ji drcidcdly (lopical li:it)it. |)r(>|)crly Itcloiitrin^^
to lilt' West rndian sul)ircnus Klt'iilci-ia. I'idiii !<' to l.") U>v.i hif^li,
st|u:nroscl\ liraiiclicd I'l-oiii the Icisc. and conspicuoits hy the. scurfy
i'o\ criiii:' <'t" silvery scjilcs on tin- Itrancldcts and lower sides of the,
lea\»'s. i'lie llowei's o])en from early in March to the middle of
Ai)ril. liy (lie end of the latter niontli the foliaj^e of the, previous
year is replaced 1)V new leaves. It appears certain that this int«restin«r
shruh is strictly confined to this secluded valley near the hanks of
Little C'ahaba Rivei-. The abundant white, star-like flowers of the
densely tufted Sedum nevii. eidiven the moss-covered rocks lieneath
these thickets of Croton. This prett}' plant is also found n(>ar Tusca-
loosa and is recorded from the mountains of southern \'ir«(inia and
from the Cumberland Mountains in Tennessee. Vedtei^iiti l(U'tei)imu^
extending to northw^estern Louisiana and eastern Texas, and Arahis
jHifcfiK^ extending- to the Alh^ghenian area, occur on the shaded rocky
Ixn-ders. Of xerophile plants, Cairnjanula divaj'icata^ frequent in the
Metamorphic and Coosa hills, is found on exposed cliffs with Gilia
eoroiuipifolia., the latter ranging* from the middle country of South
Carolina to the plains of Arkansas and Texas. Of rarer plants occur-
ring here are Mdnhdlla Umceolata^ ranging from Cxeorgia to Tennessee
and North Carolina, and Silene regia^ conspicuous ])y its rich panicles
of flaming scarlet flowers, also at home in the prairies of southern
Illinois and of the lower Ohio. Many a fern from the mountains
finds here the southern limit of its distribution on the rocky, shaded
banks of brooklets and streams. Of such may be enumerated:
rherioplerin hexagonoptera. Aspleidum filix-foemina.
Axplenium ruta-muraria. Cheilanthes lanosa.
Aspknium inontanum. Cheilanthes alabamerum.
Asplenium panmlum. Woodsia obtusa.
Asplenium (richoiiianes. Dnjopteris marginaJ.in.
L.OUISIANIAN AREA OR FLORA.
Descending from the hills of the older (Paleozoic) formations, con-
sisting of the extreme southern members of the Appalac^hian mountain
system, the Austroriparian or Louisianian area of the Lower Austral
life zone is reached. This area wdthin the State is thus coterminous
with the vast Coastal ])laiM. The elevation of this plain scarcely
exceeds at any point 3o(> feet above sea level, and in its gradual decline
to the (xulf shore presents great uniformity in its topography. Undis-
turbed by local influences due to great differences in elevation, the
distribution of heat here follows the lines of latitude. In consequence
the climate does not run to extremes. The following are data of tem-
perature and rainfall obtained at Greenville, Butler County, the most
^Gaiesia laetevirens A. Gray.
CHARACTERS OF LOUISIANIAN AREA.
95
centrally located .station where meteorological observations have been
made during- a series of years:
Temperature (degrees F.).
Mean pre-
Maximum.
Minimum.
Mean.
(inches) .
Winter.
51
64
79.4
74
14 12
16.10
16 85
1
11.33
i
94
11
65
58 40
The heat during the warmest season is tempered by the Gulf breezes
prevailing from forenoon to late in the afternoon. The Aapor-laden
currents from the Gulf in their unhindered sweep over the plain dis-
charge their moisture quite evenly throughout the year.
It has been shown that man}^ of the plants frequent throughout the
Carolinian area and types characteristic of the southern exposures of
the Alleghany Mountains find their southern limit of vegetation on
the hills bordering upon the coastal plain. A similar limitation has also
been pointed out for a number of shrubs and trees, clearl}- marking
the border line between the Upper and Lower Austral life zones.
This zonal border, marked by trees strictly confined to the Louisianian
area of the Lower iVustral zone throughout its extent from east to west,
not only in Alabama, but from the Atlantic coast to the eastern border
of the Southwestern arid plains, deviates Ijut slightl}" from the line of
latitude 3!^° 30', and is clearly indicated bv the northwestern limit of
the following species:
Magnolia foetida [M. grandiflora L.) (mag-
nolia) .
HicoriainyriMiraeformis (nutmeg hickory) .
Hicoria aquafica (bitter pecan) .
Quercus laurifolia (laurel oak) .
Quercus lyrata (overcup oak) .
Quercus catesbaei (turkey oak) .
Pinus glabra (Southern spruce \nne) ,
The evergreens, consisting of pines on the light siliceous soils and
of broad-leaved species in the mesophile forest, predominate largely
over the deciduous forest growth, and the frequency of types identical
with tropical forms, or closely allied to them, impress upon the vege-
tation of this life area the character of the subtropical regions.
The cultural plant formations of these regions, and confined within
the limits of this zone, are:
Gossyplum herbaceum (cotton) .
Zra mays (Indian corn) .
Saccharitm offidnarum (tropical sugar
cane) .
Oryza saliva (rice) .
Sorghum vulgare (Durrha, Kafir i-orn) .
The growing of the cereals of this list replaces almost exclusively
the cultivation of small grain.
Sorglmiii halcpeui^r (false (-ruinea or Jolm-
son grass) .
J'eniciUaria sjyicala (cat-tail millet) .
Panicum barbinode (Para grass) .
Chaetochloa italica (Italian millet) .
\)C> I'LANT MFK oF ALAI5AMA.
()!' :irl»<irtal foiiiiMl ions tlii^ poach, H<j. prar. plum, pomo^rjinuto,
and, ill slicltcit'd situations, the sweet and Wittei* oi'iinjre and locjuat, or
.lapanese medlar ar«> cultivated, and also the jirape. Thes(> fruits are,
ho\ve\"er. not yet phmtcd .sufficiently to form large orchards.
KKGION Of THE CENTKAL I'lNE JiELT.
Physiographical features. — A belt of sands and pehhles <-r()sses the
v'^tate almost ccMitrally in a southeastern and northwestern direction
and separates the Paleozoic formation from the more recent siMlimentary
(Mesozoic) strata. This belt, varying from about 10 to a little over
35 miles in width, (extends from Russell County to a short distance
west of Tuscaloosa County, where, with a sudden ])end toward th(\
north, it merges into thi^ Lower Hills, which arc^ clad with a mixed
forest of short-leaf pine and u])hind hard-wood trees. Between the
water courses the undulating surface frequently spreads out into
more or less level table-lands.
Xeropliile and iiie^opldle foreaU. — Wherever the sandy loam forming
the surface soil becomes deeper, the long-leaf pine is associated with
post oak, Spanish oak, black oak, black-jack, pigimt, and mockernut
hickory, and where the more siliceous soil prevails the long-leaf pine
alone forms continuous forests of a heavy timber growth, which furnish
the supplies demanded by the active lumber industry established along
the railroad lines traversing this })elt.
Entering this region at the northern border, the turke}' or barren
oak and the blue jack make their appearance and are frequent com-
panions of the long-leaf pine of the dr3'-pinc barrens farther south;
and of evergreen shrubs and trees, which line the streams throughout
the maritime pine belt, the sweet illicium {llliciuin floridanum)^ ti-ti
{('llftonl<iiaon<)p}iyll(i)^ and red l)ay {Pers.ea Carolina) are here met with.
The limbs of the large trees, shading their banks, arc now invested with
the somber gray drapery of Spanish moss, and this, together with the
appearance of the dwarf or blue palmetto {Sahal adansonii) and arbor-
escent lilies ( Yucca alolfolia^ Y. Jilanien.tosa)^ indicates that the sub-
tropical region of the State has been entered. On the southern border
of this central pine belt, in localities with a fresh moist soil, the
magnolia is found from Russell Count}^, at the eastern confine of the
State, to Prattville and to York Station on the western boundary.
The northern limit of the Southern spruce pine {Pvaus glabra) proceeds
ver}^ nearly along the same line.
Xerophile and TTbesophjile herbaceous plant associations. — The follow-
ing herbaceous plants of the Louisianian area find their northern limit
in this region and are but occasionally found to obtrude beyond it
FEATURES AND CLIMATE OF CENTRAL PRAIRIE REGION. 97
upon the adjacent lower hills. Belonging to xerophile associations
are :
Paspalum ciliatum.
Paspalum dasyphyllum.
Panicum nashianum.
Muhlenbergia trichopodes.
Eragrostis hirsuta.
Gymnopogon ambiguus.^
Cyperus fiUcfulmis. ^
Cyperus ovidaris.^
('ommelina nudiflora.^
Belonging to niesophile
Paspalum praecox.
Paspalum dilatatum.
Panicum melicarium.
Fuirena squarrosa hispida.^
Rynchospora axillaris.
Carex verrucosa.^
Carex debilis pubera.^
Carex baileyi.
Kobresia odorata.
Xyris iridifolia.
Commelina tnrginica.^
Bradburya virginica.^
Meibomia stricta. '
Breweria humisiraia.
Clinopodium {Calaminthu) carolinianum.
Verbena caroliniana.
Vemonia graminifolia.
Solidago petiolaris}
Ladnaria elegans.^
associations:
Xyris torta.^
Xyris caroliniana. '
Smilax laurifoliu.
Atamosco {Zephyranthes) atamasco.
Pogonia divaricata. '
Gyrostachys praecox.^
Amsonia ciliiata.
Jacquemontia tamnifolia.
Breweria humistrata. '
Brintonia discoidea.^
CENTRAL PRAIRIE REGION.
PHYSIOGKAPHICAL FEATURES.
This floral region comprises the plain of Cretaceous rocks which
crosses the State in a belt from 35 to 45 miles wide, its mean ele-
vation above the Gulf of Mexico scarcely exceeding 200 feet. It is
inclosed at its northern and at its southern limit between the pine-
clad hills, which rise from 150 to 250 feet above the depression of the
plain. Rarely perfectly level, the plain rises in broad swells above
the sluggish water courses. Westward the water courses of this
plain are the tributaries of the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers, and
toward the east they empty into the numerous bays which indent the
coast of western Florida or into the Chattahoochee River, It covers
an area roughly estimated to exceed somewhat 5,000 square miles,
embracing all, or nearly all, of Greene, Hale, Dallas, Lowndes, Mont-
gomery, Macon, and Bullock counties, and parts of Sumter, Marengo,
Perry, Autauga, Pike, and Russell.
The following climatic data are furnished by the records of the mete-
orological station at Montgomery, extending over twenty-two years:
Data of temperature and rainfall.
Annual. Winter. Spring. Summer.
Fall.
Mean temperature degrees P. .
Rainfall inches. .
Cloudy days percentage. .
63.3
51.4
47
50
17.1
55
66.6
16.74
44
80
12.22
47
65.4
8.54
43
^ Less frequently found north of the Central Pine belt.
15894 7
08
PLANT LIKE <»F M. A MA MA.
'Plu- last killiii*,'- fiosl liappcns luiwmi llic middle <>\' l<\'l>nmrv and
hitter part of April, on the avcrai,''*'. alMnil tlir Mli or li»tli of March.
The iiiaxinmiii tcnipcraturr was in .Inly !<»(; ; the iiiiiiiiiiiiin in Jami-
uarv .') .' 'I'lu' course of tlic tcnipcratarc. which has siicli a ])<)t(Mit
iiifhiciu-c on phmt ^'•rowlli. is Itcst n'])rcs('ntcd in the foUowinj^ series
of tlie absohite and averaj^f minima antl maxima for each iM<^ntli (hir-
inir the same ])eriod:
Serien of maximum and minimujn lemperalurat.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct
Nov.
Dec.
Mrtxininm:
75.5
73.3
5.4
19.3
81. -.2
76.9
14
24.5
86.3
80.8
25
33.2
90
86.8
30
40.5
99
93.5
44
50.7
105
97.1
48
61. 1
106.9
98.9
60.8
69
103
%
59
65.5
98
93
40
52.7
96.1
86.3
31
40
83
79
21
29.1
79
72.7
Minimum:
Absolute
8
22.8
.xickoi'hii.k forests.
7hsf-/>ak prnir'u'H. — All over the region, particularly on the highest
swells, the drifted clayey loams, sand.s, and pebbles mingle with the
soil resulting from the decomposition of the underlying limestone
strata, and give rise to light, more or less sandy, loams or heavy cal-
careous clay soils, covered with open xerophile forests of Spanish oak,
black oak, black jack, post oak, the last predominating, associated
with mockernut and pignut hickory. Where the heavy claj' soils
prevail, destitute of humus, water-soaked during seasons of rain and
leaking to a hard crust during droughts, these so-called post oak prai-
ries have been Imt little encroached upon. Under the cover of the
brush the gramineous plant formations predominate, while sedge
grasses (Cyperaceae) aboiuid in the more shaded and wet situations.
For example, EJeocharlx tuhrcnlom^ E. (nmta^ and Oyperua pHeiido-
vegetiis^ on the borders of ditches and pools; Care.r triceps^ a very
di.stinct southern t3'pe, occurring from South Carolina to central
Texas, ))ut not in this State north of the southern edge of the nieta-
morphic hills; C. Jurxata^^ C. ohlita^ C. sterills^^ C. lurlda,^ common
throughout the Carolinian area; O. ox(/lepls, C. cherokeensh^ C. drhills
puhera of a more southern range; together with Ptinlewn, melicariuni^
P. anceps^ and Uniola la-m.^ In drier and more exposed places:
Sclerin triglomerata ' (abundant) .
Alliuvi canadcnse.^
Quamasia esculenta}
Lobelia appendiculata.
The last is a stately perennial of the Louisianian area known from
a few localities between South Carolina and northwestern Louisiana.
^ See footnotes p. 26.
^ Rarely found north of the Central Pine belt.
Steironema dliatum. '
Steironema lanceoJutum.
Pemtemon hirsutu.i.^
Hibiscus incanus.
HILL PRAIRIES AND PRAIRIE REGION. 99
The ubiquitous bush clovers, Japanese clover, and tick-trefoils in a
large measure take possession of the drier and lighter soil in the post
oak woods.
Where the limestone strata come near to the surface and the soil is
not of sufficient depth to support a heavier tree growth, the oaks and
hickories give wa}^ to copses of small trees and shrubs, among which
hawthorns of different species are most abundant. Characteristic
species are:
Crataegus coccinea (scarlet haw.)' PrumiH ninlteUata (prairie, plvun) .
Crataegus molle (black thorn) .^ Bumelia lycioides (false southern buck-
Crataegus crm-galU (cockspur thorn) . ' thorn) .
Crataegus fava (summer haw.) Rhamnus caroliniami (Carolina buck-
Crataegus viridis (red haw.) thorn).
Pyrus angustifolia (southern crab apple). Ptelea trifoliata (trefoil hoi) tree).'
These coppices form isolated boskets in the open or skirt the post-
oak prairies, and when covered in the spring with the snow}' white
Howers of hawthorns, plums, and crab apples or adorned in autmnn
with their lurid red and flaming scarlet fruits, impart to the landscape
a peculiar charm, relieving the monotony of the interminable fields
of cotton.
Hill prairies. — On the hills bordering the plain northward and
southward and on the highest ridges within the plain, capped like the
hills with drifted siliceous deposits, the short-leaf pine mingles with
the hard-wood trees, while the longleaf pine makes its appearance on
the most abrupt of their summits. Where on these hills the drifted
soils have been removed by denudation, the rich black soil of the
prairies or calcareous marls prevails, covered either with the white
oaks and hickories, or with cedar hammocks. These so-called hill
prairies are mostly under cultivation, and the abandoned exhausted
fields have been taken possession of by shortleaf and loblolly pine.
East of the Alabama River, particularly on the divide between the
waters of the Tallapoosa and those of the tributaries of the Chattahoo-
chee, Choctawhatchee, and Conecuh rivers, the plain becomes broken
into low hills, and the drifted deposits mingle largely with the soils
of the rotten limestone. On these hills the timber growth, through
the frequent interspersion of the shortleaf pine, assumes the same
mixed character which prevails in the adjoining upper division of the
Maritime pine belt.
In the ravines and the narrow valleys the Southern spruce pine
{Pitius glah'a) with magnolias and cucumber trees is of frequent
occurrence.
MESOPHILE FORESTS.
Prcdrie regimi. — The term ''prairie region,'' applied to this plain,
refers less to the timberless tracts which originally formed a small
fraction of its area than to the black, calcareous, highly fertile soil of
' Rarely found north of the Central Pine belt.
100 PLANT LIKK OF ALAHAMA.
tlicsc iH)liiii(l>. wliicli, Ix-iiij^- rich in liiiiiiiis. as a I'csult of the rcju'tioii
of its calcari'oiis »(mstitu»'tits upon \ ('{^'•(.tuldr matter, closely rcsomhlos
the «Miually j)ro(liictiv(^ soil of the western treeless prairies. Before
its .settleiiiciit hy whites this re<iioii was harj^ely covered hy forests of
a decithnlly inesopliile character, mostly of hardwood trees, in some
localities mixed with i"ed cedar. On the fertile uplands the forest has
been almost entirely icmoved; the >)ottoms of the Alabama and Toni-
bit^bee rivers and their lart^est tril)utai'i(\s, where sub]'(M*t to overflow,
are still heavily timl»ered with a mesophile, growth of cow oak, over-
cup oak {Qiiercus lyrata)^ laurel oak {Qiiercna Imirifolia)^ water oak,
red or sweet gum — in such perfection as this tre(> attains only in the
Atlantic forests of the lower latitudes — beech, mockernut {Hiroria
alha)^ and bitternut hickory {Ilicoria minima)^ all draped with Spanish
moss. A fine elm is also frecpiently met with here of a stui'dy growth,
often fully 2 feet in diameter, the branchlcts covered with corky fiat
expansions of the bark. Although not seen in flower or fruit this
tree certainly is distinct from the Avhite elm {Vhiotx (imericdna)^ and
is doubtless identical with the Southern white elm lateh^ discovered by
Messrs. Sargent and Canby near Huntsville, and described in the suc-
ceeding catalogue. With the rise of the land above overflow tulip
trees, linden, mulberry, stately magnolias, hackberr}-, and red bay
{Persea horhanica) mingle with the trees of the bottom. The diversitj'
of the arboreal vegetation increases further on the broad swells of the
uplands with a rich dark soil, as is apparent from the rather scanty
remains of their tree covering observed between Uniontown and De-
mopolis. On these rich uplands the Texas white oak ( Quercus hrevilolxi)^
commonly known in this section as pin oak, is found most frequent and
in the same perfection as in the rich bottom lands of southern Texas,
rivaling in size the common white oak. This ))eautiful oak is at once
recognized b}" the diverse shapes of the leaves, which frequentl}' vary
on the same tree from oblong-lanceolate and entire to broadly ovate or
obovatc and obtusely three-lobed at the apex; and also by the small
fruit. The post oak, in its best-developed state, is frequently associated
with the above. Black walnut, frequently mentioned in the records
of earlier times, is at present extremely scarce; in fact, as a timber
tree it has disappeared from these forests. The pecan {Hico7'ia pecan)
and nutmeg hickory {Hicoria Tnyristicaefonnis) are frequently scat-
tered among the oaks throughout the woodlands of this region in the
basin of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers. There can be no doubt
about the pecan being indigenous to this region, although heretofore
not regarded as a native of the eastern Gulf region outside of the
Mississippi and Yazoo deltas. Groves of full-grown trees, which must
have been in existence before the arrival of the first white settlers, are
remembered by very old inhabitants. A few of these landmarks of
the original forest growth still survive, surrounded by their ofispring
TREES AND SHRUBS OF PRAIRIE REGION.
101
of succeeding generations, notably on a plantation near Faunsdale,
Dallas County. Generalh'^ this tree has disappeared with the oak forest
on the fertile lands, and is at present found only in the small groves
of oaks saved from destruction to shade the grounds around the dwell-
ings of the planters. The nutmeg hickory, when full grown, resembles
the shagbark hickory" in its pale, shreddy bark, but it is readily dis-
tinguished from the latter b}^ the silvery hue of the lower surface of
the leaves and the smaller fruit, with a thin epicarp inclosing the per-
fectly smooth nut, which simulates the nutmeg in size and shape. By
the discovery of the nutmeg hickory in this region, and of its exten-
sion into Mississippi, the northern limit of the distribution of this tree
from the Atlantic slope in South Carolina to Texas and northern
Mexico, following with hardh" any deviation, the same parallel of lati-
tude, is now clearl}^ established.
Of trees of smaller size the pawpaw {Asimina triloba)^ red bud {Cer-
cis canadensis)^ Carolina buckthorn {RlMmnus caroliniaiui)^ and of
shrubs the spice bush {Benzoin {Laurus) henzoin)^ form the undergrowth
and frequent the openings. Vitis aestivalis^ the vigorous summer
grape, Vitis chierea^ Vitis rotundifolia^ the slender-stemmed bullace
grape, and the supple jack {BercJwmia voluhilis)^ ascend the highest
trees without visible support below the lofty summits, where these
members of the liana formation spread out their branches, and under
a fuller exposure to the sun unfold their flowers and ripen their fruit.
With these are associated a number of others of the same plant
formation, namely:
Bignonia crueigera (cross vine) . Ampelopsis arborea ( Vitis bipinnata Torr.
Parthenocis.ms quiiiquefoUa (Virginia & Gr.) (pepperidge vine).
creeper) . Ampelopsis cordata.
Tecoma radicans (trumpet vine) .
These vigorous woody climbers cover with their festoons the borders
of these forests as it were with an impenetrable curtain of green.
Smaller woody and herbaceous perennial climbers entangling the
bushes and smaller trees are:
Smilnx bona-nox (greenbrier) .
Smilax laurifolia (greenbrier) .
Smilax lanceolata (greenbrier) .
Brunnichia cirrhosu .
CebaUia Carolina.
Anstolochia tomentosa.
Calycocarpum lyonii (cup vine) .
Schizundra cocdnea.
The last is a type of the Louisianian area, sparsely distributed from
South Carolina to northwestern Louisiana. Nowhere is the poison
ivy {Rhus radicans) found of more luxuriant growth and in greater
abundance than in the openings of the damp forests. Taking a firm
hold in the bark of trees with its innumerable rootlets, the stem creeps
up to the top of the highest trunks, which are completely hidden by
the long horizontal branches of this creeper when covered with their
soft, rich foliage.
ID'J I'LANT MKK (»K AI-.\HA.M\.
Cihir hiiiiunorl-s. ( )ii llic liiu-llcsl s\vrll> (if llic lilaili wlici-c tllC
>lr:il:i i>r tlif idtlni liiiiotoiir :irc <t\ t'rl:ii<l l>v liiililtT l<>:iiiis poorer in
liiMiiii>, (U'cj), and of iM'rf('«( <li:iin:iL:f. fonsls |»rt\:iil of a niixrd-l rcc
oTowtli. consist ini;" <»f tlir followini^^:
Fnu-inii)' iiiniriraiKi ( white ash). Vlinnn amirininn (wliite ehii).
Qutrriis Itiiiri/oriu (hiurel oak). Am- mrrliiirniii /«//•/«//((/// (small-leaf su>.'ar
Cilli^ inisKi.sxip/iiiiiKis ( hackherry) . maple).
(Jill rrux ti.rdiiii (Southern re.l oak I . .Iinii/xrns rin/iiiiniiu (reil <'e<lar).
Ofioinally tlic fed cedar foi-nicd alioiil :'>(» pci- cent of the tinihcr
oi-owtli. 'I'lu' oTound iK'iiciitli is dcnscU- shaded l)\- the foUowino-;
Axiuiiiia trilnliii (pawjiaw). Zniillio.riilnin rlaiu-lirrriili.^ (Southern
Ilcr (leckliui (lU-eiduous holly) . prickly ash).
Adelin li(fu.i(riii<t (Southern privet).
Tht' red cedar of these foi-ests is of most \iu()7-()us orowth. the
smooth trunk free of lind) for a hoij^ht of from oO to;")!) feet and from
10 to 20 inches and oxer in diameter, and less iiHected l»y decay than
in the northern jjart of tlie Stiite. These cedar hammocks once
formed detached tracts extendine- over many sqmii-e mih\s. At
present only a few remnants of ihvAu are left, and these are doomed
to speedy destruction ])y the drafts made upon theii- valuable timber
and throuu-h the injuries constantly iidlicted ui)on the younj^ u-rowth
])y live stock.
MESOI'IIILK irEUB.XCKOrS PL.WT .\SS(XIATIOXS.
Ill the shade of these forests, as o})served on the banks of Big Prairie
Creek, the herl)aceous plant associations are poorly represented by
mesophile six'cies more or less conunon throuo-hout the Carolinian
area. Some of the spticies are:
Adlcea vrdcaefolia. Vinretoxiciun laeve.
Impadeiix I>iHor<i. Tirpocdrjiiix iieihusae.
TluiKpiiun (iiirruin. Diiirli'ii mil It [flora.
Vhicetoxiciivi {(/()))i)lol»i.t) li'indiinm.
The Tr<'p<>c<ii']>H.^ is frecpKMit in eastern Texas, l)ut has heretofore
been known in the eastern Gulf States oidy as a fugitive on ballast in
several localities. The Dioclea has been known from a few localities
in Georgia, and especially along the Tjuxa])allila River, near Columbus,
Miss., and is alnuuhmt in the bottoms of the Mississippi and Yazoo
deltas.
dnuhi'iil-ex. — The most i)rominent feature in the vegetation of this
region consists of the extensive tracts of cane, arborescent grasses of
the bamboo tribe, which prevail throughout the depression of the plain.
The large cane {AnindlmiTin macTOHperina) iidiabits the alluvial bot-
toms more or less submerged for the greater i)art of the year, and the
small or switch cane {A. tecta) prevails in ihe open as well as in the
HABITS OF THE LARGE AND THE SMALL CANE. 103
forest on the low plains which rise above the water courses and are
subject to overflow onh^ at the time of high freshets. So conspicuous
was this formation in the western part of the plain that it is called
emphatically the '"'canebrake region." At present a comparatively
small representation of the smaller cane remains. It occupied the
most fertile lands, and these were claimed for the plow b}'' the earliest
settlers. Although the growth was so dense as to be almost impene-
trable, it was easily eradicated, being susceptible to the efl:'ects of fire.
The strips of the large cane which lined the banks of the larger
streams subject to frequent overflow have for the most part remained
intact. These two species, which resemble each other so closely in
habit, differ greatl}^ in their modes of reproduction, a subject of much
interest of which but little is as yet known and one which invites the
attention of the investigator of the ecological relations of plants, and
no less that of the agriculturist, on account of the value of the canes
as pasture plants. Anindmaria tecta rarely exceeds the height of 12
to 15 feet, and the slender culm branched from the base is seldom half
an inch in thickness. Early in spring, apparentl}" every three or four
years, the paniculate flowers are produced on naked radical shoots
scarcely exceeding 18 inches in height, while the tall flowerless canes
are sent up every season from the long creeping rhizomes. Arutidi-
naria riiacrospenna^ from 15 to 30 feet high and frequently an inch
and over in diameter, produces the panicles of its flowers in the axils
of the branches at long and indefinite intervals of time. It is evident,
therefore, that generations may pass by l)efore the spectacle of such a
canebrake in bloom i.s evei" witnessed. For example, in the beginning
of the summer of 1890 the inhabitants of Russell County were aston-
ished suddenly to find the large canebrakes bending under the burden
of their heavy, nutritious grains, which attracted large numbers of
birds and beasts. The farmers regarded this as an entirely new plant,
and, finding their stock grew fat upon the seed, stored away quanti-
ties of it, not onl}' for future feeding, but under the delusion that if
sown it would constitute a crop of small grain equal in value to any
previously grown. But in the light of experience it is to be presumed
that a period of not less than forty to fifty j^ears has to pass before the
propagation of this plant by sexual reproduction takes place. With
the maturity of the seed the vitality of the plant is exhausted and the
cane decays. In the succeeding season, from the spontaneous stocking
of the ground with an abundance of seed, a new crop springs up.
The seedlings produce no branches during the first 3"ear. These
simple sprouts, which are known as "'mutton cane," are tender and
sweet and afford the best of pasturage. They are particularly sought
after by bears, which find in the impenetrable deusit}" of the canebrake
their securest retreats.
104 PLANT T.IKK oK ALABAMA,
t A.MI'RSTKIAN I'l.ANT AKSOCI ATIONS.
Huhi jtntii'its. '\\\v ciiiinciiccs of llic lower swells of the phiin with
the strata of the liineslone near the sui-face and destitute, of ar))oreal
growth are called hald prairies. Win re\ er the soil is not too shallow
to he cultivat^^d, these op(Mi })i-airie lands are devoted to the i)rodu<'-
tion of ctjrn, oats, or forage crops, and oidy the poorest spots remain
in the original state. These hald prairies can he regarded as the true
home of the original camp(\strian flora, wiiicli is peculiai" to a calcare-
ous soil rich in hunuis and with a sunny I'xposure. Many of its typos
are hold in connnon with the plant associations prevalent on the grassy
timhorle.ss plains of eastern North America. Those ty])os have spread
all over the crot^icoous depression wherever the forest has heen
removed, and find I'ofuge also on the herders of fields and woods, and
in waste places and a])andoned grounds. Of grasses the following are
most common in the open, except the last two, which prefer sheltered
borders:
Paspaluiii kteve.^ Eragroatis capillariit.^
Paspalum distlchum. Eragrostis refrarla.^
Panicum flexile. ' Eragrostis purxh il. '
Panlcum antuvmale.^ Poa compreifm.^
Aiidrupogon furcalu.s. ' Elymus virginicuH. '
SiegUngla seslerioides.^ Broinus unioloides.
Bouteloua curtipendtda.^ l^niola latifoUu.
The following introduced and advcntive weeds invade cultivated
grounds, the last two named ineradicable and seriously iniurious to
the crops:
Paspalum dUatatwn. Surghutn hnleperm'.
Eleusine indica.^ Cypeni>t ml and as.
Sorghum sativum.
Associated with the grasses are the following species widely distrib-
uted in the open of the Carolinian area:
Hypericum sphaerocarpum.^ Verbena anguslifolia.^
Kuhnistera Candida.^ Verbena canadensis {V. aubfe(ia).^
Kuhnistera purpurea.^ Eupatoriiun altissimum (rare).^
Acuan illinoensis.^ Euputorium serotinum.^
Cassia multipinnata.^ Silphium ladniatum.^
Polygala mariana.^ Siiphium, scaberrirnum.^
Limun siUcatitm.^ Siiphium trifoUatuni.^
Euphorbia diclyosperma.^ Hrauneria pallida.^
Onagra biennis.^ Rndbeckia trilobata.^
Gaura michauxii.^ Helianthus hirsutus.^
Polytaenia nuttallii.^ Helianthus divaricatus.^
Asclepias obovata.^ Coreoptsis lanceolata.^
Asclepiodora viridis. Lepachys pinnata. '
Heliotropium tenellum. Mesadenia plantaginifolia.^
Myosotis vema.
^ Also found north of the Central Pine belt.
AGRICULTURE OF CENTRAL PRAIRIE REGION. 105
Of other herbaceous plants belonging to the same campestrian asso-
ciation and conlined to the Louisianian area are to be mentioned
Poly gala hoykinU and Xylopleuruin speclosiun^ conspicuous on account
of their large flowers of bright rose color, common on the prairies of
central Texas, southern Arkansas, and northwestern Louisiana and
appearing to be indigenous in Alal^ama, and GaiUardla 'pulchella^
Rudheckia amplexicaulis^ and Monarda citriodm'a^ of the same distri-
bution but less frequent here, and perhaps adventive by the seed hav-
ing come with the seed oats frequently brought from central Texas.
Sand hills near Montgomery. — A peculiar association of xerophile
herbs, remarkable for the occurrence of types not observed elsewhere
in the State, is found on the hills with a loam}', sandy soil, rising
above the cypress swamps on the eastern banks of the Alabama River
near the city of Montgomery. At the base of the hills occur:
Oi7'duus elliottii. Tsopappus divaricatus.
Cnicus benedictus (naturalized from Tragia urticaefolia.
Europe) .
The sides of the hills are covered with xerophile grasses:
Aristida dichotoma. Panicum cognatum.
Eragrostis capillaris. Panicum flexile.
Eragrostis refracta.
The grass is studded with :
Aster undulatus. AUionia hirsuia.
Aster- patens. SUene ovaia.
Kahida eupatoHoides.
The northern Kuhnia is extreme!}^ rare in the State. AUionia
hirsuta is at home in the prairies of the West from Minnesota to
Texas. SUene ovata is found in the exposed ravines of these hills.
It is also found in the Cumberland highlands of Tennessee, and is dis-
tributed somewhat widely in the mountains of the Carolinas and
Georgia.
CULTURAL PLANT FORMATIONS.
This region constitutes the great agricultural region of the State,
celebrated for its large production of cotton. With the decline in the
price of this staple crop during late years greater attention has been
given to the growing of breadstuft's and forage crops. Broad fields
of Indian corn and oats are seen on every hand; and since an increased
interest is taken in the raising of stock, the old fields exhausted by
the continuous practice of the one-crop system are either being con-
verted into wide pastures of Bermuda grass ( Caprlola dactylon) or, to
hasten their recuperation, are planted in white melilot {MelUokis alha).,
known in these parts as Bokhara clover, which, like red clover, as an
ameliorating forage crop for hay and for pasture, has proved of the
greatest benefit on the exhausted calcareous prairie lands. In the
beginning of the new era in the agriculture of the South, Sorghum
halepetise was extensively raised as a perennial hay crop. After it was
KX) PLANT LIKK oK ALABAMA.
t"()iui(l. how t'vci'. thai in lhi>|)l:iiil an ahii()>l inrraflicabh' jx-stircroiis
weed had lifcii iiit iixhiccd, its cult i\ at ion was rcstricU'd 1<» h)W,
uii<lraint'd tiacts. unlit for dthcf ciMps. Althout^li jx'iichcs, phmis,
pears, the Til:, and j^rapcs succeed on the ri(l«res, the cultivutioii of
these fruits is much neelected. and (h»e-- not sui)|)l\ e\('n a small pait
of tlic home demand.
MAKITIMK I'INK l{K<;i()N.
The t^i'eat hell of lon«(-U'iif pine forest, whicii extends almost w ithout
interrvi})ti()n from soutln'astern Virginia over the eoast rejjion of the
Atlantic States to tlie h)wlands of the Mississippi Rix'ei'. adjoins on its
southern border the C-entrul l*rairie helt.
II'HKK DIVISION (>!•■ TIIK COAST I'lXK Hi:i/I' oK UK(iIi)N oF MIXKl) IKIvK (JKoWTII.
I*]iijKi(Ki rujiliiciil frutnnx. — In tl»e upp<'r part of this ))ine belt, from
South Carolina to eastei'ii Mississippi, a mixed orowth of pine and
l)road-leaved evero-reen trees altei-nates with Indts or rather strips of
pure long-h>af pine forest. In Alabama this region of cone-bearing
and broad-leaved evergreen and deciduous trees is eontined within the
limits of the older Tertiary strata, which in this Statecover about one-
half of the area of the Coast Pine belt, although the beds of drifted
sands and gravels of a more reeent formation overlie the older rocks
in larg(^ areas. In its climatic conditions this region differs ])ut slightly
from the foregoing. Its floral chai'acter is difiicult to define. Broadly
stated, it consists in the increased frequency'' of types which are at home
in the Louisianian aiM^i, and in distinction fi'om regions farther north, of
a tree growth in which, though otherwise similar, the long-leaf pine in
its highest development predominates. Equallj^ difficult is the estab-
lishment of the limits of this floral region. It has been already men-
tioned that the tree growth in the eastern part of the Central Prairie
region is scarcely to l)e distinguished from the forest flora of this
region. Toward the west the border is more clearly outlined by the
hilly uplands of th(> lowest Tertiary strata rising above the Cretaceous
l)lain. The southern border of this region is frequenth'^ overlapped
l)y the pure forests of long-leaf pine of the lower division of the Coast
Pine belt, and it can be defined on stratigraphical grounds onlj' b}^
being identified with the lines which mark the most southern outcrops
of the imderlying Tertiary rocks. Defined on this basis the area in
question contains about 9,000 square miles, occupying the following
counties or portions of counties: Parts of Sumter; all or nearly all of
Choctaw, Clarke, Monroe, Butler, Conecuh; portions of Covington,
Montgomery, Bullock, Barbour, Pike, and nearly all of Coffee, Dale,
and Henry. Along its northern border where the lignitic strata pre-
vail the uplands rise to an elevation at the highest of about 400 feet
above tide water, spreading out into table-lands of greater or less
FORESTS OF UPPER DIVISION OF COAST PINE BELT. 107
width, not rarely interrupted by steep ridges where the lowest Terti-
ary strata offered greatest resistance to erosion. The highest ridges
are frequently capped with the sands and gravels of the Lafayette
formation, which are under cover of the long-leaf pine, as are likewise
the rugged hills of flinty clay stones and siliceous rocks of the buhr-
stone strata which traverse the central part of this region in a south-
easterly and northwesterly direction, sloping toward the east. East
of Patsaliga Creek the hills become less prominent, the softer strata of
the Eocene Tertiary spread out into undulating table-lands, and the
generous brown soil supports the mixed growth of xerophile and
mesophile wood}^ species, evergreen and deciduous, characteristic of
the region. Toward the south the surface becomes less broken. East
of the Alabama River the drifted deposits form broad table-lands
between the streams, occasionally inclosing more or less extensive
tracts with the calcareous strata of the Middle Tertiar}" for the surface
rock, ver}" similar in their soil and vegetation to the post-oak prairies
of the preceding region. In Dale Count}" and westward to the State
line beds of white sand (Ozark sands) overspread the loam}" sands and
gravels, rendering the soil arid and sterile.
West of the Alabama River, in the southern part of Clarke and
Choctaw counties, calcareous strata form the surface rock over large
areas identical in their soil conditions and the character of their vege-
tation with the isolated tracts farther east just mentioned.
Xerojjliile forests.- — The rocky ridges of the Buhrstone, or those
capped with the more recent drifted strata, are covered with magnifi-
cent forests of long-leaf pine which are nowhere surpassed in their
timber wealth within the range of this tree. This applies particularl}"
to the forests which cover the hills between the Alabama and Tom-
bigbee rivers. By careful estimates made upon a number of plots,
selected at random, the yield of a single acre will var}" from 10,000 to
18,000 feet and over of merchantal)le timber. In these forests, which
grow from a deep warm soil consisting of sandy loams, dogwood and
black jack form the scanty undergrowth. The rocky crests and most
abrupt declivities of the highest of these hills afford but a scanty foot-
hold to the pine. The rocky ground is sparingly covered by the fol-
lowing shrubs, all of them bushes, except the last, which is a creeper
branching from the base:
Vaccinium stamineum (deerberry) . Viburnum acerifoliwn (maple-leaved ar-
Gaylussacia dumosa (dwarf huckleberry) . rowwood) .
Vacdrduni myrsinites (bilberry) . Smilax honn-no.r forma pandurata (bam-
boo brier) .
Forests of long-leaf pine predominate wherever the older rocks are
deeply hidden under the sands and gravels, and where this region
passes imperceptibly into the pine uplands of the Lower Division of
the Maritime Pine belt. The herbaceous plant associations in these
108 IM.ANT LIFK <»K ALABAMA.
jtiiif tdiTsts (k) m)t (lillor lioni tliox' tOiiiiiiii:" the soil coxci- in the
ojii'ii pine foivsts of the udjoiiiinu' Lower I'iiic belt.
Xii'<>j>/i!li Jirrl><lrrni(.s J>hnif ((ssoclatlon . — 111 llic plirts A\ licrc tilt' rcjU'-
tion of til*' (It'coinposiiijjf linR'stoiic stnitii upon doi'u^'in^ vc^ctuhlc iiiiit-
t(M- lias produced soil coiidition.s similar to those which prevail in tiie
( 'ciitral l*i-airic rc«,non (w liicli includes the more or less calcareous lands
of thi' post oak prairies and cedar htunmocks), the plant associations
bear the same eampestrian character. In Monroe and Clarke counties
are found the same tall C'ompositae. tojrother with various j)lants of
other families, which are characteristic of that region. The following
species are examples:
JleUanthus iomaitosus. Lithospermum tuberosum.
Helianthus hirmttis. Fliacelia purshii.
^Silphiuin lacinkUum. Verbena canadensis.
SUphiuDi asperrhmun. Acuan {Denutanthus) brachycarpum.
/^Uphium Uievicaule. Morongia horridula.
Lepachys pinnata.
None of the above are met with farther south except the last two,
which extend to the coast plain. Of xerophile and mesophile plants
inhaliiting shaded rocky dells and banks, the following find here their
southern limit:
Hepatica hepatka. Panax quinquefolia.
Anemone decapelala. Collinsonia canadensis.
Ranumnlus recurvalus. Houstoniu caerulea.
On the damp rocks which line the narrow channels of brooks deeply
cut into the limestone strata, the maidenhair fern {Adiantum capillus-
vmerls) occupies every crevice. Toward the southern confines of the
region the following, which grow also in the adjoining region, are
found:
Sida elliottii. CUnopodium carolinianum.
Callirhoe papaver. Koellia albescens.
Scutellaria canescens punctata. Stokesia laevis.
On the limestone l)luffs inclosing the bed of the Alabama River, for
instance near Claiborne, Ulrca jxdustris, a shrub from the Alleghenian
area, finds in deeply shaded situations its extreme southern outpost.
Fhlladelphu-s hwdorux with Ptelea trifoUata and the river grape ( VUis
ripaHa) are also found on the bare ledges of these blutis on the oppo-
site sides of the river. In the southwestern part of this region where
the calcareous prairie soils are mixed with the light loams, the red
cedar once formed a large portion of the timber growth, making a
feature analogous to the cedar hammocks of the Central Prairie region.
The cedar hammocks of this region are at y^resent, however, nearly all
under cultivation, and the few still covered with cedar are rapidly being
stripped of tJieir valuable timber, mostly for use as pencil wood.
In the eastern extension of this region the loose Ozark sands form
FOEESTS OF LOWER HILLS AND LOWLANDS. 109
the arid surface soil, spreading over a large part of western Florida
and southern Georgia. These are covered by very open pine barrens,
and the latter are inhabited by a number of peculiar herbaceous species.
Most widely diffused and abundant are:
Aristida siricta. Koellia nuda.
Panicum xanthospermum. Ceranthera linifoliu.
Eriogonum. tomentosum. Chrysopsis hyssopifolia.
Coleosanthus cordatus. Eupaforium leptophyllum,.
Eupatorium torlifolium. Eupatorium coronopifolium.
Eupatorlum lecheaefolium.
Aristida stricta (wire grass) will be spoken of later as an inhabitant
of the Lower Pine belt. These and other species common to this
region and the dry pine barrens farther south form a scanty covering
for the barren sands.
Mesophile forests. — On the lower flanks of the ridges and on the
lower hills of the Central Pine region the short-leaf pine mingles with
the long-leaf species and with the frequently named upland oaks and
hickories, chinquapin {Castanea j^umUfi)-, and bass wood (7i7/a hetero-
phylla). As the declivities merge into the narrow valleys with a
fresher soil more retentive of moisture, mesophile species gradually
gain the upper hand. Representative trees are:
Magnolia foetida (magnolia). Pirn is glabra (Southern spruce pine) .
Magnolia maavphylia (large-leaf cucum- Quercus nigra (water oak) .
ber tree) . Quercus laurijolia (laurel oak) .
Fagus americana (beech) .
There is a variety of shrubs in the openings and along the borders
of the forest, among which are:
Styrax grandifolia (large-leaved storax A esculus pavi a {red hnckeye) .
bush) . I/ex longipes (holly) .
Illicium floridanum {sweet iWicium) . Butneria {Calycanthus) fiorida, (Carolina
AesaUus parviflora (white-flowered buck- allspice, lowland calycanthus) .
eye) . Chionanthus virginica (fringe tree) .
The first of these is frequent in the Louisianian area from North
Carolina to Louisiana. In these mesophile forests the same species of
the liana formation which prevail in the Central Prairie region are
equally frequent. To the small shrubby climbers are to be added
Clemath cateshaei^ rare from lower South Carolina to Florida and
known in Alabama only from the vicinit}^ of Suggsville, Clarke Count}';
C. reticulata^ infrequent from South Carolina to Texas; C. oris^pa^ fre-
quent on low, damp banks southward to the coast plain; and, finally, the
3'ellow jessamine (Gelsemium), in damp and dry situations throughout
the Maritime Pine belt.
Meso2yhile and paludial forests of the lowlands. — The lowlands of the
flood plain of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers and of their larger
tributaries are heavily timbered. Their first terrace, ov^erflowed only
110 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
in t\\*- timos t>f tho heaviest freshets, is covered with a valuable bard-
wood timber growth of cow oak. Spanish oak. Texa-s or Southern
red «»ak. white :ish. honey locust, and mockernut hickory, destined to
furnish lar«:e .-upplies for the future. On the ahno>t pt'rixtually
submerjTpd l»nks of both of these rivers a fine tirnVK-r growth of Irald
♦ vpress frerjuently forms brakes of <onsiderable extent, occasionally
arromijanied f»y the tu|>'l«» j^uin.
It can \)f safely asserted that fully one-half of the area of this region
i.s under «ov«'r of the long-leaf pine, and that in their timber wealth
these forests surpa-^s by far the pine forests of the lower diWsion of
the Maritime Pine belt From estimates made in varioas districts it
- that fully «^.0<X» feet of merchantable timber can be with safety
1 as the average yield per acre.
JIe>>r/pM/e hertmceoHH plant (Ussociatiorvf. — The following herbaceoiLs
plants, extending hither from the mountain region, tind here their
southern limits:
f'nltimcarpum lijf/nL Frfutera carfAineron».
' Physali^ Virginian
Ariaaema dracvntiui/i.
Yinc^tor-ic'/m hil/hnhio, one of the rarest of Southern plants, else-
where known only from a few localities in middle Georgia and Texas,
and Tfujlicium cUhile are thas far known in Alabama only in this
region.
Ctdturfilphiritforrnotwn^. — In its cultural plant formations this region
differs but slightly from the next region. The rich hill prairies, cal-
f.-areoas uplands, formerly l>earing a mixed growth of pines and decidu-
ous trees, as well as the f>ottom lands, are for the most part devoted to
the cultivation of cotton. larger or smaller patches of tropical sugar
cane are cultivated on almost every farm. Corn, oats, and sweet
potatoes and other rrx)t crops are i*aised to supply the home demand.
Less attention is paid to the raising of forage crops, the cattle being
left to shift for themselves throughout the year among the hills. In
the northern part the peach is raised in perfection, ripening its fruit
from the middle of May to August. Grapes can be harvested in July
and August, and strawV>erries are marketed in the first weeks of ApriL
The lig also bears abundantly.
I/.'A-f:f' r,rvr-rf,\- of THE COAST PIXE BELT, OK LOWER REGION OF UJN'O-LEAF PINE.
Pfiyawgraphico-l f endures and climate.
Ah the Tertiary strata disappear under the heavy beds of sands and
gravels of more recent formations, the topography of the country
>>ecomes more uniform, the broad ridges spread out into slightlv
undulating table-lands, which become somewhat broken in their descent
to the drainage channels. The rolling pine uplands rise gradually to
CLIMATE OF LOWER DIVISIO^ST OF COAST PINE BELT.
Ill
a height of from l'20 to 300 feet above the tiat woods and marshes and
alluvial forests of the tide-watev region. Where the level table-h\nds,
devoid of surface drainage, are underlaid by impervious olavs, spongy
bogs surround the iieads of water courses. On the rolling uplands
with a porous siliceous soil the copious rainfall is readily absorbed,
giving rise to innumerable springs, the feeders of the numerous limpid
brooks and creeks by which this region is traversed. The area of the
lower pine region is estimated to embrace a little over 7,000 square
miles, including the following counties and parts of counties: Geneva,
part of Covington. Escambia, part of Monroe, ami all oi Baldwin,
Mobile, and AVashington.
Both the climate and topography oi this region exhibit great uni-
formity. Under the moderating influences of the proximity of the
sea, the climate is generally mild. According to the records of the
Mobile station of the United States Weather Bureau, extending over
a period of twenty-three years, the mean annual temperature for that
period was 66.9°, with the highest temperature 101 . observed in
July, lS8-t. and the lowest lU. in January, 1886.'
Mean inoiitldi/ tciupernture irith miu'ima atid mim7»a.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
.\pr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Mean
o
50
78
n
0
,55
78
19
o
59
85
25
o
67
90
32
0
71
9S
Iti
o
80
IW
o
81
101
61
o
80
100
57
o
77
96
52
o
70
34
o
58
83
25
o
52
^raximum
79
20
Dafa of tempcraiure by seasons for period of twetitiHhrec years.
Winter.
Spring.
Smnnior,
Full.
o
52
79
11
66
OS
o
80
101
64
(>S
96
31
The latest killing frost for the juM-iod occurred .V]>iil I'l. 1884. The
average date of last frost in spring was Mar»ii 'JO. TJic :i\ (Mage date
of earliest frost in autumn was November i*(».
The following data were obtained from Mr. J. A. Barrv. observer
for the Weather Bureau at Mobile:
Jhila of rainfall aixl clouds.
'See footnote ', p. 26.
Annual.
Winter.
Spring.
Summer.
Full.
Rainfall
inches..
66
110
153
W2
14.6
36
31
19
32
37
27
19
23
47
40
13.6
82
33
24
W'l ri.ANT LIIK <>K AI.AMAMA.
7//' rnlllni/ pint ii/thind-s nr drif jmu hiimtis.
X< roji/ill, f<n'r.'<fx.- Oil tlic liills and liroad swells of the tal)l('-liinds
tlir l()iiir-lt>uf pinr roigns suproiiio. The iiif^li fon'st is almost bare
of uiuliTorowtii and its monotony is frrciucntiy unbroken for lonj^
distances, no otiier trees or shrubs appearinj,*- anionj^ the tail trunks of
the pine, wliicli spread their gnarled limbs at a heijrht of from 40 to
♦ ;.") feet above the onmnd. It is oidy in the aeeidontal openings of the
f()n>st that a second growth of the predominating species takes posses-
sion of the giound. which, if interfered with by human agency, is
rej)lace<l by l)lack jack and Spanish oaks, not rarely accompanied by the
dogwood (rW/v/'/.s- fforldi) and the ghmduhir smnmer havf {Crtitaegrts
cUij)tic(i). This last, which is a pretty tree from 20 to 25 feet high,
ranir*'"^ from South Carolina to Mississippi, and in Alabama appears to
be contined to this region.' On the sterile ridges deeply covered with
the mantle of loose white sands, which hide the sandy loams of the
La Fayette strata, the long-leaf pine becomes stunted and is more or
less replaced l)v the l)arren or turkey oak and l)lue jack, trees rather
below medium size, often dwarfed and scrubby; and among the latter
are dispersed —
Vaccinium siamineum. Gdijlussada cJnmo.vi.
Vnccinium myrsinilen. Asimina parvifora .
Vaccinium mijrsinites glaucum. Ceratiolo errcoideK.
The last of these shrubs, representing the Empetraceae, which gener-
ally inhabit the boreal zone, resembles in its foliage and habit a large
heather (Erica). It is truly characteristic of the arid pine ])arrens
from Florida and adjacent parts of Georgia to ^lississippi, and in
Alabama it reaches its northern limit of vegetation near the northern
border of the Maritime Pine belt. The pine forests are open, the
crowns of the trees scarcely touching one another. Ow4ng to the
poorly timbered ridges of scrubby oaks and the extensive swampy or
boggv Hats ecjually unfavorable to the development of a heavy timber
growth, the timber standing in the lower division of the Coast Pine
V)elt is considerably less in proportion to area than that found in the
upper division.
On the better class of pine lands the quality of the timber is scarcely
surpassed, as evinced by a close investigation of the timber resources
of the rolling pine uplands near Wallace, Escambia County, which
can be considered a tj^pical district.^
The forests of long-leaf pine of this Lower Pine region furnish prin-
cipally the enormous supplies of timber used by the sawmills situated
in the tide-water region of Alabama and western Florida, with Mobile
^ The specific character of this tree does not fully agree with the rather obscure
type and it may on nearer investigation prove distinct.
" Bulletin 16, Division of Forestry, TJ. S. Department of Agriculture, 1896, ]). 3S.
GRASSES OF ROLLING PINE UPLANDS. 113
and Pensacola for the chief points of export, and the}^ are also the
source of the resinous products which find their market at Mobile.
The depletion of their timber wealth with no heed given to their
maintenance, and their destruction by the barbarous methods prac-
ticed in the extraction of their resinous product, together with the
ravages of the fires which one season after another destroy the seedlings
and the youngest timber, and with the injuries inflicted by herds of
domestic animals which roam through these forests, not only are
exhausting their present resources, but will inevitably and within a
comparatively short time result in their extermination, notwithstand-
ing the fact that in no other region within the wide range of distribu-
tion of the long-leaf pine are the conditions more favorable for the
spontaneous reproduction of this most valuable timber tree.
Xeropkile herhaceom plant associations. — Thanks to the abundant
and evenly distributed rainfall, the floor of these open pine forests is
covered with a carpet of grasses and other herbs, mostly perennials,
which, under the mild climate of this zone, retains its verdure for the
greatest part of the year. The grasses vastly predominate in the
number of individuals, and in the diversity of forms they are scarcely
exceeded by the species of the pea and composite families. The great
bulk of the grasses consists of types of a Southern distribution, the
majority being confined to the Louisianian area. But a small number
reach the Carolinian area, and those only along the seacoast. The
following are noteworthy species:
Andropogon iener. Gymnopogon brevifoUus.
Paspalum setaceum. Chrysopogon nutans linnaeanus.
Paspalum floridanum .^ Chrysopogon elliottii.
Paspalum cUiatlfoUum } Paspalum plicatulum.
Panicum filiforme.^ Paspalum bifidum {P. racemulosum 'iiiutt) .
Panicum lanuginosum.^ Paspalum dasyphyllum.
Panicum pauciflorum .^ Paspalum difforme.
Panicum sphaerocarpon.^ Anthenantia villosa.
Panicum jnibescens. Panicum angustifolium.
Panicum angustifolium. Panicum neuranthum.
Aristida purpurascens. Panicum arenicola.
Andropogon argyraeus. Panicum nashianum.
Danihonia sericea. Aristida simplicifoUa.
Gymnopogon ambiguus. Aristida stricta.
Of the above species Gyinnopogon hrevifolius is a typical species of
the Louisianian area, characteristic of dry pine barrens from North
Carolina to eastern Texas, and Panicwni oieuranthum extends to the
West Indies. Ai'istida stricta., or wire-grass, is extremely abundant
in the coast region of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and the coun-
ties of Alabama east of the Perdido River, along the Florida State
line, known as the ''wire-grass counties," where on the loose white
Ozark sand it almost alone forms the grassy covering.
^ Carolinian area and northward.
15894 8
14
PLANT MFK <>l" .\LAI5AMA.
riic tdlliiwiiiLT :ii'i' <'t wide cniit iin'iilal ranjic rasl <it the Ivocky
Mduiitaiiis, cxtciuliii','' to tlic C'uroliMiiiii an-a, tlif liist Itciiiu- ll"' most
aliuiulaiit spt'cies of tlu' clrv pint* harrciis:
.\nihnpo()0)i siajitiriiui.^ Sjiuriiliu/ux liini/iJoliiiK.^
('Iiriixiijuii/ini (tiTiiaceiiJt.^ S/tDrolnihix mylri-tus.*
S/iDriihohi.i jiuimis. SjinriilKilns rat/I iiorllnnis.^
Tlif I'ollowinL;' rt'prc^ciitat i\('s ol' the ( '\ ptTacrac air t'oiiii(l aiiionj^
I lie xci'opliilc i»laiit associations, mostly of the Louisiaiiiaii area:
( ^i/perus mnrtindaUi.
( 'i/prriix retrafrnctm.'^
Jii/vchof^pora [p'aifii.
Ji!/)tchQspora intermedia.
Sderia riliata.
/Sdcria elliollii.
SlenophyUus cilicUiJ'ollnx.
Carex festucn cen . '
Carex muhlenhergii. '
Juncus torreyi}
Tho xerophile species of other families associated with these gluma-
ccous ])lants are for the laro-est part at homo in the Louisianian area.
Fully two-thirds of tho numerous Lej^uminosae and C'ompositae occur-
ring in this region are confined to that arosi. Omittinu' the common
spcM'ios of wide distribution, tho following-, named in tho succession of
their flowering, give character to the xerophilo horhacoous associations
of the rolling pine uplands. As the first harbingers of spring, appear
before and in the beginning of February:
Houston ia roiundifolia.
Epic/aea repcm.^
These are succeeded by:
Helianthemuin carolinianum.
Astragalus rillosus.
Ltiplnns diffusus.
Iris verna.
Cfirysogonum virginianum.^
Oxalis recurva.
Oralis Jillpes.^
Asryrum pitm Hum.
Pidox pilosa detonsa.
Phlox amoena.^
Lvpinus nuttallii.
Limodorum parvijlorum {Caloj>ogon
parviflorus Lindl.)
Chrosperma muscaetoxicum.^
Zygademis a ngustifolius.
Pentstemon hirsuius.^
During the summer months:
Buchnera elongaia.^
Physalis virginiana.'^
Erythrina herbacea.
Viola palmuta.^
Viola septemloba.'^
Gyrostachys {Spiranihes) praecox.^
Gyrostachys gracilis. '
Lachnocaulon anceps.'^
Asclepias humistrata {A. amplexicaulis
Michx.).
Asclepias michauxii.
Tetragonotheca helianthoides.^
Jatropha stinndosa.'^
Scutellaria pilosa.'^
Polygala nana.
Kneiffia linearis.'^
Stillingia sylvatica.'^
Schwalbea aviericana.^
Sabhatia angustifolia.'^
Helianthemum ramuliflorum.
Euphorbia coroUata anguslifolia.
Euphorbia floridana.
Zornia bracteata.
' Carolinian area and northward.
* Carolinian area.
HERBACEOUS FLORA OF ROLLING PINE UPLANDS.
115
Stylosanthes biflora Jiisj^idissima.
Galactia crecta {G. sessiUfolia) .
Euphorbia humistrata.^
Rhynchosia simjdicifolia. ^
Chrysobalanus obtusifolius.
Rhynchosia galactioides.
Croton jnmdatum.
Cracca S))iaIUi.
Cracca hif<j>iditlii.^
Cracca sj)lcafa Jieaiosa.
Cracca chrymphylla.
Psoralea canescens.
Galactia volubilis}
Galactia volubilis missisdppiensL'i.
Galactia floridana.
Lespedeza rcpens.^
Lespcdeza virginica.
Of the above Euphorhla fiorldana ranges from western Florida to
the Escambia River; Ceranthera linear [folia from lower Georgia
westward to the Tensas River, Baldwin Count}'; Bvdlia j>eduneuiata
from western Louisiana to the western edge of Alabama; Ckrysojysis
Ityssoplfolla from the arid sand hills of western Florida to the eastern
shore of Mobile Bay. In the autumn the dry pine barrens are adorned
with their richest floral displav, the forests being then brilliant with
the purple spikes of the blazing stars {Ladnarla)^ the Ijlue of asters
and salvia, the scarlet of Cllnopodiuvi coccineuni^ and the gold of
Chrysopsis and Solidago, not to mention others. The following are
the prevailing species:
Hibiscus actdeatus.
Koellia albescens.
Ceranthera linearifolia.
Dasystoma pedicularia.
Ruellia ciliosa humilis.
Ruellia 2>edunculata.
Verbena Carolina.
Vernonia graminifolia.
Chrysopsis graminifolia. ^
Chrysopsis hyssopifolia.
Coreopsis major.
Solidago odor a. ^
Sericocarpus bifoliatu.^. ^
Silphium asteriscus angustatuni.
Meibomia rotimdifolia. ^
Meihomia stricta.^
Ladnaria gracilis.
Lacinaria elegans.^
Ladnaria scariosa.^
Aster con color. ^
lonactis linariifolius. ^
Aster adnatus.
Aster patens tenuiculmis.
Trilisa odorutissbna.
Salvia azurea.
Clinopodium coccineum
cocdnea Gray) .
Chrysopsis trich oph ylla .
Solidago petiolaris.^
{Calamintha
Solidago pvberula jndrerulenta.
Afzelia cassinoides {Seymeria tenuifolia) .
Afzelia pectinata.
Kuhnistera pinnata.
Eupcdorium aromaticum . '
Eupatoriiun coronopifoUum .
Eupatorium leptox>hyllum.
Kuhnia kuhnia.
Helianlhus radula.
Lechea minor.^
Lechea tenuifolia.'^
Lechea villosa.^
Lechea leggettii.^
Clinopodium coccineiim, the scarlet basil, is a low undershrul) with
dazzling flame-colored flowers, ranging from the sandy ridges of west-
ern Florida to the dry hills which front the eastern shore of the
Mobile Bay and the coast plain near Mobile; also found in Mississippi.
Helianthuti radida is a truh' characteristic plant of these pine uplands.
The pinweeds {Lechea) are the homely n^presentatives of the Cistus
family.
^Also in Carolinian area.
■■'Also in Carolinian area and iiorthwani.
11(> PLANT LIFK OK ALAHAMA.
Plm-huri't II fJiifs (iitil I li/i/mji/n/fif jihinf iissocifif loii.'t,
'rowiiitl (lif iKirtlicrn limit of this ic^ioii the oldest sti-atu of the
Post-Trrtiarv (Nimk-ciic) \n'i\s of loose siiiids and coiiiiJact more or loss
aluminous clays ap])roacli of attain (lie surface. The higher swells of
the taltle lands covored liy the porous sands and <^ravels include level
tracts of l)adly drained Warrens underlaid l>y the older strata. Hooded
lifter every hea\y rain, drou»;hty during hot and dry weather. On
these flats C'ul>an pine is thinly scattered and here reaches its northern
limit of ve*i-etatioii. at a distance of about ()<► miles from the seashore.
Excepting the ink berry (/A./- glahni) scarcel}" any tree or shrub
shades the ground; but a small number of grasses find a place among
the coarse her])s forming the cover of the extremely poor soil of these
flats. The bulk of tlie herbaceous vegetation consists of a few abun-
dant mesophile species. The following are representatives species:
A ndropogon vir(jinicu.s. ' Sa bbatia dodecandra. '
Anthaenaniki rnfa. Ifelcnium hrerifolium.
Paffpahnn (jlahrnlitm. Rhe.iia mariana.^
Panicum pohfitnllu's.^ Rhexia ulrida.
Sabbatid aiiitpamdatd.^ Cunodonum seasUifollum.
There are also a number of paludial species with xerophile adapta-
tions; that is, they are provided with strong, deeply embedded root-
stocks to retain the needed supply of moisture during periods of hot
and dry weather, and Avith rigid l(>aves of greatly reduced surface to
prevent excessive transpiration. Among such plants may be men-
tioned species of Xyris and round rushes. In exposed shallow pools
and ditches Sagittarias {Sai/itta/'ia chajMicmi, S. ci/dojjfc/'d) having
rigid scapes and narrow stiff leaves are most frequent, the latter fre-
quently reduced to narrow phyllodia. On the base of the pine-clad
ridges ])ordering the flats ILdnnuirhi, cristata and Pxoralea siitvplex are
not infrequenth?^ observed, the spindle-shaped or top-shaped roots of
the latter deeply ))uried in the sand, where it is constantly moistened
by springs.
In many localities the decliviticN of the table-lands are perpetually
wet with the water which oozes from the porous silicious strata imme-
diately overlying the imper\ious clay, and the depressions inclosed
by them are frequently covered with a dense carpet of peat mosses,
interwoven with the long flliform ihizomes of beak rushes, spike
rushes, and one nut rush, the foUow'ing being species:
Sphagnum macrophyUum. Rynchospora rarifJora.
Sphagnum imbricatum cristulum.^ RynrhosjMra oligantha.
Sphagnum recurvum} Eleocharls ancularis.^
RynchoHporajntsilla. E/eocharis tuberculosa ^
Rynchospora plumosa. Scleria caroUniana.
' Found also in Carolinian area.
FOEESTS OF MOIST AND SWAMPY LANDS. 117
With these are associated creeping (.•hib moss {Lycopodium alopecu-
roides) and many species of the paludial plants found also on the flats
and in the swamps of the coast plain, including insectivorous sundews,
bladderworts, and pitcher plants. Characteristic species are:
Limodorum pallidum. Drosera fiUformis. ^
Loplnola aurea.^ Utricularia juncea.
Gyrotheca tinctona.^ Utricularia subulata.^
Juncus trigonocarpus. Sarracenia purpurea.^
Eriocaulon decangulare.^ Sarracenia psitlacina.
Drosera intermedial Sahhaiia mucropliylla.
The Sarracenias mentioned, which are the most prominent, rest their
rosettes of urn-shaped leaves on the water-soaked peat moss. Sarra-
cenia druimnondU and S. ruhra^ with their trumpet-shaped, erect
leaves, are alnindant on the black peaty soil which covers the undula-
tions where the impervious aluminous clays and compacted sands
prevail. In the middle of the spring these plants produce their one-
flowered scapes from stout rootstocks before the appearance of the
leaves. In midsummei", when the leaves have attained their full
growth, the boggy hillsides and depressions present to a superficial
view the aspect of meadows richly adorned wdth flowers of white and
roseate tints, imparted b}' the white, purple-veined tops of the leaves
of these sarracenias. The display of these colors serves to attract
insects, w^hich, entering the leaves in search of the sweets secreted
within, are entrapped, Avith no possibility of escape, and thus become
sources of nourishment to these plants.
Memphile and p(dudial fore^U. — Evergreens, nearly all of them
types of the Louisianian area, predominate in the tree growth which
shades the damp or wet, more or less «andy, banks of the numerous
streams rising in the maritime pine belt. Magnolia, white bay, and
oaks wdth entire, narrow, persistent or semipersistent leaves {Quercus
laurifolia^ Q. aquatica)^ ^\ih..Q,\\h^n pine, lobloll}^ pine, rarely short-
leaf pine, pond cvpress {Taxodiuin distichwm imhrlcaria), and "juni-
per" or white cedar {Chainaecyparis thyoides) largely prevail over the
deciduous black gum {IVyssa hiflora)^ red gum, and swamp maples.
Groves of the pond or upland cypress just mentioned — a variety closely
coimected with the type by intermediate forms — cover the shallow
pine-barren ponds and semiswampy woods of a poor, sandy soil desti-
tute of vegetable mold. This form of the cypress in the size and
quality of its wood is greatl}^ inferior to the typical cypress of the
alluvial swamps, and is at once recognized by the leaves, which are
closel}' appressed to the deciduous, annual shoots. By this peculiarity
of the foliage a check to excessive transpiration is provided during
the time of drought, when the sandy soil is laid bare to the sun and its
supply of W'ater is failing. The white cedar of the lower pine region
is met with most frequently in the sandy swamps around the head
118 PLANT LIFE t»K ALA15AMA.
NvatiM's of Pcrdido ;iii<l Ksc:iml)i:i rivers, ;m(l is tlicic in t'liil pcrfoction.
This (rcr Mttaiii^ :i liciLilit of from so to Itofcct. willi an average diame-
ter of from hi to is inelies; trees oxer 1^4 inches in diameter are raicly
seen. Beiii^i" niiieh soiioht tor on account of the \ aiiie of the timber,
sound trees are at present ficiiueiit ordy in I'emote i<icalities difficult
of access. Amonji" tiie tices of suiaUer size and the variety of shruhs
forminn" the dense undergrowth of these forests the evergreens also
predominate, of which the following sp<'cies are exampleis:
Cliftonia nwuiipIii/Ua. Myriat cerifeni.^
Ci/rllla r((rniiltlora. Myrica inodora.
Ilex myrt'ifoJhi. KuhnUi kttiJolUt}
Ilex lucUUi. Illichun florkhmum.
Ilex glabra.
Prominent by reason of their a))undance and their showy flowers are
PU-ris nitida and Leucothue a.L'illitrls with Oxydeudruin. arhorcum^ all
of the heath family; besides which may be mentioned:
BtUneria {Calycanthus) florkla. Viburnum nudum (opossum liaw).
Clethra alnifoUa. Viburnum nitidum (opossum haw) .
Mohrodendron {Ilalemi) dipterum (silver Viburnum molle (opossum liaw) .
bells) . Styrax jmlverulenta (storax bush) .
Mesqphile herbaceoiLS plant associations. — The herbaceous plant asso-
ciations in these raesophile woods are identical with those of the same
character prevailing in the upper division of the coast pine belt.
Frequent among them is 2[aci'antJtera fuchsioides^ conspicuous on
account of its profusion of large racemes of scarlet flowers, a coarse
biennial extending from western Georgia and eastern Florida into this
State and to the northern limit of the Louisianian area.
REGION OI' TIIE COAST PLAIN OR LOW FLAT PINE HARRENS.
Physiographical features. — On their descent to the coast plain the
rolling p'ne uplands disappear under the silt of sandy loams or merge
impercepti1)ly into the coast sands and the most recent lacustrine for-
mations which line the shore. The sandv loams form the second ter-
race of the lowlands of the coast, rising to a height of from 10 to 30
feet above the low flood plains and river l>ottoms, which are subject
to occasional oxerflow.
MesopJdle forests. — Open forests of long-leaf pine sparsely inter-
spersed with Cuban pin(> and loblolly pine once covered the plain.
After the removal of the original tim])er growth the long-leaf pine
was to a large extent superseded ))y the Cuban pine, groves of which
in every stage of development occupy the clearings. Upon these
clearings, made scarcely two-thirds of a century ago, Cuban pine has
alread}' attained the dimensions of useful timVjer, the trees averaging
from 18 to 21: inches in diameter, with a height of from 85 to 100 feet.
A number of trees felled upon one of these old clearings in the
' Found also in Carolinian area.
HERBACEOUS VEGETATION OF COAST PLAIN. 119
suburbs of Mobile furnished sticks of merchantable timber 30 to 40
feet in length, none of them having reached an age of over 60 years.
2fe><opJiile hephaceous plant associations {RyncJwspora formation). —
The terrace of sandy loams extends over the larger part of the coast
plain. The ground being almost perfectly level and underlaid by a
compact, somewhat 'impervious subsoil, is consequent!}- more or less
deficient in drainage, and being covered with a dense sod formed by
the roots and rhizomes of low, perennial monocotyledonous plants, the
ground remains damp and the decomposing vegetable matter, under
the influence of sun and wind, is converted into an acid humus, givino-
rise to a peaty soil. This damp, mucky soil, in a semiboggy condition
during seasons of rain, supports a vegetation of low, grass-like plants,
mostly of the sedge family or sour grasses {Cyperaceae) of various
genera, which in num])er vastly predominate over the true grasses
{Poaceae)^ rushes {Junc!)^ and golden-eyed grasses (Xyridaceae)^ which
find their home in the flat, damp pine barrens of the plain. Horn
rushes {Rynchosporae) largely prevail over the other representatives
of the sedge family, and numerous species of this extensive genus,
almost exclusively confined to eastern North America and the adjacent
tropical zones, make up the largest portion of the sod vegetation, thus
forming a more or less compact plant formation highl}' characteristic
of this region. Among the mesophile associations which inhabit the
scantily shaded, frequenth' open plain, with its sour, damp, shallow,
and during the rainy seasons more or less boggy soil, there is found in
many localities a tiny creeping peat moss {Sp^vagnum imbricatum) and
other short-stemmed species {S. compactwn., S. intermedium), which
are able to resist the eftects of occasional droughts. The following
Cyperaceae are typical, and predominate on the flat expanse of this
terrace of the plain:
Rynchospora jjhunom. Eynchospora divergens.
Rynchosporapusilla. Eynchospora niicrocarpa.
Eynchospora rnriflora. Eynchospora gracilenta.
Eynchospora inultiflora. Eynchospora cymosa globularls.
Eyncliospora cymosa.^ Eynchospora oligantha.^
Eynchospora ciHaris. Kobresia odorata.
Eynchospora haldwinii. Kobresia monocephahi.
Eynchospora chapmani.
With these are found the followdng rushes:
Juncus eUiottii. Juncus marginatus aristulatus.^
Juncus diffusissimus. Juncus bufonius fascicular is.
Juncus marginaius. ^
Grasses of the same region are — preferring the low flats with a more
damp, sandy soil:
Andropogon moJirii. Sieglingia poaeformv^.
Andropogon tetrastachyus. Manisuris corrugaia.
Paspalum praecox.
^ Found also in Carolinian area.
120
PLANT LIFK OF ALA HAM A.
Most fiTijiiciit on tlic low swells:
Sieyliiiijut cliiipiiKKii. Aii(lr(>pof/i)7i rinjiniruK (jJnucnx.
Chriisit])0(j()ii iiiitdiix liniKiiaiiiis. Androptxjoit rmjhiicnx ilrallxitun.
Aiulropdijoii I'lllultii. MuhlenhergUi (ricliojHxlcs.
Andn>jJO(/(J)i tcmr. f'dnlrum liiiiffi/ictliniculnlinii.
Aftor tho ifrouiid has liccii once turned hy the j)l<)W tiie <j;luinii('(>ou.S
plants which foriniMl the oriuinal sod (lisai)p('ar forever, the ground
hcino- taken possession ot" l>y ear})et erass {l*(tsj)id\(in (•(nuprc^KHtn)^ a
West Indian species most i)ro])al)ly introduced, and the creepinj^' lini^'cr-
^Ya.x>^{Si/)itheri'S//t'/ {/*(iii!ciiii() serotmum). Nearly all of the sundews,
sarracenias, j^ontians, and other species already mentioned amoiijr the
associations which inhabit the sphagnous bo^'s of the pine hills also
enter into the associations of this semi-paludial Rynchsopora formation.
Durino- the latter part of January the Cuban pine unfolds its
flowers, w'ith Barton la verna and Iloaxtoida jxiteihs^ and these are
succeeded bv the followino-:
Euphorbia inundata.
Ileknium vernum.
Helenium hcleninm.
Heleniu m inlcgrifolium.
Poh/gala lulea.^
Polygala polygama}
Limodoram multiflorum.
Chaptalia neniiflosctdaris.
Pinguicida lutea.
Pingi iiai la pumila .
Lupinus villosus.
JleUanthemum carolinimmm .
Drosera capillaris.
Drosera brevifolia.
Dronera JUifornds. *
The Pinguiculas mentioned are insectivorous plants common in the
pine flats from North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Euphorbia
inundata is known only from the coast of western Florida and as far
west as the eastern shore of the Mobile Bay near Point Clear.
Remarkable is the occurrence of Lirnodorum urmltifiorum in Mobile
County (Fowl River Station). This beautiful orchid is otherwise
known only from a few localities of peninsular and western Florida.
It was first described by Chapman from the southern i)art of Florida
and has been observed ])v the writer in the savannas near the upper
waters of the St. Johns River. During the sununer months bloom
L'lnmn fiorhhinniii^ Poly</<da cha pmani , P<>hj(/(d(( Iiookeri^ the latter
two extending from westei'n Florida to eastern Mississippi, and Zi/ga-
dcnux (/Jahcrruatis^ ranging from the pine flats of North Carolina to
Louisiana, together with the following:
Ilabenaria nivea. Centella stricta.
Cracca hispidula^ Sabbatia gentianoides.
Polygala cruciata} Pterocaulon undulainm {P. pycnostachyum
Jjudwigla hirlella.^ Ell.).
Liidwigia linearis.^ Dasystoma pedicularia.^
Enjngium aquaticum. Gerardia paupercula.
Eryngium synchaetum. Ascyrum stans.
Erynglum ovalifoUum. Ascyrum hypericoides.
Hydrocotyle verticillata. Hypericum spp.
' Found also in Carolinian area.
HAMMOCK LANDS OF COAST PLAIN. 121
The species of Ascyrum and H^^pericum constitute a characteristic
open formation of low shrubs or suffrutescent perennials in the depres-
sions surrounding- shallow ponds, most striking during the latter part
of the summer while covered with their golden-yellow flowers. Among
the earliest appears Hypei'lcuin, myrtifolmm^ followed by H. ojxicum^
and last by 11. asjxdathoides., the most abundant, forming large patches.
All are frequent from South Carolina to Mississippi. During the
autumn Compositae with their bright j^ellow flowers prevail — for
example:
Helianthus heterophyllus. Coreopsis angustifolia.
Chondrophora {Bigelov'm) nudata.^ Bidens coronata leptophylla.
Solidago stricta.^ Baldwinia uniflora.
Solidago angustifolia.
With these come azure-flowered lobelias, such as L. piihemda^ com-
mon from the coast of southern New Jersey to Louisiana and in the
southern Alleghanies, and L. hrevifolia., ranging from western Florida
to Louisiana, and Ruellia noctifloixi., rare on the coast of the Missis-
sippi Sound and sparsely scattered through the corresponding region
from Louisiana to Georgia and Florida, all more or less frequent in
the first pine barrens from North Carolina to Florida and the eastern
Gulf States — besides the following:
Eupatorium leptophyllum. Ladnaria gramimfolia pilosa.^
Eupatorium capiUifolium.^ Carphephorus pseudo-liatris.
Eupatorium linear if olium.^ Trilisa odoratissima.^
Eupatorium mohrii. Baldvrinia uniflora.
Eupatorium semiserraium.^ Gerardia sMnneriana.
Eupatorium pubescens. ^ Gerardia paupercula.
Eupatorium verbenaefoliurn.^ Gerardia aphylla.
Of ferns and their allies BotrycMum ohl/quimi is not rare on exposed
grassy knolls and banks, while Ophioglossum crotalophoroides with
Lycopodlam carolhiiannm^ preferring moister situations, are truly
t3'^pical plants of the coast plain.
Hammock laiids. — More or less extensive tracts of a black soil, gen-
erally well drained, rich in the decayed remains of former vegetations,
occur on this second terrace as it skirts the lower river swamps or the
low swamps of the tide-water regions. Constantly acted upon by the
multitudinous forms of lower animal and plant life — rainworms, snails,
centipedes, and a host of bacteria and saprophytic fungi — this soil has
become converted into a highly fertile mold, which supports the same
luxuriant and diversified vegetation of trees and shrubs, chiefly broad-
leaved evergreens, which characterizes the mesophile forests of the
Louisianian area generally, to which is added here the live oak, Quercm
virglniana., the most attractive and grandest feature in the flora of the
coast plain. This oak is a tree of the seacoast. It approaches, in a
high state of development, the Carolinian area near the northern limit
1 Found also in Carolinian area. ^ The vanilla plant, or deer tongue.
122 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
of casttTii NOrtli ("iiioliiia :iihI extends wcstwaid ahm^'' llic (Julf coast
to ct'iitnil 'l\'.\us and norllicrn Mexico. In tlie(iult" States the live
oak is rarely found al)o\'e the thirty-tirst parallel of latitude. Of tlic
nia^nilicent j^ion cs which once lined the .shores of the Gulf and its
numerous inlets, hut few remain. Fi'om its native hammocks this tree
was transplanted to adorn and shade the abodes of the i-arliest settlers.
Trees planted about .seventy-five years ago, now f re(juently met with in
the suburbs of Mobile and at the older country seats, are from 2 to 3
feet in diameter and from <!0 to TO feet in height, their sturdy trunks
sending out massive horizontal limbs at a distance of from 10 to .some-
times 15 feet above the ground, their shade frequently covering an
area nearly 100 feet in diameter.
In these hammocks the magnolia attains its highest development, in
diameter rivaling the Cuban and loblolly pines, with which it is often
associated, and accompanied by the laurel oak, water oak, and beech,
all draped with the wreaths of Spanish moss.
Of small trees and shrubs occurring here may be enumerated:
OaiiKuiflais americanus (American olive, P;/ri(s anguslifoUa {?<outhern crab apple) .^
devil wood). Crat(iegu.s (tpiifolia (haw).'
Ilex vomitoria (yaupon).' Cndaegus viridis (haw).*
i/er opara (common holly).' CInonanthus nrginica (Northern fringe
Myrica cerifera (wax myrtle) .' tree) .'
Zanthoxylum dava-herculis (Southern Vaccinium arboreum {iarkleherry) .^
prickly ash) . Ilex caroliniana (holly) .
Pruiim umbellaia (prairie plum) . Ilex coriacea (holly).
The evergreen American olive, rarely seen among the pine hills,
occurs here frequently. The last two hollies are shrubs which,
together wuth the others mentioned, form a dense undergrowth.
Where the hammocks merge into the alluvial lands, the soil becom-
ing of a semi-swampy condition, the silver-bell tree {Mohrodendron
{IlalexHi) dipturmii) is found, most frecjuently with swamp dogwood
{CcyiTius stricta)^ interspersed with titi {C'liftouia iiLonoplujlla)^ leather-
wood {Oyrilla racemiflora), holly {flex cassine) and blue palmetto
{Sahal adansonll), evergreen fetter])ushes {Pieris nit Ida ^ Leiicothoe
axiUarls) forming the brushy soil cover. In the liana formation, Vltis
cinerea mostly takes the place of the smnmer grape, and Sagaretia
'//u'c/iau:ru\ which in the open and in dr}' soil is a straggling shrub
♦) to 8 feet high, and is not rare on the coast from South Carolina to
Florida and Mississippi, in these woods assumes the habit of a robust
climl)er, ascending trees of great height. The stout root clim])ers
Decumaria harhara and the Virginia creeper are common. The
American wistaria {Krauhnia fnitescens)^ with its compound racemes
of sky-blue flowers, adorns the lower borders of the hammocks, which
are further enlivened b}' the flame-colored flowers of the woodbine
{Lonicera sempei'vireTis)^ and, very early in the spring, by the golden
' Found also in the Carolinian area.
HAMMOCK LANDS AND PINE MEADOWS. 123
flowers of the 3^ellow jes^saniiiie {Gelsemiuia sempervirens)^ these fol-
lowed by the white bloom of the Cherokee rose.
The frequent vines of the l)ullace grape, Brunnichia, Cissus, and Smi-
lax, which entwine bushes and trees, add to the intricacy of the maze
of shrubbery on the low hammocks. In their deepest recesses Ejn-
dendrum conopseunh linds its home upon the limbs of old magnolias and
hoary live oaks, being the only epiphytic orchid in the southeastern
States outside of the narrow belt of the Antillean flora, skirting the
coast of southern Florida and of the adjacent islands, the so-called
Keys. Apteria setacea is strictly confined to the rich mold of the ham-
mocks. This leafless saprophyte, of a pale bluish color, grows in dense
clusters, its numerous contorted roots deeply buried in the ground.
It is also not rarely foiuid in Florida and southeastern Georgia. On
the shady borders of the hammock are found, flowering early in the
spring, NeuiophiJa inicroad yx and Amruiii arlfolium^ followed l)y the
Atamasco lily {Atamosco {Zej^hyrantJiex) atamasco) and hoary lupine
{Lupinus villosti-s), and in the summer months by the following:
Rhexia mariana.^ Panicum proUfei'um inflatum.
Rhexia lanceolata. Panicum rostratum}
Agrimonia incisa. Opl'is'menus hirtellus.
Amorpha glabra. Eragrostis glomeraia.
Sanicula canadensis.^ Carex hirsuta.^
Paspalum michauxianum. Car ex caroliniana.^
Paspalum ciliatifolium.^ Carex dehilis prolixa.
Paspalum praecox. Mellca mutica.^
Panicum viscidum.^ Panicum verrucosuvi.^
Panicum gihhum. Arundinaria iecfa.^
Panicum scabriusculurn.
We have here a mingling of mesophile and paludial t^^pes, all char-
acteristic of the hammocks, the last three having also a wider range.
Ferns are abundant in the damp shade. Dryoptei'ls patens, a cosmo-
politan species of suljtropical and tropical regions, is confined in our
territory almost exclusively to the hanmiocks. It is accompanied by
the more frequent Dryopferls acrosticholdes, Pterls aquilina (form near
to caudata), AspyJeniuin. j)! atyneui'on, W(H)dumrd!a((ngn.stlf(>l!a, and W.
virgmica,' the last in more moist situations. Lycopodiuiii eern mini is
remarkable as one of the few types extending from the tropics to the
coast of the Louisianian area which appears to be indigenous with us.
Where the terrace merges into the flats of the plain, the border of the
hammock becoming frequently wet, tall wool grasses {Eriaoithits hreoi-
haj'his, E. strictus, E. mccJi((roides), coarse l)eard grass {Andnpocion
glomeratuH), and royal fern ( Osniunda regalix) form conspicuous features
in the aspect of the vegetation.
Pine meadoics. — Approaching the seashore the terrace of loamy
silt passes imperceptibly into the flats of the purely siliceous coast
sands, through which the sluggish water courses, subject to the ebb
^ Found also in the Carolinian area.
l'J4 PLANT LIKK <>F ALAHAMA.
and tlow of llic tide, witul llicir wa\ to llic inlets of the (Julf. 'l'li«»
line sand forming' the siirl'aci' as well as llic subsoil is closely packed,
pcrmittinu" the water to penneatt^ but .slowly, and in consequence is
overtlowed alter e\ ci y rainfall. The great poverty of the soil is mani-
fest in the stunti'd irrowth of i)ines .scatt«>re(l over these flats and the
dwarfed cypre.ss and white cedar lining the .sandy l)aidvs of the .streams.
The surface is exsiccated during the dry summer sea.son, and supports
a scant V growth of poverty gras.ses, particularly Arisfithi i^plciforinw
\\.\\^ A. iHiJiixfi'ix^ and the toothache grass {('(impaloxius aromaticiui).,
with its stout aromatic rootstock deeply buried in the compacted
.sand, with which are found Sclei-la t(»Teya)ia and L'd'iuin catesbaei^
and, during the late autumnal rains, the rare Gyrostachys hrevifolia^
known also from western Florida.
Piihididl (irhnrmJ ass<)cl<(t!(»ix {cyprexn hrak<?.s). — The bottom lands of
the Mobile River and the islands in the delta, overflowed at every
freshet, are covered with a high forest of deciduous trees, common to
them and the lowlands of the .same character along the Tombigbeeand
Alal)ama rivers in theircour.se through the Louisianian area. Where
the l)anks aie almost perpetually submerged they are covered with
C3'press. This largest of the Atlantic forest trees was formerly found
in the upper part of the river delta in great perfection. The mighty
trunks rise to a total height of from 100 to 120 feet and over, with a
diameter, measured above the l)uttrcsses w^hich expand the ba.ses, of from
3 to over 5 feet. The annual rings of grow'th are extremely narrow
and diflacult to count. On close investigation the age of full-grown
trees can be estimated to var}" betw'een 300 and 500 years. They are
the sole survivors in this part of the North American continent of an
archaic t^pe. The assemblage of these monarchs of the forest in the
compact cypress brak(\ surrounded b^^ the peculiar cone-shaped
excrescences (cypress knees) rising from their roots 1 to 2 feet and more
above the dark unruffled surface of the water, presents a feature in
the ar})oreal flora of the present at once strange and iniposing. As a
result of the large demand for their valuable tim])er, the resources of
these brakes in the delta and on the lower Alabama and Tombigbee
rivers have been almost exhausted, and in this district the manufac-
ture of cypress lum])er has at present nearly ceased. The supplies of
this timber nee Jed for the manufacture of C3'press shingles at Mobile
are at present mo.stly drawn from the more remote brakes on the
rivers named and their principal tributaries along their lower course.
In these brakes the tupelo gum (Ay.v.sffl aquatica) is the only associate
of the cypress, which it rivals in size, and the Carolina swamp ash is
the only tree of small size thriving in the gloomy shade beneath these
trees.
In the mire of the swamps above the level of long-continued overflows
a variet}" of hard-Avood trees mingle with the cypress and Anally super-
FOKESTS OF MOIST AND SWAMPY PINE BARRENS. 125
sede it on ground slightly above the ordinary water level. Black gum,
water oak, water hickor}', green ash, more rarely Southern red oak,
elm, black cottonwood, and overcup oak of rather stunted growth
form the high forest overshadowing the smaller trees, of which the
most conspicuous are planer tree, red maple, hornbeam, Crataegus
viridis^ C. elliptica^ and the apple haw { Crataegus aestivalis). This
haw was observed on the Hooded banks of Davids Lake, a large inlet
of Mobile River, with a slender stem fulh^ 30 feet high. It unfolds
its flowers during the first days of spring (early in February) and ripens
its highly palatable, fine-flavored fruit in the beginning of April. Sty-
rax amerlcana., Osmmithusamericanus., Ilex decidua ., Ilex lo?igij?es, 'parsley
haw ( Crataegus apiifolia) form the shrubby undergrowth. The hand-
some silverbells, the dahoon holly, and the swamp dogwood occupy
the drier outskirts of these swamps. In their intei'ior the blue palmetto
reaches its perfection, the trunk rising from 2 to 3 feet above the
ground, the fan-shaped leaves with their stalks 8 to 10 feet long.
Black willow and cottonwood cover the recent alluvium. But a small
number of paludial plants are found in the depths of these swamps, viz:
Onoclea seuKibilis.^ Peltandra virgmicd.^
Osmunda regalls.^ Hymenocallis occidentalis.^
Woodwardia virginica. '
In the openings the shallow pools are filled with —
Carex slipata maxima. Homalocenchrus virginicus.^
Carex vulpinoidea} Polygonum jxyrtoricense.
Homalocoirhrus oryzokles.^ Saururus eernuus (lizard's tail).'
Add to these, where the shade is deep, Azolla caroliniana and a fine
Riccia in circular tufts w^hich float on the surface. On the ground
above the overflow are found —
Cyperus dissitiflonis, Sabbatia calycina,^
Panicum gymnocarpum, Bidens mvolucrata, ^
Gyrostachys odorata,^ Erianthus strictus,
Hypericum nudiflorum,
the last on the exposed borders of the pools.
Paludial and rnesoplule forests of the pine harrens. — Descending
from the rolling hills to the flats of the coast plain the pine-barren
streams overflow their low Ixmks of shifting sands and gravel. In
general the tree covering remains unaltered. When the soil is more
deeply submerged, the pond cypress and white cedar prevail over the
white bay, magnolias, etc., and where the water is more shallow and
the ground less oozy Osmantkus amerlcanus., Myrlca inodora., and Ilex
caroliniana are more frequent than among the hills. The miry spaces
between the roots of the trees, which in these wooded shallow swamps
run partially above the ground, are filled with peat mosses and the
moss-like tufts of Mayaca aiMetii and studded with coarse ferns —
Osmunda cimiainomea., O. regalis^ Woodwardia angustifolia^ and W.
^ Found also in the Carolinian area.
I'JC) TLA NT I. IKK «»K A LA MA MA.
riiylnlcd. A host of ( '\ |)t'i:icc:ii' thrive in the >h:i(lt' of these swaiiips,
as —
Kh'orftarix tiihirculnsii.^ Cttrcx IcjjIiiIki.^
K/foiliiirin (ir'u'iiliiris. Carcx Klrrilis.*
Jihi/iichosjiora iiiilldccd. Carrx fxtileyi.
Iiliiliiclio.ij>orti </.r(7/ffw.' Carer intionesreits.^
Jiln/u<-}wxpur(ifaxcirul(iris. Care.c follirnlaid (inxIrdHn.
Wnjuchospora gracilctild.^ Carex elliottil.
Ditlicltlnin annnVinnrniiii} Carex turgi'sccns.
Carex allaiiiiai.^
With these jrrow —
I'liigiiieula phmifolht, Hahenaria repens,
Barlonia rlrginica,^ Hahenaria hlrpharigloUw,^
Hahenaria clareUala,^ Hahenaria crixtata,^
trill}' chanicteri.stic for these tree-clad pine-barreii swamps, prefer-
ring their open borders. Here also are found —
Hypericum fasciculatnin . Pogonia divaricata.^
Jihexia ciliosa. ' - Isfer jiahuloma.
Limodornm tuherosum. Aster purpuraliis.
Pogonia ophioglossoide.^. '
Arundinaria tecta^ formerly abundant in these swamjn- woods and
in the hammocks, is now greatly reduccnl l>y the coiitiniuMl l)rowsing
of cattle.
Ilydrophytic herhaceous jT'^d'^t association.'^. — One group of these
belong to the open pine-barren swamps and ponds with a sour oozy
soil filling the frequent depressions in the coast plain. In the stag-
nant water of the ponds flourish —
CasiaUa odorata. Potamogelon diversijollns.
Brasenia peltata. Ulricularia inflata.
Limnanthemum lacunosum. Spirodela polyrhiza.
Cabomba caroliniana. Lemna minor.
Nymphaea advena. Lemna (risulca.
With Castalia odorata occurs its variety with rose-purplish floAvers.
These all, with floating stems and leaves, form with FAtochori^ inter-
stlncta., E. nmtata., and E. cellulosa a mingling of the Hydrocharidian
and Limneean classes of hydrophytes. To the latter belong also the
following types Avhich inhabit the shallower pools and ditches and root
in loamy silt free from peat:
Sagittaria mohni. EleochaHs vivipara.
SagiUaria platyphylla. Eleocharis camptotricha.
Sagittaria chapmani. Oyperus compressus.
Utricidaria gibha. Cyperus liaspan.
Ulricularia biflora. Juncus repens.
The following prefer the boggy borders of such pools:
Tillaea simpUx. Eryngiu rn ptrostratu m .
Oldenlandia boscii. Eryngium oralifolium.
Oldenlandia littoralis. Pluchea foetida.
^ Found also in the Carolinian area.
FLOKA OF PINE BARREN BOGS AND WATERS. 127
The same associations of Sarracenias, sundews, pipeworts, orchids,
and Dichromenas which characterize the bogs of the uplands prevail
in the boggy marshes of the plain. In the surrounding mire a number
of marsh plants occur which are wanting, or are very rare, in the
boggy hills. Of such the following are abundant all over this area:
Li/cupodiiun alopccuroides adpressum. Ci/perus riren-'^.
Manisuris nigosa. Qypenis haspan.
Paspalum praecox. Xyris communis.
Paspalam membranaceum. Xyris Jimbriata.
Panicuin stenodes. Xyns serotina.
Scleria torreyana. Xyris anihigua.
Fuirena squarrosa hispida. Rhexia strlcta.
Fuirena squarrosa breviseta Lobelia paludosa.
Oyperus nuttallii. Tofieldia racemosa.
The main channel of the gently flowing pine-barren streams is
inhabited by a number of floating hydrophytes. Of the lower orders
of plants £atra(jhosj)ermwn sp., with dark-green moniliform floating
thallus over 1 foot in length, attaches its roots to logs and submerged
roots of trees, associated with the large fronds of a water moss {Fonti-
nalls distichd). Of flowering plants, occur in these waters: IlydrocMoa
'fiultmis^ its long, floating stems in dense tufts frequently filling the
bed of the streams; Nuphar sagittifolia^ Utricularia purpurea^ the
golden club, Orontlum aquat'icwrn^ and Scirpvs cylindricxis.
The still waters of the estuary of Mobile River and of the larger
streams emptjdng into the upper part of the bay, fresh, except at
long intervals, when it is slightly brackish, harbor a number of sub-
merged species, forming in their dense mass subaquatic meadows, the
feeding grounds of large flocks of waterfowl. The thread-like,
many-branched stems of NiteUa acuminata var. and a short-stemmed
species of the same genus, growing in dense tufts, form the floor of
this limnsean^ vegetation, which is then made up of the following,
which open their flowers above or below the water:
Zannichellia palustris. Potamogeton lonckites.
Ruppia maritima. Potamogeton perfoliatu^.
Ceratopkyllum demersum. Myriophyllum laxum.
Potamogeton crispus. Utricularia vulgaris.
Potamogeton jnisillus. Batrachium divaricatum.
Potamogeton hybridus. Sagittaria filiformis (rare).
Nelumho lutea also appears, though but rarel3^ ValUsneria spiralu
and the rarer Philotria ( Udora) canadensh^ remarkable in their mode
of fertilization, are also frequently associated with the above.
Other hydrophytic herbaceous associations have their seat in the
open river marshes. The islands in the lower part of the delta and
the low banks of the streams in the tide- water region are covered with
deep and extensive open marshes, the soft silt of which, rich in humus,
supports an association of paludial plants (halophytes), which take root
^ Hydrophytic class of Enalids or sea-grass vegetation of Wanning.
128 PLANT LIKE OK ALAHAMA.
lii'inly ill the soil, their mostly strono;. iiitciiiuiii;^' I'hi/.oiiics foniiinji^a
dense sod, resist iii<^- the action of waves and winds. Keed-Iike trrasses,
lartre ruslies. and tall ninlielliferous plants are the most conspicuous
features of this association. Species are—
PhraginUen rnnniiinili^. S('ir})itM laninlrix.
S}i(irli)i(t pnliistitchi/ii. Srirpus nhirifl.
Sjxniluii ci/iiOKiiroideK. Srlrjms JlnrintillK.
Ziznnhi a<jiiatira. ('IndUun fffii»um.
Ziznniojhti.t inilioccd. Ci/pi'ru.s arllcnlaluM.
J'aulciiin rirffdtx))!. Cinita mncitlnfa.
I'dtiicuD) (Ugitarioidcs. Oxypolix ttrrtifoUn.
Ti/pJid liitifolla. Sium cicutaefolinm .
Z!z<nilo aqiKifica^ Scirpuf< Iac((Kfi'l!<^ and Ti/j>}i(i I at f folia iire among'
the lirst to gain a tirni hold on the nmddy shoals, constantly formed by
the deposits of silt with which the turbid waters are charged. The
followiiiii- plants constitute the lower and closer covering of the soil:
Cyperas er^/throrhizos. Carex alata.
Cyperus xtrigosits. Homalocenchrus hexandrus.
Cifperiift Ktenolepis. Andropogon glomeratu,'t gfoiiro}>s'ts.
Cyperus speciosus. Rynchonpora crnhica.
Carex lurida. Bynchospora corniculcUa.
Carex alboliUescens.
Among other paludial plants which adorn the rt^ed marshes are:
Ipomoea sagittata, Vernonia giganteo,
Mesadenia lanceolata, Sagittnrict falcaia lavceolata,
Kosteletzkya virginica, Sagittaria montevidensis,
BoUonia diffusa, Sagittaria viscosa (rare) ,
plants characteristic of such marshes from North Carolina to Louis-
iana. With these grow also —
Lythrum lineare, Echinodorus rndicans,
Pontederia cordata, Sagittaria latifolia,
Rumex altisdmus,
of frequent occurrence as far as the northern limit of the Carolinian
area; and Solidago sempervirenH ranging from the coast of Nova Scotia
southward. The Sagittarias often occupy considerable tracts almost
exclusively. The dark waters of ditches and shallow pools at the out-
skirts of these marshes are filled with the iioating stems of Jusstaea
difftisa and })ordered by —
HydroaAyle ranimculoides. Ptilirtminni capillaceum.
Hydrocotyle verticillata. Aeschynoraene virginica.
Ranunculus sceleratus.
Eleocharls montana^ with its densely matted rhizomes, forms wide
patches of shining bright green, rarely accompanied by ElcocJuiris
palustris. Trtglochin striata^ Juiwus scirpoide^'<^ and ./ polycepJiahLS
are scattered through the marsh, and Vlgna glahra and Wlllughhya
sccmdeihs intertwine their stems among the grasses and sedges lining
the muddy banks. Sesbaiila /iiacrocarpa and Glottidium floridanum
VEGETATION OF LITTOEAL BELT. 129
occupy almost alone the alluvial banks bordering the swamps, covered
with the debris left behind after every overflow.
LITTORAL BELT.
This division of the coast plain comprises the outlying islands and
the narrow strip under the influence of the salty tide. Either sand}^
or marshy, this Littoral belt presents three distinct formations in its
flora: (1) The plant formation of the strand or sandy flat beach, with
its shingle and salty pools; (2) the plant formation of arid drifting
sands, (3) and lastly the salt marsh.
Hal'Ophytic 2)l(int associations of the strand. — The strand or sandy flat
beach, of moderate extent, as found in Baldwin County, washed by
the more or less brackish water of Mobile Bay and the smaller inlets
to the east of this sheet of water, is almost destitute of vegetation.
The flora of the strand lining the Gulf shore, always moistened by
the salt spra}^ of the surf and flooded by high tides, is poor in individ-
uals and species. The species found are, many of them, at home on
tropical shores, and they constitute a very open association of sand-
loving, salt-water plants (halophytes), similar to Xh&Ipomoeajpes-cajpreae
formation of tropical strands. This fine halophyte of the morning-
glory famih% from which this association has received its name, is not
rare on our Gulf shore. Its interlaced stems form large patches,
which at once attract the attention by the rich dark green of their
fleshy broad leaves and by their large rose-purple flowers. Seswvium
portulacastrum inhabits the shallow salty pools with Cakile rfiarithna
genicfulata., both frequent in the West Indies; also with A'a imhricata^
a low shrubby perennial of southeastern North America, and Dondia
{Sueda) linearis^ common on the Atlantic and Gulf shores from New
England to Florida and Mississippi.
XeropJiUe ^^lant associations of the dry sands of Mobile and Per dido
hays. — The benches of loose white sand extending along the shore of
Mobile Bay and the land-locked waters of Perdido Bay present a varied
vegetation of sand-loving plants (psanmiophytes). which are so scat-
tering, however, as scarcely to hide the snow-white sands. When
viewed under the glare of the noonday sun, the dark-green foliage of
the stunted live oak, with gnarled limbs, stands out in strong contrast
with the glistening sands. The stiff, leathery, narrow leaves, shining
above and hoary beneath, peculiar to this maritime form, afford a safe
protection against the injurious effects of excessive transpiration dur-
ing a long-continued drought, when the sand is heated by the scorching
ra3"s of the summer sun.
The grasses are:
Panicum repens. Cenchrus mcertus (sand bur) .
Pafiicum, littorale. . Cenchrus megacephalus {sand hnr) .
Stenotaphrum- secundatum (Saint Augus- Sieglingia purpurea (purple sand grass) .
tine grass) . Sieglingia americana (Southerii sand grass. )
15894 9
}'M) I'LANT IJKK nK A LAI? A MA.
()!' tlicst' the liist two arc fiiMiUfiit [M'lciiiiiiils. Ixitli foiitiiird lo the
coasl and raiiiiiiiu' t'loiii I'Morida to Mexico, ti'iie siiiid l>'md('i-s with
their niiininu- rhi/.oiiies deeply Imi'ied. The sand luirs arc aMiuial> I'loiii
the same rc^'ioiis.
Of tile sedj4"c t'aiiiih' ('///>< ri/.s licontrl, i'aii<^iii<i' Iroiii tlic coast of
Florida to Louisiana, and the coiuinoii Ci/jn ru-s xlr!</(>t<i(s^ are frc(|iiciit.
Otlu'r herhaeeou.s plants here found are:
EitpJiorbid jxjli/ijoiiifolia. I'()lij<j(iiH'/l(i (jraciJ'ix.
Salmla kali. Phi/saUs angmtifolia.
FroeUchia floridana. Linaria floridana.
Siphonychia erecta. Baldmnia muUiflora.
Stphunijrhia diffum. Hettrotheca .vdxtxillaris.
Paronychia riparin. Oenolhcra humifum.
Stipulicida setacea.
Of these the tirst three range northward to Nmv Eni^land and the
Great Lakes. The remainder, except the last two, are tyi)ical littoral
sand plants, ranging from the shores of North Carolina, Georgia,
and Florida to Louisiana; the last two are perennials of about the
same range.
A small group of low shrubs and sutfrutescent perennials, highly
characteristic types, mingle on the sandy lienches above with these
assoi'iations of herbs, all of Avhich are at home in corresponding locali-
ties in southern Georgia and Florida. Chrymma {Solidagd) pauci-
floscidoxd, known as golden rod, is the most frequent among them, an
undcrshrul) which is extremely conspicuous Avhen covered with its pro-
fusion of golden yellow flowers, and later on account of its densely
tufted stems retaining their foliage almost throughout the winter.
With these are found t'onradina c(inex.('rnx^ confined to the shores of
western Florida and Alabama, with the rare Polygonella polygama
and JLHantJit-muni arenicola^ all sparsely diffused along the shore of
western Florida. Cuscuta indecora^ not observed in the State outside
of this region, is frequently parasitic on the Ch rymma pauciJlosGulosa.
Xcrophilc pJdrit lU'fi^xlations of the dunes. — On the southern shore of
Dauphine Island and on the main shore eastward to Perdido Bay hill-
ocks of drifting white sands, thrown up by the unobstructed action of
winds and waves, rise above the beach, fre(|uently inclosing shallow
swamps and pools between them. On these diuies the live oak makes
a more or less scrut)])y growth, frequently not exceeding in size the
sand oak {Qvercw^ myri'ifolUi)^ with which it is associated. The latter
is an evergreen shrul) l)ranched from the base and from 5 to 8 feet in
height. These, with Ceratiola ericoidcx and dwarfed wax myrtles,
form an association of xerophile evergreen bushes, augmented by
Chryttoma j/auciffo.soul(mi and Polygomilla gracilis., the whole fre-
quently intertwined with the stems of the woody creepers Ampelojysis
incixd and Smilax aaricrdatd. On the crests and steep sides of the
hillocks the so-called sea oat {Uniola 2M7iicidata) forms open patches.
VEGETATION OF DUNES AND SANDY HAMMOCKS. 131
The slender, wiry culms of this grass, 8 to -i feet high, with scanty
involute rigid leaves, when bending under the burden of the large,
more or less contracted, panicles of the broad, many-flowered
drooping spikelets, render the species one of the most strik-
ing tj'pes of psammophile plants. It inhabits the dunes from the
southern frontier of Virginia through North Carolina south to Texas
and the Mexican coast. By its stout running- rhizome, deeply Ijuried
in the sand and sprouting from the rather distant nodes, a single
plant soon colonizes the bare dune. The flowers appear to be mostlv
infertile, as no spikelets with well-matured grain have l)ecn observed
in the specimens from our coast. Ipomoea camosa^ similar in its sub-
terranean stems and root system to the above grass, is not infrequently
found along with it, the numerous long prostrate stems Ijearing bright-
green leaves, which cover the sand. Opuntia cnis-corvi and Sijphony-
chia erecta arc not rare in the same localities. The dead tops and
branches of the sand pine (Pinws clausa) and tops of the Spanish dag-
ger {Yucca alolfoUa)^ with the trunks almost completely buried in
the drifting sands, increase the impression of aridit}' on these desolate
shores.
Mesophile plant associations of the dxines. — In the shallow sandy pools,
formed mostly by the accumulations of rain water in the depressions
and rendered more or less brackish by the influx of the waves of the
sea during storm tides, many of the plants of the semiswampy coast
plain mingle with types of various families not found outside of the
littoral belt. Of the former class occur the following, the first two
being most frequent:
Rynchospora torreyana. lAnum medium.
Hypericum aspalatJwides. Sderia pauciflora glabra.
Lechea torreyl.
Of plants peculiar to the littoral belt occur:
Scirpus americanus. Xyris torta pallescens.
Fuirena sdrpoidea. Cassia (Chamaecrista) miMissippiensis.
Sderia gracilis.
Open groves of Cuban pines cover the flats behind the dimes, merg-
ing frequently into the pine meadows of the coast plain.
Xei'ophile p^lcLi^t associations of the sandy dry Jmmmochs. — Between
Bon Secour and Perdido Bay low, sandy hills or ancient dunes, rising
above the saline swamps, support a high forest of evergeen trees,
principally live oak, but with a mixture of laurel oak and Cuban and
long-leaf pine. On these dry, sandy hammocks the sand pine [Pimis
clausa)., frequent in peninsular and western Florida, reaches its western
limit. In this locality the tree has been found from 50 to 60 feet high,
rarely over a foot in diameter, breast high. Stunted Spanish oak,
barren oak, blue jack, and the common wax myrtle form the under-
growth, and the procumbent stems of the saw palmetto deeply rooting
132 I'LANT LIFK <>F ALABAMA.
ill tlio sHiul ()ft(Mi closely covci" the soil. On the Ijordcrs of those
woods, and alniost foiiliiifd to tliciu. Iii/h</h>sjkh-<i ilodecandra is fre-
quont with the rare ('<(r<.r i/iisi/carjui, Ixitli of which occur also in
South Carolina.
Mt'.s<q>lilhj>l<nif (issn<-!(ttl<)n.'< of tlw salt iiiarsJieK cmjermg the outlyhig
if<la)Hli<. — Dau})hiiic Island is the most easterly of the interrupted chain
of islands which incloses the waters of Mississippi Sound; it is the
largest that fronts the Alabama coast and was orij^insdly covered with
the Cuban pine. The flora of this island presents no new features, the
vofTotation of its dunes, saline marshes, and pine flats being identical
with that of the corresponding situations on the mainland.
The low islets closer to the main shore and flooded by every high
tide arc bare of tree growth, and their borders, if not their whole
surface, are almost always soaked hy the briny sea, and are not rarely
covered with a floor of fine salt. Where sand and shingle, thrown up
by the waves, have raised the ground above continued overfloAV, ever-
green shrubs preferring a saline soil (halojjhytcs), such as Tvafru-
tescens, BaccJiaris halitnifolia and B. angustifolia^ fringe their shores,
together with Chenopodiuni herlandieri and Lyc'mm carolinianxmi (sea
cherry). Batls maritima^ Salicornia higelmni^ and S. omhigua^ low
shrubb}^ paludial halophytes, with Fhnibristylu spadicea^ form a dense,
close cover of perpetual verdure on these islands.
Mesophile p>l(mt associatlon>t {/lalop/ujtic) of the salt tnarshes on the
main shore. — The shallow, tranquil waters of the numerous inlets of
the sea, with their floor of deep, sandy mud, which receive the smaller
pine-barren streams, are covered exclusively by the black rush {Janata
roemerianus). The rigid, sharp-pointed, leafless stems which rise 2
feet or more above the water, and are more or less crowded, present
a rather compact plant formation highly characteristic of the vegeta-
tion of the littoral region of the Southern Atlantic and Gulf States.
This formation might fltly be designated as the Southern Juncaceous
formation. This rush also forms the great Ijulk of the vegetation of
the extensive saline marshes lining the shore, which at low tide are
above water and which by their position are protected against the
violent action of the waves. In these marshes, associated with the
black rush occur:
Fimbristylii^ castanea. IHsticJiUfi s^picata.
Fimbristylis puberula. Chaetochhxi imberbis 2Jerennii>
Spartina polystachya. Paspalum vaglnatum.
Cladium effusum.
Also the following halophytes:
lAmonium carolinianum. Borrichia fruiescens.
Gerardia mariiima. Cynanclmm paluslre.
In receding from the water front the marsh gradually rises above
continuous overflow, and the ground affords a firmer foothold. In
such situations the rushes and grasses disappear and a more or less
FLORA OF SHELL HAMMOCKS AND CULTURAL FLORA. 133
open vegetation of low perennials and herbaceous plants of various
families finds its home on the damp, often bare, ground, which is cov-
ered with a salty efilorescence. On such bare places the following are
found:
Sabbatia steUaris. Tfesa marina.
Gratiola hispida. Atriplex arenaria.
Oldenlandia UUoralis. HeUotropiuTn curassavicurn.
Monniera mormiera {Herpestln monniera) . Eleocharis capiiata.
lAppia cuneifolia. Distichlis spicaia.
Lijpjpia cuneifolia is a prostrate perennial, with rooting, creeping
stems.
In the submerged salt marshes, with a firmer floor, formed Ijy
deposits of a heavier silt, large-stemmed and broad-leaved rushes and
grasses prevail, forming a compact halophile association of reeds, with
deeply submerged stout rhizomes tightly interlaced. The slender,
pale SjMrtina ^_>«^ew,§, with its stiff stems and erect involute leaves,
chiefly prevails with the tall Sch'jms 7'obustus and Spar'tinajjolystachya^
and with Kosteletzkya virginica altheaefolia and Tpomoea f<agittata.
Shell hammochs. — On the shore of the sea and of the larger inlets,
and along the banks of the bayou's narrow tortuous marine channels,
heaps of bivalve shells, frequently man}' ^^ards in length and from 0 to
15 feet and over in height, are encountered, the accumulation of refuse
from the food supplv which served a race of men unknown to histor}^.
Large live oaks, aged magnolias, and pignut hickories cover these
heaps, along with dense copses of the red buckeye, the sea plum, and
the lime-loving Carolina buckthorn, the last two not known from any
other locality in the lower pine region. On these shell banks the
West Indian red cedar {Juniferus harbadenstH) is frequently found in
full perfection, the sturdy crunk spreading out its almost horizontal
branches, with their drooping branchlets, at from 12 to 18 feet above
the ground. This tree is frequently found on the low hammocks lining
the shores of the Gulf and its inlets from Mississippi to Florida and
along the Atlantic shore to Georgia. On the driest summits of the
shell heaps and on the sandy shores of the open sea, exposed to- wind
and tide, it is f requenth^ of low stunted growth with the trunk divided
from the base. Prickly pear in large patches frequently spreads
over the open places; Evolvulus alsinoides^ widely distributed in lit-
toral regions within the tropics of the New and Old World, has been
observed on the shell banks of Dauphine Island. Remarkable is the
never-failing occurrence on these shell banks from South Carolina to
Texas of Limnodea {Tkurberia) arkariscma in the scanty cover of herbs.
CULTURAL PLANT FORMATIONS OF THE COAST PINE BELT.
Of the 8,500 or 9,000 square miles covered by the rolling pine barrens
and pine flats of the coast plain east of the Escambia and Conecuh
rivers, not more than about 2 per cent is under tillage, and west of
1.S4 ri-.\XT MFK <>K AI.AMAMA.
tluvsf r'ucrs. ill tlir coiiiilics <>t' ( '<i\ iiit^ion ami ( iciicva, and tin' lower
pari of ( 'oil re. 1 )ali'. ami I lciii\ . alxtiit 1 •> per ctnt i^ under cult i\ at ion.
'I'lie lariic areas of the faiiii lands are used for the pasture of cattle and
slieej), which are left without attention to loaiii throuLihout the open
])iiie forests and iiiter\ ciiiiiti' swamps. The people of these sparsely
iiihal»ited I'eLiioii:? depend for their lix'eliiiood mostly u|)on the tiniher
and the resinous pi'oductsof t he lon<ileaf })ine for<'sts. 'I'he land uiuler
culti\ation is de\(»ted principally to the grow ine* of food ci"oi)s. chietly
eorn, sweet })otatoes. rice, with som(> su^'ar cane, the several products
scarcely sutlicin*;' to meet the home demiind. It is only of late years
that the ])ossibilities of the soil of the better class of pine lands have
receixcd a proper appreciation. Wherever the sandy loams rest upon
a more retentive, somewhat clayey subsoil, these lands, with th(> help
of a slight outlay for fertilizers, never fail to give satisfactory returns
to the tiller. In the few localities where the experiment has Ixmmi made
the eultivation of cotton has proved successful. The tropical sugar
cane is grown on every farm for the production of the largely con-
sunu'd table sirup and raw sugar to cover the needs of the homestead.
On the best of the pine land this crop will prove to be profitable, if
undertaken on a more extensive scale. For on these lands the cultiva-
tion of the sugar cane is easier and less expensive than on the heav}'^
alluvial lands, which frequentl}^ require large outlays for drainage.
Moreover, the cane grown on these pine lands yields a juice of great
purity and rich in crvstallizable sugar.
AVith the increased facilities for transportation to distant northern
markets, much attention has been given to truck farming all along the
railroad lines, and the large shipments of cabbages and Irish potatoes
and other \egetables and fruits made every spring show the increasing
importance of this industry. Among fruits, strawberries and water-
melons are raised in large quantities for shipment. On the rolling
pine lands, with a suitable subsoil, peaches and grapes under proper
modes of cultivation, succeed well.
This industry of truck farmijig is carried on most extensively on the
Coast plain. Upon this low land, where the winter climate is tempered
by the proximity of the sea, the warm, sandy loams produce crops which
reach th(Mr perfection at an- earlier date and with less risk of injury by
frosty weather. During the winter and early spring the extensive iields
of cabbages present a most peculiar compact plant formation of a bien-
nial member of the Brassica tri})e, alternating with a tub.'r-l)earing,
solanaceous annual — the Irish potato. The planting season of the vari-
ous crops of earh^ vegetables for northern markets extends from the
middle of October to the middle of March. The mean temperature of
this period averages about 57'-', with a mean of all the monthly highest
temperatures of 78^ for the coldest part of the growing season — De-
cember to February; conditions highly favorable foi- starting and fur-
TRUCK AND FRUIT GROWING IN COAST PINE BELT. 135
thering the growth of the principal crops named, besides other root
crops of minor importance, such as radishes and turnips, and also kales,
peas, beans, cucumbers, etc. The plants easily recover from the injuries
inflicted by light frosts, particularly when these happen in cloudy
weather and when the return of the sunshine is gradual. The warmth of
the sun raises the temperature of the soil and gives a new impetus to
growth in compensation for the check it has received. Sudden changes,
however, to temperature below the freezing point, succeeded imme-
diatel}" l)y sunn}- weather, not infrequently prove disastrous to the
crops. Cabbage plants are constantly transferred from the cold frames
to the field from October to December, and the crop is marketed from
December to May. Irish potatoes are generally planted from the
beginning of January to the latter part of February, and yield the
firstcrops in April. Peas are sown in January and early in February;
beans, squashes, and sweet corn about the first of March, when toma-
toes, cucumbers, and melons, which have started under glass, are
transferred to the open. Large quantities of these vegetables reach
the northern markets from April to the beginning of summer.
After these various crops have been harvested, chiefly gramineous
plant formations take the place of those mentioned above. Field corn
is frequently planted after the removal of the first crops of cabbage
and Irish potatoes; crops of Italian or golden millet also frequently
take their place; cowpeas are planted for fodder, but most frequently
for the purpose of fertilizing ^the fields by plowing under. Far the
largest part of the cultivated fields, however, is left to a luxuriant
growth of weedy grasses, chiefly crab grass {Syntheris7na {Panicum)
sajiguhiale), ])ull grass {Paspakwi hoscianum)^ yard grasses {Eleusine
indica^ Leptochloa inucronata'^ Paspalwn dilatat'um')^ and the so-called
Mexican clover {Ri chard ia scahra), which furnish abundant, spontane-
ous crops of nutritious hay, and also pasturage to the close of the season.
In fact, it may be said that forage crops of various kinds can be grown
in succession throughout the year. Oats and rye furnish green pas-
ture through the winter; vetch ( Vlcia sativa)^ cowpeas, and bur clover
{Medicago macidata) will yield crops for soiling in the earliest days of
spring. Oats cut in the milky stage are cured for dry feed in May and
June. Cowpeas, millets, various kinds of sorghum, known as durrha
or kafir corn, millo maize, and pearl millet; cattail millet, Hungarian
grass, and the so-called Johnson grass {Sorghuin halepen^e) furnish
green forage and hay crops throughout the summer; to which, near
the coast, can be added the Guatemala grass or teosinte i^Eitchlaena
mexicand)^ the genuine Guinea grass {Panicum jumentorum)^ and Para
grass {Panicum molle).
The cultivation of the orange on our coast is wholly confined to the
sheltered coves on the shores of the large bays and of the Gulf. The
loquat tree, or Japanese medlar {Eriohotrya japonica)^ has produced
\'M\ PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
al>uml;iiil crop.- of its luscious fruit, which ripens early in tho spring.
This ti-fc has, however. duiMu*;' the past few yeai's heeii tiiivateiied with
tlestructioM hy the same l»li<,''ht which has proved so disastrous to the
pear orchards ihrouehout tlie i-eii-iou. liider the care of experienced
eultivators. the raisino- of peaehes as well as of the tiner kinds of
grapes is of uuicli promise. The tig produces al)undant fruit, which
is consumed fresh or used for preserves; and the scuppernong grape
yields its crops year after year with regular abundance. The cultiva-
tion of the line kinds of pecan nut has greatly increased during the past
15 or 20 years, and the iiu'reasing crops of tine nuts are now seeking
an outlet to distant markets.
K.i'oth' KuJjtropU'dl arhorescent flora. — The mildness of the climate
of the coast region is most fully attested ])y the luxuriant and varied
growth of woody exotics from subtropical and tropical regions of the
Old and New World, which adorn our gardens and grounds, and which
furnish many of the trees that shade our streets and dwellings. Of the
shade trees are to be mentioned the China tree {Mella azedarach)^ the
most frequent, and its variety of lower grow^th known as the umbrella
China tree; also the paper mull)erry {Brou^'<.sorietia 2H(py'/''f''ru)- Of
smaller-sized trees conspicuous by their profusion of flowers the crape
myrtle {Lagerstroemia indica) takes the first place; to which are added:
Ligushiim japonicum (Japanese privet) . Albizzia julibrissin (silk tree).
Cinmtmomum camphord (camphor tree) . Acacia farnesiana (sweet opoponax).
Punica granatum (pomegranate) . OKtiKtnthusfragrans O.major, (sweet olive) .
Jairopha carthaginiensis (large cassava Mlrhelia {Magnolia) fuscata.
tree) . Viburnum odoratissimum (Chinese vibur-
Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree) . num) .
Of evergreen coniferous trees the deodar cedar (Cedrus d-eodara)^
Chinese cumiinghamia {OunnhigJudnia chmetish)., Chili pines {Arau-
caria spp.), the somber cypress {Cupressus sempervlrens) of Mediterra-
nean Europe, and the weeping cypress {Ciqyressnsfunehrlx) from Asia
not rarely adorn the grounds about dwellings throughout the Lower
Pine region. Of the large number of hard}'" shrubs, only the most fre-
quent and prominent can be mentioned, the hybrid Indian azaleas taking
the flrst place. These shrubs, loaded with a profusion of flowers run-
ning from pure white through all shades of dazzling flame-color, ver-
milion, pink, and purple, are produced from the beginning to near the
close of spring in a perfection scarcely ever surpassed. Many of these
plants grow to a height of from 6 to 8 feet, covering square yards of
ground with their low, wide-spreading branches. The single-flowered
Camellia japonica., of almost tree-like growth, puts forth its abun-
dance of flowers from the middle of January through the winter, as do
several kinds of laurestines. The more tender varieties of the former,
with double flowers, need for their perfect development a slight pro-
CULTIVATED ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 137
tection against continued rains and spells of extreme cold. The fra-
grant pittosporum {P'dtcmporum tohira)^ jessamines, cape jessamine
{Gardenia) are perfectly hardy. The century plant {Agave americana)
not infrequently puts forth its candelabra-like flowering- shafts, and
yuccas {Yucca treculeana^ etc.) from Mexico and the adjacent Texan
region, and the tropical so-called sago palm {Cycas revoluta) and
arrowroot palm {Zainla integrlfolla) of southern Florida add to the
number of decorative evergreen plants.
SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE OF THE PLANTS GROWING WITHOUT
CULTIVATION IN ALABAMA, INCLUDING DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW,
RARE, AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES.
Subkingdom MYXOTHALLOPHYTA (MYXOMY-
CETES). Slime Molds.
Order F»LAS:M0DI0F»H0RALES.
Family PLASMODIOPHORACEAE.
FRANKIA Biuuch.
Frankia alni (Wor.) Atkinson.
Ala. Bull. 133. Cornell Bull. 50.
Forming galls on roots of Alnus sp. Lee County, February, 1892 (Atkinson) ; July,
1896 ( Underwood .\- Earle).
Frankia ceanothi Atkinson, Bnll. Torr. Clnb, 19:171. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 133. Cornell Bull. 50.
On roots of Ceanotliim americanus. Lee County, Auburn, November, 1891 (Atkin-
son); Lee County, May, July, 1896 (Underwood c|' Karle).
Order ?vlYXOGASTRALES.
Family TRICHIACEAE.
ARCYRIA Hall.
Arcyria ferruginea Sauter.
Ala. Bull. 133.
Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood .f- Earle).
Arcyria punicea Pers.
Ala. Bull. 133.
Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood) ; February, 1896 ( Underwood 4' Earle).
TRICHIA Hall.
Trichia affinis De Bary.
Ala. Bull. 135.
Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).
Trichia chrysosperma (Bull.) DC.
Ala. Bull. 135.
Lee County, November, December, 1895 ( Underwood).
Trichia varia Pers.
Ala. Bull. 135.
Lee County, December, 1895 ( Undertoood).
' Contributed by Prof. F. S. Earle, of the Biological Survey of Alabama, April, 1899.
Collection maile mostly in the vicinity of Auburn, Ala.
140 l'l,.\N'r MFK OF ALAIiAMA.
TUBULIN A IVrs.
Tubulina cylindrica (Hull.) DC.
Ala. Hull. 13;").
Loe County, March, 18% ( I'ndiruood .V Earle).
HEMIARCYRIA l.'cstf.
Hemiarcyria clavata (Pera. ) liostf.
IVter.s coll. Ala. Hull. 131.
On PinuH sp. {I'olirs).
Hemiarcyria fimalis Morgan.
Ala. linll. i:]l.
Lee County, I)fceinl)er, 189.5 (Cnderwood).
Hemiarcyria rubiformis (Pars.) Rostf.
Ala. Bull. 134.
Lee County, November, 189.5 ( Undertoood) ; February, 189(1 ( f'ndencood .f- KarU).
Hemiarcyria serpula (Scop.) Rostf.
Peters coll. No. 105. Ala. Hull. 134.
(Peters.) Lee County, December, 1895 (Underwood).
LYCOGALA Micbx.
Lycogala epidendroii (L.) ]{nxb.
Ala. Bull. 134.
Lee County, February, March, 1896 ( Underwood <>• Earle).
CALONEMA Morgan.
Calonema aureum Morgan.
Ala. Bull. 133.
On rotten wood. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood).
Ohio.
Family CRIBRARIACEAE.
CRIBRARIA Schrad.
Cribraria argillacea Pers.
Grevillea, 2 :68, as Licea Hpermoides B. & C. Ala. Bull. 134.
(Beauviont.)
DICTYDIUM Schrad.
Dictydium cernuum (Pers.) Nees.
Peters coll., as D. iimlilicatum. Ala. Bull. 134.
(Peters.)
PERICHAENA Fr.
Perichaena corticalis (Batsch) Kostf.
Peters coll. No. 106. Ala. Bull. 134.
(Peters.)
Family CLATHROPTYCHIACEAE.
CLATHROPTYCHIUM Kostf.
Clathroptychium rugulosum (Wallr.) Rostf.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 133.
On Quercus, 1873 (Peters).
ENTERIDION Ehrh.
Enteridium olivaceum P'hrh.
Peters coll. No. 125a, as Licea applanata. Ala. Bull. 134.
iPetera.)
SLIME MOLDS. 141
Family RETICULARIACEAE.
RETICULARIA Bull.
Reticularia atra (A. & S.) Fr.
Ala. Bull 135. Lee County, March, 189(j ( Underwood .f- Earle).
Family DIDYMIACEAE.
Didydium clavus (A. & S.) Rostf.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 134.
August, 185.5 {Peters).
Family SPDMARIACEAE.
SPUMARIA Hers.
Spumaria alba (Bull.) DC.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 135.
1865 (/'c<er8).
Family PHYSARACEAE.
BADHAMIA Curt. & Berk.
Badhamia decipiens (Curt.) Berk.
Grevillea, 2 : G6, as Phjisarum chrysofrichum B. & C. Ala. Bull. 133.
On dead wood (Peters).
LEOCARPUS Link.
Leocarpus fragilis (Dicks.) Rostf.
PHYSARUM Pars.
Physarum cinereum (Batsch) Pers.
Ala. Bull. 134.
On grass and clover. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood <f' JEarle),
Physarum flavicomum B. & Br.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 134.
1855 (Peters).
Physarum petersii B. & C.
Grevillea, 2 : 66. Peters coll. No. 104. Ala. Bull. 184.
On dead wood (Peters).
Physarum pulchripes Peck.
Ala. Bull. 134.
Lee County, March, 1896 (Underwood <f- Earle).
FULIGO Hall.
Fuligo septica (Link) Gmel.
Peters coll. No. 107. Ala. Bull. 134.
(Peters.) Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood if Earle).
Family STEMONITACEAE.
STEMONITIS Gled.
Stemonitis fusca Roth.
Ala. Bull. 1.35.
Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood tf Earle).
Stemonitis microspora Lister.
Ala. Bull. 135.
Lee County, February, March, l»!t6 ( Underwood <)■ Earle).
142 PLANT MFK (>K ALAUA.MA.
Stenionitis teneriima l'>. \ C.
Ala. Hull. i:{r>.
Leo County, Novoiiibtr, lf<;ir) ( I tid) ritooih.
COMATRICHA I'roiisa.
Comatriclia friesiaiia (Dc Ikiiy) U'ostf.
Ala. |{nll. KW.
( I'ctcra. )
Comatriclia typhiiia (Hotb) Kostf.
Pftois coll. Ala. lUiU. i:«.
{reters.)
Family CERATIOMYXACEAE
CERATIOMYXA Scliroet.
Ceiatiomyxa mucida (Pers.) Schroet.
Ala. Hull. is:?.
(rcters, Jkaumoiil). Lee County, April, 18!tU {Underwood iSEiirU).
ALGAE.
As yet the study of tlie classes of true thalloiiliytes, einbiaciiifJT tlie
plants <;eiierally described as algae, has received scarcely any attention
in Alabama, The sandy shoals and the sandy shores washed by the
waves along the eastern Gulf coast from Louisiana to northwestern
Florida are unproductive of algae, and only a few species of the higher
forms find their home on our shore. With the exception of Characeae
and Lemaneaceae, it has been necessary to omit the so-called fresh-
water algae, as we know too little of them at present.
The successful eftbrts of Dr, George H. Taylor and the Messrs, K, M.
Cunningham and William McNeil in cleansing .samples of the mud of
Mobile Bay obtained from the almost fresh water of the estuary
of Mobile River, the more or Jess brackish water of the upper bay
and the brine of the lower bay have brought to light a considerable
number of interesting forms of the diatom family, which are here placed
on record. The work of these skillful and diligent collectors has been
si)oken of by Hon. J. D. Co.x, LL. D., of Cincinnati, in the American
Monthly Microscopic Jouriud.' At the same time the following list has
been furnished by Mr. Cox, to whom the cleansed material was at the
time submitted for examination. The generic and specific names ha\ e
been revised to conform with De Toni's Sylloge Algarum,
' Vol. 6, p, 145 (August, 1885).
DIATOMS. 143
Subkingdom EUTHALLOPHYTA.
Division EUPHYOEAE.
Order BACILLARIALES.
Family BACILLARIACEAE (DIATOMACEAE).' Diatoms.
Subfamily DISCOIDEAE.
PARAIilA lleib.
Paralia sulcata (Ehrenb.) Cleve. Melosira sulcata Kuetz.
Marine.
New Jersey.
COSCINODISCUS Ehrenb.
Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenb.
Mariiu'.
New Jersey.
Coscinodiscus subtilis Ehrenb.
Marine and in brackish water.
New Jersey.
Coscinodiscus lineatus Ehrenb.
Salt and brackish water.
New Jersey.
Coscinodiscus excentricus Ehrenb.
Fresh, brackish, and salt water.
New Jersey.
ACTYNOPTYCHUS Ehrenb.
Actinoptychus undulatus (Bailey?) Ralfs.
Marine mud.
Tampa Bay (G. H. Taylor). New Jersey.
Actinoptychus splendens (Ehrenb.?) Shadb.
Brackish water.
Tampa Bay {(i. II. Taijlor). New Jersey.
Actinoptychus areolatus (Ehrenb.) Schmidt.
AULISCUS Ehrenb.
Auliscus caelatus Bailey.
Marine.
Tampa Bay {G. H. Taylor). New Jersey.
Auliscus sculptus (Wm. Smith) Ralfs.
Marine.
New Jersey.
Auliscus pruinosus Bailey.
Marine.
Tampa Bay {G.U. Taylor).
Auliscus punctatus Bailey.
PSEUDAULISCUS Lend.-Fortm.
Pseudauliscus radiatus (Bailey) Rattray. Auliscus radiatus Bailey.
All the following species are from Mobile Bay.
144 TLA NT MKK oF ALABAMA.
EtJPODISCUS i;iironl>.
Eupodiscus radiatus Hivilty.
AULACODISCUS Khreiih.
Aulacodiscus argus (KliriMilt.) A. Schmidt. trijiodixruH <ir<juH Klirenli. Kii])odi.nvii>i
tirfiiin \\u\. Sniilli.
Marine.
Tampa Hay (d. JL Taylor). New Jprscy.
ACTINOCYCLUS Kbreub.
Actinocyclus ehrenbergii Kalfs.
Subfamily BIDDULPHIOIDKAP:.
CHAETOCEROS Ehrenb.
Chaetoceros varians (Lauder) Xnn Jicurck. lUicterlastrum variaiin I.auder. 7>.
curi'dtniii Sbadl).
TRICERATIUM Ehrenb.
Triceratium favus Ehrenb.
Salt or brackish water.
Tauipa Bay {(1. H. Taylor). New .Jersey.
Triceratium alternans Bailey.
Marine.
New Jersey.
Triceratium punctatum Brigbtw. T. sculptum Shadb.
AMPHITETRAS Ehrenb.
Amphitetras antediluviana Khrenb.
Marine.
Cosmopolitan.
ODONTELLA Agh.
Odontella aurita (Lyngb.) Agh. Diatoma auritum Lyngb. Jiiddulphia aurita Br<^bi8.
Marine mud.
New Jersey.
Odontella turgida (Wm. Smith) A'an Henrck. (crataulus iKryidim Ehrenb.
Marini! mud.
New Jersey.
CERATAULUS Ehrenb.
Cerataulus smithii (Roper) Ralfs.
TERPSINOE Khrenb.
Terpsiuoe americana (Bailey) Kalfs.
New Jersey.
Terpsinoe musica Ehrenb.
Tampa Bay. New Jersey.
Subfamily FRAGIEARIOIDEAE.
EUNOTIA Ehrenb.
Eunotia arcus Ehrenb.
Euiiotia triodon Ehrenb.
Fresh water.
New Jersey.
DIATOMS. 145
GRAMMATOPHORA Elireub.
Grammatophora marina (Lyngl).) Knetz.
Marine.
Xew Jersey.
Subfamily NAVICULOIDEAE.
NAVICULA Bory.
Navicula lyra Ehrenb.
Fresh and brackish (?) water.
New Jersey.
Navicula irrorata Grev.
Navicula permagna (Bailey) Edwards.
Brackish or salt water.
Tampa Bay. Xew .Jersey.
Navicula maculata Edwards.
Navicula distaus (Wm. Smith) Ralfs.
Navicula caribaea Cleve.
Navicula didyma Ehrenb.
Marine.
New Jersey.
Navicula kennedyi Wm. Smith.
Marine.
New Jersey.
Navicula praetexta Ehrenb.
Marine.
New Jersey.
Navicula serratula Griinow.
Navicula longa (Gregory) Ralfs.
Navicula major Kiietz.
Fresh water.
New Jersey.
Navicula nobilis (Ehrenb.) Kuetz.
Fresh water.
New Jersey.
Navicula aspera Ehrenb. Stauroneis aspera Ehrenb. S. pulchella Wm. Smith.
Marine.
Tampa Bay. New Jersey.
DICTYONEIS Cleve.
Dictyoneis marginata (Lewis) Cleve. Navicula marginata Lewis.
Fresh water.
New Jersey.
FRUSTULIA Agh.
Frustulia le^visiana (Grev.) De Toni. Navicula lewisiana Grev.
STAURONEIS Ehrenb.
Stauroneis phoenicenteron (Nitzsch) Ehrenb.
Fresh water.
New Jersey.
PLEUROSIGMA Wm. Smith.
Pleurosigma validum Shadb.
15894 10
14() PLANT I-Il-K OK ALAI5AMA.
AMPHIPRORA I'.hniib.
Aniphiproia costata o'Mriiiii.'
PLAGIOTROPIS riitz.
Plagiotropis vitrea (Win. Smith?) Grunow. Amphiprora riirca Win. Sinitli.
Plagiotropis elegans (Wiu. Smith) Grunow. Amphiprora eJeijunx Win. Sniitli.
CYMBELLA A-;h.
Cymbella heteropleura (Khrciib.) Kiietz.
AMPHORA Ehieub.
Amphora proteus ( Jregory.
Jirnckish or salt water.
A'ew .lersey.
Amphora clevei A. Schmidt.
Amphora cingulata Cleve.
NITZSCHIA llassal.
Nitzschia scalaris (Elirenl). ?) Wm. Smith.
I'resh or brackish water.
New Jersey.
Nitzschia sigmoidea (Nitzsch) Wm. Smith.
Fresh water.
New Jersey.
Nitzschia circumsuta (Bailej') Grunow.
Subfamily SUEIEELLOIDEAE.
SURIRAYA Turp.
Suriraya febigerii Lewis.
Brackish water.
Tampa Bay. New .Jersey.
Suriraya fastuosa l^hrenb.
Marine.
New Jersey.
CYSTOPLEURA Br(5bis.
Cystopleura zebra (Ehreub.) Knntzc. EpHhemla zehra Kuetz.
CAMPYLODISCUS Ehreub.
Campylodiscus clypeus Ehreub.
Campylodiscus limbatus Brcbis.
Class CHLOROPHYCEAE. Green Algae.
Orclfc^r F'KOXOCOCC^^LES.
Family HYDRODICTYACEAE.
HYDRODICTYON Koth.
Hydrodictyon reticulatum (L.) Lagerh.
Stagnant pools, ditches. Over the State.
United States, Canada, Europe.
' There is some uncertainty about this name. — Ed.
CHARACEAE AND SEAWEEDS. 147
Order COXFER\^^^LES.
Family ULVACEAE.
ULVA L. Sea lettuce.
Ulva lactuca (L.) Le Jolis.
On piles and sunken timber, salt and brackish water. Mobile Bay.
Ulva enteromorpha Le Jolis.
Mobile Bay, with the last.
Class CHARALES.^
Family CHARACEAE.
CHARA Vaill.
Chara gymonopus humboldtii A. Br.
In swiftly running streams. Bibb County, Little Cahawba River {E. A. Sviith).
Louisiana to New England. Europe.
Chara fragilis (L.) Desv.
lu swiftly running streams. Little Cahawba River, Bibb County {E. I. Smith).
NITELLA Agh.
Nitella glaziovii Zell.
In deep, gently flowing water. Estuary of Mobile River. September, fruiting
abundantly under the water 10 feet deep,
Nitella tenuissima A. Br.
In deep, still, brackish water. Upper part of Mobile Bay ; dredged from a depth
of 15 feet and over.
Nitella tenuissima A. Br., forma.
In large tufts. Baldwin County, above the mouth of Fly Creek on the muddy
bottom. Abundant.
Nitella acuminata A. Br.
In deep water. Estuary of Mobile River with X. glaziorii.
Nitella acuminata subglomerata A. Br.
With the al)Ove.
Nitella acuminata brachyteles A. Br.
With the last.
Class PHAEOPHYCEAE.
Order CYCLOSPOR^^^LES.
Family FUCACEAE.
SARGASSUM Agli. Gulf weed.
Sargassutn bacciferum Turu.
Frequently washed ashore along the Mississippi Sound and on the strand of Bald-
win County.
Sargassum vulgare Agh.
Rarcdy washed ashore on the outside shore and the outlying islands.
Identified by T. F. Allen, M. D.
148 PLANT LIKK <>K AI.Al^AMA.
Class RHODOPHVCEAE. Red Algae.
Orclor XEXIALION^^^LES.
Family LEMANEACEAE.
LEMANEA I'.ory.
Lemanea fucina niamillosa (Kuetz.) Atkinson. L. uunnilldsa Knot/.
In rivnlets. North Alabama {Peters). Mobile.
Noitii Carolina, C'bapel Hill.
TUOMEYA Ilarv.
Tuomeya fluviatilis llarv.
On rocks in Warrior River near Tuscaloosa, 1857 (Tiiomey).
Virginia near Fredericksburg (liailey); Connecticut; Maine, Mount Desert Island.
Family HELMINTHOCLADIACEAE.
BATRACHOSPERMUM Kotb.
Batracliospermum moniliforme Kolh.
In brooks and springs. Over the State; very variable. The Southern form inhab-
its in abundance swift-running pine-barren streams, attached to submerged timber
and roots, ^vith a tliallus from 6 to 8 inches long of a deep green to olive-brown color.
It has not bceu observed outside of the Coast I'ino belt.
Order RHOOYMENI ALES.
Family SPHAEROCOCCACEAE.
GRACILARIA Grev.
Gracilaria armigera Harv.
Mobile. Mississippi Sound, Cat Island, Dauphin Island.
Family DELESSERIACEAE.
CALAGLOSSA (llarv.) J. G. Agh
Calaglossa leprieuri J. G. Agh.
liiackish Avater. Estuary of Mobile Kiver, on immersed trunks.
Warmer seas of the Old World.
New Jersey.
FUNGI.
About the middle of the present ceutury, following the work of Baron
von Scliweinit/. in tlie same field, the Kev. M. A. Curtis, of Xorth Car-
olina, and the Ilev. M, J. Berkeley, of England, devoted their attention
to the study of the fungi of the Southern United States. With these
mycologists cooperated jNfr. Ravenel, of South Carolina, and Judge
Peters, of jNloulton, Ala. The latter proved a most active contributor,
exploring a region hitherto a veritable terra incognita to science, and
affording further light on the distribution of fungi in this part of our
continent.
His collections were chietly made during the period from 1834 to
COLLECTIONS OF ALABAMA FUNGI. 149
1864 iu that part of the Tennessee Yalley and t)f the mountain region
of Alabama ftrabraciug Lawrence, Winston, and Walker counties.
Peters submitted his collections to Curtis and also partly to Ravenel.
The descriptions of his new species were jrablished in the first to the
third volumes of Grevillea (1872 to 187C) under the "Xotice of North
American Fungi," by Berkeley and Curtis, and a smaller number were
issued iu Ravenel's Fungi Caroliniani Exsiccati (1852 to 18G0). In
his manuscript catalogue of Alabama fungi, left, with his collection, to
the University of Alabama, Peters enumerated a little over 500 species
under 122 genera, most of them contained in three quarto volumes.
These specimens are still in a fair state of preservation.
Early in the sixties C A. Beaumont, an enthusiastic young botanist,
joined Peters in the exploration of the cryptogamic tlora of the State,
but working in his own surroundings. After a short stay in Lawrence
County, Beaumont collected in southeastern Alabama near Brooklyn,
in Conecuh County, and Troy, in Pike County. His specimens were
also forwarded to Mr. Curtis and were duly noticed in the publications
of the authors named above.
After a long lapse of years the investigation of the mycological flora
of the State was most actively resumed by Prof. George F. Atkinson
(Cornell L^niversity, New York), chiefly during the years 1889 to
1892, while in charge of the biological department of the Polytechnic
Institute and the State Agricultural Experiment Station at Auburn,
assisted by some of his graduate students, principally B. M. Duggar,
1889-90, and C. L. Newman, 18j0-91. The field work was chiefly con-
fined to Lee County, and the results of his labors were published in the
Bulletin of the Cornell University, vol. 3, No. I, Ithaca, N. Y., June,
1897. In this Bulletin Oil species under 201 genera are enumerated,
of which three genera and Gl species are described as new.
Prof. L. M. Underwood, while iu connection with the biological depart-
ment of the Polytechnic Institute (1895-96), and Prof. F. S. Earle, of
the horticultural department, and since 1896 in the biological depart-
ment of the same institution, continued with great zeal the labors of
their predecessors in the field of Southern mycology. Their explora-
tions were principally confined to the vicinity of the Institute. Pro-
fessor Underwood made a trip to the mountain region of the State from
its eastern limit westward to the section first explored by Peters.
Professor Earle made, occasionally, some collections iu Mobile County.
His assistants in field work. Prof. C. F. Baker and Mr. Benton of the
Alabama Experiment Station, are mentioned.
In 1897 appeared the Preliminary List of the known species of
Alabama Fungi, by L. 'SL Underwood and F. S. Earle, as Bulletin No. 80
of the Alabama Exj)eriment Station at Auburn. In this publication,
as stated by the authors, are contained all the Alabama species referred
to by Berkeley, all contained iu the Peters collection, and those con-
tributed by Peters and Beaumont to Kavenel's Exsiccati ; besides these,
150 PLANT LIKK <>F ALAliAMA.
those collected by Professor Atkinson or liis associates and deposited in
the herl);iriiiiii <)f the Alabama IN)Iyte;;hnic Institute, the material col-
lected by (1. VV. Carver of the Tuskegee JSormal and Industrial Insti-
tute in Macon (3ounty, and the si)ecies reported upon by the authors
iu later i)aiK'rs from material collected in 189.") and subsequently.
The following list of the Alabama fungi has been kindly furnished
by Prof. F. S. Earle. The writer takes this occasion to express his
gratitude for this valuable contribution to his catalogue of Alabama
plants.
Introductory to this list Professor Karle makes the following remarks:
111 the rreliniiiiarj- List of Alabama Fungi, of Uiuleiwootl and Karle, published
(luring the summer of 18!t7 ' 1,110 species were noted as occurring iu the State, and the
distribution by counties was given. At about the same time Professor Atkinson
published his list of 644 species, which appeared as Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 1, of the
Cornell University. Two hundred and thirty-two of the species were not given iu
Bulletin 80.
These two publications are the basis of the following list, though it contains a
number of additional species not reported in either of them.
The nomenclature adopted is essentially that of P^ngler & Prantl, Die Natuer-
lichen Pflanzenfamilien. This necessitates the change for good reason of a few of
the Saccardian generic names that were used in the above publication. The setiuence
of orders and families is that of Engler & Prantl's work, the genera and species
being arranged alphabetically.
To this the writer has to add that, in order to bring his list into
accord with the idan adopted in the present work, the genera had also
to be systematically arranged according to the work of the above
authors, and the authority for each genus had to be given. Further
have been added citations for the more recently described species,- the
names of collectors in Alabama, and the distribution of species by
States, as far as could be ascertained from the various State floras,
occurrence iu Europe being also noted.
Division EUMYCETES. Fungi.
Class PHYCOMYCETES.
Order CH^^TRU^IALES.
Family SYNCHYTRIACEAE.
SYNCHYTRIUM De Bary &, Woronin,
Synchytrium decipieus Farlow.
Ala. Bull. 135.3
On Falcata comosa. Deka]l> County, May, 1896 (Underwood <f- Earle).
• This Bulletin was dated April, 1897, but was not issued till about July 1.
-Except when the public:ition occurred in either the Alabama or the Cornell
Bulletin.
3 "Ala. Bull." denotes Bulletin No. 80 of the Alabama Agricultural Exjieriment
station, referred to in the introduction.
FUNGI. 151
Synchytrium fulgens Schroet.
Ala. Bull. 13.").
On Oenothera laciniata. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood <)■ Earle).
Europe.
Synchytrium pluriannulatum (B. & C.) Farlow.
Grevillea, 3 : 57, under Uromyces. Ala. Bull. 135.
On Sanicula sp. (Peters).
Order TvIUCORALES.
Family MUCORACEAE.
MUCOR (Micheli) Link.
Mucor beaumontii B. A- C.
Grevillea, 3:148. Ala. Bull. 136.
On Brassica oleracea {Beaumont).
SPORIDINIA Link.
Sporidinia aspergillus (Scop.) Schroet.
Peters coll. Xo. 130, as Mucor ramosus Bull. Ala. Bull. 136.
On decayiug Boletus sp. Lee County, July 10, 1896 ( Uiiderwood).
Europe.
Order SAPROLEGNI^LES.
Family SAPROLEGNIACEAE.
SAPROLEGNIA Nees.
Saprolegnia declina Humph.
Cornell Bull. 14. i
On dead Hies in water. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Saprolegnia mouoica Pringsh.
Cornell Bull. 14.
On dead flies in water. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Europe.
ACHLYA Nees.
Achlya americana Humph.
Cornell Bull. 14.
On dead flies in water. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Achlya apiculata De Bary.
Cornell Bull. 14.
On dead flies in water. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Europe.
Achlya oblongata globosa Humph.
Cornell Bull. 14.
On dead flies in water. Lee County, Auburu (Atkinson).
Order F»ER0>>I0SF'0RALE:S.
Family ALBUGINACEAE.
ALBUGrO (Pers.) Kuntze. (Cystopus Lev.)
Albugo aniaranthi (Schw.) Kuntze.
Ala. Bull. 136. Cornell Bull. 14, as Cystopus hliti (Biv.) lie Bary.
On leaves of A marantlms relroliexns. Lee County, Auburu, .luno 20, 1890 (Atkinson).
On leaves of Amaranthus sjnnosns. Lee County, Auburn, .June 20, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Amaranthus sp. Hale County, May, 1896 ( Underwood) ; Lee County, July. 1896
( Underwood <)• Earle).
1 " Cornell. Bull." denotes the Cornell University Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 1, referred to
in the introduction.
Ifj'J TLANT T.IFK OK ALABAMA.
Albugo Candida (IVrs. ) Kuiitzo.
Ala. Hull. i:!ti. Coniill Uiijl. 1 1, under (\v8topns.
On ArahiH viifiiuitii. Lce('oiiul.\, April, IS'.U\ { I'ndvrwooil ,\- Earh).
(>u l.ipitUum riri/iuiciim. Let; Coiiuty, Maidi. l.'^'tO ( /.'. N. r.divurdn).
On Sviiibivni kj). Lee C'onuty. .May, IX\^{) ( I'lidenvood ,\- Knrh).
On L('i)idiuni, cultivated ereas, ete. Lee County, Auburu (JtWnaow).
Lnrtipe.
Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae (Scliw.) Swinf^le.
.Ma. Hull. i:^(). Cornell Hull. 14, under Cystopns.
()u Ipumom batatas. Lee County, Auburn, .luly, 1890 (Atliuxon).
On Ipomoea pandurata. Lee County, July, 18!lti ( I'uderuood il- Karle).
( )n Ipomoca purptirra. Lee County, .luuc, 18*J0 {Atlinxon ).
( )n Jaaiminuiitia ( Ipomoca ) tamiiifolia. Lee County, July, 18fKj ( Utidcriiood <>• Earlc).
Albugo portulacae (1>C.) Kuut/.e.
Ala. Hull. 130. Cornell Hull. 11, under Cystopns.
On leaves of I'ortulaca oleracca. Lee County, Auburn, July ;>, 1S90 {Atkinnon).
Albugo tragopogonis (Pers.) S. F. Gray.
Ala. Hull. 130. Cornell Hull. 14, under Cystopu.s.
On leaves of Amh'oaia artemisiaefolia. Montgomery County, IMke ro.id, .June, 1890
(Atkinison).
On Trariopogon porrifolius. Lee County, May 5, 1890 (Athin.son).
Europe.
Family PERONOSPORACEAE.
BASIDIOPHORA Koze A. Cornu.
Basidiophora entospora Roze A Cornu.
Cornell Hull. 15.
On leaves of an Aster or an Erigeron. Lee County, Auburn, February, V:<90 {Atkinson).
Europe.
BREMIA Kegel.
Bremia lactucae Kegel.
Cornell Hull. 15.
On leaves of Lactnca sp. Lee County, April, 1897 ( Earle <y- Jiaker).
Europe.
PERONOSPORA Cornu.
Peronospora alsinearum (aspary.
Cornell Hull. 15.
On leaves of Cerastium sp. Lee County, Auburn, February and December, 1890
{Atkinson).
Europe.
Peronospora alta Fkl.
Cornell Hull. 15.
On leaves of rhuitaf/o sp. Lee County, Auburn, April 17, 1890 (Atkinson).
Eur()])t*.
Peronospora arthuri Farlow.
Ala. H,ull. 137. Cornell Hull. 15.
On leaves of Oenothera laciniata. Lee County, Auburn, March 24, 1890 (Atkinson).
Peronospora calotheca De Bary.
Cornell Hull. 15.
On leaves of Ifoustonia ^mtens. Lee County, Auburn, March 2.3, April 15, 1890
(Atkinson).
Europe.
This is the same fungus mentioned below as P. seymonrii Burrill. Both names are
retained as it is impossible at present to decide which is the correct determination.
Peronospora lamii (Al. Braun) De Bary.
Ala. Bull. 137. Cornell Bull. 15.
On leaves of Lamium um^lcxioaule. Lee County, Auburn, January, 1890 (B. S.
Edwards).
Europe.
FUNGI. 153
Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 137. Coruell Bull. 15.
On Brassica oleraeeu. Mobile, Mnrch, lS9fi {Reese).
On leaves of several species of Cruciferae. Lee County, Auhuru, in late winter
and early siiring (Atkinson).
On Cardamine hirsitla. Macon County, 1897 (Career).
ilurope.
Peronospora plantaginis Underw.
Ala. Bull. 137.
On PUmtiKjo arislata. Lee County, May, 1896 (Earle).
Peronospora seymourii Burrill.'
Ala. Bull. 137.
On Houstonia patens. Lee County, March, 1896 (Underwood c^- Earle).
Peronospora trifoliorum De Bary.
Cornell Bull. 15.
On leaves of TrifoUum caroJiniatitim. Lee County, Auburn, December 27, 1891;
January 24, 1892 (Atkinson).
Eiirojie.
Peronospora violae De Bary.
On Tlola raHnesqii ( V. tenella). Lee Countv, February, 1890 (Atkinson) ; Lee County,
April, 1897 (Earle).
On Viola tricolor, the cultix'tited pansy. Lee County, April, 1897 (Earle).
Europe.
PLASMOPARA Schroet.
Plasniopara geranii (Peclc) Berl. & De Ton.
Ala. Bull. 137. Cornell Biill. 15.
On Geranium caroiinianum. Lee County, Auburn, December to April, 1890 (Atkin-
son); Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood cf Earle).
Plasniopara halstedii (Farlow) Berl. & De Ton.
Ala. Bull. 137. Cornell Bull. 15.
In leaves of Gnaphalinm piirpnreiim. Lee County, Auburn, June, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Bidens frondosa. Lee County, August, 1890 (Atkinson).
In leaves of Bidens sp. Lee County, Auburn, August 27, 1891 (Atkinson).
Plasmopara obducens Schroet.
Ala. Bull. 137.
On Impatiens aurea. Lee Countj% April, 1896 ( Underwood ij- Earle).
Europe.
Plasmopara viburni Peck.
On Vihurnum nudum. Lee County, November, 1897 (Earle).
Plasmopara viticola (B. & C.) Berl. & De Ton. Gr.\pe Mildew.
Ala. Bull. 137. Cornell Bull. 15.
On Parihenocissus qninqnefolia. Dallas County, May, 1896 ( Underwood tf- Earle).
On Vitis sp., various cultivated varieties. Lee County (Atkinson).
On Fitis rotundifolia. Lee County, October, 1890 (Atkinson).
Order EISIXOXdOF»HXHORALES.
Family ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE.
EMPUSA Cohn.
Empusa apiculata Thaxter.
Cornell Bull. 14.
On a dipterous insect. Lee County, Auburn, January, 1890 (Atkinson).
Empusa muscae (Fr.) Cohn.
Ala. Bull. 136.
On dead flies. Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood </• Earle).
Euroiie.
' See note under Peronospora calotheca.
154 PLANT LIFK <>F ALAHAMA.
Class ASCOMYCETES.
Family EXOASCACEAE.
EXOASCUS F1<1.
Exoascus alnitorquiis iTul.) .). Kiiehn.
Ala. Bull. 17."..
On Ahiiis niiiuxa. Lt-e County, 18^0, April, l«i)l (Atkinson); Dociuiiber, 1893 (Ihuj-
f/ar); April, 18% {Uudcncood i)- Jiarle).
Ezoascus pruni Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 175.
Ou I'rnnns serot'tna. Lee County, 1891 ( AtkinHon).
On I'runus antjuatifoHd. Lee County, 1890 {Atkinnon).
New Jersey. Europe.
Exoascus deformans (]>erk.) Fkl.
Cornell Bull. 18.
On leaves oi Amygdalus prrsica, the iieach. Leo County, Auburn {Atkinson).
Exoascus farloAvii Sudelieck.
Ala. Bull. 175. Cornell Bull. 13.
On J'rnnus set'otina. l^ee County, Auburn, 1892 (Atkinson).
Exoascus australis Atkinson, I'.uU. Torr. Club, 21 : 379. 1894.
Ala. Bull. 17.5. Cornell Bull. 13.
Ou the leaves of Carpinus caroliniana. Lee County, Auburn, April 30, 1892
(Atkinson).
Exoascus mirabilis Atkinson.
Ala. Bull. 175. Cornell Bull. 13.
Ou Prnnus angusti/olia. Lee County, Auburn, April, May, 1890, 1892 (Atkinson).
Exoascus rhizlpes Atkinson.
Ala. Bull. 175. Cornell Bull. 13.
On I'runns triflora, the Japanese plutn. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Exoascus varius Atkinson, Bull. Torr. ( lub, 21 : 378. 1894.
Ala. Bull. 176.
Ou I'runus strotina. Lee County, Auburn, ^lay, 1891 (Atkinson).
TAPHRIA Fr.
Taphria coerulescens (Mont.) Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 176. Cornell Bull. 13.
On Quercus ni;/ra ((J. aqualica). Lee County, Auburn, 1892 (Atkinson).
Ou Quercns phdlos. Lee County, Auburn, \?>^Q (Atkinson).
On Quercns minor. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
On QnercKS marilandiea. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Quercus ditiitata. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Quercus rul>ra (Atkinson. )
On Quercus hrevifolia. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Atkinson),
New .Jersey. Europe.
Taphria virginica Sadeb. »S: Seym.
Ala. Bull. 176.
Ou Ostrija liyrjiniana. Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood cf- Earle).
FUNGI. 155
Order HET.VELL^VLES.
Family GEOGLOSSACEAE.
MITRULA I'ers
Mitrula phalloides (I5nll.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 206.
(Beaumont.)
Damp soil iu woods. Le« County, May, 1896 ( Underwood <)r Earle).
Europe.
GEOGLOSSUM Pers.
Geoglossiim peckianum Cooke.
Peteis coll., as G. (jliitino'^um. Ala. Bull. 206.
Winston County, 1862 {Peters).
LEPTOGLOSSUM (Cooke) Sacc.
Leptoglossum alabamense Underwood, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 82. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 2(16.
On the ground. Lee County, Auburn, July ( Underwood).
Family HELVELLACEAE.
MORCHELLA Dill.
Morchella esculenta (L. ) Pers.
Ala. Bull. 207.
In sandy pine woods. Mobile County, October (Mohr).
On the ground in low places. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood <f- F.arle).
New Jersey. Europe.
The most esteemed of edible species.
Family RHIZINACEAE.
PSILOPEZIA Berk.
Psilopezia flavida B. tfe C.
Grevillea, 4 : 1. Ala. Bull. 206.
On wood of Quercus alba {Fetem).
RHIZINA Fr.
Rhizina inflata (Schaeff.) Karst.
Ala. Bull. 206.
On the ground. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood <y- Earle).
Europe.
Order PEZIZALES.
Family PEZIZACEAE.
LACHNEA Fr.
Lachnea scutellata (L.) Sacc.
Peters coll. 1 : 32. Ala. Bull. 202.
On decayed wood (Peters).
Winstou County, June, 1896 ( Underwood),
Europe.
ir)(> PLANT I. IKK (»K ALABAMA.
SPHAEROSPORA .S:i. <■.
Spbaerospora confusa Cooke.
Ala. hull. lid.").
Oil burnt ;j;roun(l in i1;imi|> woods. Let- County, .Inly, ISIKJ ( I ndmrood .f- Karlt).
PLICARIELLA Sacc
Plicariella exasperata (H. A. C.) Sacc.
(iiev illea, 3: 1.")-!, under I'ezi/a. Ala. Uull. L'dO, under Hurlae.i Sai<'.
On luirnt earth (I'ctern).
PEZIZA Dill.
Peziza acetabulum L.
Ala. Hull. L'OO, under Aeetabnla.
f)n ffronnd in ]>iue woods. Lee County, April, IHUlj ( (iideruood <f- Karle).
Ohio, New .lersey. Europe.
Peziza spissa Berk.
Grevillea, 3 : l.'i2. Ala. Bull. 202, under Hnniaria.
On the giound {Peters).
Peziza maciopus Per.s.
Peters coll. 3: 17. Ala. I'.ull. 203, under Macropodia.
July, 185."> (Peters).
South Carolina, New Jersey. Kuroi)e.
Peziza pubida B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 203, under Macropodia.
On the ground (Peters).
Peziza sch'weimtzii Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 20.3, under Macrojjodia.
Lee County (AtJdnson).
Peziza aurantia Pers.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 204.
On the f^round. Lawrence County, November. 1864 (Pc/ers) ; LeeConntv, l>eceMi-
ber, 1806 (A'ar/e).
Peziza badia Per.s.
Ala. Bull. 204.
On the ground. Leo County, March, 18!)(i ( I'nderwood .)• Earle).
New Jersey.
Peziza chlora Schw.
Rav. Fnng. Car. Exsic. 5 : 30. Ala. Bull. 204.
( Peters. )
Peziza cochleata L.
Peters coll. 1 : 20. Ala. Bull. 204.
( Peters. )
Peziza decolorans B. & C.
Grevillea, 3 : 150. Ala. Bull. 204.
On the ground (Peters).
Peziza petersii Berk.
Grevillea, 3 : 150. Ala. Bull. 205.
On burnt ground (Peters).
Peziza vesiculosa Bull.
Lee County, Anl)urn, January 8, 1899 (Mrs. F. S. Earle).
New England, New Jersey. Europe.
OTIDEA Pers.
Otidea euplectra Cooke.
Grevillea, 3 : 151, as Peziza phlebophura B. & Br. var. Ala. Bull. 204.
On moist sandy soil (Peters).
FUNGI. 157
Family ASCOBOLACEAE.
ASCOBOLUS I'ers.
Ascobolus brunneus Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 200.
On cow dung. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).
Family HELOTIACEAE.
BELONIUM Sacc.
Belonium eustegiaeforme (B. »fc C.) Sacc.
Rav. Fung. Am. Exsic. 310, under Peziza. Ala. Bull. 200. Cornell Bull. 13.
On dead canes of Artindinaria teeia. Macon County, Shorter, July 16, 1890 {Atkin-
8ov); Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood 4'- Earle).
South Carolina.
CHLOROSPLENIUM Fr.
Chlorospleiiium versiforme (Pers.) Karst.
Grevillea, 3 : 160. Ala. Bull. 202.
On Quercus sp. (Peters).
SARCOSCYPHA Fr.
Sarcoscypha occidentalis (Schw.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 3 : 153. Ala. Bull. 205.
On the ground (Peters).
New York, Ohio.
LACHNELLA Karst.
Lachnella extricata (B. «&. C.) Sacc.
Peters coll. Grevillea, 3 : 152. Ala. Bull. 202.
On some umbelliferous plant (Peters).
Lanzia rugipes (Peck) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 203.
Lee County (Atlinso7i).
LANZIA Sacc.
OMBROPHILA Fr.
Onibrophila decolorans (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 6, under Bulgaria. Ala. Bull. 203.
On decayed wood of Quercus (Petcra).
DASYSCYPHA Fr.
Dasyscypha arundinariae (Berk.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 202. Cornell Bull. 13.
On Arundinaria. Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood .)'• Earle).
Dasyscypha calycina (Schum.) Fkl.
Peters Coll. 3 : 16. Ala. Bull. 202.
On Pinus (Peters).
Europe.
Dasyscypha leucodernia (Berk.) Kohm.
Ala. BuB. 202.
On Pinus. Lee County, March, .July, 1896 ( T'nderwood .f- Earle).
158 PLANT LIFK OF ALABAMA.
ERINELLA Sa<c.
Eriiiella sp.
Tcters coll. 1 : 28, as re:i:n alhoriolavca A. & S. Al;i. r.nll. L'O'i.
Uu Magniiliu (I'cters).
HYMENOSCYPHA I'r.
Hymenoscypha sacchariferum (Herk.) Link.
(iit'villf:!, 3: 157, uuder I'eziza. Ala. Hull. 'JO."), a.s I'seitdoheloliiDn nucchurifirum
(H.rk.) Sacc.
Oil l^iiiiiidauibar (Peters).
HymeuoscypliH soleniiformis (B. A- C.)
(Jievillea, 3 : ItiO. uiuler Tezi/.a. Ala. Bull. 205, niuler rczizella.
Oil dead wood {Peters).
Hymenoscypha (Phialea) cyathoidea (Hull.) Gill.
(iievilU-a, 3 : ItJO, luuler J'e/.iza. Ala. ]5ull. 205.
(J'ctcrs.)
Canada, New England, Pennsylvania, New .Icrsey.
Hymenoscypha translucens Gill.
Cornell Hull. i:>, under Pezizella.
On decaying wood. Macon County, Shorter. .July 10, 1890 ( .iildvHoii) ; Lee County,
Auburn, winter 1891.
Hymenoscypha (Phialea) fructigena (Hull, i (Jill.
Ala. Hull. 205.
On hickory shells. Lee County {Atkinii07i).
Family MOLLISIACEAE.
BELONIDIUM .Mont. A: Dur.
Belonidium aurelia (Pers.) De Not.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 :41, under Pezizn. Ala. lUill. 200.
On l^iriodendron {Peters).
Pennsylvania, South Carolina. Europe.
NIPTERA I r.
Niptera atro-fusca (H. & C.) llnderwood & Earle.
Grovillea, 3 : 156, under Peziza. Ala. Hull. 203.
On dead wood (Peters).
ORBILIA Fr.
Orbilia vinosa (A. &. 8.) Karst.
Peters roll. 3 : 26. Ala. Bull. 204.
On Liriodendron (Peters).
South Carolina. Europe.
PYRENOPEZIZA Fkl
Pyrenopeziza atrata (Pers.) Fkl.
(irevillea, 3 : 159, under Peziza. Ala. ISull. 205.
On Solidago (Peters, Bcaumout).
OMBROPHILA Sacc,
Ombrophila decolorans (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4:6, under Bulgaria. Ala. Hull. 203.
On Quercus (Peters).
FUNGI. 159
Family CELIDIACEAE.
AGYRIUM Fi.
Agyrium brunneolum B. & C.
Grevillea,-4:6. Ala. Bull. 200.
On roots of pine {Beaumont).
Agyrium rufiim (Pers.) Fr.
Grevillea, 4 : 6. Ala. Bull. 200.
On dead wood of Tsuga canadensis. Winston County (Peters).
Europe.
Family PATELLARIACEAE.
HYSTEROPATELLA Eehm.
Hysteropatella prostii (Duby) Rebm.
Ala. Bull. 197, under Hysterium.
On Quercus. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood 4- Earle).
Europe.
PATELLARIA Fr.
Patellaria atrata (Hedw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 203, under Lecauidion.
On Liriodendron. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood li"- Earle).
New Jersey. Europe.
PATINELLA Sacc.
Patinellainquinans (Cooke) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 204.
On dead wood. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood cf Earle).
Family CENANGIACEAE.
CENANGELLA Sacc.
Cenangella ravenelii (Berk.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4:3, under Tympanis. Ala. Bull. 200.
On Ilex prinoidcs {Peters).
CENANGIUM Fr.
Cenaiigium cephalanthi (Schw.) Fr.
Grevillea, 4:4. Ala. Bull. 200.
On Ceplialanthusoccidentalis {Peters).
Cenangium contortum B. & C.
Peters coll. 1 : 149. Ala. Bull. 201.
On dead wood {Peters).
Cenangium maguoliae B. & C.
Grevillea, 4 : 5. Ala. Bull. 201.
On Persea {Beaumont).
On Laurus {Peters).
Cenangium leptospermum B. «fc C.
Grevillea, 4 : .5. Ala. Bull. 201.
On Tsuga canadensis. Winston County {Peters).
Cenangium ustale (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 3 : 152, under Peziza. Ala. Bull. 201.
On decayed twigs {Peters).
1('>() PLANT I.IKK OK A LA HAM A.
BULGARIA 1 r.
Bulgaria inquiuaiis (Pits.) Fr.
K'av. Fun-,'. Car. Kxsif. 5 : J3. Aln. Hull. 200.
On (JinrciiK rcluthio. La\vrenr« County (I'elern).
(U'orgia to Now Jersey. KurDjx'.
DERMATEA 1 r.
Derniatea rubi (Lib.) Keliin.
(irevillea, 4:2, as J'tttcUaria rhaharhurina Berk. Ala. IJull.L'OJ, as I'e:iciiln rhahar-
bariiia (Berk.) TuL
On Coriius amo)nuin {J'etcrs).
Europe,
TRYBLIDIELLA Sacc.
Tryblidiella rufula (Sprang.) Sacc.
Peters coll. 3: GO, Ala. Bull. 198.
On Rhus {I'elers, Jleaiimont).
Ou (lead twigs. Lee County, .January, 1896 ( Underwood i^- Karle).
Tryblidiella rufula microspora (E. & E.) Underwood »t Earle.
Ala. Bull. 1!I8.
On Melia iccdavdch. Leo County, March, 1896 (Undenvood .(• Juirle).
Order l^HACIDIALEe^.
Family STICTIDACEAE.
XYLOGRAMMA Wallr.
Xylogramma graminis Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 14.
OuBtams of Chrysopof/onavenaceus. LeeCountj', Auburn, Noveniberl, 1891(/^H(75rar).
Family TRYBLIDIACEAE.
SCLERODERRIS Fr.
Scleroderris arundinariae Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 14,
On dead canes of Arutidinaria tecta. Lee County, Auburn, .July 27, IH^'^O {Atkinson).
Scleroderris concinna (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 5, under Cenangiuiu. Ala. Bull. 199.
On Sassafras (Feisrs).
Soutli Carolina.
URNULA Fr.
Urnula craterium (Scliw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 206.
On the ground. Leo County, March, 1896' ( Undenvood 4'' Karle).
New Jersey, Ohio.
Family PHACIDIACEAE.
DOTHIORA Fr.
Dothiora asterinospora (E. & E.) Sacc.
Ray. Fung. Car.Exsic. 3:36, as Tympanic i^inastra V>. & C. Ala. P.ull. 199.
On Ilex {I'elers).
On living bark of various trees. Lee County, January, February, ^larch, 1896
( Underwood ij- Earle).
FUNGI. 1(')1
PHACIDIUM Fr.
Phacidium brunneolum Peck.
On Galium. Lee County, Auburn, 1897 {Earle .)■ Baker).
Phacidium elegantissimum B. & C.
Grevillea, 4 : 8. Ala. Bull. 199.
Ou leaves of Ilex opaca {Peters).
COCCOMYCES De Not.
Coccomyoes juniperi Karst. ( ?).
Peters coll. 1 : 150, as Rhytisma petersii B. & C. Ala. Bull. 198.
On bark of .Juniperus {Peters).
Coccomyces triangularis (Schw.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 198.
On oak. l^ee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood cf- Earle).
RHYTISMA Fr.
Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 199. Cornell Bull. 13.
Ou Acer ruhruvi. Lee County, Auburn, July 22, 1891 {Bugqar (f- Newman) ; Novem-
ber, 1895 ( Undenvood) ; March, 1896 ( Underwood cj- Earle); October, 1896 {Earle).
Ohio, New Jersey. Europe.
Rhytisma curtisii B. & Eav.
Ala. Bull. 199. Cornell Bull. 14.
On leaves of Ilex opaca. Lee Couuty, Auburn, September 13, 1891 {Atkinson) ; Lee
County, April, 1896 ( Underwood t)- Earle).
South Carolina.
Rhytisma solidaginis Schw.
Ala. Bull. 198. Cornell Bull. 14.
On Solidago canadensis. Lee Couuty, 1891 {Newman).
On various species of Solidago. Lee Couuty, Auburn {Atkinson).
New York, New Jersey.
Rhytisma ilicis-canadensis Schw.
On Hex verticillata. Lee County, Auburn, November, 1897 {Earle).
Rhytisma vaccinii (Schw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 199. Cornell Bull. 14.
On living leaves of Vaccininm arboreimi. Lee Couuty. Auburu, 1891 {Atkinson).
South Carolina, New Jersey.
Rhytisma tostum B.&. C.
Grevillea, 4 : 9. Ala. Bull. 199.
On leaves of Quercus laurifoUa {Beaumont).
Rhytisma decolorans Fr.
Ala. Bull. 199.
On Xolisma ligustrina. Lee Couuty, January, 1896 ( Undertvood tj- Earle) ; Macon
County, August, 1896 {Carver).
Order HYSTERIALES.
Family HYPODERMATACEAE.
HYPODERMA DC.
Hypoderma ilicinum De Not.
Ala. Bull. 197.
On dead leaves of Quercus sp. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood i) Earle).
On Quercus nigra {Q. a([uatica). Lee County, .July, 1896 { Underwood .)• Earle).
15894 11
162 I'LANT I, IKK OK A l,A|{A.M A.
ANGELINA I r.
Angelina nifescens (Srhw. i Diiliy.
Kav. I'unjj. Car. Exsic. 5: IJ, as .lurohnlus coiii/lotneradts ^chw. Ala. \i\\\\. IIM).
Oil (^ucrtua (iV/ers).
South Carolina, New Jersey.
LOPHODERMIUM Cliev.
Lophodermium arundinaceuni (Schrad.) Chcv.
Ala. liull. 198.
On Jrinidiiiaiia sp. Leo Couuty, January, 1896 ( Underniiod <>■ Jutrle).
Lophodermium culmigenum (Fr. ) Karat.
Ala. Bull. 198.
On (load sLcaths of Arnndinaria. Lee County, .January, 1896 ( Underwood .|- Karle).
Pennsylvania.
Lophodermium cyrillicolum Tracy «&- Earlo.
Ala. Bull. 198.
On CijriUa raceniijiora. hi'e County, April, 1896 {Underwood .\- Juiric).
Lophodermium petersii (B. A C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 13, under Hysterium. Ala. Bull. 198.
On Junipems (Peters).
Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chev.
Ala. Bull. 198.
On dead needles of Piniis eehinata. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood .y- Earle).
Lophodermium rubiicolum Earle, Bull. Torr. Club. 25 : 365. 1898.
On Rubus. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood (^- Earle).
RHYTIDHYSTERIUM Speg.
Rhytidhysterium scortichinii Sacc. & Berl.
Cornell Bull. 12.
On Toxylon })omiferum (Madura anrantiaca). Hale County, Gallion, August 14,
1894 (Dugfjar).
Family DICHAENACEAE.
DICHAENA Fr.
Dichaena faginea (Pers.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 196.
On Fafins americana {F.fvrruginea). Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood <V- Earle).
Ohio. Europe.
Dichaena sp.
Grevillea, 4:158. Ala. Bull. 196.
On Quercus (Peters).
Family HYSTERIACEAE.
AULOGRAPHUM Libert.
Aulographum confluens Earle.
On d(>ad stems of Kubus. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood cj- Earle).
Aulographum pinorum Desm.
Ala. Bull. 196.
On pine needles. Lee County, January, 1891.
GLONIUM Muhl.
Glonium chlorinum (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 12, under Hysterium. Ala. Bull. 197.
On Quercus niijra (Q.aquutica) (lieaumoni).
FUNGI. 163
Glouium lineare augustissimum De Not.
Ala. Bull. 197.
On Liquidambar. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood <)• Earle).
Glonium macrosporum Tracy & Earle.
Ala. Bull. 197.
On I'rinnis scrofina. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood <f Earle).
On Fit lis rot iiiidif alia. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood .y- L'arJe).
On Rubus (irgntKS {E. villosus). Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood cj- Earle).
Glonium parvulum (Ger.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 197.
On Lirtedendron. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood cf- Earle).
On Hicoria. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood ij- Earle).
Glonium stellatum Muhl.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 3 : 43. Ala. Bull. 197.
(Beaumont.)
On rotten log. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood tj- Earle).
South Carolina, North Carolina, Ohio.
HYSTERIUM Tode.
Hysterium erianthicola Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 13.
On Erianthiis sp. Lee County, Auburn, September 26, 1891 (Atkinson).
Hysterium insidens Schw.
Ala. Bull. 197.
On dead wood. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood .)• Earle).
Hysterium macrosporum Peck.
Ala. Bull. 197.
On weathered pine wood. Lee County, February, March, 1896 ( Underwood i^-
Earle).
Hysterium pulicare Pers.
Ala. Bull. 197.
On Betula. Macon County, April, 1896 ( Underwood),
Europe.
HYSTEROGLONIUM Rehm.
Hysteroglonium curtisii Duby.
Ala. Bull, 196, under Gloniella Sacc.
On dead stems of Vitis. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood ij'- Earle).
HYSTEROGRAPHIUM Corda.
Hysterographium mori (Schw.) Rehm.
Ala. Bull. 198.
On Gledilsia. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood <)■ Karle).
Hysterographium smilacina (Schw.).
Ala. Bull. 196, as Gloniopais smilacis (Schw.) Underwood «fc Earle.
On Smilax. Lee County, 1896.
Hysterographium vulvatum (Schw.) Rehm.
Ala. Bull. 198.
On Quercus sp. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).
On Vitis rotundifolia. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood c^- Earle).
Hysterographium praelongum (Schw.) E. «fe E.
Ala. Bull. 196, as (rloniopsis praelonnnm (Schw.) Underwood cV, Earle.
On Morus. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood <)• Earle).
LEMBOSIA Ldv.
Lembosia angustifolia Tracy A: Earle.
On Ilex eorinc.ea. Esc:imbi;i County, Floniatou, August S, 1898 (N. M. Tracij).
Lembosia illiciicola Tracy iV Earle.
Ala. Bull. 198.
Ou lUicinmJIoridunaw. Mobile County, March, 1«90 (h'arle).
1()4 ri.ANT MIK OK ALA15AMA.
LOPHIDIUM Kiirst.
Lophidium anonialiim AtUinson.
Conu'Il Hull. 11.'.
Ou culms i)l' Eriiiuthii.s. Lee County, Auburn, Novoinbcr 12, 1801 (JtiKjyur).
Family ACROSPERMACEAE.
ACROSPERMUM Todu.
Acrospermiini foliicolum Herk.
Ou I'alk'u leavi's of Uliniis. Lcc County, P^ebruary, 1897 {Earli; .f- Haker).
Order PLECTASCALES (Aspergillales).
Family ASPERGILLACEAE.
ASPERGILLUS Micbeli.
Aspergillus glaucus (L.) Link.
Cornell Bull. 38.
On decaying leaves of Ipomoea. Lee County, Auburn, .July 23, 1890 {Atkin»on).
Common.
MELIOLA Fr.
Meliola amphitricha Vr.
Ala. Bull. 182.
On Osmanthus americana. Lee County, October, 1896 (Earle).
Meliola bidentata Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 182. Cornell Bull. 4.
On Biqnonia eajjreolala. Lee County, Auburn, Septembers, 1891(l'M<7</ar); Mobile
County ,"Marcb, 1896 (Earle).
Meliola manca E. & M.
Ala. Bull. 182. Cornell Bull. 4.
On leaves of Itubiis argntus (E. villosun). Leo County, Auluirn, October, 1891
(Atkinson).
On leaves of Myrica ccrifera. Mobile County, March, 1896 (Earle).
Meliola inartiniana Gaill.
Ala. Bull. 182.
On J'rrsea 2)ahintriK. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Undtrtvood ij- Earle).
Meliola mitchellae Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 182.
On Mitchella repens. Lee County, March, 1896 ( (nderuood <V- Earle).
Meliola nidulaus (Schw.) Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 182. Cornell Bull. 4.
Ou living twigs of Cormis sp. Lee County, Auburn, IS'oveniber 8, 1891 (AtkinHon).
Lee County, April, 1896 ( I'nderwood <f- Earle).
Meliola palmicola Winter.
Grevillea, 4 : ir)8, as Meliola amphitricha. Ala. Bull. 182.
On Sahal sp. {Beaumont).
Meliola tenuis B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 182. Cornell Bull. 4.
Ou leaves of A^'undinaria tecta. Lee County, Auburn. October, November, 1891
(Atkinson).
FUNGI. 105
Order F»E:RISF»0RIAT^E;S.
Family ERYSIBACEAE.
SPHAEROTHECA Lev.
Sphaerotheca castagnei Lev.
Ala. Bull. 180. Cornell Bull. 4.
On liidcns frondosa. Lee (Jounty, Anbnrn, October, 1S89 (Alldnson); November.
1891 (Duggarj.
On leaves of Erechtites hieracifoUa. Lee County, November ;">, 1891 {licntou <(•
Dnygar).
On Lactuca sp. Lee County, October, 1896 (Earle).
Obio, New Jersey. Europe.
Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill.
Cornell Bull. 4.
On Humxilus, the hop. Lee County, Aiiburn, autumn, 1889 {AiMnsov).
Sphaerotheca lanestris Hark.
Ala. Bull. 180. Cornell Bull. 4.
On leaves of Quercus alba. Lee County, Auburn, August 21, December, 1891
(Atkinson).
Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) L^v.
Ala. Bull. 180.
On a cultivated species of Rosa. Lee County, 1890 (Athhifion).
Europe.
PODOSPHAERA Kunze.
Podosphaera biuncinata C. & P.
Ala. Bull. 179. Cornell Bull. 5.
On leaves of Hamamelis virginiana. Lee County, October 28, 1891 (Duggar).
Podosphaera oxyacanthae (DC.) De Bary.
Grevillea, 4 ; 158, as Podosphaera kunzei Lev. Ala. Bull. 180. Cornell Bull. 5.
On Primus cerasus (Peters).
On Craiacgns sp. Lee County, Auburn, November, 1891 (Benton).
On leaves of Prunns americana. Lee County, Auburn, October 31, 1891 (Duggar).
On Mains mains. Lee County, April, 1896 (Earle).
Europe.
ERYSIBE Hedw.
Erysibe cichoracearum DC.
Ala. Bull. 176. Cornell Bull. 4.
On Amhrosia artemisiaefolia. Lee County, May, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Amhrosia trifida. Perry County, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Aster lateriflorus and A. tradescanti. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Atkinson).
On Helianthus annuus. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar).
On Willughhya scandens. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).
On Phlox sp Mobile County, 1890 (Ca7-l Zimmer).
Ou Solatium carolinense. Lee County, October, 1891 (Atkinson) ; Macon County,
October, 1890 (Cari;er).
On Verbena urticaefoUa. Lee County, October, 1891 (Duggar).
On Xanthium canadense. Lee County, October, 1889 (Atkitison); Macon County,
Auj^ust, 1896 (Carver).
Over the State, and north to Canada.
Europe.
Erysibe communis (Wallr.) Link.
Ala. Bull. 177. Cornell Bulk 4.
On Onagra biennis. Lee County, May, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Pisnm sativum. Lee County, May, 1890 (Atkinson).
On leaves of Oenothera laoiniata. Lee County, Auburn, .June '6, 1890 (Atkinson).
Europe.
!('.<) l'T,.\NT I.IKK OF .\T,.\1?AMA.
Eiysibe liiiodendii Sclnv.
Ala. Mull. 177. Cornell Hull.."..
< >ii li:i\(H of l.iriodtiidruu lulijii/eio. i,c(» Coiiiity. Aiiliiirii, ( (clohei- 28, Ih'Jl
Europe.
MICROSPHAERA L. v.
Microsphaera alni (DC) Winter.
Ala. Hull. 177. Cornell Hull. 5, as .1/. siinUosta H. iV C.
On .//;/«« riifiosd, Lee County, 1891 (.Itkinsou).
On //<.!• sp. Lee County, ISitl (Atkinson).
On Hicdiia s\K Lee County, 1890 (Athivxoti).
On J'hitaniifi occidentalifi. Lee County, 1891 (.Itkinaon).
On Sj/riiKja riihiaria. Lee County, October, \X9(i {Karlc); Macon County, August,
1896 (Carnr); Bullock County, Union Springs (,/. I.. Monlton).
Ou Tecoma radicans. Lee County, 1891 {Atkinson).
New Jersey. Ohio. Europe.
Microsphaera dififusa C. & V.
Ala. Bull. 177. Cornell Bull. 5.
On Meibomia sp. Lee County, 1889 {Atkinson).
Ou Lespedeza striata. Lee County, 1889 {Atkinson); Macon County, OctolMsr, 1896
{C(irver).
Microsphaera erineophila Peck.
Ala. Bull. 178.
On Erineum of Fagus. Lee County, March, 1896 {Earle).
Microsphaera euphorbiae B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 178. Cornell Bull. 5.
Ou Euphorhia nutans. Lee County, Auburn, October 21. 1891 {Durjgar).
Microsphaera grossulariae (Wallr. ) Lev.
Ala. Hull. 178. Cornell Bull. 5.
Ou Samhncus canadensis. Lee County, Auburn, October 13, 1891 {Atkinson).
Microsphaera quercina (Scbw.) Burrill.
Ala. Bull. 178. Cornell Bull. 5.
On Qitercus nigra {Q. aquatira). The form M. calocladophora Atkinson. Lee
County, December, 1890 (Atkinson); Macon County, August, 1896 (Carver).
On Quercus phellos. Lee County, 1891 {Atkinson).
On Qnercus sp. Lee County, 1895 {Karle).
On leaves of Quercus marilandica, Q. minor, Q. ruhra, etc. Lee County, Auburn
{Atkinson).
New Jersey, Ohio.
Microsphaera ravenelii Berk.
Ala. Bull. 179.
On Apios apios. Lee County, October, 1896 {Earle) ; Macon County, August, 1896
{Carver).
Microsphaera semitosta B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 179. Cornell Bull. .5.
On leaves of Ceplialanthus occidentalis. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 {.Itkinson).
Microsphaera vacciuii C. «fe P.
Ala. Bull. 179. Cornell Bull. 5.
On Vaccininm sp. Lee County, October 18, 1891 {Du(igar).
Ou Xolisma ligustrina. Lee County, October 10, 1896 {Earle).
UNCINULA L6v.
Uncinula circinata C. & P.
Ala. Bull. 180.
On Acer riibriim. Lee County, 1891 {Atkinson).
Uncinula flezuosa Peck.
Ala. Bull. 180. Cornell Hull. 5.
Ou Aescuhis pavia. Lee County, Wright's Mill, near Auburn, .Inly, August, 1890
{Atkinson).
FUNGI. 167
Uncinula geniculata Oer.
Ala. Bull. ISO.
Ou Monis rubra. Lee County, ISitl (Atkinson).
Uncinula macrospora Peck.
Ala. Bull. 180. Cornell Bull. 5.
On leaves of Ulmus americana. Lee County, Auburn, August C>, 1890 {AtMn.^on).
Uncinvila necator (Schw.) Burrill.
Ala. Bull. 180. Cornell Bull. 5.
On cultivated species of Vitis, the grape. Lee County, Auburn, 1889 (Atkinso7i).
Ohio.
Uncinula parvula C. & P.
Ala. Bull. 180.
On Celtis occidentalis. Lee Couuty, 1889; Montgomery County, 1891 (Atkinson);
Macon County, August, 1896 (Cancer).
Uncinula polychaeta (B. & C.) Mass.
Kav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 4:68. Grevillea, 4:159, under Erysiphe. Ala. Bull. 180.
On Celtis occidentaJis (Peters). 1891 (Atkinson).
PHYLLACTINIA Lev.
Phyllactinia suffulta (Reb.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 158, as PhyUactinia guttata Lev. Ala. Bull. 179. Cornell Bull. 5.
On Fagus (Beaumont).
On Alnus rugosa. Lee Couuty, 1891 (Atkinson); Macon County, October, 1896
( Carver) .
On Corntis fiorida. Lee County, Novembers, 1891 (Atkinson).
On Carpinus caroUniana. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).
On Crataegus sp. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).
On Liriodendron tuUpifera. Macon County, October, 1896 (Carver).
On Quereus nigra ( Q. (Ufuatica). Lee County, February, December, 1890 (Atkinson) ;
Macon County, August, 1896 (Carver).
On Quereus marUandica (Q. nigra). Lee County 1890 (Atkinson).
On Quereus phellos. Lee County, December, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Quereus minor. Lee County, November, 1895 (Earle).
On leaves of Ulmus alata. Lee Couuty, 1890 (Atkinson); Macon County, October,
1896 (Career).
On leaves of Ulmus americana. Macon County, October, 1896 (Carver).
New Jersey, Ohio, Nebraska. Europe.
Family PERISPORIACEAE.
DIMEROSPORIUM Fkl.
Dimerosporium erysipheoides E. & E.
Cornell Bull. 4.
Ou leaves of Panicum rostratum (P. anceps). Lee County, Auburn, August 24, 1891
(Atkinson).
PARODIELLA Speg.
Parodiella perisporioides (B. & C.) Speg.
Ala. Bull. 182.
On Meibomia sp. Lee Couuty, 1891 (Newman .f- Bugnar).
PERISPORIUM Fr.
Perisporium zeae Desm. (?)
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 3 : 65. Ala. Bull. 182.
On Zea mays (Beaumont).
SCORIAS Fr.
Scorias spongiosa (Schw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 183.
On Alnus rugosa. Lee County, February, 1896 (Earle).
Ou Fagus americana. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood t)- Earle).
KiS VLANT LIKE OF ALABAMA.
ANTENNARIA Link.
Antenuaria seniiovata 1?. A- Hr.
Ala. Hull. l.s'J.
Ou Magnolia rirginiana {M. (/laucti) ( lieaiimovt).
APIOSPORIUM Kmi/.e.
Apiosporium elongatum B. iV Desiii.
Ala. Bull. 181, under Capnodinin.
On Hignonia (/'fibers).
Apiosporium sp.
Ala. Bull. 1X1, as Capnodiuiu sp.
On Chri/saiitliemum sp. Lee County, 1889 (Atkinsov).
On Ne7-ium oleander. Lee CouTity, 1890 (Atkinson).
Family MICROTHYRIACEAE.
ASTERINA L6v.
Asteriiia comata B. & Rav.
Grevillea, 4:10. Ala. Bull. 181 .
On leaves of Ma(jnoUa rinihmuia (M. glauca) (Peters). Mobile County, March, 1896
(Earlc) ; Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood cj- Earle).
South Carolina.
Asterina diplodioides B. & C.
Grevillea, 4 : 9. Ala. Bull. 181.
On T^eucothoe, probably L. cateshaei, cited as Andromeda acuminata (Peters).
Asterina pelliculosa Berk.
Grevillea, 4 : 10. Ala. Bull. 181. Cornell Bull. 1, as Dimerosporium orhiculare
B. & C.
On leaves of Jlex opaca. Lee County, Auburn, December 20, 1891 (Atkinson) ; Lee
County, February, April, 1896 (Earle).
Asterina spurca B. & C.
Grevillea, 4:10. Ala. Bull. 181.
On leaves and stems of Mesos2)haerHm rugosum (Hyptis radiafa). Southern Ala-
bama (Beaumont).
MICROPELTIS Mont.
Micropeltis alabamensis Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 359. 1898.
On Magnolia acuminata. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood 4- Karle).
Order HA"F»OCRAEALES.
Fanuly HYPOMYCETACEAE.
HYPOMYCES Fr.
Hypomyces aurantius (Pers.) Fkl.
On Polyporus resinosus. Lee County, Auburn, February 22, 1896 (Underwood ^
Earle).
The specimen reported under this name in the Alabama Bulletin, 185, should be
referred to the following. See Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, 25 : 363.
Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schw.) Tul.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5:64, as H. aurantius. Ala. Bull. 185. Cornell Bull. 10.
On Cantherellus aurantiacus (Peters).
On various species of Lactarius and Russula. Lee County, Auburn, Augu.st, 1890
(Atkinson); Lee County, December, 1895 (Earle); Winston County, June, 1896
( Underwood).
Hypomyces xylophilus Peck.
Ala. Bull. 185.
Ou rotten wood. Lee County, November, 1896 (Earle).
Ohio.
FUNGI. 169
CALONECTRIA De Not.
Calouectria curtisii (Berk.) S;icc. (?).
Ala. Bull. 183.
On Arundinaria sp. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Vnderwood if F.arh).
Calonectria polythalama Berk.
Grevillea, 4:46, i.s Nectria. Ala. Bull. 183.
On Liquidambar (Peters).
Family MELANOSPORACEAE.
NEOCOSMOSPORA E. F. Smith,
Neocosmospora vasinfecta (Atkinson) J. G. Smith.
Ala. Bull. 158. Cornell Bull. 48. In both under Fusarium.
In vascular ducts of stems of Gossi/pinm herbaceum. Montgomery County, Mathews,
June 16,1891; Hope Hull, June 17;i891; Pikeroad, July 9, 1891 ; near Montgomery,
September 4, 1891 (Atkinson). Dallas County, Selma, 1892 (Atkinson).
In Hibiscus esculentns. Limestone County, Athens, 1891 (Atkinson).
On Vigna catjang (cowpea) aud Pliaseolus vulgaris (garden bean). Lee County,
Auburn, July, August, 1898 (Earle).
Family NECTRIACEAE.
NECTRIA Fr.
Nectria episphaeria (Tode) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 185. Cornell Bull. 10.
On Diatrype stigma. Lee County, Auburn, February 22, 1891 (Atkinson); Lee
County, March, 1896 ( Underwood cS- Earle).
On Etitypella sp. Lee County, February, March, 1896 ( Underwood 4- Earle).
Nectria meliae Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 364. 1898.
On Melia azedaracli. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood S Earle).
Nectria rubicarpa Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 186.
On Gelsemium semperrirens (?). Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood i|- Earle).
New Jersey.
Nectria saccharina B. & C.
Peters coll. 1 : 165. Ala. Bull. 186.
Nectria viticola B. & C.
Grevillea, 4 : 45, Ala. Bull. 186.
On branches of Vitis (Peters).
GIBBERELLA Sacc.
Gibberella pulicaris (Fr.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 184.
Ou living roots of (iossypium herbaceum, the cotton plant. Lee County, November,
1889 (Atkinson).
SPHAEROSTILBE Tul.
Sphaerostilbe coccophila Tul.
Ou Aspidiofus obscurns on oak bark. Lee County, .January, 1897 (Earle).
Sphaerostilbe gracilipes Tul.
Grevillea, 4 : 46. Ala. Bull. 186.
On Platduxia (Peters).
17(^ PLANT T.IKK oK \I-AHAMA.
ELEUTHEROMYCES Fkl.
Eleutheromyces aubulatus (Todo) Fkl.
Cornell Hull. 10.
On decaying ug;iri<-8. Leo County, Auburn ( .Uh'niaon).
Family HYPOCREACEAE.
HYPOCREA li.
Hypocrea apiculata C. A V.
Ala. Bull. 18L
Lee County {.Ukinson).
Hypocrea chromosperma C. & P.
Peters coll. 3, No. 23, laVieled Daedalea sepium Berk. ( ?).
A reexamination of the Peters specimen shows it to he the altove specieB.
Hypocrea citriua d'crs.) Vv.
Ala. Bull. 184.
On Kxklla glandulom. Lee County, July, 1896 ( L'ndrrnood <t KarU).
Louisiana, South Carolina. Europe.
Hypocrea contorta (Schw.) B. & C.
Peters coll. 3 : 68. Ala. Bull. 185.
Hypocrea petersii B. & C.
Grevillea, 4 : 13. Ala. Bull. 184.
(Peters.)
Hypocrea polyporoidea B. & C.
(irevillea, 4 : 1!"). Peters coll. 1 : 152. Ala. Bull. 184.
On Fagus {Peters).
FamUy CLAVICIPITACEAE.
CORDYCEPS Fr.
Cordyceps capitata Fr.
Grevillea. 4 : 13. Ala. Bull. 183.
(Pettis.)
Europe.
Cordyceps ophioglossoides (Ehrh.) Link.
Peters coll. 1 : 54. Ala. Bull. 183.
Winston County, June, 1896 ( Inderivood).
CLAVICEPS Tul.
Claviceps sp. (Sclerotium stage only).
Ala. Bull. 183.
On ('Imisopofion arenaceus. Macon County, August, 1896 (Carrer).
On Erianthiis. Macon County, August, 1896 {Carver).
ECHINODOTHIS Atkinson.
Echinodothis tuberiformis ( B. & Kav. ) Atkinson, Bull, Torr. Club, 21 : 221. 1894 .
Ala. Bull. 184. Cornell Bull. 10.
On ArumUuarla tecta. Lee County, Auburn, August, October, 1891 {Atkiiisun).
South Carolina.
Order DOTHIDEALKS.
Family DOTHIDEACEAE.
DOTHIDELLA Speg.
Dothidella scutula (B. & C.) Sacc.
On Persea. Escambia County, Flomaton (S. M. Tracy).
FUNGI. 171
MONTAGNIELLA Siag.
Moutagniella heliopsidis (Schw.) Sacc.
Cornell Hull. 8.
Ou leaves of Heliopsis sp. Lee County, Auburn, summer aii<l autumn (Alkhisuti).
MYRIOGENOSPORA Atkinson.
Myriogenospora paspali Atkinson, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 225. 1894.
Cornell Bull. 11.
On leaves of Paspalum laeve. Lee County, Auburn, 1894 (Jtk'nison).
OPHIODOTHIS Sacc. ^
Ophiodothis atramentosa (B. & C.) Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 27:121. 1900.
Ala. Bull. 183. Cornell Bull. 10. In both as Dothichlue hypojylon (Peck) Atkinson.
On Andropoffon virginicus. August 30, 1891 (Atkinson).
Ou Eragroatis tenuis. Lee County, Auburn, September, 1891 {Atkinson).
On Kragrostis campesiris. September, 1891 (Atkinson).
Ophiodothis atramentosa aristidae (Atkinson) Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 27:122.
1900.
Ala. Bull. 183. Cornell Bull. 11. In both as Dothichloe aristidae Atkinson.
On stems of Aristida purpurascens. Lee County, Auburn, September 12, October '6,
1891 (Duggar iV- Atkinson).
PHYLLACHORA Nitscb.
Phyllachora ambrosiae (B. & C.) Sacc. •
Grevillea, 4 : 105, under Dothidea. Cornell Bull. 11. Ala. Bull. 195.
On Ambrosia artemisiaefolia (Beaumont), Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson) ; Lee
County, 1891 (Duggar).
On Ambrosia trifida. 1891 (Duggar).
Phyllachora beaumontii (B. & C.) Cooke.
Peters coll. 1 : 194. Ala. Bull. 195.
On Prunus caroUniana. Macon County (Ileaumont).
Phyllachora cynodontis Niess.
Cornell Bull. 11.
On Sporobolus indicus. Lee County, Auburn, .July 25, 1890 (Atkinson).
On leaves of Andropogon sp. Macon County, Shorter (Atkinson).
Europe.
Phyllachora cornuospora Atkinsoji.
Cornell Bull. 11.
On leaves of Panicum elongatum. Lee County, Aul)urn, August 27, 1891 (Atkinson).
Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 195. Cornell Bull. 11.
On Andropogon virginicus. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar).
On Paspalum laeve. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar).
On Paspalum setaeeum. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Xeicman).
Ou Panicum dichotomum and P. latifoUum. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar).
On Panicum sp. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar) ; Macon County, March, 1896 (Carrer).
On Panicum elongatum. Auburn, 1891 (Duggar).
On Sorghum halepense. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Duggar).
On Muhlenbergia diffusa. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Duggar).
On Eragrostis tenuis. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Duggar).
South Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Phyllachora lespedezae (Schw.) Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 196. Cornell Bull. 12.
On Lespedeza sp. Lee County, Auburn, October 21, 1890 (Atkinson).
Phyllachora ulmi (Duv.) Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 196.
On Ulmu 8 sp. Macon County, August, 1896 (Coner).
New Jersey. Europe.
172 PLANT LIFE OF ALAT^AMA.
PLOWRIGHTIA Sacc.
Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacc.
Al:i. I*.iill.l!l3. Cornell Hiill.it.
On rniniifi atujuHtifoVut. Loc County, November, 1895 ( Underwood .f- Earle).
On rntniis americana. Montgomery County, IMkeroad, 1S91 i Atkinson).
On I'runiis so-othia. Ia'l' County, February, ISilti ( I'liderivood <V- Earle).
On rruints trijhra. Mobile County, January, IS'Hi {Kuric).
On branches of rrunits umhdlata. Lee County, Aui)Uru, 1891 (Nrwrnaii).
New Jersey.
SCIRRHIA Nitscli.
Scirrhia groveana Sacc.
Ala. Hull. 196.
On Typha latifohu. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Undernood .!"• Earle).
Scirrhia sporoboli Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 9.
On stems of Sjioroholua asper. Lee Couuty, Auburn (Ditygar ,S- Xewiinm).
Order SPHAERIALES.
Family CHAETOMIACEAE.
CHAETOMIUM Kunze.
Chaetomium olivaceum C. & E.
Cornell Bull. 6.
On (lead stems of Gossypinm herhaceiim. Lee County, Auburu, October 7, 1891
(Atkinson).
Chaetomium pusillum E. & E.
Cornell Bull. 6,
On old paper, covering a culture vessel in laboratory. Lee County, Auburn
{Atkinson).
Family SPHAERIACEAE.
CHAETOSPHAERIA I kl.
Chaetosphaeria brevispinosa Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 0.
On leaf-sbeatlis of Arinidinaria tecta. Lee County, Auburn {AthinMn).
Chaetosphaeria pannicola (B. & C.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 187.
On Viti» rotundifolia. Lee County, P^ebruary, 1896 ( Inderwood t)- Earle).
On a cultivated species of Vitis. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood .!'• Karle).
HERPOTRICHIA Fkl.
Herpotrichia rhodomphala (Berk.) Sacc.
Peters coll. 3 : 44. Ala. Bull. 189.
On dead wood {Beaumont).
LASIOSPHAERIA Ces. 4& De Not.
Lasiosphaeria pezizula (B. & C.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 191.
On dead wood. Lee County, January, February, 1896 ( Underwood iV Earle).
Lasiosphaeria rhacodium (Pers.) DeNot.
Ala. Bull. 191.
On rotten wood. Lee Countj', February, 1896 ( i'nderwood cS Earle).
Europe.
FUNGI. 173
ROSELLINIA Ces. & Do Not.
Roselliuia aquila (Fr.) De Not.
Ala. Bull. 193. Coruell Bull. 9.
On dead brauches of deciduous trees. Lee County, Auburn, February 22, 1891
(Atkinson).
On Liriodendroii. Lee County, January, February, 1896 ( i'nderwooil .y- Earle).
Nebraska. Europe.
Roselliuia pulveracea (Elirh.) Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 193.
On Vitts rotitndifolia. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Vnderxcood <(• Earle).
Rosellinia subiculata (Schw.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 193.
On rotten wood. Lee Coitnty, February, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).
TRICHOSPHAERIA Fkl.
Tricho.sphaeria underwoodii Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25:363. 1898.
On Arundinariu sp. Auburn, January, 1896 ( Underwood <)■ Earle).
Family CERATOSTOMATACEAE.
CERATOSTOMA Fr.
Ceiatostoma piliferum Fr. (Fkl.)
Grevillea, 4 : 146, under Sphaeria. Ala. Bull. 187.
On Quercus (Peters).
Europe.
LENTOMITA Niess.
Lentomita longirostrata Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 7.
On stems of Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. Lee County, Auburn, October 1, 1891
(Dufjgar).
EamUy CUCURBITARIACEAE.
PR AC CHI AE A Sacc.
Fracchiaea calista (B. &. C. j Sacc.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 67. Ala. Bull. 189.
On Carpinus (Peters).
Family AMPHISPHAERIACEAE.
CARYOSPORA De Not.
Caryospora putaminuni (Schw. ) De Not.
Ala. Bull. 186.
On peach pits. Mobile County, December, 1895; Leo County, February, 1896
( Underwood iS' Earle).
New Jersey. South Europe.
OHLERIA Fkl.
Ohleria rugulosa Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 192.
Ou dead wood. Lee County. February, 1896 ( Underwood .)• Earle).
New Jersey. Europe.
174 I'LANT IJKK OK A I, A 15AM A.
Family LOPHIOSTOMATACEAE.
LOPHIOSTOMA 1 i.
Lophiostoina uiessleauuni Saw.
("oriioll Hull. 7.
Ou (lend stems of Ainbn>nlu (irlciiiiHiaefolia. I. oi; County, Auburn, October 1, 1H!U
(DiK/gar).
Family MYCOSPHAERELLACEAE.
GUIGNARDIA Vialii A:. Kavaz.
Guiguardia bidwellii (Kllis) Viala «fc Ravaz.
Ala. Hull, litl, under Laestadia. Cornell Hull. 6, under Carlia.
On Partlienocissus (Anqjelopsiti) quinquefoUa. hav County, Auburn, May 13, 1890
(Athiiison).
On I'itin rotundifolia. Lee County, 1890 (Atkinson).
Ou Vitis linifera. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).
On a cultivated species of Vitis. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).
MYCOSPHAERELLA .lobanson.
Mycosphaerella arundinariae (Atkinson).
Cornell Hull. 9, under Spbaerella.
On leaves of A7-Hndinaria tecta. Lee County, Auburn (Atkiuso7i).
Mycosphaerella baptisiicola (Cooke).
Cornell Hull. 9, under Spbaerella.
On leaves of Elymus. Lee County, Auburn, July 5, 1890 (Atkinson).
Mycosphaerella leptopleura (De Not.).
Ala. Hull. 193. Cornell l',ull. 9, un<ler Spbaerella.
On rotting leaves of Secale cereale. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Mycosphaerella gossypina (Atkinson).
Ala. Bull. 193. Cornell Hull. 9, under Spbaerella.
On leaves of (lossi/piiim herbaccum. Lee County, Alberta, 1890 (Cathcari); Lee
County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
Mycosphaerella fragariae (Tnl.) Lind.
Ala. Hull. 193, under Spbaerella. Cornell Hull. 39, as Ramularid tttlasnei Sacc.
On Fraijaria renca, in cultivation. Lee County, Auburn, October, 1890 (Atkinson);
Mobile County, December, 1895 (Earle).
Mycosphaerella colorata (Peck).
Rav. Fune. Car. Exsic. 3 : 71, as Depazea kalmicola iichw. Ala. Hull. 193. Cornell
Bull. 9.
On Kalmia latifoUa (Peters).
On leaves of Kalmia. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Atkinson).
Family PLEOSPORACEAE.
APIOSPORA Saec.
Apiospora apiospora (Dur. & Mont.) Underwood &- Earle.
Grevillea, 4 : 144, under Sphaetia. Ala. Hull. 186.
On Arundinaria (Peters).
DIDYMOSPHAERIA Fkl.
Didymosphaena polysticta (H. tt C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 149, under Sphaeria. Ala. Bull. 188.
On Smilax (Beaumont).
HEPTAMERIA ifebni. A Thuem.
Heptameria mesoedema ( H. v^- C.l Sacc.
Cornell Hull. (!.
On stems of Eupatorium. Lee County, Auburn, September 17, 1891 (Jhigyar).
FUNGI. 175
LEPTOSPHAERIA Ces. &, De Not.
Leptosphaeria beaumontii (B. &. C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 145, under Sphaeria. Ala. Bull. 191.
(1n stalks of grass {Beaumont).
Leptosphaeria elyini Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 7.
On leav'es of Elymus. Lee County, Auburn, .July 5, 1890 {Atkinson).
Leptosphaeria eumorpha (B. «t C.) Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 361. 1898.
Grevillea, 4 : 145, under Sphaeria. Cornell Bull. 6, as Didi/mosjihacria eumorpha
(B. & C.) Atkinson.
On stems of Arundinaria tecta. Lee County, Auburn, September 19, 1891 {Buggar).
Leptosphaeria michotii (West) Sacc.
Cornell Bull. 7.
On Elymus. Lee County, Auburn, July .5, 1890 {Atkinson).
Europe.
Leptosphaeria orthogramma (B. & C.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 191.
On Kriatiflnis sp. Macon County, April, 1896.
Pennsylvania.
Leptosphaeria planiuscula (Riess) Ces. & De Not.
Cornell Bull. 7.
On dead stems, probably of Compositae. Lee County, Auburn, May 15, 1891
(Atkinson).
Europe.
Leptosphaeria pomona Sacc.
Cornell Bull. 7.
On Mains mains. Lee County, Gold Hill, September, 1890 {Atkinson).
METASPHAERIA Sacc.
Metasphaeria ambrosiaecola Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 8.
On dead stems of Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. Lee County, Auburn, October 1, 1891
{Dufjgar).
Metasphaeria graminum Sacc.
Cornell Bull. 8.
On dead leaves of Chrysopogon avenaceus. Lee County, Auburn, Sejjtember 12, 1891
{Duggar).
Europe.
Metasphaeria infuscans E. & E.
Ala. Bull. 191. Cornell Bull. 8.
On dead stems of Andropogon virginicns. Lee County, Auburn, September 12, 1891
(Duggar).
Metasphaeria nigro-maculans Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 362. 1898.
On Agave virginica. Lee County, Auburn, July 8, 1896 ( Underwood <j- Earle).
OPHIOBOLUS Riess.
Ophiobolua acuminatus (Sowb.) Duby.
Grevillea, 4 : 150, under Sphaeria. Ala. Bull. 192.
(Peters.)
Europe.
Ophiobolus anguillides (Cooke) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 192. Cornell Bull. 8.
On dead stems of Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. Lee County, Auburn, May, 1892
(Atkinson).
Ophiobolus glomus (B. Sc C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 152, under Sphaeria. Ala. I'.iill. 192. Cornell liuU. 8.
On Anil)r()sia (Beaumont).
On stems of Ambrosia arteniiniaifoHa. L*'e County, Aul)uru, May, 1892 (-1/A;(»(80«).
17<) PLANT LIFE UF ALABAMA.
Ophiobolua porphyrogouus (Tode) Sacc.
Conioll Mull. 8.
On tlio cut end of a stem uf (iosHtjpium herbaccum. Lee Coiiuty, Auburn, Uctol>er
10, l^<!tl (Atkinson).
New Jersey.
PHYSALOSPORA IS'iessl.
Physalospora carpogena Atkinson.
Cornell JJuU.H.
On seeds of liubiia argutuH {R, viUoaus). Loc County, December 3, 1891 {Duggar).
Physalospora disrupta (B. &, C.) Sacc.
Ala. Hull.l!t2.
On Smihix sp. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood if- Karle)
Physalospora ilicis (Scblicb.) Sacc.
Cornell Hull. 8.
On Ifex opaca. Lee County, Autumn, 1891 (Atkinson).
Physalospora philoprina (H. & C.) Sacc.
Bull. Torr. Club, 25:361'.
On //e.r opaca. Lee County, Auburn, March, 1897 {Earle <j'- Baker).
Physalospora phlyctanoides (B. «fc C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4:151, under Sphairia. Ala. Bull. 192.
On stems of Dolichos {Beaumont).
PLEOSPORA Eal)enh.
Pleospora herbarum (I'ers.) liabenh.
Grevillea, 4 : 150, under Sphaeria. Ala. Bull. 193.
{Beaumont.)
Pleospora americana E. &. E.
Cornell Bull. 9.
On leaves of Vif/na catjang. Lee County, Auburn, June 30, 1890 (Atkinson).
On stems of Viola tricolor. Lee County, February 23, 1891 (Atkinson).
Pleospora iiigricautia Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 9.
On fallen leaves of Cossypium herbacenm (Atkinson).
UROSPORELLA Atkinson.
Urosporella americana Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 10.
On dead stems of au herb. Lee County, Auburn, .Inly, 1890 (Atkinson).
Family MASSARIACEAE.
MAS SARIN A Sacc.
Massarina chrysopogonis Atkiusdu.
Cornell Bull. 7.
On dead stems of Chrysopot/on uvenaceus. Lee County, Auburn, November 1, 1891
(Atkinson).
MASSARIA DeNot.
Massarla epileuca B. & C.
Grevillea, 4 : 156. Ala. Bull. 191.
On Morns rubra. Lee County, January, 1896 ( f'nderwood if- Earh).
FUNGI. 177
Family GNOMONIACEAE.
GNOMONIA Ce8. & De Not.
Guomoiiia sabalicola Earle, Bull. Ton. Club, 25 : 361. 1898.
On dead petioles of Sabal adansonii. Lee County, Auburu, April 25, July 9, 1896
{ Underwood ijl .Earle) .
Family CLYPEOSPHAERIACEAE.
ANTHOSTOMELLA Sacc.
Anthostoniella eliminata (B. »fc. C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 148, under Sphaeria. Ala. Bull. 186.
Ou Smilax {Peters).
Anthostomella sphaerotheca Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25:360. 1898.
On dead petioles of Sabal adanionii. Macon County, Tuskegee, January 20, 1897
(Carver).
CLYPEOSPHAERIA Fkl.
Clypeosphaeria sabaligera (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4 : 147. Ala. Bull. 187.
On Sabal sp. (Beaumoni).
TRABUTIA Sacc. .t Roum.
Trabutia quercina Fr.
Ala. Bull. 194.
On Qiierciis nigra {Q,. aquaiica). Leo County, April, 1896 ( Underwood cj- Earle).
Louisiana.
Family VALSACEAE.
ANTHOSTOMA Nilsch.
Anthostoma atropunctata (Schw.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 186.
On Querctis sp. Lee County, November, 1895 {Underwood).
DIAPORTHE Nitschke.
Diaporthe dichaenoides (B. &■ C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 4:98, as Melogramma. Ala. Bull. 187.
On Quevcns {Beaumont) .
VALSA Fr.
Valsa (Butypa) spinosa (Pers. ) Tul.
Ala. Bull. 188.
On Quercus. Lee County, February, April, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).
Europe.
Valsa (Eutypella) cerviciilata Fr.
Ala. Bull. 188.
On Alnus rugosa. Lee Countj^, February, April, 1896 ( Underwood c^ Earle).
Europe.
Valsa (Eutypellaj heteracantha Ellis.
Ala. Bull. 188, as Eutypella glandulosa (Cooke) E. & E.
On Mella azedarach. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Undericood <)'• Earle).
Louisiana.
Ellis, who has since examined the specimens, determined them as above,
15894 12
17S I'l-ANT MKK <»!•• AI-AHAMA.
Valsa (^Eiitypella) platani (Scbw.) ('(loKr.
K'av. Vwujx. Car. Kxsic. 5 : (V2. Ala. I^ull. is.s.
( )ti riatiiinis (rdcrs).
Loiiisian:). New .Icrsox .
Valsa (Eutypella) stellulata I'r.
Ala. I?ull. 1S!».
On Mtlid azcdarach. Ia'v County, March, 18!l<> {rudfmood S' Enrh-).
On Snuinx ^\^. \a'v ('(tniity, I'elniiarv, l><9(i ( I ndirirood .J I'.arle).
Texas, Louisiana, South Carolina, I'euusylvauia, Now Jersey. Europe.
Valsa (Euvalsai americana li. A C.
IVtors (•(.11. 3 : tJ7. Ala. Hull. li)4.
Valsa (Eiivalsa) muiida B. A C.
Grevilloa, 4 : 100. Ala. Bull. 194.
Ou smooth yellow branches of Conius (I'eters).
Family MELANCONIDACEAE.
MELANCONIS Tul.
Melaucouis hicoriae Atkinson.
Cornell Hull. 7.
Ou branches of Ilivoria ovaUi. Leo County, Aulnuii, .January, 1891 {Jtkinsoii).
VALSARIA 1 )(• Not.
Valsaria exasperans (Ger.) E. &, E.
Ala. Bull. 194.
On bark. Lee County, February, 189(j ( (nderwood ,\- Karle^.
Valsaria midicollis (B. A C.) Sacc.
Grevillca, 4 : Ba, under Hypoxylon. Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 363.
Ou pine- wood. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood).
South Carolina.
Family DIATRYPACEAE.
DIATRYPE Fr.
Diatrype disciformis (Hoffni.) Fr.
Grevillea, 4 : 95. Ala. Bull. 187.
{Peters.)
South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Ohio. Euro2)e.
Diatrype platystoma (Schw.j Berk.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 5.5, under Hypoxylon. Ala. Hull. 187.
On Ostrya {Peters).
South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Jersey.
Diatrype stigma (Hotlin.) De Not.
Ala. Hull. 187. Cornell Bull. 6.
On dead oak limb. Lee County, Auburn, February 21,', 1X91 (.Itkhison).
On dead limbs. Winston County, .June, 1896 ( Cnderivood).
South Carolina, New Jersey. Europe.
Diatrype tremellophora Ellis.
Ala. Bull. 187.
On Magnolia virgmiaua {M glauca). Lee County, .January, March, 1896 ( Underuood
<J- Earle).
New Jersey.
"Oiatrype virescens (Schw.) Ellis.
Grevillea, 4 :95, as Diatri/pe disciformis rirestens. Ala. Ibill. 1S8.
On Fagus {Peters).
(Jeorgia to New England.
FUNGI. 179
DIATRYPELLA Ces. A: De Not.
Diatrypella cephalauthi (Schw.) Sacc.
Gre\ illea, 4 : 96, nuder Diatrype. Ala. Bull. 188.
Oil Cephalanthiis oecidentaUs {Beaumont).
New .Jersey.
Diatrypella nigro-annulata (Grcv.) E. & E.
Ala. Bull. 188.
On dead twigs. Lee County, .June, 1896 ' Underwood <(■ Earle).
Diatrypella discoidea alni Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 188.
On Alnus rugosa. Lee County, January. May, 1896 ( Undcriiood if luirJe).
Diatrypella quercina (Pers.) Nitscb.
Grevillea, 4 : 95, under Diatrype. Ala. Bull. 188.
On dead oak ( Peters).
South Carolina, New .Jersey. Europe.
Diatrypella vernicae Ellis.
Ala. Bull. 188, as D. quercina.
On dead twigs. Lee County, Auburn, February, 1896 ( rnderwood ij- Enrle), (teste
Ellis).
Diatrypella prominens (Hedw.) E. & E.
Oil Platanuis. Macon County, Tuskegee (Carrer).
Family MELOGRAMMATACEAE.
ENDOTHYA Fr.
Endothia gyrosa (Schw.) FkK
Ala. Bull. 188.
On Liquidaiubar. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Undertvood if- Eurlc).
On Quercus. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood if- Earle).
South Carolina.
MELOGRAMMA Fr.
Melogranima nieliae Curt.
Ala. Bull. 191.
On Melia azedaravli . Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood <S' Earle),
South Carolina.
Family XYLARIACEAE.
NUMMULARIA Tul.
Nummularia clypeus (Schw.) Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 192.
On Magnolia acundnata. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood).
On Alnus rugosa. Lee County, November, December, 1895 ( Underwood).
On Quercus sp. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood) ; Macon County, August,
1896 (Carrer).
On ntis sp. Lee County. .January, 1896 ( Underwood .f Earle).
South Carolina.
Nnmmularia discreta (Schw.) Tul.
Grevillea, 4:94. under Hypoxylou. Ala. Bull. 192.
On Cercis (Peters).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Nummularia nummularia (I?ull.) Atkinson.
Coriull P.ull. 8.
On dejid br.'Uiclus ;ni<l trunks of (b'ciduoiis trees. Leo County, Auburn, 1890
(Atkinson).
New Jersey, Ohio, South Carolina. Europe.
180 ri.AlS'T 1.1 1'K <»!•• ALAIJAMA.
Nuninuilaiia punctulata ( 1>. A K'av.) Sacc.
Ala. Hull. I!t2.
( >ii .lliniH ruijOHa. Leo County. March, 189B ( rndenvooil ,\ luirle).
On (Jitenitu sp. Le«» Coiiuty. .Mar(;b, 189t) ( Undenvoud .| Eatlc).
South Carolina.
Nummularia lepanda ( Fr. ) Nitscii.
rttiis toll. No. (>(>, under Sphaeiia. Ala. liull. H)2.
On Ccrcia {I'cters).
Europe.
HYPOXYLON Hull.
Hypoxylon anuulatum (.Scliw.) Mont.
Ala. Hull. 180. Cornell Hull. 7.
On dead oak limit. Hale County. Oalliou, August, 18!I0 (Diit/tiar).
On Acer nihrnm. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Cnderiiood .V karle).
On Magnolia virijinidna. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Undcnrood .(• I'Jarle).
On Quercns sp. Lee County, February, March, 1896 ( Underwood .(• Earlc).
New .Jersey. Ohio.
Hypoxylon atramentosum (Fr.) I'ndcrwooil iV Earle.
Ala. Hull. 189.
On dead wood. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Undcricoodj ; .January, February, 1896
( f'tideruood .V' Earle).
Hypoxylon beaumontii H. &. C.
Ala. Bull. 189.
Conecuh County ( Jleaunioiit).
Hypoxylon callostroma (Schw.) B. A, C.
Grevillea, 4:51. Ala. Bull. 189.
On Jh.r rerticilluta {Beaumont).
Pennsylvania.
Hypoxylon caries (Scbw.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 189.
On Acer. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood <V- Earle).
On dead wood. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood <V- Earle).
Hypoxylon coccineum Bull.
Ala. Bull. 189.
On Alnus rugosa. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Undertvood .)• Earle).
Louisiana, New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Hypoxylon crocatum Mont.
On Magnolia acuminata. Lee County, winter, 1896 (Earlc).
Hypoxylon crocopeplum B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 189.
On decayed bark. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood).
South Carolina.
Hypoxylon decorticatum (Schw.) Berk.
Ala. Bull. 190.
On bark. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood ,j- Earle).
South Carolina.
Hypoxylon fuscum (Pors. j Fr.
Ala. Bull. 190. Cornell Bull. 7.
On dead oak limb. Lee County, Auburn, autumn, 1889 (AlkinHon).
On Quercus. Hale County, Gallion (Duggar).
On Alnus rugosa. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood).
On Ostrya virginiana. Lee County, Feljruary, 1S96 ( Underivood k) Earle).
P^urope.
Hypoxylon howeianum Peck.
Ala. Bull. 190.
Lee County, February, 1N96 {Underwood .(• Earle)
New Jersey, Ohio.
FUNGI. 181
Hypoxyloii iusideiis (Schw.) Berk.
Ala. Bull. 190.
On lAriodendron tulipifera. Lee Couuty, February, 1896 ( Underwood l\- Earle).
Texas.
Hypoxylon luridum Xitsch.
Ala. Bull. 190.
On Carpiuus. Lee County, 1896 (Earle).
Europe.
Hypoxylon marginatum (Schw.) Herk.
Grevillea, 4 : 49. Ala. Bull. 190.
On Acer rubnim. Lee Couuty, March, 1896 ( Underwood 4' Earle).
On QuercHS nigra {(,>. a(iuatica). Lee County, March, 1896 i Underwood 4- Earh).
On Quercus (Beaumont).
Ohio, New Jersey.
Hypoxylon perforatum (Schw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 190. Cornell Bull. 6.
On canes of Arundinaria tecta Lee County, Auburn, August 23, 1891 (Dugr/ar).
On Li(iuidanibar. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Undfrwood 4- Earle).
On Quercus. Lee Couuty, January, 1896 ( Underwood .y- Earle).
On Sniilax. Lee County, Jauuary, 1896 ( Underivood 4' Earle).
On Vitis. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood 4' Earle).
Hypoxylon petersii B. & C.
Peters coll. 1:158. Journ. Linn. Soc. 10:. 384. Ala. Bull. 190.
On Quercus alha. Winston Couuty (Peters).
Ohio. Cuba.
Hypoxylon investiens 8chw.
Rav. Fung. Car. Essie. 4 : 33. Ala. Bull. 190.
On Liriodendron (Heaumont).
On dead wood. Lee Couuty, March, April, 1896 ( Underwood 4' Earle).
Texas.
Hypoxylon purpureum Nitsch.
CLorneil Bull. 7.
On dead branches. Hale County, Galliou, August 14, 1894 (Duf/f/ar).
Europe.
Hypoxylon rubiginosum (Pers.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 190.
On dead wood. Lee County, February, March, 1896 ( Underwood .f- Earle).
Louisiana, New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Hypoxylon rutilum Tul.
Ala. Bull. 191.
On bark of (Quercus. Winston Couuty, .June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Europe.
Hypoxylon serpens Pers.
Grevillea, 4:93. Ala. Bull. 191.
(Beaumont.)
South Carolina, New Jersey.
Hypoxylon subchlorinum Ell. & Calk.
Ala. Bull. 191.
On Alnus rugosa. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood .f Earle).
Ou Carpinus caroliniana. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood 4- Earle).
On Uihurnum sp. Lee Couuty, January, 1896 ( Underwood <V- Earle).
Hypoxylon xanthoceras B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 191.
On Alnus rugosa. Lee Couuty. February, 1896 ( Underwood ^- Earle).
New England.
USTULINA Tul.
Ustulina vulgaris Tul.
Ala. Bull. 194.
On old stumps. Lee f^ounty, February. March, 1896 ( Underwood .f Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
\S2 PLANT I-TKK OF AT, A MAMA.
DALDINIA 1».« N«»t.
Daldinia coucentrica (Schw.i d «. A I »f Not.
Ala. 1?m11. 1S7. Cornell Hiill.<;.
On Ma<iiiolia acuminata. Leti Cnnniy. Novi-nibcr. 1X9:' i riHietuond) \ WinHton
County, .lnu<', ISitt! ( I'lulvruood).
On (load trunks of di-ciduous trees. Lre County, rrii;iu«' .hnnt.i<ui, .Inly. l«!t()
( Atkinson).
Daldinia vernicosa (Schw. i Cos. it l)«i Not.
Ala. Hull. 187.
On MtKjuolia ririjiuiana {M. (ihiucn). Loi- County, 1 )iMtMiilirr, ISilti ( EiirU).
New .Jersey.
XYLARIA Hill.
Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev.
Ala. Hull. lit.-). Cornell Hull. 10.
On Acvr nihrum. Lee County, February, 1895.
On olil stumi). Lee County, Auluirn, Marrh, 1891 (.ttkinson).
Louisiana, New .Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) (irev.
Ala. Hull, lit.5. Cornell Bull. 10.
On (lead truuk of Majjuolia. Macon County, Shorter, .July 10, 18M0.
Couidial stage: Lee County, A])ril, 1890 ( tntlerwood c|- Earle).
Asconiycetous stage: Hale County, May, 1896 ( Underwood).
Europe.
Xylaria corniformis Fr.
Ala. Bull. 194.
On Salix. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underu-ood .|^- Earle).
The conidial state (Isaria JiaheUiformis): Lee County. M.'iy. 1890 ( fJwrfencood 4'-
Earle).
South Carolina. Europe.
Xylaria fulvella 15. &.. C.
.Jouru. Linn. Soc. 10 : 380. Ala. Bull. 194.
On Salix. Lee (.'ouuty, February, 1X90 ( Inderwood <V- Earle).
Cuba.
PORONIA Willd.
Poronia oedipus Mont.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 3 : 40. Al.a. Bull. 193.
On horse dung {Peters).
Texas, New .Jersey. Europe.
SPHAERIA II all. I
Sphaeria coucentrica (B. «fc C.) Bolt.
Grevillea, 4 : 15.5, under Depazea. Ala. Bull. 194.
On leaves of Axarnm rirginicmn.
Sphaeria palmarum Mont.
Grevillea, 4:147. Ala. Bull. 194.
On Sabal {Beaumont).
' The precise relations of the two following Sphaeriales are doubtful. (Earle.)
FUNGI. 183
Class BASIDIOMYCETES.
Order USXILA^CxIX ALES.
Family USTILAGINACEAE.
USTILAGO Pers.
Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Jenseu.
Ala. Bull. 207. Cornell Bull. 16.
Ill inflorescence of Arena sativa. Lee County, Aubnrn, May, 1891 ( Atkivumi).
On Arena satira. Lee County, Mav, 1896 ( Underwood if- Earle).
Ohio.
Ustilago axicola Berk.
Grevillea, 3 :59. Ala. Bull. 207, under Ciniractia.
On Cyperus ( Beaumont).
On Fimbristylis aufumnalis. Lee County, September, 1896 (Earle).
Ustilago euchlaenae Arcang.
Ala. Bull. 207.
On Euchlaena luxurians. Lee County, October, 189.5 ( I'nderivood).
Ustilago rabenhorstiana Kueliu.
Ala. Bull. 207. Cornell Bull. 16, as U. cesatii Fischer.
On Syvtherisma samjuinale. Lee County, Auburn, autumn, 1889 (Atkinson).
Mississippi, Ohio. Europe.
Ustilago sorghi (Link) Pass.
Ala. Bull. 208.
On Sorghum sp. Lee County, November, 1895 ( Undtrwood).
Nebraska. Europe.
Ustilago sparsa Underwood.
Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 86. 1897. Ala. Bull. 208.
On scattered ovaries of Dactyl octenimn aegyptiitm. Lee County, November, 1895
(Underwood); October, 1896 (Earle).
Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Jensen.
Ala. Bull. 208. Cornell Bull. 16.
On Triticum rulgare. Lee Countv, Auburn, Mav, 1891 (Atkinson).
Ohio.
Ustilago utriculosa (Nees) Tul.
Ala. Bull. 208. Cornell Bull. 16.
On Polygonum hydropiper. Prague, June, 1890 (Atkinson).
In ovaries of Polygonum pennsyl'ranicum. Lee County, Auburn, October 18.1891
(Duggar).
Ohio, New .Jersey. Europe.
Ustilago zeae (Berkm.) Magn.
Ala. Bull. 208. Cornell Bull. 16.
In the inflorescence, canes, and leaves of Zra ma)/.s. Lee County, Auburn, 1891
(Duggar .y- Atkinson).
Nebraska. Europe.
SOROSPORIUM Rudolphi.
Sorosporium syntherismae (.Schw.) Farlow.
Ala. Bull. 207. Cornell Bull. 16, as -S'. ererhartii E. & Gr.
On Andropogon glomeratns. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).
On Andropogon scoparins. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).
In inflorescence of Andropogon rirginicus. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Atkinson).
TOLYPOSPORELLA Atkinson.
Tolyposporella chrysopogonis Atkinson.
Cornell Biill. 16.
On culms of Chn/sojmgon arenacens. Lee County, Auburn, autumn. 1891 (Duggar);
March, 1892 (Atkinson).
1S4 IM.ANI' MFK OK \I.AH.\M.\.
Family TILLETIACEAE.
ENTYLOMA DrHary.
Eiityloma compositarum l':irli>\v.
Ala. Hull. 207.
<)u (inaphallinn 8p. I^ro (.'oiiiity, April, isftt! ( I'lnliricotut .1 Karle).
Eiityloma saniculae Tcck.
Ala. itiill. L'DT. Cornell Hull. If..
Ou Saniciila .sp. Li-o (Joiinty, IWL' (.ItkinHon).
GRAPHIOIiA I'oit.
Graphiola congesta Hrik. iV K'av .
Ala. |{iill.207.
On Sahdl luhnisoiiii. \ahi County, -Inly, 189(5 ( Underwood .V- Karle).
Order ITREi:)TiVy\ I.KtS.
Family MELAMPSORACEAE.
CHRYSOMYXA linger.
Chrysomyxa albida Kuehn.
Ala. linll. 211. Cornell Bull. 16.
On Jitibits argutns (li. rillosua). Macon County, Shorter, July IG, 1H!(() (J/Ai/ison);
Lee County, Auburn, .July 22, 1890, October 2(5, 1891 {Atkinson).'
COLEOSPORITTM Lev.
Coleosporium amsouiae (Fkl.) Underw. &. Earle.
Peters roll. Ala. Bull. 211.
Ou Amioiiia amsonia. 1864 (Peters). Lee County, -Inly, 1896 ( I'nderuood .V- Karle).
Coleosporium elephantopodis (Schw.) Tbuem.
Ala. Bull. 211. Cornell Bull. 16. In both as T-'. 8o?}c/(/arcr»i.s(> (Pers.) Lev. in part.
On Ehphantopus carolinianus. Lee County, 1890 (Atkinson, Duggar).
On EleplutntojHts tomentosus. Lee County, 1891 {Bennett. Sewman).
On ElephantopuH nndatm. Macon County, 1890 {Atkinson).
Coleosporium ipomoeae (Schw.) Burrill.
Ala. Bull. 211. Cornell Bull. 17.
On Ipomoea sj). Leo County, 1890 {Atkinson).
On ('onrolnilun sepium. Lee County, September 8, 1891 {Atkinson).
On Ipomoea purpurea. Lee County, Auburn, August 17 (Duggar); September, 1891
{li^euman) .
On Ipomoea pandurata, Lee County, .luly, 1896 {Underwood .y- Earle).
Very abundant.
Coleosporium sonchi-arvensis (Pers.) L^v.
Ala. Bull. 211 . Cornell Bull. 16.
On Astir dumosiis, A. pnniceus, A. iradescanti, and A. undnlatiis. Lee County, 1891
(Atkinson).
On Heliiinthus sp. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar, Atkinson).
On Larinaria graminifolia. Lee County, 1891 {Duggar).
On Solidago rugosa and .S'. caesia. Lee County, 1891 [ Atkinson).
On Solidago canadensis. Lee County, 1891 {Xeivman).
On Solidago sp. DeKalb County, May, 1896 ( Underwood).
Ohio. Europe.
Coleosporium vernoniae B. & C.
Grevillea, 3:57. Ala. Bull. 212. Cornell Bull. 16.
On leaves of Vernonia sp. (licaumont).
On leaves of I'ernonia altissima. Lee County, An\>nrn (Atkinson).
On }'ernonia SY>. Lee County, October, 189.5 {Underwood).
Louisiana, Ohio.
FUNGI. 185
MELAMPSORA CasUgu.
Melampsora farinosa (Pers. ) Scbroeter.
Ala. Bull. 213. Cornell Bull. 17.
On Salix fragilh. Lee County, 1891 (Atkirmon).
On leaves of iSV/7u; nUjra. Lee County {Aikinson, Uiujijar).
On Salix sp. Lee County, 1891 {Dtiggar).
Nebraska.
Melampsora populina (.Jaeq.) Lev.
Ala. Bull. 213. Cornell Bull. 17.
On Populus deltoides (/'. moiiilifera). Macon County, August, 18% (Carver).
On leaves of PopuluH grandidentata.^ Lee County, 1889 {Atklnmn).
On Sallr sp. Macon County, August, 1890 {Carver).
Nebraska. Europe.
Melampsora scolopendri (Fkl.) Farlow.
Ala. Bull. 213.
On Woodwardia areolata. Macon County, August, 1896 (Carver).
Melampsora crotonis (Cooke) Burrill.
Cornell Bull. 20, as Pucciniastrum vrotonis (Burrill) DeToni.
On stems of Croton. Madison County, Huntsville, September 9, 1892 (Atkinson).
PUCCINIASTRUM Ottb.
Pucciniastrum vacciniorum (Link) Dietel.
Ala. Bull. 218, as Thecopsora vaccinorum (Link) Karst.
On Vaccinimn corymhosiim, erroneously reported as Xoliama liquslrina. Lee County,
October, 1896 (Earle).
Pucciniastrum agrimoniae-eupatoriae (DC.) Lagerb,
Ala. Bull. 214. Cornell Bull. 22. In botb as Caeoma a^rimon/rte Scbw.
On leaves oi Agrimonia parvtjiora. Lee County, Auburn, November 2, 1891 (Duggar).
On Agrimoniu mollis ( ?). Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood c)'- Earle).
Family PUCCINIACEAE.
GYMNOSPORANGIUM Hedw. f.
Gymnosporangium clavipes C. & P.
Ala. Bull. 212; same, 218, as lloesielia aiirantiaca Peck. Cornell Bull. 17.
On Juniperus virginiana. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson) ; Lee County, 1892 (Duggar).
In tbe Roestelia stage :
On Cydonia vulgaris. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson, Xewmaii).
On Crategus. Lee County 1891, 1892 (Atkinson); Benton County, 1891, 1892
(Duggar).
On Cydonia japonica (Atkinson),
Very common.
New .Jersey.
Gymnosporangium globosum Farlow.
Ala. Bull. 212.
On Juniperus virginiana. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underu^ood tf- Earle).
Gymnosporangium macropus Link.
Ala. Bull. 212; same, 218, as Roestelia pirata (Scbw.) Thaxter. Cornell Bull. 17.
On Juniperus virginiana. Lee County, 1890 (Atkinson).
In tbe Koestelia stage:
On Mains coronnria and M. mains. Lee County, August, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Crataegus sputhulata. Lee County, October, 189.5 ( Underwood).
On Malus angustifolia. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood »V' Earle).
On Mains coronaria. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood »)• Earle).
New Jersey.
' This host must be P. heterophyUa, P. grandidentata not being known to occur in
Alabama.
1 SCi ri.ANT \.\VK OF AI.AItAMA.
Gymiiospoiangiuin iiidus-aviB lliaxti r.
Al:i. hiill.JlL'.
< Ml ./nnipcriiH rir<iiitiiiii<i. Let- ('niiiits. .M:urli, \S'.U\ ( I niliriviiuil .)• Eitrle\.
Kare.
Gyninosporangium flaviforiuis (Atkiiiuou).
Ala. Hull. 211', a» ('lymnnHporniuiium sp. ; Ala. Bull. lilK, a.s J.'oeiililia JlaiifnrmlH
AtkiiiKon.
On ./iinipenis viifliniantt. Ltc County, March, 189«> ( Underwood .f- ICarlt).
In thi- Kot'Stelia «ta;,'e:
Oil ('lattteniix 8)>alliiiliil(i. Lt;e C-'oiinty, October, 18!t."» ( I'ndenrood).
The suMju'CtiMl couiR'utiou lietwi-eu the awcidial .lud teI«MitoM|i()iii- CurniH 1ms lieeii
abuudautly proved by cultural expcriuiciitH conducted liy Dr. K<daud Tliaxtcr at
Cambridge au<l by the writer (F. S. Earle) at Auburn. \ full description \h iu pnpa-
ration by Dr. Thaxter.
UROMYCES i-ink.
Uromyces andropogonis Tracy.
Ala. Bull. 21it. Cornell Bull. 20.
On Aiidropoyon riryiiticus. Lee County, 1891 {Ihujgar) ; Macon County, Aujjust, 1H96
{('(trver).
On Andropogon sp. Lee County, October, 1895 ( I'ndenvood).
Uromyces elegaus (B. «.V C.) Lagerh.
Ala. Bull. 220, as U. mediaujinix-falcatue (DC.) Winter. Cornell Bull. 20, as U.
irifolii (Hedw.) Lev.
On Trifolhnn caroUnianum. Lee County, 1890 {Aikinsun).
Uromyces eragrostidis Tracy.
Ala. Bull. 219. Cornell Bull. 20.
On Kranrontin tenuis. Lee County, Anbnrn, October 11, 1891 (Diu/gar).
Uromyces euphorbiae (Schw.) B. &, C.
Cornell Bull. 20.
On leaves of Euphorbia nutans. Lee County, Auburn, Octol>er, Xoveuiber, 1891
{Dui/f/ar).
Nebraska.
Uromyces hedysari-paniculati (Schw.) Farlow.
Peters coll., as Iredo uppendhidata. Ala. Bull. 219. Cornell Bull. 21.
On Meibomia rotuudifolia. Macon County, .Vugust, 1890 (Carver).
On Meibomia paniculata. Lee County, September 13, 1891 (Atkin-wn).
On Meibomia. 1858 {Peters). Crenshaw County, Lapine, September 8, IHW {Atlhi-
son); Perry County, 1891 (Atkinson).
Louisiana, Ohio, Nebraska.
Uromyces hyperici (Schw.) Curt.
Ala. Bull. 219. Cornell Bull. 20.
On leaves and stems of [[ypericuui mutilum. Prague .Junction, September (!, 1890
(Atkinson); Lee Couuty, Auburn, October 29, November 1.'), 1891 {Dugqar, Atkinson) ;
October, 1896 (Aar/e).
On Hypericum virginicum. Lee County, November, 1895 ( Underwood).
New Jersey, Ohio.
Uromyces junci Desm.
Ala. Bull. 219. Cornell Bull. 21.
On stems of Juncus sp. Lee Couuty, Auburn, August, November, 1891 (Atkinson).
Nebraska.
Uromyces lespedezae (Schw.) Peck.
Ala. Bull. 219. Cornell Bull. 20.'
On Lespede:a procumt>ens. Lee County, 1891 (Xewman, Duggar).
On Lt8pede:a liirta. Lee County, autuuni, 1891 (Atkinxnn).
On Lespedeza repens. Lee County, autumn (Atkinson).
On Lespedeza stuvci and Jy. virginica. i^ee County, autumn, 1X90 (Atkinson).
On Lespedeza violacea, L. reticulata, and L. capitatu. Lee County, Auburn, autumn
(Atkinson).
On Lespedeza sp. Macon County, August, 1896 (Carver).
Ohio, New Jersey, Nebraska.
• See also Lagerheim, Uredin. Herb. Fries. 38.
FTTNni. 187
Uroniyces niinutus Dietel.
Cornell Bull. 21.
On Carcx sp. Loe County, Auburn, August 27, IHtll (hu(j<iar).
Uromyces phaseoli (Pers.) Winter.
Peters coll., as Uredo leguminosorum. Ala. Bull. 219. (Cornell Bull. 20. In both as
r . uppendUtilatnft (Pers.) Link.
(^n Fhaseohis viilnaris, the pole beau. Mobile County, 1890 (Atkinson). Lee ( 'ctunty,
Aul>urn, .July to October, 1890 (Atkinson).
On I'haseolus sp. (Beaumont).
Europe.
Uromyces poly goui (Pers.) Fkl.
Ala. Bull. 220. Cornell Bull. 20.
On leaves of Polygonum setaceum. Lee County, Auburn, June, 1890, .'>epteniber 8,
1891 (Atkinson).
On Polygonum sp. Lee County, Auburn. August 18, 1891 (Duggar) : Hale County,
Gallion, 1892 (Duggar).
^evr .Jersey, Nebraska.
Uroniyces rhynchosporae E. & E.
Ala. Bull. 220. Cornell Bull. 20.
On liyncKospora glomerata . Lee County, Auburn, .July to October, 1890-91 ( Duggar,
Atkinson).
On Uynchospora sp. Macon County, August, 1896 (Carver).
Uromyces spermacoces (Schw.) Curt.
Ala. Bull. 220. Cornell Bull. 20.
On Diodia teres. Macon County, 1891 (Atkinson); October, 1896 (Carver). Lee
County, Auburn, July 25, 1890 (Atkinson); 1893 (Duggar).
Uromyces toxicodendri Berk. & Rav.
GreAillea, 3: 58, as Pileolaria breviues Berk. & Eav. Ala. Bull. 220. Cornell
Bull. 21. In the two latter as V. terebinthi (DC.) Winter.
On lUius toxicodendron (Beaumont). Perry County, Uniontown, July 2, 1890 (At'ciu-
son); Lee County, Auburn, October 28, 1891 (Atkinson).
New Jersey.
Uromyces trifolii (A. &, S.) Winter.
Ala. Bull. 220. Cornell Bull. 20.
On TrifoUum hybridum. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).
On TrifoUum pratense. Lee County, 1891 (Neumian, Duggar); Ma«lison County,
May, 1896 ( Underwood iS' Earle).
On TrifoUum s\). Lee County, 1890 (Atkinson).
Nebraska. Europe.
PUCCINIA Pers.
Pucciuia americana Lagerh.
Ala. Bull. 213, as P. andropogi Schw.
On Andropogou argyraeus. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).
On Andropogon furcatus and A. scoparius. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar).
On Andropogon virginicus. Lee County, December, 1895 ( P>jdis?'wood) : ^Nlarch, 1896
( I'nderwood cf Earle).
On Andropogon sp. Lee County, 1891 (Duggar).
Our Alabama material seems to belong to this species rather than to /'. andropogi,
as the two are distinguished bj' Lagerheim.
Puccinia amorphae Curt.
Ala. Bull. 220, under I'ropyxis.
On Amorpha fruticosa. Macon County, 1890 (Atkinson); Lee County, October,
1895 (Earle).
Puccinia angustata Peck.
Ala. Bull. 214. Cornell Bull. 19.
On >Scir2)us cgperinus eriophorum. Lee County, Auburn, November 8, 1891 (Atkin-
son).
Puccinia argentata (Schultz) Winter.
Ala. Bull. 214. Cornell Bull. 18.
On leaves of Jmpatiens biflora. Lee Countv, Parkinson's Mill, nesir Auburn, June
30, 1890, October 11, 1891 (Atkinson).
New Jersey, Ohio. Euro]ie.
1S8 TT.ANT I.IKK OV AT, A HA AI A.
Puccinia aspciifolia ( I't'in. > Wittm.
Ala. |{iill. 21ti. CoriKOI Hull. IS. In holli as /'. nil)i<i„r, ni ( IKilu sla^re).
(Ml tiitiii milira. Leo ('<miit.v, \X'.H) { .Ithinnitii).
Oil leavfsol" Hoidriim rHli/nn: I'erry Coiiiitv, 1 iiioiitowu, .Inly 1 1, IS'JO {.llkiuxou).
On Srcdic renale. Lee County, .May, 18!)() ( ( ndrruoud ,\ Karlc).
Puccinia asteris Dnby.
Ala. Hull. L'lJ. Cornell Hull. 17.
On Aster sp. Lee County, Auburn, 0<tolier 22, 1X91 { lhi(i<i<ir): Drk.illi County,
Muy, lS!)i; ( liithrwouil).
Lai^iTln'im ' follows Dietcl rat lit-rdoulil liilly in ifl'iTiinfi; lioni alHn /'. xiljihii Srliw.
and /'. janthii Schw.
Ohio, Nebraska. Europe.
Puccinia atkinsonii Dietel.
Conudl Hull. l!t.
On Citrej- lurida. Lee County, Auburn, August 29, October 11, 1891 {Afhhixon)',
Sejiteinber 22, 1891 (l)uggar). Dekalb County, M.ay, 1896 ( UiitUncood).
Puccinia caricis (Sebum.) Kebent.
Ala. Hull. 214. Cornell Hull. 18.
On Cinr.i- lurida. Lee County, 1891 (AtKinson),
On Carer sp. Lee County, August 29, 1891 ( Dugcjar).
New .Jersey. Enro]»e.
Puccinia clavispora Ell. & Bartli.
Ala. Hull. 214.
On Chrysopogon arenaceus. Lee County, December, 189.5 ( Undertvood) ; March, 1896
( Underwood .(■ Earh). Macon County, August, 1896 (Carrer).
Puccinia convolvuli Cast.
Ala. Hull. 214.
On CoiiroUulus sp. l)ek;ilb County, May, 1896 ( Vnderuood).
Nebraska. Europe.
Puccinia emaculata 8chw.
Ala. Bull. 214. Cornell Hull. 17.
On I'anicnm maximum.- Lee County, 1891 (Ditf/ffar, Xenman).
On I'anieum virgatian. Lee County, September 14, 1891 {Athinson); Marr-h, 1896
( Underwood .V' Earle).
« )hio, Nebraska.
Puccinia fuirenae Cooke.
Ala. Hull. 214. Cornell Bull. 18.
On the leaves, sheaths, and culms of Fuireua sp. Lee County, Auburn, November
Z,imV{Duggar).
On Fuirena squarrosa. Lee County, .Inly, 1896 ( Underwood .( Earle,).
Puccinia hellanthi Schw.
Ala. Hull, 217, as /'. ianaeeti DC. Cornell Bull. 17.
On Helianthus angustifolius. Lee County, Auburn, October 15, 1891 {AtkinHon).
On Helianthus annuus. Lee County, Auburn, August 24,1891 {Atkinson).
On Helianthus tuberosus. Lee County, Auburn, Seiiteniber 10,1891 (Atkinson)',
Maoou County, August, 1896 (Carver).
On Helianthus sp. Lee County, IHdO (Atkinson) .
New .Jersey, Ohio, Nebraska. I-lurope.
Puccinia heterospora B. iV C.
Ala. Hull. 214. Cornell Hull. 18.
On Sidasjnnosa. Montgomery County, 1891 (Atkinson). Lee County, October, 189.5
(Earle).
Puccinia hieracii (Schum. ) Mart.
Ala. Bull. 214. Cornell Hull. 18.
On leaves, stems, and bracts of Sitilias caroliniana. Lee County, 1890 (Atkinson)]
1891 (Newman).
On Curduus sp. Lee County, Auburn, October 28, 1891 (Atkinson).
New Jersey, Nebraska. Europe.
'Uredin. Herb. Fries. 50. ^gee below, Puccinia rirgatu.
FUNGI. 18 V)
Puccinia hydrocotyles (Mont.) Cooke. '
Ala. Bull. 215. Cornell Bull. 18.
On Hydrocotyle umhellata. Lee County, Auhiun. November fl. 1891 (Dufjijar).
Puccinia investita Schw.
Ala. Bull. 215.
On Gnaphalinm purpureum. Lee County, 18y0 (^Atkinsov).
Puccinia lateiitia B. & C.
Kav. Fnng. Car. Exsic. 3:93. Ala. Bull. 215.'
On Spermacoce glabra (Peters).
Puccinia lobeliae Gerard.
On Lohelia puherula, Lee County {Earle cS' Baker).
Puccinia menthae Pers.
Ala. Bull. 215. Cornell Bull. 18.
On Salvia azurea grandijiora. Van Dorn County, August 15, 1894 {Diujgar).
On Koellia sp. Montgomery County, Highland Park, October, 1891 (Atkinson);
Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).
New Jersey, Ohio, Nebraska. Europe.
Puccinia minuta Dietel.
Cornell Bull. 19.
On Carex rerruco-sa. Lee County, Auburn, August 29, 1891 (Atkim^nv).
Puccinia uigro-velata Ell. & Tracy.
Cornell Bull. 18.
On Cyperus retrofractus. Lee County, Anburn, .September 12, 1891 (Duggar^.
On Cyperus rotimdus. Lee County, Auburn, September 12, 1891 (Duggar).
On Cyperus echinatH 8. Liee County, August, 1897 (Earle ij' Baker).
This, is said by Arthur to be the same as /'. cyperi Arth.
Puccinia panici Dietel.
On Panicum virgatum. Lee County, October, 1897 (Earle <S- Baker),
Puccinia poculiformis (Jacq.) Willd.
Ala. Bull. 214. Cornell Bull. 19. In both as P. graminis Pers.
On Sporoholiis asper. Lee County, 1889 (Newman) .
Ou leaves oi Secale cereale. Lee County^ Auburn, P"'ebruary 14, 1890 (Atkinson),
On Sieglingia seslcrioides. Lee County, October, 1895 ( Underwood).
On Triticum vuJgare. Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood if- Earle).
On Hordeum vidgare. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood 4'- Earle).
This determination needs revision. It is probable that as the species is now under-
stood some of these specimens should be excluded.
Puccinia podophylli Schw.
Ala. Bull. 215.
On Podophyllum peltatum. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood 4'- Earle) ; Hale
County, May, 1896 ( Underwood) ; Madison County, May, 1896 ( Underwood) ; Dekalb
County, May, 1896 ( Underwood).
Ohio.
Puccinia polygoni-amphibii Pers.
Ala. Bull. 215.
On Polygonum sp. Lee County, 1889 (Atkinson).
On Polygonum pennsylvanicum. Lee County, 1890 (Atkinson), 1891 (Duggar).
Nebraska. Europe.
Puccinia polysora Underwood, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 :86. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 215. Cornell Bull. 18.
On Tripsacum dactyloides. Lee County, Auburn, October 14, 1891 (Duggar) ; Mobile
County, October, 1896 (S. M. Tracy).
Puccinia pruni-spinosae Pers.
Ala. Bull. 216. Cornell Bull. bs.
On leaves of Prunus americana. Lee County, Anburn, October 29, 1891 (Duggar).
On leaves of Prunus serotina. Lee County, Auburn, October o, 1891 (Duggar).
On leaves o{ I'runus angustifolia. Lee County. Auburn, October25, 1890{Atkinxon),
On leaves of Amygdalus pcrsica. Macon County, Octobi^r, 1896 (Carver).
Nebraska. Europe. ^
' See also Lagerheim, Uredin. Herb, Fries. 63.
r.M) IM.ANT I. IKK <»K ALABAMA.
Pucciiiia purpurea Cooko.
Al.i. HiilI.LMt;. ('..inoll Hull. V.K
Oil Sorffhiiiit lialfiioiHi: I'rrry ('oiiiitv. 1 iiioiitowii, ( ittdluT, 1S!»L' { I)u;i;inr); Miiron
C'Dimty, Octohor, ISIKi {('arnr).
Puccinia rbamiii (I'eis. ) Wittst.
C'i>rnt'll Hull, li), as I'.curonata Corda.
On leaves of I re/irt satira. Lfc Coimt.v. Aiiimrii. H|iniii;. IS'.Ki { AtkiiiHoii).
Ohio, N«'\v .Icr8oy.
Puccinia sanguiiiea Dietel.
Cornell Hull. 19.
On S„)iiliuiii nih/are, the Kalir coni. l.co Comity, Auluini, Di-ctiuilMT 22, IXHS
(.Itkinsou).
Puccinia saniculae (Jrev.
Ala. Bull. L'Ki.
Ou Saniciila sp. Lee County, 1S91 ( lleiitun); Hale ('oiiiity,May ."), 1896( rtK/cncoo*/) ;
Tuacaloosa County, 1896 ( Earh).
Puccinia seymeriae lUirrill.
Cornell Bull. 19.
On leaves of Gerardia teniiifolia. Perry County, Uuioutowu, Septeiuher 1, 1894.
Determined by Mr. Diiggar.
Puccinia silphii Schw.'
Ala. I '.nil. L'Ki. Cornell Bull. 18.
On Silphiiim laevigaliim. Lee Coiuity, Auburn, .July, 1891 {-IlkinHon).
On iSilphium usterisi-iis. Lee County, April, July, 1896 ( Underwood <>■ Earh).
Ohio, Nebraska.
Puccinia sorghi Schw.
Ahi. Bull. 215, 216, partly as /'. maydh Carradori. Cornell Bull 17.
On Sorf/hnm cernuum. Lee County, 1888 [Xcwman).
On leaves of Zea inai/x. Lee Comity, Auburn, 1889 {Aikinsoin ; August, 1891 {\eiv-
maii). Montgomery County, Mathew.s, October 10, 1891 {Atkinson).
New .lereey, Ohio, Neltraska. Europe.
Puccinia spegazzinii De Toni.
Ala. Bull. 216. Cornell Bull. 18.
Ou U'illitijhbiia scandins. Lee County, Auburn, August, September, November,
1891 ( I>u(j<iar)'.
Puccinia spermacocis B. &. C.
Grevillea, 3 : 53. Ala. Bull. 216.
On SpermcKoce glabra {Peters).
Probably the same as /'. lateritia, or possibly only I romyccs spermacoces.
Puccinia stromatica B. A. C.
Grevillea, 3 : 53. Ala. Bull. 216.-'
On stems of Clematis sp. ( Peters).
Puccinia verbesinae Schw.
Ala. Bull. 211, under Aecidium. Cornell Bull. 19.-
On leaves of V'erbesina ocvidentalis. Mobile Comity, .July 14, 1890 (Atkinson); De-
kalb County, July, 1896 ( I'ndvrwood <S- Earle).
Puccinia violae (Schum.) DC.
Ala. Bull. 217. Cornell Bull. 17.
On ]'iola sp. Lee County, Auburn, January 23,1890 (Atkinson); .July 22, 1890
(Atkinson); November 9, 1891 (Atkinson).
On Viola blanda. Winston County, June, 1896 ( I'ndvrwood).
Nebraska. Europe.
Puccinia virgata Ell. & Ev.
Ou I'anicum virgatnm. Lee County, .January, 1897 (Earle <S- Baker).
It is i>robable that some of the specimens on this host material cited in Alabama
Bulletin, page 21 L and Cornell Bulletin, i)age 17. under I', emacnlata belong here.
' See note under /'. asteris. *See also Lagerheim, Uredin. Herb, Fries.
FUNGI. 191
Puccinia windsoriae Schw.
Ala. Hull. 214. Coruell Bull. 17. In both as P. emucuhtia.
On Sieglingia seslerioides. Lee County, Auburn, October 7, 1891 {Atkhinon); Sep-
tember 30, 1891 (Xewman).
Puccinia xanthii Scbw.
Ala. Bull. 217. Cornell Bull. 17.
On Xaiithium canadense. Perry Courtv, 1891 {Xewman); Macon County, August
1S96 (Carver).
On ]ea\ es of Xanthimn strumarimn. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 {Jlkinaon);
October, November, 1895 ( Underwood).
Louisiana, Ohio, New Jersey, Nebraska.
Puccinia xanthii ambrosiae Berk. & Eav.
Cornell Bull. 17.
On leaves of Ambrosia trijida. Montgomery County, Pikoroad, July 9, 1891 {Athin-
8on); Montgomery County, Hope Hull, August, 1891 (Aikinson).
GYMNOCONIA Lagerh.
Gymnoconia hyptidis (Curt.) Lagerh. Uredo hyptidis Curt.
Lagerheim, Urediu. Herb. Fries.
On Mesoaphaer am rugoswm {Hyptis radiata). Specimens in the herbarium of Fries
communicated by M. A. Curtis.
Gymnoconia interstitialis (Schlecht.) Lagerh.
Ala. Bull. 211, as Caeoma nitens Schw. Cornell Bull. 18, as Puccinia pekiaiia.
On loaves of Pubus triviaJis. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson) ; Mobile County, 1891
(Zimmer).
On Pnbus aryutus {B. villosns). Lee County, 1891 {Atkinson).
On Pubiis sp. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).
PHRAGMIDIUM Link.
Phragmidium obtusum (Str.) Schum. &, Kunze.
Ala. Bull. 213, as P.fragariastri (DC.) Sohw. Cornell Bull. 17.
On Uuchesnea indica. Uredo stage: Mobile County, April, July, 1891 (Atkiiison);
Lee County, Februarv, April, 1896 ( Underwood tj- Earle) ; Tuscaloosa County, May,
1896 ( Underivood).
Teleutospores not seen.
New Jersey. Europe.
Phragmidium rubi-idaei (Pers.) Wint.
Ala. Bull. 213.
On Pubus cuneifoJius. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood tj- Earle).
Europe.
Phragmidium speciosum Fr.
Ala. Bull. 218, as Uredo miniata.
On Posa humilis. Lee County, May, ISdl (Earle lJ- Baker). Teleutospores on the
stems ; uredospores on the leaves.
New Jersey, Ohio, Nebraska.
UREDO Lev.
Uredo alabamensis Dietel.
Cornell Bull. 22.
On Chrysopogon arenaceus. Lee County, Auburu, October, 1891 (Duggar).
Uredo azaleae Schw.
Ala. Bull. 218. Cornell Bull. 22.
On Azalea nudiftora. Lee County, Auburn, November 9, 1891 (Benton).
Uredo fici Cast.
Ahi. Bull. 218. Cornell Bull. 22.
On Eic us car ica. Mobile Conntj (Atkinson) ; Lee County Auburn (J/A'inso//) ; Perry
County, Unioutown (Atkinson).
Louisiana.
Uredo muhlenbergiae Dietel.
Cornell Bull. 22.
On leaves oi Muhlenbergia diffusa. Lee County, Auburn, August 31, 1890 ( A Ikinsuu).
1 '••■_' ri.AN'l' MKK <»!• A LA 15AM A.
Uiedo niuelleii Si lii(t(«t.
Cunii'll Hiill.U'L'.
On lt'avi'8 oIJi'h/m/.s «»•(////«« (A'. vHIohuh). Lim- County, Aul)iirii, ;iMtiiimi i .llkiiiHan).
Uiedo qiiercus Knuid.
Al;i. Itull.L'Ht. Cornell liuil. I'L'.
On U';ivi> of (JmrciiM nlha. Ltc (bounty, Anlmrn, .'>(i)lfinlier 13. IXJtl (Alkiiison ).
On leaves of (Jiwrciin minor. Lee C-'onnty, Aulnirn. Oitober :<, ISHl { .llhinHuii ).
Ou \vii\ti» oi' (Juenii8 tiiijra {(,>. aijtuitica). Lee County, Auburn, Noveinlier 5, l><;tl
{l>H;ig(i)).
oil leaves of Qturvtis sj). Lee County, ATiburn, October 25, 181)1 {AtkiHuuii).
PERIDERMIUM Chov.
Peiideiniiuin cerebrum I'eck.
Ala Bull. IMS. Cornell l?nn.22.
On Pinits iaeila. Lee County. Ayiril, 18!)fi ( Undenvood iS' Earle).
On Piniis echinaia. Lee County. IWUi ( Underwood .y- Earle).
( )u I'intis riryiniand. Winston County, June, 189G ( Underwood).
New Jersey.
Peridermium orientale Cooke.
Ala. Bull. L'lH. Cornell Bull. 22.
On leaves of I'inns Heroiina. Lee County, Anbnrn, spring, 1891 ( AlHnxon).
On Finns iaeda. Lee County, April. 18% ( Underwood .V- Earle).
On PinHH paluxiris. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood <V- Earh-).
On /'in»«sp. Macon County, April, 1896 (Underwood); Dekalb County, May, 1896
(Underwood).
AECIDIUM Pers.
Aecidium asterum Sclnv.
Ala. BulL 20S. Cornell Bull. 21.
On Jsler sp. Dekalb Clonntv , May, 1896 ( Underwood).
On Solidiujo eanadensxH. Lee County, 1892 (J>n<j</ar).
On Solidaf/o sp. Lee County, 1891 (Xetvvian tj- Duggar); Dallas County, May, 18%
(Underwood); Dekalb County, May 1896 {Undwwood).
Ohio, Nebraska.
Aecidium compositarum Mart.
Ala. Bull. 208.
On Enpatoriiim purpnreum. Dekalb County, May, 1896 (Underwood).
On Eupatorium rerbenaefoUnm. Dekalb County, May, 1896 ( Underwood).
On HelianilmH sp. Madison County. May, 1896 ( Underwood).
On Silphium sp. Leo County, May, 1896 ( Underwood <)'■ Earle).
Louisiana, Ohio, New Jersey, Nebraska.
Aecidium epilobii DC.
Ala. Bull. 209. Cornell Bull. 21.
On Oenothera laciniata. Lee County, Auburn, April, May, 1892 {Atkinson).
Ohio. Europe.
Aecidium euphorbiae Gniel.
Ala. Bull. 209. Cornell Bull. 21.
On leaves of Eujjhorbia nutans. Lee County, Auburn, November 11, 1891 (Atkinson).
Ohio, New Jersey, Nebraska. Europe.
Aecidium fraxini Scliw.
On Fraxinnx sp. Lee County, June, 1897 (Earle <\- Baker).
Aecidium gerardiae Peck.
Ala. Bull. 209.
On Basijstomajlaca. Madison County, May. 1896 ( Underwood).
Aecidium gnaphaliatum S( Inv.
Ala. Bull. 209.
On Gnaphaliwm purpureum. Lee County. Jul^\, 1896 ( Underwood .(• Earle).
Aecidium hibisciatum Schw.
Ala. Bull. 209.'
On Hibiscus escnlentns (I'eters).
I See also Lagerheim, Uredin. Herb. Fries.
FUNGI. 193
Aecidium houstoniatum Schw. ( f)
Ala. Bull. 209, as A. oldenlandianum Ell. & Tracy, Cornell Bull. 21.
On leaves of Houstonia patens. Lee County, Auburn, Februaiy 1(3, 1890 (^ttkiuson).
The specific position of these specimens is uncertain. They differ widely from the
tropical A. houstoniatum, hut they are certainly not A. oldenlandianum, which is on a
very different host (Earle).
Aecidium hydnoideum B. & C.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 4 : 94. Ala. Bull. 209. '
On Direa paluatria (Peters). Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Ohio.
Aecidium hypericorum B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 209.
On Hypericum sp. ( Peters). A doubtful species.
Aecidium impatientis Schw.
Ala. Bull. 209. Cornell Bull. 21.
On Impaiiens aurea. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood <f' Earle) ; Dekalb County,
May, 1896 ( Underwood).
On leaves of Impatlens bifiora. Lee County, Auburn, April 22, 1890 (Atkinson) ; Lee
County, Parkinson's Mill near Auburn, spring, 1890 (Atkinson).
Ohio, Nebraska.
Aecidium leucostictum B. &, C.
Ala. Bull. 209.
On various species of Lespedeza. Dekalb County, May, 1896 ( Undertvood) ; Madison
County, ilay, 1896 ( Underwood).
Aecidium lycopi Gerard.
Ala. Bull. 209.
On Lycopus virginicus. Lee County, May, 1892 (Duggar).
Aecidium mariae-'wrilsoni Peck.
Peters coll. No. 196, as Aecidium petersii B. & C. Ala. Bull. 209.
On Viola papilionacea ( I', obliqua). Lee County, April, 1896 ( T'nderwood cf- Earle).
This is probably the true A. petersii; see note uuder that species. Our Aecidia on
species of Viola are greatly in need of revision.
New York.
Aecidium orobi B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 209.
A doubtful species. On Meibomia sp. (Peters).
Aecidium pentstemonis Schw.
Ala. Bull. 210.
On Pentstemon hirsutus. Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood iS' Earle).
Nebraska.
Aecidium petersii B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 210.2
On Fiola sp. (Peters).
Theredescription of this species by Lagerheim and the specimens preserved in the
Peters collection under this name (see Ala. Bull. 209) both go to show thai it is the
species commonly called A. mariae-wilsoni Peck by American authors. The speci-
mens on Viola pedata, Alabama Bulletin 210, can not therefore belong here. They
should probably be considered as the type of a new species.
Aecidium plantaginis Ces.
Ala. Bull. 210. Cornell Bull. 21.
On Plantago virginica. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood ,S' Earle). Only once
found.
Aecidium proserpinacae B. & C.
Grevillea, 3 : 60. Ala. Bull. 210.
On leaves of Proserpinaca sp. (Beaumont).
' See Lagerheim, Uredin. Herb. Fries. 102.
2 gee also Lagerheim, Uredin. Herb. Fries.
15894 13
l'.>4 PLANT LIFK OK ALABAMA.
Aecidium pteleae 1?. A- ('.
(;rfvillra. 3:ti0. Ala. Hull. 210. Cornell Mull. 21.
< Ml loaves of I'tiUit sp. ( I'eteis).
On leftv»'8 of rirlea tri/oUuia. Lee County, Wriglife Mill near Auburu, .July 8, IH'M
(Piiiifiiir .y- \finnan).
Aecidium puuctatum Pera.
Ala. Hull. 210.
(^n Aiinuoiie decapetala. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Undernoud .»■ Earle).
Ohio, Nebraska. Kurope.
Aecidium sambuci Schw.
Ala. Hull. 211. Cornell Hull. 21.
On Sanibiicus canadensis (Peters). Lee County, Auburn, April, I8i)2 {Atkinson); Lee
County. March, 1894 (^Quaintance).
Ohio, Nebraska.
Aecidium saniculae Carin.
Ala. Hull. 211.
On Sanicula sp. Lee County, March, April, 1896 ( Undenoood 4- Karle).
Order AURICULARI^I^ES.
Family AURICULARIACEAE.
AURICULARIA Bull.
Auricularia auricula-judae (L.) Schroet.
Peters coll. 8. Ala. Bull. 220, under Himeola.
1864 (Peters).
On Hicoria sp. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood .f- Earle).
Texas, New Jersey, Ohio, Nebraska. Europe.
Auricularia auriformis Schw.
Cornell Bull. 24, under Hirneola.
On decaying branches. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Ohio.
It is very doubtful if this is really different from the last species.
Auricularia scutelliformis H. & C.
Grevillea, 2 : 19. Ala. Hull. 220, under Hirneola.
On branches of Asimina (Peters).
Family PILACRACEAE.
PILACRE Fr.
Pilacre faginea (Fr.) B. «S:. Br.
Peters coll. 1 : 195, under Onegyna. Ala. Bull. 222.
Pilacre petersii B. «fe C.
Rav. Fling. Car. Exsic. 3 : .39. Ala. Bull. 222.
On Ilex opaca (Peters).
On Carpinus. 1865 (Peters).
Europe.
Order TRETvlELLALES.
Family TREMELLACEAE. •
EXIDIA Fr.
Exidia glandulosa (Bull.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 221.
On Alnus sp. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underivood ^- Earle).
On Quercus sp. Lee County, March, 1896 ( l-nderwood <y- Earle).
On Liquidambar. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underivood ^- Earle).
South Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio, New England. Europe.
1 These determinations are tentative only. The American species of jelly fungi
are greatly in need of critical study.
FUNGI. 195
Exidia truncata Fr.
Ala. Bull. 221; partly (p. 222) as Ulocolla foliacea (Pers.) Bref, ? Cornell Bull. 21.
On Vitis rottindifolia. Lee County, June 3, 1892 (Atlcin8on) ; February, 1896 ( Under-
wood <S' Earle).
On Alnus sp. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood cf Earle).
On Quercus sp. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Undertvood Jj- Earle).
Pennsylvania, Ohio. Europe.
TREMEIiLA Dill.
Tremella dependeus B. & C.
Grevillea, 2 : 19. Ala. Bull. 221.
On Liriodendrou (Peters).
Tremella eucephala Willd.
Grevillea, 2:20. Ala. Bull. 221. In both under Naematelia.
On Quercus (Peters).
New Jersey, New England.
Tremella gigantea B. & C.
Grevillea, 2 : 19. Ala. Bull. 221.
(Peters.)
Tremella mesenterica Retz.
Ala. Bull. 221. Cornell Bull. 24.
On decaying wood. Lee County, Auburn, autumn, 1891 (Atlcinson).
On Alnus sp. Lee Couuty, December, 1895 ( Undericood) ; February, 1896 (Under-
wood tf- Earle).
North Carolina, Ohio. Europe.
Tremella nucleata Schw.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 4:82. Ala. Bull. 221, under Naematelia.
On Tilia americana (Peters).
South Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio.
Tremella virens Schw.
Cornell Bull. 24.
On decaying oak branches. Lee County, Auburn, autumn, 1891 (Atkinson).
Tremella sp.
Peters coll. No. 96. Ala. Bull. 221.
On rotten wood of Hicoria alba ( Peters).
TREMELLODON.
Tremellodon gelatinosum (Scop.) Pers.
Peters coll. No. 62, under Hyduum. Ala. Bull. 222.
On Pinus sp. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underioood cf- Earle).
Europe.
Order DACRYOTvlYCETALES.
Family DACRYOMYCETACEAE.
DACRYOMYCES Nees.
Dacryomyces aurantia (Schw.) Farlow.
Cornell Bull. 24.
On (lead wood. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
South Carolina.
Dacryomyces azaleae Schw.
Cornell Bull. 24.
On dead branches. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
Dacryomyces chrysocomus (Bull.) Tul.
Ala. Bull. 222.
On rotten wood of Pinus sp. Lee County, January, February, 1896 ( Underwood <f'
Earle).
Ohio. Europe.
19(> PLANT LIKK <>F ALAMAMA.
Dacryomyces deliqiiescens ( Hull.) iMih.
Ala. Hnll.L'L'J.
On rottou wood of I'iiins 8p. Lee Coiiufy, March, IXiM! ( I'ndcmooii .V Enrle).
Louisiana, South Carolina, New .Jersey, Ohio.
Dacryomyces epiphyllus Scliw.
Cornell Hull. 'J 1.
On leaves of Arnndinaria tecta. Loe County, Auburn, Novcinber H, 1H!(1 i .Hkiuson t.
Dacryomyces stillatus Nees.
Ala. Muil.L'L'L'.
On rotten i)iuo, and on other wood. Lee County, February, 18% {L'ndenrojd .|-
Earlc).
South Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio, New En;:!;land. Europe.
GUEPINIA Fr.
Guepinia elegans B. & C.
l\a\ . Fung. Car. Kxsic. 5 : 23. Ala. Hull. 222.
{Peters.)
Guepinia petaliformis B. «fc C.
Gr.'villea. 2 : 5. Ala. Bull. 222.
On (lead wood {I'eters).
Guepinia spathularia (Schw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 223. Cornell Bull. 24.
Lee County, Auburn, 1890 {.l1kit)son).
On Finns. Lee County. December, 1896 (Earle).
On various woods. Lee County, November, December, 189.5 ( Vndenoood) ; July, 1896
{Underwood iV Korle).
Texas, Louisiana, Ohio, New Jersey.
ARRHYTIDIA Berk.
Arrhytidia flava B. «& C.
Ala. Bull. 222.
On rotten wood of Pinus. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood .)• Earle).
Arrhytidia fulva B. & C.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 222.
On rotten wood of Pinus {Peters). Lee County, .January, 1896 {Underwood 4"
Earle).
Order EXOBASIDIALES.
Family EXOBASIDIACEAE.
EXOBASIDIUM Woron.
Exobasidium andromedae Peck.
Ala. Bull. 227. ■
On Xolisma ligustrina. Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood .f- Earle).
New Jersej'.
Exobasidium azaleas Peck.
Ala. Bull. 227.
On calyces of Azalea nudifiora. Lee County, 1892 (Benton) ; April, 1896 C Underwood
4- Earle).
Exobasidium discoideuni Ellis.
Ala. Bull. 227.
On leaves oi Azalea nudijlora. Lee County, April, May, 1896 ( I nderwood <f- Earle) ;
Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
New Jersey.
Exobasidium vaccinii (Fkl.) Woron.
Ala. Bull. 227.
On flowers of Gaylussacia frotidosa. Lee I'ouuiy, May, 1S96 { Undernood c^- Earle).
On leaves of Vacciniura. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Undencood <)• Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
FUNGI. 197
MICROSTROMA Niessl.
Microstroma juglandis (Berengei) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 138. Cornell Bull. 38.
On living leawea of Hicoria alba. Lee County, Auburn, April 2S,1S90 (Atkinson);
Perry County, Uniontown. July 12, 1890 {Atkinson).
Order HYNIETMIALES ( Agaricales) .
Family HYPOCHNACEAE.
HYPOCHNUS Khrenb.
Hypochnus antbochrous (Pers.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 228.
(Peters.)
Family THELEPHORACEAE.
CORTICIUM Pers.
Corticium armeniacum Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 223.
On Vitis (Peters, Beaitmont) .
Corticium caeruleum (Schracl.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 223.
Lee Couuty, November, 1895 ( Cnderwood) ; January, 1896 ( Underivood S- Earle).
South Carolina, Ohio. Europe.
Corticium calceum (Pers.) Fr,
Ala. Bull. 223.
On Pinns. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood c)' Earle).
Louiaiana, Texas, Pennsylvania. Europe.
Corticium cervicolor B. & C.
Grevillea, 1 : 179. Ala. Bull. 223.
On smooth wood (Peters).
Corticium chlorinum B. & C.
Grevillea, 1 : 179. Ala. Bull. 223,
On Tsuga (Peters).
Corticium chrysocreas B. & C,
. Grevillea, 1:178. Ala. Bull. 224.
On Piuus (Peters).
Corticium cremoricolor B. & C.
Grevillea, 1 : 180. Ala. Bull. 224.
On Ilex (Peters).
Corticium crocicreas B. & C.
Grevillea, 1 : 178. Ala. Bull. 224,
On Vitis (Peters). ^
Corticium deglubens B. & C,
Grevillea, 1 : 166. Ala. Bull, 224.
On Juniperus (Peters).
Corticium dimiuuens B. & C.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 3 : 31. Grevillea, 2 : 3. Ala. Bull. 224.
On Ostrija rir(jiniana (Peters).
Corticium dryinum B. «& C.
Grevillea, 1 : 179. Ala. Bull. 225,
On Qnercus (Peters).
Corticium ephebium B. & C.
Grevillea, 1 : 178. Peters coll. No. 80. Ala. Bull. 225.
{Peters.)
19S PLANT LIKE OF ALABAMA.
Corticium e vol vena li .
CnvilU'ii. 1: If.ti. Al:i. MulLliLTj.
Oil Lii|nitlaiiil);ir (I'ctcru).
New Kn-ilaiul.
Corticium filameutoaum li. & C.
Crevillea, 1 : 178. Ala. Hull. 2L'5.
(Prfers.)
Ohio.
Corticium lactescens Berk.
Ala. Hiill. L'2.->. Cornell Hull. 28.
Ou Jluna riKjosa. Leo Couuty, Auburn, Novembor 2, 1891 (Dttf/gar).
Corticium laeve Pers.
Ala. Hull. 225.
On Li(|iii(laiiil)ar (I'ders),
Louisiana, iSouth Carolina, New .Jersey, Nebraska.
Corticium martianum B. »& C.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 30. Ala. Bull. 225.
On Betula {Peters).
Corticium miniatum Hcrk. Not Cooke.
Peters coll. No. 85. Ala. Bull. 225.
On Liquidambar {PeAers).
Corticium oakesii B. & C.
Eav. Funj;. Car. Exeic. 3 : 32. Ala. Bull. 226.
On Ostnia rirgiuiana {Peters). Lee County, .January, February, 1896 ( Underwood ^S'
Earle).
New England, New York.
Corticium ochroleucum erimosum Berk.
Grevillea, 1 : 166. Ala. Bull. 226.
On Sassafras sassafras {Peters).
Louisiana, South Carolina.
Corticium peter sii B. & C.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 28. Grevillea, 1 : 177. Ala. Hull. 226.
On the ground {Peters).
AVinston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Corticium polyporoideum B. & C.
Grevillea, 1 : 177. Peters coll. No. 84. Ala. Bull. 226.
September, ISO'S {Peters).
Corticium prasinum B. & C.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 29. Grevillea, 1 : 179. Peters coll. Ala. Hull. 226.
On the ground. September, 1864 {Peters).
Corticium radiosum Fr.
Ala. Bull. 227.
Lee County, 1891 {Diujgar).
Corticium scutellare B. & C.
Grevillea, 2 : 4. Ala. Bull. 227.
On oak {Peters).
Corticium siparium B. & C.
Grevillea, 1 : 177. Ala. Bull. 227.
On Liquidambar {Peters).
Corticium viticolum Schw.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 3 : 34. Ala. Bull. 227.
On litis aestiralis {Peters).
South Carolina.
FUNGI. 199
CONIOPHORA DC.
Coniophora umbrina (A. &, 8.) Fr.
Peters coll. No. 70. Ala. Bull. 223.
(Peters.)
South Carolina, Ohio.
STEREUM Pars.
Stereum albo-badium (Schw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 230. Cornell Bull. 28.
On dead oak branches. Lee Countj', Auburn, February 22, 1891 (Atkinaon).
On various twigs and branches. Lee County, December, 1895 (Underwood); Jan-
uary, February, l<s96 ( Underwood tj' Earle). Common.
Louisiana, South Carolina, Ohio.
Stereum bicolor (Pers.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 230. Cornell Ball. 28.
On stumps. Lee County, (^)ctober, 1895 ( Underivood) ; February, March, 1896
( Underwood cf Earle). Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Louisiana, Ohio. Europe.
Stereum candidum (Schw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 230.
Forming small patches on bark of large oaks. Lee County, December, 1895
( Underwood).
Ohio.
Stereum complicatum Fr.
On Carpinus. Lee County, January, 1897 (Earle 4' Baker).
On Hicoria. Lee County, January, 1897 (Earle 4'' Baker).
Louisiana, Ohio.
Stereum fasclatum (Pers.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 230.
On old logs. Lee County, November, 1895 ( Underwood) ; March, 1896 ( Underwood ^•
Earle) ; December, 1896 (Earle).
Ohio.
Stereum frustulosum (Schw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 230.
On Quercus. Lee County, November, December, 1895 ( Underwood) ; March, July,
1896 ( Undenvood c^- Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio, Nebraska.
Stereum gausapatum Fr.
Ala. Bull. 230.
(Peters.)
Stereum leveillianum B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 230. Cornell Bull. 28.
On dead branches of hickory. Lee County, February 22, 1891 (Atkinson).
Lee County, Auburn, November, 1895 ( Underwood).
South Carolina.
Stereum nivosum Rav.
Ala. Bull. 230.
On Juniperus. Lee County, November, 1895 ( Underwood) ; March, 1896 ( Under%vood
^ Earle). Common.
New Jersey.
Stereum ochro-flavum Schw.
On Quercus. Lee County, January, 1897 (Earle ^- Baker).
Ohio.
Stereum pergameneum B. & C.
Grevillea, 1 : 161. Ala. Bull. 230.
On decayed wood (Peters),
200 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
Stereum radians Vr.
Ala. Hull. 231.
Oil twigs. Loc County, November, December, 18i».">; .)im\ia.vy,ls'M'> { I iidmrvod .y-
Farh).
Oliio.
Stereum ravenelii li. A ('.
Grevilloa, 1 : ICJ. Ala. Hull. 231.
On tbe eurtb in swamps {I'ettrn, lieanmont).
Stereum sericeum (Schw.) Morgau.
Ala. Bull. L>31.
On twigs. Mobile County, December, 1895. Lee County, December, 18it."> ( f nrf/r-
wood) ; .Januarv, IWtG ( Underwood .f- Eurle). Not common.
Ohio.
Stereum spadiceum Fr.
Base of old stuni])s. Lee County, January, 1897 (Karle <f- liakfi).
Louisiaua, New jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Stereum subpileatum B. »t C.
Ala. Bull. 231.
Lee County, November, 1895 ( Undertvood) ; April, 1896 ( Undenvood ^- Earle) ; Wins-
ton County, June, 1896 ( rndenvood).
Louisiana.
Stereum versicolor (Schw.) Fr.
Ala. Hull. 231. Cornell Bull. 28,
On dead branches. Lee County, February 22, 1891 (Atkinson); November, 189.5
{Vnderwood). Mobile County, December 1895 (Earle). Winston County, .June, 1896
(Underwood). Common everywhere.
Ohio, New Jersey, Nebraska.
THELEPHORA Ehrh.
Thelephora botryoides (Schw.) Tnderwood & Earle.
Ala. Hull. 232.
(Peters.)
Thelephora Candida (Schw.) Fr.
Cornell Bull. 28.
Macon County, Shorter, July 16, 1890 (Atkinson).
Thelephora filamentosa B. & C.
Grevillea 1 : 148. Ala. Bull. 231.
On decayed herbs (Peters).
Ohio.
Thelephora gracilis Peck, BuU.Torr. Club, 25:371. 1898.
Damp ground. Lee County, July, 1897 (Earle <)"• Baker).
Thelephora griseo-zonata Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 232.
On the ground. Lee County, December, 1895 (Underwood); October, 1896 (Earle).
New Jersey.
Thelephora laciniata Pers.
Cornell Bull. 28.
In sandy places in turpentine orchards. Lee County, Auburn, autumn, issit
(Atkinson); July 27, 1890 (Atkitison).
Europe.
Thelephora lobata Hertol.
Mem. Acad. Sci. Bol. 7 : 360. Ala. Bull. 232.
Mobile County f (Gates).
Thelephora pedicellata Schw.
Ala. Bull. 233.
On Cornus (Peters).
On living .shrubs (Crataegus, etc.), Lee County, November, 189.^ (Undei-wood)',^
February, 1896 ( Underwood ij- Earle).
FUNGI. 201
Thelephora retiformis B. & C.
On living bra.ncbes of Prunus. Lee County, January, 1897 {Earle 4' Baker).
Thelephora schweinitzii Peck.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 233. Cornell Bull. 28.
On the ground {Peters). Lee County, Auburn, autumn, 1890 (Atkinson) ; October,
1895 ( Underwood). Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Ohio.
Thelephora scoparia Peck.
On the ground and on roots of grass. Lee County, June, 1897 {Earle tf Baker).
Thelephora sebacea Pers.
I'etors coll., as Tlielephora micheneri B. & C. Ala. Bull. 233.
On leaves of Viola, etc. (Peters).
lucrusting various leaves and stems. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood tf- Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio, New England. Europe.
Thelephora terrestris Ehrh.
Ala. Bull. 233.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underivood 4' Earle).
New Jersey. Europe.
HYMENOCHAETE L^v.
Hymenochaete agglutinans Ellis.
Ala. Bull. 229.
On living twigs. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood 4- Earle).
New Jersey.
Hymenochaete corrugata (Fr.) L^v.
Kav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 26. Ala. Bull. 229.
(Peters.)
Lee County, .January, February, 1896 ( Underwood 4' Earle).
South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Ohio. Euroj)e.
Hymenochaete curtisii (Berk.).
Ala. Bull. 230, under Stereum.
(Peters.)
On Quercus (Earle 4'- Baker).
South Caiolina.
Hymenochaete epichlora (B. & C.) Cooke.
Crevillea, 1:178, under Corticium. Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5:24, under Corti-
cinm. Ala. Bull. 229.
On Vaccininm (Peters).
On Symplocos (Peters).
Hymenochaete purpurea Cooke &. Morgan.
Ala. Bull. 230. Cornell Bull. 28.
On dead branches. Lee County, Auburn, February 22, 1891 (J /Ajwso?;) ; Novem-
ber, 1895 ( I'nderwood).
Ohio.
Hymenochaete setosa B. & C.
Grevillea, 1 : 165. Ala. Bull. 230.
On Quercus (Peters). ,
CRATERELLUS Per8„
Craterellus cantharellus (Schw.) Fr.
Grevillea, 1:147, as G. lateritius Berk. Ala. Bull. 228. Cornell Bull. 28.
On the ground (Peters). Lee County, Auburn, July, 1890 (Atkinson); July, 1896
(Underivood t)'- Earle). Winston Couutv, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Ohio.
Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers.
Ala. Bull. 229.
On the ground. Lee County, .Inly, 1896 ( Underivood 4' Earle).
North Carolina, South Carolina, Ohio. Europe.
1>()2 PLANT LIFE OK ALAHAMA.
CYPHELLA Vi.
Cyphella fiilva W. \ K'av.
Alii. Hull. L'Jil.
On Alniis. Lee County, .January, February, 189ti ( I'nderwood .) Karlr).
New .lersoy, Maiiu'.
Cyphella furcata B. & C.
Grevillea, 2:5. Ala. Hull. 229.
On Aluns (litaumoni).
SOLENIA HotVm.
Solenia auomala (Pers.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 247.
On Alnus. Lee County, January, May, 1896 ( I'nderwood .^- Earle).
Europe.
Solenia villosa Fr.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 42. Ala. Bull. 247.
On Quercus {Peters).
Europe.
Family CLAVARIACEAE.
CLAVARIA Vaill.
Clavaria aurea Schaeft'.
Ala. Bull. 228.
Lee County, October, 1896 (Earle).
New .Jer.sey, Ohio. Europe.
Clavaria botrytis Pers.
Ala. Bull. 228.
Lee County, October, 1896 (Earle).
South Carolina, New .Jersey, New England, Ohio. Europe.
Clavaria falcata Pers.
Ala. Bull. 228.
(Peters.)
Clavaria fragilis Holms.
On the ground. Tallapoosa County, August, 1897 (Earle).
South Carolina. Europe.
Clavaria gracilis Pers.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 34. Ala. Bull. 228.
(Peters.)
Europe.
Clavaria longicaulis Peck, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 371. 1898
Moist earth. Lee County, July, 1897 (Earle ij- Baker).
Clavaria pulchra Peck.
Cornell Buil. 28.
On the ground. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Duggar).
Clavaria petersii B. »fe C.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 33. Grevillea, 2 : 7. Ala. Bull. 228.
On dead wood (Peters).
Clavaria pistillaris L.
Ala. Bull. 228.
On the ground. Lee County, November, 1896 ( Earle).
Ohio.
Clavaria pyxidata Pers.
On rotten logs. Lee County, July, 1897 (Earle ./• Baker).
Ohio.
FUNGI. 203
SPARASSIS Fr.
Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr.
Peters coll. No. 91. Ala. Bull. 228.
Lawrence County (Peters). Lee County, December, 1896 (Earle).
Sparassis herbstii Peck.
Ala. Bull. 228.
On the ground. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Undeneood 4- Earle).
Family HYDNACEAE.
ODONTIA Fr.
Odontia fimbriata B. & C.
Peters coll. No. 67. Ala. Bull. 236.
Lawrence County (Peters).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Odontia lateritia B. & C.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 22. Grevillea, 1 : 147. Ala. Bull. 236.
On Quercus (Peters).
PHLEBIA Fr.
Phlebia radiata Fr,
Peters coll. No. 66. Ala. BulL237.
On Liriodendroii. IS63 (Peters).
Ohio. Europe.
Phlebia zonata B. & C.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 237.
On Tilia. July, 1855 (Peters).
RADULUM Fr.
Radulum orbiculare Fr.
Ala. Bull. 237.
On dead wood. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood).
South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Europe.
Radulum spinulosum B. »fe C.
Grevillea, 1 : 146. Ala. Bull. 237.
(Peters.)
NEOKNBIFFIA Sacc.
NeokneifiBa aspera (Pers.).
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 31. Ala. Bull. 236, under Kneiffiella.
On Jnniperus virginiana (Peters).
Neokneiffia candidissima (B. & C).
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 32. Ala. Bull. 236, as Kneiffiella.
On Juniperus virginiana (Peters).
South Carolina, New Jersej', Ohio.
HYDNUM Fr.
Hydnum adustum Schw.
Ala. Bull. 233. Cornell Bull. 28.
Macon County, Shorter, .July, 1890 (Atkinson) ; Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson); Win-
ston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
New Jersey, Ohio.
Hydnum chrysocomum Underwood.
Ala. Bull. 2.33.
Under decayed wood. Lee County, November, 1895 ( Underwood).
iM)4 PLANT LIFE <>F ALABAMA.
Hydniini cirrhatiini I'crs.
Ala. Hull.L'Sli.
(Ill (,»in'rfiis ( licainnout).
South L'aroliiiii, nliiii. llurojie.
Hyduuni curtisii KcrU.
Lee Comity, Novfinher. is;i(» { lUihtr).
Hydnum erinaceus Hull.
1 VttMs .oil. No. (iO. Ala. Hull. 2:il.
Oil i,iiienii.s. lf<t;:{ (l'etern).
( )ii <fl(l log. Lee County, Nov»»inl»('r, 1896 {Minx J. skehan ).
Ohio.
Hydnum fascicularia H. & C.
(J rev i Ilea. 1 : W. Ala. Hull. 234.
On llicoiia (I'elers).
Hydnum flabelliforme Herk.
Ala. Bull. 231.
On standing trunks. Lee County, .Lanuary, 1896 ( rnderwood if- Eurlc).
Ohio.
Hydnum fragilissimum H. & C.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 21. Ala. Hull. 234.
{Petrrs.)
Hydnum himantia Schw.
Peters coll . No. :>&. Ala. BulL 234.
( Pelers. )
Hydnum laeticolor B. «fe C.
Grevillea, 1 : 99. Ala. Bull. 234.
On (^uerciis {Beaumont),
.South Carolina.
Hydnum membranaceum Bull.
Kav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5:20. Ala. Bull. 235.
(I'eters.)
Europe.
Hydnum mucidum Pers.
Ala. Hull. 23.5.
On llicoria (Peters).
On lofiS. Lee County, October, December, 1895 (Vnderuood) ; January, February,
ISm ( rnderwood A- h'arle).
Ohio. Europe.
Hydnum ochraceum Pers.
Ala. Bull. 235.
On logs. Lee County, October, December, 189.^^ {Underwood); .lanuary, Februarv,
1896 ( ['nderwood .f- Eurle).
Ohio, New .Jersey, Nebraska. Europe.
Hydnum pallidum C. & E.
On Salix. Lee County, November, 1897 {Earle).
Hydnum parasitans B. &, C.
Grevillea, 1 : 100. Ala. Bull. 235.
On UlmiiH americana {Peters).
Hydnum pulcherrimum H. & C.
Ala. Bull. 285. Cornell l',ull. 28.
Lee County, snmmir, 1S90 {Atkinson) ; October, December, 1895 ( Underwood). Hale
County, April, 1896 { Underwood). Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
South Carolina, Ohio.
Hydnum reniforme B. «& C.
Cornell Bull. 28.
Lee County, Auburn {Atkinson).
FUNGI. ■ 205
Hydnum repandum L.
Peters coll. No. 61. Ala. Bull. 235.
On the ground (Peters). Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underuood ,j- Earle) ; Novem-
ber, December, 1896 (Earle).
South Carolina, Ohio, New Jersey, New England. Europe.
Hydnum rhois Schw. (?).
On Quercus. Lee County, January, 1897 (Earle cf Baker).
Hydnum septentrionale Fr.
Ala. Bull. 235.
On Tilia (Peters).
Ohio. Europe.
Hydnum setulosum B. & C.
Peters coll. No. 59. Grevillea, 1 : 100. Ala. Bull. 235.
On Liijuidambar (Peters).
Hydnum spathulatum (Schw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 235.
On decaying wood. Lee County, NoAeniber. 1895 (Underuood); January, 1896
( Underwood cf Earle).
Hydnum spongiosipes Peck.
Peters coll. No. 57, as H.ferrugineum ( ?). Ala. Bull. 235.
(Peters.)
PHAEODON Schroet.
Phaeodon atroviride (Morgan).
Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 18:38. Ala. Bull. 233. Cornell BuU. 28. In all
under Hydnum.
Ou old wood. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson),
Phaeodon aurantiacus (Batsch) Schroet.
Lee County, September, 1897 (Earle if- Baker).
Europe.
Phaeodon compactus (Pers.) Schroet.
Ala. Bull. 234, under Hydnum.
On the ground. Mobile County, December, 1895 (Earle).
Europe.
Phaeodon ferrugineus (Fr.) Schroet.
Ala. Bull. 234, under Hydnum.
Lee County. 1891 (Atkinson); November, 1896 (Earle).
South Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey.
Phaeodon imbricatus (L.) Schroet.
Ala. Bull. 234, under Hydnum.
In pine woods. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underivood) ; March, 1896 (E. E. Lee) ;
July, 1896 ( Underwood (f- Earle) ; December, 1896 (Earle). Rather counuon.
Europe.
Phaeodon subsquamosus (Batsch) Scliroet.
Peters coll. No. .55. Ala. Bull. 235, under Hydnum.
On the ground. 1864 (Peters).
Europe.
Phaeodon tomentosus (Schrad.) Schroet.
Ala. Bull. 233, as Caldcsiella ferruginosa (Fr.) Sacc.
(Beaumont.) Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood <t- Earle).
Europe.
Phaeodon zonatus (Batsch).
Ala. Bull. 236. under Hydnnra.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( I nderwood if- Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
206 PLANT LIKE <>K ALABAMA.
IRPEX l"r.
Irpex coriaceus H. «&. Kuv.
Rnv. Kniifr. Car. Kxeic. 3 : 21. Ala. Bull. L'Sfi.
Oh t,>ii(r(us. ( I'eterx.) Leo ("ouiity. November. 18!)."> ( J'udrrwood).
.'^ollth Carolina. Cuba, South Anioiica.
Irpex fuscescens Schw.
On Quercus. Lee Count}', November, 1895 {Underivood); .1 an uary, February, 18flfi
( Inderwood .f- Earle). Not uucommou.
Irpex schTw^eiuitzii B.«.t C.
Grevillea, 1:102. Ala. Bull. 236.
(Beaumont.)
SISTOTREMA Pers.
Sistotrema confluena Tors.
On the ground among pine needles. Lee County, January. 1897 {Earle <f- Baker).
Family POLYPORACEAE.
Tribe iMERULlEAE.
MERULIUS Hall.
Merulius bellus B. & C.
Grevillea, 1 : 69. Peters coll. No. 52. Ala. Bull. 238.
OnTsuga. 1858 (Pe<ers).
Merulius coufluens Schw.
Cornell Bull. 28.
On dead branches. Lee County, Auburn, December, 1891 (Atkinson).
Merulius corium Fr.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 238.
1855 (Peters).
Lee County, .January, February, March, July, 1896 ( Undenvood .f- Earle) ; December,
1896 (Earle). Common.
South Carolina, North Carolina, New England. Europe.
Merulius haedinus B. &, C.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 4 : 8. Grevillea, 1 : 69. Ala. BuU. 238.
On Tilia (Peters).
Merulius porinoides Fr.
Ala. Bull. 239.
On Quercus (Peters).
South Carolina, Ohio. Europe.
Merulius serpens Tode.
Ala. Bull. 239.
On Pinus. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Undertvood if- Earle).
Europe.
Merulius tremellosus Schrad. ^
Ala. Bull. 239.
Lee County, December, 1895 (Underwood); January, 1896 (Underwood if- Earle);
November, December, 1896 (Earle).
Louisiana, South Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Tribe POLYPOKEAE.
PORIA Pers.
Poiia alabamae B. & C.
Cornell Bull. 28.
On dead branches. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
FUNGI. 207
Poria barbaeformis B. & C.
Grevillea, 1 : 53. Ala. Bull. 240, under Polyporus.
On Vitis. (Peters.) Lee County, December, 1895 (Underwood); January, 1896
( Underwood <$■• Earle).
Poria beaumontii B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 240, under Polyporus.
(Beaumont.)
Poria callosa Fr.
On rotten wood. Lee County, November, 1897 (Earle).
Poria chrysoloma Fr.
Ala. Bull. 240, under Polyporus.
On pine chips. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underivood ^ Earle).
Poria corticola Fr.
Ala. Bull. 241, under Polyporus.
On bark. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underivood).
Ohio. Europe.
Poria ferruginosa Schrad.
Ala. Bull. 242, under Polyporus.
On fallen limbs. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underivood) ; .January, 1896 ( Under-
wood tf Earle).
Ohio. Europe.
Poria pulchella Schw.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 245, under Polyporus.
1855 (Peters).
Poria purpurea Fr.
Ala. Bull. 245, under Polyporus.
On rotten wood. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood <S' Earle).
Louisiana, New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Poria vaporaria Pers.
Ala. Bull. 245, under Polyporus.
On various dead branches. Lee County, November, December, 1895 ( Underwood) ;
January, 1896 ( Underivood cf- Earle). Very common.
Poria vesiculosa B. & C.
Peters coll. No. 39. Grevillea, 1 : 65. Ala. Bull. 247, under Polyporus.
On Pinus (Peters).
Poria viticola Schw.
Peters coll. No. 38. Ala. Bull. 247, under Polyporus,
On Vitis (Peters).
POMES Fr.
Pomes annosus Fr.
Cornell Bull. 27.
On roots of rotten stumps. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
Europe.
Pomes applauatus (Pers.) Wallr.
Ala. Bull. 239, under Polyporus.
(Atkinson.) Rare in the State.
New Jersey, Ohio, Nebraska. Europe.
Pomes carneus Nees.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5:14. Ala. Bull. 240, under Polyporus. Cornell Bull. 27.
On .Tuniperus. Winston County (Peters).
On dead trunk. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Louisiana, South Carolina, New Jersey, New York.
Pomes connatus Fr. (?)
Ala. Bull. 240, under Polyporus.
On Gleditsia triacanthos. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underivood tj- Earle).
Ohio. Europe.
208 PLANT LIFK (>F AI.AMAMA.
Fomea curtisii Hork.
Ala. Riill.'_Ml, under rolyiiorus. Conioll I5iill.27.
On (leatl 8tiiin|i. Lee County, Auburn, IHIM) { .ilkinnon).
On Qutrcns, (tf. Loo County, October, November. Oeceniln'r, 18U5 { I ndernood);
.luuf, .Inly, 18!tti ( I nderwood .r Eurle).
Louisiana, Niw .lersey.
Fomea heniileucua H. vV V.
Ala. Hull.L'IS, under I'olyjiorns.
On Liriodtndnui. Lee County, December, 18515 { 1 'nderwood); March, 1896 [Under-
wood .1 Karlc). Mobile County, December, 18!»5 (Earle).
Fomes lucidus (Leys.) Fr.
Ala. Hull. 214, under Polyporus.
On Tsn<;a. Winston County, June, 1896 ( Cndencood).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Fomes obliquus (Pers.) Fr.
Ahi. Bull. 244, under Polyporus.
Lee County, December, 1895 {Undenvood)] January, February, 1896 {Underuood .f-
Earle).
Louisiana, Ohio. Europe.
Fomes reniformis Morjian.
Ala. Hull. 24."). under l'olyi)orn8. Cornell Hull. 27.
On dead trunk. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood .>• Earle) ; Winston County, June, 1896 ( Under-
wood).
Fomes rimosus Berk.
Ala. Bull. 246, under Polyporus.
On Hobinia jisendacacia. Madisou County, May, 1896 ( Undcrivood) ; Dekalb County,
May, 1896 ( Underwood).
(Atkinson.)
Fomes scutellatus Schw.
Ala. Hull. 246, under Polyporus.
On branches of Alnus. January, 1896 ( Underuood <f- Earle).
Fomes supinus Schw.
Ala. Bull. 247, under Polyj)orus.
On rrtinus an;iu8tifolia. Lee County, November, 1895 (Underwood); March. 1896
( Underwood ^- Earle). Not uncommon.
POLYPORUS Michx.
Polyporus acanthoides (Bull.) Fr.
Peters coll. No. 35. Ala. Bull. 239.
Lawrence County (Peters).
Polyporus adustus (Willd) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 239. Cornell Bull. 27.
On dead trunk. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
On various trunks. Lee County, November, December, 1895 ( Underwood); Manli,
1896 ( Underwood <»• Earle).
On IJicoria. Lee County, December, 1896 (Earle).
Polyporus aueiriuus Sommf.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 239.
On Jnglans. February, 1855 (Peters).
New Jersey. Europe.
Polyporus arcularius (Batsch) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 2.39. Cornell Hull. 27.
On dead branches. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
On various fallen branches. Lee County. March, May, July, 1896 ( Underwood c^-
Earle); Tuscaloosa County, May, 1896 (Underwood); Madison County, May, 1896
( Underwood).
Louisiana, New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
FUNGI, 209
Polyporus delicatus B. & C.
GreviJlea, 1 : 37. Ala. Bull. 241.
(Peters.)
Polyporus dibaphus B. &. C.
Grevillea, 1 : 36. Ala. Bull. 241.
On Ilex opaca (Peters).
Polyporus dichrous Fr.
Cornell Bull. 27.
On dead branches. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Ohio. Europe.
Polyporus distortus Schw.
Lee County, 1897 (Earle i(- Baker).
Ohio.
Polyporus earlii Underwood, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 84. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 242,
On the ground. Lee County, November, 1896 (Earle).
Polyporus elegans (Bull.) Fr.
Ala, Bull. 242.
On fallen branches. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood ij- Earle) ; Halo
County, May, 1896 ( Underivood).
Ohio. Europe.
Polyporus ellisii Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 242, as Poljiporus flavo-squamostis Underwood.
On clayey ground. Lee County, Auburn, November 23, 1896 (Mrs. F. S. Earle).
Polyporus endocrocinus Berk.
Ala. Bull. 242.
Hale County, May, 1896 ( Undertvood) ; Lee County, October, 1896 (Baker).
Polyporus flavovirens B, & Rav,
Ala. Bull. 243.
On clayey banks in woods, Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underivood ij- Earle).
Ohio, New England.
Polyporus gilvus Schw,
Ala. Bull. 243. Cornell Bull. 27.
On trunks and logs. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson) ; November, December, 1895
(Underwood); March, 1896 {Underwood ^- Earle); December, 1896 (Earle). Hale
County, May, 1896 ( Underwood) ; Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood). Common.
Polyporus hispidioides Peck.
Cornell Bull. 27.
In pine woods at base of trunks. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 (Atkinson)
Polyporus imbricatus (Bull.) Fr,
Cornell Bull. 27.
Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
Europe.
Polyporus isidioides Berk. ( ?)
Ala. Bull. 243.
On trunks and branches. Lee County, December, 1895 (Underivood); January,
March, 1896 (Underwood 4- Earle). Hale County, May, 1896 (Underwood). Winston
County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Polyporus irregularis Underwood, Bull. Torr, Club, 24 : 85. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 243.
Under a pine log. Lee County, Auburn, February, 1896 ( Underwood).
Polyporus marmoratus B & C.
Ala. Bull. 245, as Polyporus pleheius Berk.
On Prunns serotina. Lee County, April, May, 1896 (Underivood .)'■ Earle).
On Magnolia. Mobile County, December (Earle).
Louisiana.
15894 14
210 PLANT LIFE <>F ALABAMA.
Polyporus meliae Undrrwood, Mull. Torr. ('liil>, 24 : 85. 1897.
Ala. Hull.LMI.
Oil l)rauche8 of Melia uzedararh. Ll•^^ Comity, ( »ctol>er IT), 18;i.'i ( J'ndrrwood
Polyporus obtusiis Rork.
Ala. Hull. I'll.
On (Jnircitu texaiia. Leo County, November, 1895 ( Underwood). Rare.
New Jersey.
Polyporus picipes Morgau.
Ala. Hull. 215.
{Atkinson.)
New Jersey, Ohio.
Polyporus poripes Fr.
Ala. Hull 245.
Lee County, November, 1895 {Underipood).
New Jersey.
Polyporus retipes Underwood, Bull.Torr. Club, 24:85. 1897
Ala. Hull. 245.
In pine woods. Lee County, Auburn, December, 1896 {Mrs. F. S. Earle).
Polyporus resinosus (Schw.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 246.
On a fallen trunk. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood 4- Earle).
Ohio. Europe.
Polyporus schweinitzii Fr.
Ala. Bull. 246.
On the ground. Lee County, October, 1896 {Burton)', November, December, 1896
{Earle).
South Carolina, New Jersey.
Polyporus sulphureus (Bull.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 247.
Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
{Atkinson.)
Louisiana, Ohio, New Jersey. Europe.
Polyporus varius Fr.
Cornell Bull. 27.
On roots of tree stump. Macon County, Shorter, July 16, 1890 {Atkinson).
Ohio. Europe.
Polyporus xanthus Fr.
Ala. Bull. 247,
On oak {Peters).
South Carolina, New Jersey.
POLYSTICTUS Fr. (Polyporus, Ala. Bull.).
Polystictus abietiiius Fr.
Ala. Hull.2S9.
On I'inus. Lee County, November, December, 1895 {Underwood); January, 1896
( Underwood <)'■ Earle). Common.
Louisiana, New Jersey, Nebraska. Europe.
Polystictus barbatulus Fr.
Ala. Bull. 239. Cornell Bull. 27.
On branche.s of Pin us palustris. Lee County, Auburn, ?'ebruary 22, 1891 {Atkinson) ;
Lee County, November, 1895 ( Underwood).
Polystictus biformis Klotzsch.
Ala. Bull. 240. Cornell Bull. 27.
{Beaumont.)
On dead trunks. Lee County, Auburn {Atkinson).
Polystictus cervinus Schw.
Ala. BuU. 240.
FUNGI. 211
Polystictus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 240. Cornell Bull. 27.
On dead trunks. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Prunus. Lee County, 1895; Winston County, June, 1896 (Underwood); Lee
County, November, 1896 (Earle).
Polys' lus crocatus Fr.
Cornell Bull. 27.
On trunks. Macon County, Shorter, .July 16, 1890 (Atkinson).
South Carolina.
Polystictus dealbatus B. «fe C.
Peters coll. No. 40. Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 3 : 10. Ala. Bull. 241.
July, September, 1864 (Peters, Beaumont).
Polystictus hirsutus (Wulf.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 243. Cornell Bull. 27,
On dead branches. Lee County, Auburn, February 22, 1891 (Atkinson).
On trunks and branches. Lee County, December, 189.5 ( Underwood) ; March, April,
1896 (Underwood 4- Earle). Mobile County, December, 1895 (Earle); March, 1896
(Earle). Hale County, May, 1896 ( Underwood) ; Winston County, June, 1896 ( Under-
wood). Very common.
Louisiana, Ohio, New Jersey Europe.
Polystictus ilicincola B. »fe C.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 17. Grevillea, 1 :52, under Polyporus. Ala. Bull. 243.
On Ilex opaca (Peters).
Polystictus occidentalis (Fr.) Klotzsch.
Ala. Bull. 245.
(Beaumont.)
Polystictus moUiusculus Berk.
On old stumps. Lee County, January, 1897 (Earle <f- Baker).
Ohio.
Polystictus mutabilis B. & C.
On oak stumps. Lee County, January, 1897 (Earle tf- Baker).
Louisiana, South Carolina.
Polystictus parvulus Klotzsch.
Ala. Bull. 245.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood cf- Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio.
Polystictus pergameuus Fr.
Ala. Bull. 245. Cornell Bull. 27.
On dead branches. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
On various trunks of deciduous trees. Lee County, October, December, 1895 ( Under-
wood) ; January, February, 1896 ( Underwood <S' Earle) ; December, 1896 ( Earle). Mobile
County, December, 1895 (Earle). Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Polystictus perennis (L.) Fr
Ala. Bull. 245.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood cV- Earle).
Europe.
Polystictus sanguineus (L.) Morgan.
Ala. Bull. 246.
On fallen trunks. Lee County, November, December, 1895 ( Underwood) ; January,
1896 (Underwood <j- Earle). Tuscaloosa County, May, 1896 (Underwood); Winston
County, June, 1896 ( Underwood) .
Polystictus splendens Peck.
Peters coll. No. 37, as Polyporus perennis. Ala. Bull. 246.
August, 1864 {Peters). Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood ^ Earle).
Polystictus velutinus Fr.
Ala. Bull. 247.
Lee County, October, December, 1895 (Underwood); .Tanuary, June, July, 1896
( Underwood <j- Earle). Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Louisiana, New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
212 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
PolystictiiB versicolor (L.> Fr.
Ala. Hull. L'lT.
On various (leciiinons trees. Lee County, Octoher. Novenihor. Doromher, IW.'i
( I'lKlenrood); Marcb. WM) ( I'nderwood ^S- Earle). Wiu.ston County, .luue, Deienilier,
ISitt) ( I'ndenrood).
Polystictiis virgiiieus Scinv.
Hav. Fuug. Car. ExHic. 3: 11. Ala. Hull. 'JIT.
{I'etera.)
Ohio.
TRAMETES Fr.
Trametes lactea I'r.
IVters coll. No. 41. .\la. Hull. 248.
Northern Alabama (Peters).
Louisiana, New Jersey.
Trametes petersii B. «fc C.
(irevillea, 1 : 6(5. Ala. Bull. 248.
( Peters. )
Trametes rigida B. & Mont.
Ala. Bull. 248.
( Beaumont.) Lee County, November, 1895 ( IJndcniood).
Louisiana, South Carolina.
Trametes sepium Berk.
Ala. Bull. 248.
On Sassafras sassafras (Peters, Beaumont).
Lee County, November, 1895 ( Underwood) ; January, .luly, 1896 ( Underwood .|- Earle).
Louisiana,' South Carolina, North Carolina, Connecticut.
DAEDALEA Pers.
Daedalea ambigua Berk.
Ala. Bull. 237.
On Quercus. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Undertvood <j- Earle).
Louisiana. Ohio.
Daedalea confragosa (Bolt.) Pers,
Ala. Bull. 237.
On Salix. Lee County, December, 1895 (Underwood); February, March. 1896
{Undencood 4- Earle); October 1896 (Baker); November, 1896 (Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Daedalea confragosa leuzitoides Peck.
Cornell Bull. 27.
On dead branches. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
Daedalea glaberrima B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 2.37.
Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood).
South Carolina.
Daedalea uiiicolor (Bull.) Fr.
Peters coll. No. 44, as J), cinerea. Ala. Bull. 237.
(Beaumont.)
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
LENZITES Fr.
Leuzites berkelei Lov.
Ala. Bull. 238. Cornell Bull. 26.
(Beaumont.) Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
South Carolina.
Lenzites betuUna (L.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 238. Cornell Bull. 26.
On dead trunks. Lee County, Auburn, February 22, 1891 (Atkinson).
Lee County, October, December, 1895 ( Underwood); November, 1896 (Earle).
Louisiana, New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
FUNGI. 2 1 8
Lenzites cookei Berk.
Cornell Bull. 2<3.
Lee County, Auburn, autumn, 1890 (Atkinson),
Lenzites corrugata Klotzsch.
Ala. Bull. 237.
Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underivood if- Earle).
Louisiana, New Jersey, New England.
Lenzites crataegi Berk.
Ala. Bull. 238.
(Peters.)
South Carolina, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey.
Lenzites klotzschii Berk.
Ala. Bull. 238.
On Liquidambar, Lee County, October, November, December, lS{)r> (Inderwood);
January, 1896 ( Underwood i|- Earle). Very common.
South Carolina, North Carolina, New England.
Lenzites repanda Fr.
Ala. Bull, 238.
(Peters.)
Lenzites rhabarbarina 6. & C.
Ala. Bull. 238.
On Pinus. Lee County, October, 189.5 ( Underivood) ; .January, 1896 ( rndenvood cf
Earle).
South Carolina.
Lenzites sepiaria Fr.
Ala. Bull. 238.
On Pinus. Lee County, January, 1896 ( f^n<?er«JoofZ cf- Earle). Hale County, Mav,
1896 ( Underwood).
Louisiana, New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
GLOEOPORUS Mont.
Gloeoporus conchoides Mont.
Peters coll. as Polyporu<i nigropurpuraacens. Ala, Bull. 237.
(Peters.) Lee County, November, December, 1895 (Underwood); January, .Inly,
1896 (Undeincood c^- Earle). Mobile County, December, 1895 (Earle). Hale County,
May, 1896 (Underwood). Common.
West Indies, South America, South Africa.
PAVOLUS Fr.
Favolus alveolarius (DC.) Fairm.
Peters coll. No. 48. Ala. Bull. 237.
On Fagus. Lawrence County, 1863 (Peters).
Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underivood <)i- Earle).
Europe.
Favolus rhipidium (Berk.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 246, under Polyporus.
Etowah County, May, 1896 ( Underwood). Rare.
Pavolus tesselatus Mont,
Cornell Bull. 27.
On dead branches of Acer. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (AtMnson).
Tribe FISTULINEAE.
POROTHELIUM Fr.
Porothelium fimbriatum (Pers.) Fr.
Peters coll. No. 52. Ala. Bull. 247.
On Betula. Winston County, 1861 (Peters).
Ohio. Europe.
'J14 PLANT T-TKK OK ALABAMA.
FISTULINA Uiill.
Fistulina pallida U. A K'av.
(irovilloii. 1:71. Ala. liiill. L'.-.2.
( III Itaso of whitu oiik stump. Nortlimn Al.ih.im.i ( I'etcrs).
South Carolina.
Fistulina radicata Schw.
PoteiH coll. No. 24. Ala. Hull. 252.
At roots of old chestnut stump. Northern Alabama, Septfinlier, 18fi8 (Peters).
Fistulina spathulata li. & C
(Jr.vilk-a, 1:71. Ala. Bull. 2.-^2.
At the base of an oak. Winston County (Pclers).
Tribe P.OLETINEAE.
BOLETUS L.
Boletus albus Peck.
Cornell Bull. 26.
Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 {Atkinson).
Boletus affinis Peck.
Cornell BulL 27.
Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1890 {Atkinson),
Boletus auriporus Peck.
Ala. Bull. 248.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood <)■ Karle).
Ohio.
Boletus brevipes Peck.
Ala. Bull. 248. Cornell Bull. 27.
On sandy soil, under pines. Lee County, Auburn, December 20, 1891 {Atkinson).
Lee County, November, 1895 ( Uiidenvood) ; October, November, 1896 (Baker).
Boletus chromapes Frost.
Ala. Bull. 248.
Leo County, May, 1896 ( Cnderwood <|- Earle).
Northern States (t).
Boletus chrysenteron Fr.
Cornell Bull. 27.
In open woods, on the {rround. Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1890 (Atkinson).
Ohio. Europe.
Boletus edulis Bull.
Ala. Bull. 248. Cornell Bull. 26.
Woods, on the ground. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 {Atkinnoii); .July, 1896
( Underwood ij- Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Boletus felleus Bull.
Ala. Bull. 248.
Lee County. July, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle); October, 1896 {Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Boletus ferrugineus Frost, var.
Ala. Bull. 248.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood ,S' Earle).
Boletus fisttilosus Peck, Bull. Torr. Club. 24 : 144. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 249.
Grassy woods. Lee County, Auburn, July, 1896 ( Undenoood).
Boletus fraternus Peck, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 145. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 249.
Shaded streets. Lee County, Axiburn, July, 1896 ( Underwood i/- Earle).
FUNGI. 215
Boletus frustulosus Peck, Bull. Torr. Club. 24 : 146, 1897.
Ala. Bull. 250.
On clayey banks along roadsides. Hale c:ounty, Akron, July, 1896 ( Underwood).
Boletus gracilis laevipes Peck.
Open woods. Lee County, July, 1897 {Earle).
Ohio.
Boletus granulatus L.
Ala. Bull. 250. Cornell Bull. 27.
Pine woods, on the ground. Lee County, Aubnru, July, 1890 {Atkinson) ; October,
1896 (Earle).
New Jersey. Europe.
Boletus griseus Frost.
Ala. Bull. 250. Cornell Bull. 26.
Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1890 (Atkinson) ; July, 1896 ( Underwood <f Earle).
Boletus hemichrysus B. «fc C.
Cornell Bull. 26.
Open woods, at base of a stump. T^ee County, Auburn, July, 1890 (AtkinsoA.
South Carolina.
Boletus hirtellus Peck.
Ala. Bull. 250.
Pine woods. Lee County, October, 1896 (Earle).
Boletus leptocephalus Peck.
Dry open woods. Lee County, July, 1897 (Earle cf- Baker).
Boletus morgani Peck.
Ala. Bull. 250.
Lee County, October, 1896 (Baker).
Boletus oruatipes B. «fe C.
Ala. Bull. 250.
liCe County, Jiily, 1896 ( Underwood 4' Earle).
Boletus pallidus Frost.
Ala. Bull. 250. Cornell Bull. 27.
Woods, on the ground. Lee County, Auburn, July, 1%Q0 (Atkinson) ; October, 1896
(Earle).
Boletus parvus Frost.
Ala. Bull. 250.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood tf- Earle).
Boletus retipes B. & C.
Ala. Bull, 251.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood 4' Earle).
South Carolina.
Boletus rubinellus Peck.
Cornell Bull. 26.
Woods, on ground. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 (AlMnson).
Boletus russellii Frost.
Cornell Bull. 26.
Woods, on ground. Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1890 (Atkinson).
Boletus tabacinus Peck, Bull. Torr. Club, 23 : 418, 1896.
Ala. Bull. 251.
Along roadsides. Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood 4" Earle).
Boletus uuderwoodii Peck, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 145. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 251.
Lee County, Auburn, July, 1896 ( Underwood f Earle).
210 VLANT lAVV: <»K AI.AHAMA.
BOLETINUS Kill. libiciiiuM. i H<ii.i i«>i'>is llcrmiii^'H.)
Boletinus decipiens It. A: C.
Ala. Hull. '2\X.
Leo County. OcloWcr, 1 >«'conilMir, \S\U'> { /iaktr).
Boletinus pictus I'eiU.
hoo County, Auburn, June, 1897 (Karlr .( Hakvr).
Boletinus ravenelii ( H. A: C.)
Ala. Hull. L'.'il, under Moletus.
Lee County, .Inly, 181tG ( Underwood .f- Earle).
South Carolina.
Boletinus subluteus (Peck).
Ala. Hull. 1.'51. Cornell Hull. 2(1. In both under Boletus.
Lee County, Auburn, July, 1890 (Atkinson); October, November, 1896 (Earle).
STROBILOMYCES Herk.
Strobilomyces strobilaceus (Scop.) Herk.
Peters coll. Xo. .iS. Ala. Hull. 252.
Lawrence County ( I'eters). Lee County, July, 189G ( rnderwood if- Earle).
New Jersey. Europe.
Family AGARICACEAE.^
Tribe CANTHARELLEAE.
CANTHARELLUS Ldv.
Cantharellus cantharellus (L.).
Ala. Hull. 256. Cornell Hull. 25, as C. Hhariiis Ft.
Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 (Atkinson) ; Winston County. June, 1896 ( Under-
wood); Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood .y Earle).
Ohio, New .Jersey. Europe.
Edible; commonly known as cliantarelle.
Cantharellus cinnabarinus Schw.
Ala. Bull. 256.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood .('• Earle)
New Jersey.
Cantharellus floccosus Schw.
Ala. Hull. 2.56.
Winston C'onnty, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Cantharellus infundibuliformis (Scop.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 256. Cornell Bull. 25.
Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 (Atkinson). Pileus very much lobedand irreg-
ular.
Winston County, June, 1896 (Underivood).
New Jersey. Europe.
Cantharellus petersii H. & C.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 5 : 12. Ala. Bull. 256. Cornell Bull. 25.
On base of trees. Northern Alabama (Peters).
Lee County, Auburn, July, 1890 (Atkinson).
'Hennings has proposed the name Boletopsis for those species of Boletinae having
an anuulns ( Engler A Prantl, Pliauzenfam. 1 Teil, Abt. 1*" : 194. 1898), but as noted
by Underwood (Hull. Torr. Club, 25:630) the older name of Boletinus must be
retained if the species belonging to it are to be included in the new grouping.
-Ilenuings's treatment of the Agaricaceae in the Natuerlichen Pflanzenfamilien
does not seem to meet the full approval of American mycologists. It seems best,
therefore, for the ])urposes of this catalogue to follow the generic names used by
Saccardo in the Sylloge Fungorum rather than to make the many new binomial
combinations that would be necessary if Hennings's treatment of the family were
to be fully adojited. — F. S. Earle.
FUNGI. 217
Tribe COPRINEAE.
COPRINUS Pers.
Copiinus atramentarius (Bull.) P'r.
Ala. Bull. 258. Cornell Bull. 25.
Lee County, Auburn, autumn, 1890 (Atkinson); Lee County, March, 189(5 {I'nder-
wood 4' EarU).
New .Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Coprinus comatus Fr.
Ala. Bull. 258.
Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood 4' Earle). Edible.
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Coprinus plicatilis (Curt.) Fr.
Peters coll. No. 13, as ('. ficaceug. Cornell Bull. 25.
Northern Alabama {Peters).
Coprinus sterquiliuus Fr. (?).
Lee County, May, 1897 {Mrs. F. S. Earle).
Europe.
Coprinus virgineus Banning ?
Lee County, June, 1897 (Baker).
Tribe HYGROPHOREAE.
GOMPHIDIUS Fr.
Gomphidius gracilis Berk. (?).
Lee County, November, 1896 (Baker).
Gomphidius rhodoxanthus Schw.
Ala. Bull. 2.59.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood tf- Earle) ; October, December, 1896 (Earle).
New Jersey.
HYGROPHORUS Fr.
Hygrophorus cantharellus Schw.
Cornell Bull. 24.
Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1890 (Atkinson).
Hygrophorus conicus (Scop.) Fr.
Peters coll. No. 12. Ala. Bull. 259.
Northern Alabama, October, 1861 (Peters).
New Jersey. Europe.
Hygrophorus nitidus B. & Rav.
Lee County, April, 1897 (Mrs. F. S. Earle).
Hygrophorus olivaoeo-albus Fr. ( ?).
Lee County, December, 1897 (Earle).
Europe.
NYCTALIS Fr.
Nyctalis asterophora Fr.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 262.
Parasitic ou Lactarius. Northern Alabama, 1863 (Peters).
New Jersey. Europe.
Tribe LACTARIEAE.
LACTARIUS Pers.
Lactarius affinis Peck.
Cornell Ball. 26.
On the ground. Lee County, Auburn, ( )ctober 19, 1890 (Atkinson).
218 PLANT LIKE <>K ALA15AMA.
Lactarius chelidoniuni I'nU.
Ala. Hull. •_'(».
Lee Couuty, July. ISJXi {I ndrrwood .V Earle) ; < (ctobfr. Nov«Miiber, 1896 (Earle).
Lactarius corriigis IVck.
I.te County. .<ej)teinl>«r, 18!t7 {Karle).
Lactarius deceptivus Peek.
Ala. Hull. L'(;0.
Loo (."(Uiuty. .luly. IS'M ( I'nderuootl .V- Karle).
Lactarius delicioaus (L.) Fr.
C'orucll Hull. IT..
On the •,ni>nu(l in opi-n woods. Loc County, Auburn. < )ttober lit, 18!tU (Atkiiimn).
New .Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Lactarius fuligiiiosus Fr.
Cornell Hull. 20.
Lee County, Auburn {Atkinson).
Europe.
Lactarius indigo (Scliw.) Fr.
Ala. Hull. I'CO. Cornell Bull. 20.
On the ground in damp woods near stream. Lee County, Auburu, August, 1890
(AtkiuHon).
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood 4' Earle) ; November, 1896 (Farle).
New .Jersey.
Lactarius insulsus Fr.
Ala. Hull. 260. Cornell Hull. 2.5.
On the ground. Lee Couuty, Auburn, summer, 1891 (Atkinson).
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood 4- Earle) ; October, 1896 (Earle).
Europe.
Lactarius lignyotus Fr.
Cornell Hull. 26.
Lee County, Auburn {Atkinson).
Europe.
Lactarius pergamenus (Sw.) Fr.
Cornell Bull. 26.
In woods on the ground. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 (Atkinson).
Ohio. Europe.
Lactarius piperatus (Scop.) Fr.
Ala. Hull. 260. Cornell Bull. 26.
In woods on the ground. Lee County, Auburn. July, 1890 (Atkinson).
Hale Couuty, May, 1896 ( Underwood). Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Lee Couuty, July. 1896 ( Underwood .»• Earle) ; October, November, 1896 (Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Lactarius salmoneus Peck, Hull. Torr. Club, 25 : 369. 1898.
Lie County, July, 1897 (Earle c)- Baker).
Lactarius scrobiculatus (Scop.) Fr.
Ala. Hull. 260.
Lee Couuty, October, November, 1896 (Earle).
Europe.
Lactarius subdulcis Bull.
Ala. Hull. 260.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underioood 4' Earle).
New Jersey. Europe.
Lactarius subvellereus Peck, Hull. Torr. Club, 25 : 369. 1898.
Lee County, .July, 1897 (Earle).
Lactarius theiogalus Bull.
Ala. Bull. 260. Cornell Bull. 25.
On the ground. Lee County, Auburn, July, 1890 (Atkinson).
Lee County, October, November, 1896 (Earle).
New Jersey. Europe.
FUNGI. 219
Lactarius vellereus Fr.
Ala. Bull. 260.
Lee County, October, November. December, 1896 (Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Lactarius vellereus subrugosus Peck.
lu pine grove. Mobile County, Springhill (Baker).
Lactarius volemus Fr.
Ala. Bull. 260. Cornell Bull. 25.
On ground. Lee County, Auburn ( Atkinson).
Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood cf- Earle).
RUSSULA Pers.
Russula adusta (Pers.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 264. Cornell Bull. 26.
Lee County, November, 1896 {Earle).
Europe.
Russula albella Peck.
Ala. Bull. 264.
Lee County, October, November, 1896 (Earle).
Russula albidula Peck, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 370. 1898.
In pine woods. Lee County, Auburn, November, 1897 (Earle)
Russula brevipes Peck.
Ala. Bull. 264.
Lee County, December, 1895 ( Undei wood) ; October, 1896 (Earle).
Russula chamaeleontiua Fr.
Ala. Bull. 264.
Lee County, November, 1896 (Earle).
Europe.
Russula delica Fr.
Lee County, December, 1896 (Baker).
Europe.
Russula emetica Fr.
Ala. Bull. 264.
Lee County, November, December, 1896 (Earle).
New Jersey. Europe.
Russula foetens (Pers.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 264. Cornell Bull. 26.
On the ground in woods. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 (Atkinson).
Lee County, October, 1896 (Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Russula fragilis (Pers.) Fr.
Lee County, November, December, 1896 (Baker).
Europe.
Russula lactea (Pers.) Fr.
Lee County, November, December (Baker)
Europe.
Russula lepida Fr.
Ala. Bull. 264.
Lee County, October, 1896 (Earle).
Ohio. Europe.
Russula polyphylla Peck, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 370. 1898.
Lee County, July, 1897 (Earle ^- Baker).
Russula pusilla Peck.
Ala. Bull. 264.
Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood).
220 PLANT LIFK OK ALABAMA.
Russula vellerea Fr.
Lt-e Coiiiity. DfcPinluT, 189fi (liaker).
Russula virescens (Schaef. ) Fr.
Alii. Bull.'Jfir).
Lc«> Couuty. July, 1896 ( I'ndencood .f- Earle).
New .leraev, Ohio. Europe.
Edible.
Tribe SCHIZOPHYLLEAR.
SCHIZOPHYLLUM Fr.
Schizophyllum commune Fr.
Ala. l',iill.L't;5. Cornell l?ull.2»>.
(hi .staiuliuf? trunks and brandies. Mobile County, Decfniber, 1895 (Earle). Lee
County, February, June, 189t) (I'nderwoud .( Earle). WiuHtou Couuty, June, 1896
( L'nderwood).
On diseaseil timber; common throujjhont the State.
Louisiana, New Jersey, Oliio. Euro])e.
Tribe MARASMIEAE.
XEROTUS Fr.
Xerotus viticola B. & C.
Peters coll., as X.nUjrata. Ala. Bull. 265.
{Peters.)
South Carolina.
LENTINUS Fr.
Lentinus lecontei Fr.
Ala. Bull. 260. Cornell Bull. 26.
On dead trunks. Lee County, Auburn, February .22, 1891 {AikinHon).
Louisiana, New Jersey, Ohio.
Lentinus lepideus Fr.
Ala. Bull. 260. Cornell Bull. 26.
In woods. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 (AtMnson).
On pine wood. Lee County, May, June, July, 1896 ( Underwood .)■ Earh) ; October,
December, 1896 (Earle).
Lentinus ravenelii B. & C. .
Ala. Bull. 260.
(Beaumont.)
South Carolina.
Lentinus strigosus Fr.
Ala. Bull. 260.
Lee County, February, April, 1896 (Underwood tf- Earle); Tuscaloosa County, May,
1896 (Underwood); Winston County, June, 1896. Rather common.
Lentinus tigrinus (Bull ) Fr.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 260.
Northern Alabama (Peters). Lee County, April, 1896 ( Undei-wood <j- Earle).
Ohio. Europe.
Lentinus underwoodii Peck, Bull. Torr. Club, 23 : 414. 1896.
Ala. Bull. 260.
On Quercus. Macon County, July, 1896 ( (nderwood).
Lentinus ventricosus Peck, Bull. Terr. Club, 23 : 414. 1896.
Ala. Bull. 261.
On the ground. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Uvdertcood) ; November, 1896 (Earle).
This curious species can hardly be a I.entinus. The gills are not notched; the
flesh is soft and watery, and it has a remarkabh- thick leathery veil. When these
plants are revised, it will doubtless stand as the type for a new genus.
FUNGI. 221
PANUS Fr.
Panus dealbatus Fr.
Rav. Funo-. Car. Exsic. 5 : 9. Ala. Bull. 263.
On Fraxinus (Peters).
Ohio.
Panus dorsalis Bosc.
Cornell Bull. 25.
Summer, 1890 (Atkinson).
New Jersey, Ohio.
Panus laevis B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 263.
Lee County, October, 1896 {Burton).
Panus nigrifolius Peck, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 370. 1898.
Lee County, July, 1897 {Baker <)'• Earle).
Panus stipticus (Bull.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 263. Cornell Bull. 25.
On dead branches. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 {Atkinson).
Lee County, November, December, 1895 ( Underwood).
Louisiana, New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Panus torulosus Fr.
Cornell Bull. 25.
Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1891 (Atkinson).
Europe.
MARASMIQS Fr.
Marasmius anomalus Peck.
Cornell Bull. 26.
Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1890 (Atkinson).
Ohio.
Marasmius atrorubens Berk.
Cornell Bull. 26.
Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1890 (Atkinson).
Marasmius capillaris Morgan.
Cornell Bull. 26.
Lee County, Auburn, July, 1890 (Atkinson).
Ohio.
Marasmius curreyi B. & R.
Cornell Bull. 26.
On dead blades of Syntherisma sawjuinale. Lee County, Auburn, August 3, 1891
(Atkinson).
Marasmius hinnuleus B. & C. ( ?).
Cornell Bull. 26.
Lee County, Auburn, July, 1890 (Atkinson).
Marasmius opacus B. &, C.
Cornell Bull. 26.
Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Marasmius putredinus B. & C.
On rotting wood. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
Marasmius rotula (Scop.) Fr.
Peters coll. Ala, Bull. 262.
Northern Alabama, September, Octol)er (Peters). Lee County, May, 1896 (Under-
wood <S' Earle).
Louisiana, New Jersey. Europe.
Marasmius salignus Peck.
Cornell Bull. 26.
Lee County, Auburu, July, 1890 (Atkinson),
-222 PLANT LIKK <•!• AI.AHAMA
Marastnius seniiustus ](. tV C.
Cornell Hull. L'ti.
On decayiiij^ jjniss stonis. Lee County, Aubiirn. July, 1R9<) ( .ithinsan).
Lee County, July. 1SG7 (/i'arJe.y- liaker).
Marasmius subuudus (Kllis) Pock.
l.fi« CNiunly, July, 1897 {EarU .f- liaker).
Marasmius viticola H. A C.
IVters coll., under .Morulius. Ala. Bull. '2^2.
Northern Alabauia {Peters).
HELIOMYCES Lov.
Heliomyces decolorans li. ^V C.
Kav. Fun;,'. Car. Exsi.-. 5 : 7. Ala. Bull. 259.
On dead wood. Northern Alabama {Peters).
Tribe AGARICINAE.
PSATHYRELLA Fi .
Psathyrella disseminata Pers.
Cornell BnlL 25.
On the ground in cultivated fields. Lee County, Auburn, July, 1890 {Atkinson).
New Jersey. Europe.
PANAEOLUS Fr.
Panaeolus solidipes Peck.
T>ee County, July, 1897 {Baker).
Panaeolus sphinctrinus Fr.
Ala. Bull. 263.
On dung. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).
Europe.
Panaeolus retirugis Fr.
Lee County, July, 1897 (Baker).
Europe.
PSILOCYBE Fr.
Psilocybe foeuisecii Pers.
Ala. Bull. 264.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).
Europe.
Psilocybe subericaea Fr.
Ala. I'.ull.2fi4.
Low ground. Lee County, .January, 1896 ( Underwood <j- Earle).
HYPHOLOMA Fr.
Hypholoma fasciculare Huds.
Cornell Bull. 25.
On the ground. Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1890 {Atkinson).
Ohio. Europe.
Hypholoma modestum Peck. ( ?)
Ala. Bull. 259.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood tj- Earle).
Hypholoma perplexum Peck.
Ala. Bull. 2.59.
Lee County, November, 1896 (Earle).
Hypholoma sublateritium Schaeff.
Ala. Bull. 260. Cornell Bull. 25.
In clusters by side of decaying log. Lee County, Auburn. December, 1890
(Atkinson).
Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underivood).
Ohio. Europe.
FUNGI. 223
CREPIDOTUS Fr.
Crepidotus applanatus Pers.
Peters coll. No. 8, as P anus flabelli for mis. Ala. Bull. 258.
On riicoria {Peters).
Crepidotus applicatus Peck.
Ala. Bull. 258.
Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood (^' Earle).
Crepidotus dorsalis Peck.
Cornell Bull. 25.
Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1890 {Atkinson).
Ohio.
Crepidotus fulvotomentosus Peck.
Ala. Bull. 258.
Lee County, May, 1896 ( Underwood cf- Earle).
Crepidotus malachius B. «fe C.
Lee County, .July, 1897 {EarU cf Baker).
Crepidotus versutus Peck.
Lee County, July, 1897 {Earle c/ Baker).
Ohio.
Galera tenera Schaeif.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 259.
{Peters.)
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
GALERA Fr.
INOCYBE Fr.
Inocybe vatricosa Fr.
Ala. Bull. 260.
On pine chips. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood ^^ Earle).
CORTINARIUS Fr.
Cortinarius delibutus Fr.
Ala. Bull. 258.
Lee County, October, 1896 {Earle).
Europe.
Cortinarius iodes B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 258.
Lee County, October, November, 1896 {Earle).
Cortinarius porphyropus Fr.
Ala. Bull. 2.58.
Lee County, November, 1896 {Earle).
Europe.
Cortinarius purpurascens Fr.
Ala. Bull. 258.
Lee County, November, 1896 {Earle).
Europe.
FLAMMULA Fr.
Flammula flavida Pers.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 258.
October, 1864 {Peters). Lee County, December, 1896 {Earle).
Flammula sapiuea Fr.
Ala. Bull, 258.
Mobile County, June, 1896 {Earle). Lee County, October, 1896 {Earle).
Nevr Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Flammula underwoodii Peck, Bull. Torr. Club, 23 : 415. 1896.
Ala. Bull. 2.58.
On pine trunks. Lee County, November, 1895 ( Undenvood).
224 PLANT LIKK <»K ALABAMA.
NAUCORIA I'r.
Naucoria seniiorbicularis Hull.
Ala. Hull. L'dl'.
Leo County, Juni'. .lulv. lS!Mi ( I'uihrwood .t' Earle); Mobile County, .Iuum, IS'.tt)
(JJarlc).
Now Jersey, Ohio.
PHOLIOTA 1 r.
Pholiota sabulosa IVck, Hull. T<. it. Club. 23:^11. 1896.
Ala. Hull. 2ti.S.
In sandy eoil. Lee County, Ueceniber, 1895 ( Underwood).
AGARICUS L.
Agariciis campestris L.
Ala. Hull, l'.").! Cornell Hull. 25.
In grassy lawns and lields. Lee County, autumn, 1S90 {Atk\n8on)\ NovenibtT, 1895
( Underwood) ; February, March, .July, 1890 ( Underwood c>- Earle).
Co.sniojiolitan.
The coniniou edible lield mushroom.
Agaricus placomyces I'eck.
Ala linll. 253. Coruell Hull. 25.
In woods. Lee County, Auburn, July, 1890 (Atkinson); Lee County, July, 1896
( Underwood 4' Earle).
Agaricus silvaticus Schaeft".
Cornell Hull. 25.
In woods. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 (Atkinson).
Ohio. Europe.
STROPHARIA Fr.
Stropharia bilamellata Peck.
Ala. Hull. 265.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood ^- Earle).
Stropharia melasperma Bull.
Cornell Bull. 25.
Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1890 (Atkinson).
Europe.
CLAUDOPUS Worth. Smith.
Claudopus nidulans Pers.
Ala. Bull. 256.
Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underioood); November, December, 1896 (Earle).
Europe.
CLITOPILUS Fr.
Clitopilus abortivus H. & C.
Ala. Bull. 257.
Lee County. October, 1896 (Earle).
Ohio.
ENTOLOMA Fr.
Entoloma cuspidatum Peck.
Lee County, August, 1897 (Earle).
PLUTEUS Fr.
Pluteus cervinus Rchaeff.
Ala. Bull. 264.
Lee County. 1891 (Atkinson) ; February, May, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).
Ohio. Europe
Pluteus cervinus albipes Peck.
Lee County, April, 1897 (Baker).
FUNGI. 225
Pluteus curtisii Berk,
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 264.
September, October, 1864 {Peters).
PLEUROTUS Fr.
Pleurotus applicatus Batach.
Ala. Bull. 264.
Ou bark. Lee County, November, 1895 ( Undenvood).
On Vitis. Lee County, November, 1896 {Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Pleurotus chioneus Pers.
Cornell Bull. 25.
Ou decaying wood. Summer, 1890 {Atkinson).
Europe.
Small; about 1 cm. in diameter.
Pleurotus niger Fr.
Peters coll., as Agarieus ater. Ala. Bull. 264.
August, 1855 {Peters).
Ohio.
Pleurotus sapidixs Kalchb.
Ala. Bull. 264. Cornell Bull. 25.
On dead limbs of trees. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 {Atkinson).
On various dead trunks. Mobile County, December, 1895 {Earle). Lee County,
January, 1896 ( Underwood cf Earle) ; November, 1896 {Earle).
Ohio. Europe.
Pleurotus subbarbatus B. & C.
Cornell Bull. 25.
Lee County, Auburn, July, 1890 {Atkinson).
OMPHALIA Fr.
Omphalia campanella Batsch.
Lee County, August, 1897 {Earle tf- Baker).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Omphalia eximia Peck.
Lee County, August, 1897 {Earle cf- Baker).
Omphalia grisea Fr.
Cornell Bull. 25.
On ditch bank in sandy soil. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 {Atkinson).
Europe.
Omphalia pubescentipes Peck, Bull. Torr. Club, 24:141. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 263.
Lee County, December, 1896 {Earle).
Omphalia subpellucida B. & C.
Cornell Bull. 25.
Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1890 {Atkinson).
MYCENA Fr.
Mycena epipterygia Scop.
Ala. Bull. 262.
Lee County, December, 1896 {Earle).
New Jersey. Europe.
Mycena vulgaris Pers.
Lee County, February, 1897 {Earle 4- Baker).
Europe.
COLLYBIA Fr.
CoUybia albipUata Peck.
Ala. Bull. 257.
Ou dead cones of Pinus. Lee County, December, 1896 {Earle).
15894 15
JiM; n.ANl' I-IIK «»K AI-.\HAMA.
Collybia dryophila l?ull.
Voters coll. Ala. Muil.!'.")?.
Aiijuist. Soptemhor, 1H(»1 ( I'eterH). !<(•« (N)uiity, .l.iimary. IH'M; ( I'nilrruood .»• F.arle).
Ohio. Europe.
Collybia luxuriaiis P.-cU, Hull. loir, (liil), 24:111. \W1.
Ala. l{iill.L'.-)7.
I'lidfr a brush li(>ap. Lfo County, .luly, 18iMj ( I'ndirwood .V- Earle).
Collybia platyphylla Fr.
Ala. Hull.L'.oV.
Lue C'ouuty, .July, l'*^0(> ( Undenoood <t'- Earle).
Ni<w Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Collybia radicata Kclli.
Peters coll. Ala. Hull. 2.")7. Conioll Hull. 21.
(Jrowiiifi from buried roots. Lee County, .Vubnrn, July, IS^OO (Aflinson).
September, MW (I'eters). Tuscaloosa County, May, IHDtii Underwood); Lee County,
July. 18!Hi ( Indirwood \ Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Collybia stipitaria Fr.
Peters coll. Ala. Hull. 258.
t5C])tember, 1S64 {I'eters).
Ohio. Europe.
Collybia zouata Peck.
Ala. HulI.2riS.
Seiitember, 18t)4 {Peters).
New Jer-sev. Ohio.
CLITOCYBE Fr.
Clitocybe ectypa Fr.
Cornell Hull. 24.
Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 (Atkinson).
Europe.
Clitocybe ectypoides Peck.
Ala. Bull. 2.56.
Lee County, November, 1896 (Earle).
Clitocybe illudens Schw.
Lee County, November, 1897 (Earle .)• Baker).
New Jersey, Ohio.
Clitocybe inversa Scop.
Ala. Bull. 2.56.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood cf- Earle).
Europe. ^
Clitocybe laccata Scojt.
Ala. Bull. 257.
Mobile County, December, 1895 (Earle). Lee County, Decemlier. 1895 ( Underwood) ;
January, March, 1896 ( Underwood .f- Earle) ; October, December, 1896 ( Earle).
Europe.
Clitocybe monadelpha Morgan.
Leo County, .lanuary, 1896 (Baker).
Ohio.
Clitocybe ociiropurpurea Berk.
Peters coll., as Afjaricus iyrianthits. Ala. Bull. 257.
September, October, 1861 (Peters).
Lee County, November, December, 1S9(> (Earle).
TRICHOLOMA Fr.
Tricholoma brevipes Bull.
Cornell Bull. 25.
Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1891 (Atkinson).
Europe.
Tricholoma cuneifolium Fr.
Ala. Bull. 265.
In sandy soil. Lee County, .January. 1><9(! ( f'ndenrood .f Earle).
Europe.
FUNGI. 227
Tricholoma equestris L.
Ala. Bull. 265.
Lee Couuty, Novemljer, 1896 {Earle),
Europe.
Tricholoma leucocephalum Fr.
Ala. Bull. 265.
Lee County, October, 1896 {Earle).
Europe.
Tricholoma russula Schaeff.
Ala. Bull. 265.
Lee Couuty, November, December, 1896 {Earle).
Europe.
Tricholoma terreum Schaeff.
Ala. Bull. 265.
Lee Couuty, January, 1896 ( Undenvood <^' Earle).
Ohio. Europe.
Tricholoma tricolor Peck.
Ala. Bull. 265.
Lee Couuty, NoTember, 1896 {Earle).
ARMILLARIA Fr.
Armillaria appendiculata Peck, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 140. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 255.
Lee Couuty, October, 1896 {Baker).
Armillaria bulbigera A. & S.
Cornell Bull. 24.
Lee County, Auburn, December, 1890 {Atkinson).
Armillaria mellea A^ahl.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 256. Cornell Bull. 24,
About stumps. October, November, 1864 (Pc/e/'s).
Lee Couuty, November, December, 1895 ( Undenvood) ; July, 1896 ( Undenvood <.^
Earle) ; October, November, December, 1896 {Earle).
New Jersey. Europe.
LEPIOTA Fr.
Lepiota acutesquamosa Weinm.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 261.
October, 1864 {Feters).
Europe.
Lepiota americana Peck.
Cornell Bull. 25.
Lee Couuty, Auburn (Atkinson).
New Jersey, Ohio.
Lepiota asperata Berk.
Cornell Bull. 25.
In grassy places. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 {Atkinson).
Lepiota cristata Alb. & Schw.
Lee County, August, 1897 {Baker).
New Jersey, Ohio.
Lepiota delicata Fr.
Lee County, July, 1897 {Earle <|- Baker).
Europe.
Lepiota earlei Peck, P.ull. Torr. Club, 25 : 368. 1898.
Lee County, August, 1897 (Earle)
Lepiota excoriata Schaeff.
Cornell Bull. 24.
In grassy places. Lee Couuty, Auburn, July, 1890 {Atkinson).
Europe.
22S IM-ANT T.IKK (>K AI, \Il.\M A.
Lepiota longistriata I'cck, Mull. Ton-. ( iiil». 25 : sr)8. 1808.
1-00 County, Aiit;iist, IXit" (Mrn. F. S. Juirlc.
Lepiota inainmaeformis I'lulorwood, Mull. Torr. ('Inl), 24:82. 1897.
Ala. Hull.L'til.
At h;i80 of MrousHonetia. Lee County, .Inly, 18'JG ( i'ndvruuod).
Lepiota morgani I'ock.
Alii. Hull.L'CC.
Li'c Conntv, .lulv, 18J»6 {Underuwod .f- Karle).
Ohio.
Lepiota procera Scop.
Ala. Hull. 202.
Lie County, Xovt lub.r, 1896 (Earle).
Ohio. Euro])e.
K.iiblc.
Lepiota subremota B. &, C.
Cornell Bull. 2;"..
lu yrassy iicltls and open woods. Loo County, Auhurn, .summer, 1890 (Atkinson).
AMANITOPSIS Koze.
Amanitopsis agglutinosus (B. & C.) Sacc.
Cornell Bull. 24.
Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
Amaiiitopsis farinosus (Schw.) Peck.
Lee County, July 7, 1897 (Earle Sr Baker).
New Jersey.
Amanitopsis nivalis Peck.
Cornell Bull. 24.
Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 (Atkinson).
Amanitopsis strangulatus (Fr.) Roze.
Ala. Bull. 255.
Lee County, November, 1896 (Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio.
Amanitopsis vaginatus (Bull.) Roze.
Peters foil. Ala. Bull. 255. Cornell Bull. 24.
September, October, 1864 (Peters); Lee County, Auburn, July, August, 1890
(Atkinson) ; Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood •)• Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio, District of Columbia.
Amanitopsis volvatus (Peck) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 255.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Undertoood .J- Earle).
Ohio.
AMANITA Vt.
Amanita abrupta Peck, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 138. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 253.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Undernood .f- Earle).
Amanita caesarea Scop.
Ala. Bull. 253. Cornell Bull. 24.
Tuscaloosa County, May, 1896 ( Underwood). Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood <f
Earle); OctoheT,18m (Earle).
Ohio, Indiana. ICurope.
Abundant; edible.
Amanita Candida Peck, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 137. 1897
Ala. Bull. 253.
Lee County, October, 1896 (Earle).
Amanita chlorinosa (Peck) Underwood &, Earle.
Ala. Bull. 2.54.
Lee County, November, 1896 (Earle).
FUNGI. 229
Amanita frostiana Peck.
Lee County. July, 1896 ( Underwood ^ Earle).
Amanita muscaria L.
Ala. Bull. 254.
Lee County, October, 1896 {Burton) ; November, December, 1896 {Baker).
Southern New England, District of Columbia.
The "fly agaric"; poisonous. Frequent.
Amanita pantherina DC.
Cornell Bull. 24.
Lee County, Auburn, July, August, 1890 {Atkinson).
Ohio. Europe.
Amanita phalloides Fr.
Ala. Bull. 2.").5. Cornell Bull. 24.
Leo Couuty, Auburn, August, 1890 {Atkinson). Lee County, December, 1895 ( Under-
tvood) ; July,' 1896 ( Underwood if Earh) ; October, 1896 {Earle). Mobile County,
December, 1895 {Earle).
Europe.
A deadly poison, for which no antidote is known.
Amanita ravenelii B. & C.
Cornell Bull. 24.
Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 {Atkinson).
Amanita rubescens Fr.
Ala. Bull. 255.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood ^- Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio, District of Columbia. Europe.
Amanita solitaria Bull.
Ala. Bull. 255. Cornell Bull. 24.
Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 {Atkinson) ; Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood
cj'- Earle).
Europe.
Amanita spreta Peck.
Ala. Bull. 255. Cornell Bull. 24.
In open woods. Lee Couuty, Auburn, July, 1890 {Atkinson) ; July, November, 1896
{Earle).
Amanita strobiliformis Vitt.
Ala. Bull. 255.
Lee County, October, 1896 {Earle).
Europe.
Amanita virosa Fr.
Ala. Bull. 255.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Undertvood i/- Earle).
Europe.
Poisonous.
Order F»HALLALES.
Family CLATHRACEAE.
CLATHRUS Micheli.
Clathrus columnatus Bosc.
Ala. Bull. 265.
Lee County, November, 1896 {Baker).
Family PHALLACEAE.
MUTINUS Fr.
Mutinus caninus (Huds.) Fr.
Ala. Bull. 265.
Lee County, November, 1896 {Earle).
Ohio. Europe.
'J.'^O PLANT LTKK OK ALABAMA.
DICTYOPHORA Dosv.
Dictyophora duplicata (IWwi-.t i;. Fisher.
Ala. Hiill.^tir).
Winslon County, .luue, W.»] ( I'tidi ritood).
Ohio.
Dictyophora raveiielii (U. &. C.) Jlmioii.
Ala. Hull. LT)").
Lee t'ouuty, Mav, 189G ( Umltrnood .|- Earle).
New .Jersey, Ohio.
PHALLUS Micheli.
Phallus rubicundus Bo.sc.
I'eters coll. Ala. Bull. 266.
Halo Couuty, May, 1896 ( Underwood).
Order HVaVfENOCx^Xe^a^R^VI^ES.
Family HYMENOGASTRACEAE.
OCTAVIANA Mtt.
Octaviana compacta Tul.
Ala. Bull. 268.
Lee County, .Tuly, 1896 ( Underwood .(■ Earle).
Octaviana stepheusii ravenelii I5erk.
Cornell Bull. 2.S.
Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
New Jersey.
RHIZOPOGON 1-r.
Rhizopogou rubescens Tul.
Peters coll. No. 68. Ala. Bull. 268. Cornell Bull. 23.
On the <j,roun'l. Lee County, Anliurn, August. 1890 (J</,/h.som).
Winston County {P. P. Pai/ne). Lee County, Deeeuiber, 189.0 ( Underwood); March,
1896 ( Underwood ly- Earle) ; Deeeuiber, 1896 (Earle).
New Jersey. Europe.
Order LYCOPERDALES.
Family LYCOPERDACEAE.
TYLOSTOMA Ters.
Tylostoma fimbriatum Fr.
Ala. Bull. 267.
Lee County, October, 1896 (Earle). Macon County, December, 1896 (Carrer).
South Carolina. Europe.
LYCOPERDON Touru.
Lycoperdon acuminatum Bosc.
On living trunks. Lee County, February, 1897 (Earle i)- Baker).
Ohio.
Lycoperdon asterospermum Dur. &. Mont.
Ala. Bull. 267.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood ,(■ Earle).
Ohio.
FUNGI. 231
Lycoperdon calyptriforme B. 6i, C.
Cornell Bull. 23.
Lee Coiiuty, Auburn, July, 1890 (Atkinson).
North Carolina.
Lycoperdon cepaeforme Bull.
Ala. Bull. 267. Cornell Bull. 23.
Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson) ; Lee County, July, 1896 ( rnili-rxcood ,(• Earle).
Ohio. Europe.
Lycoperdon curtisii Berk,
Lee County, December, 1897 (Earle tf- Baker).
North Carolina, Ohio, New England.
Lycoperdon echinatum Pers.
Cornell Bull. 23.
Lee County, Auburn, 1890 {Atkinson).
Ohio.
Lycoperdon epixylon B. & C.
Lee County, August, 1897 (Earle if- Baker).
Lycoperdon excipuliforme Scop.
Cornell Bull. 23.
Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson) ; common.
Europe.
Lycoperdon eximium Morgan.
Ala. Bull. 267. Cornell Bull. 23.
Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson); Lee County, July, 1896 { Hidprwood ^•
Earle) .
Lycoperdon fuliginosum B. & C.
Cornell Bull. 23.
On decaying logs. Lee County, Auburn, August 4, 1890 (Atkinson).
Lycoperdon gemmatum Batsch.
Ala. Bull. 267.
Lee County, -July, 1896 ( Underwood 4" Earle).
Louisiana, New Jersey, Ohio, Europe.
Lycoperdon peckii Morgan,
Ala, Bull. 267.
Ohio.
Lycoperdon pedicellatum Peck,
Ala. Bull. 267. Cornell Bull. 23,
On ground in open woods. Lee County, Auburn, February 22, 1891 (Atkinson)',
Tuscaloosa County, May, 1896 ( Underwood).
Ohio,
Lycoperdon pusillum Batsch.
Ala. Bull. 267. Cornell Bull. 23.
Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (.J <fclH80?0 ; Lee County, July, 1896 ( f/nrfertrocxZ if- i?ar?e).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeft',
Ala. Bull. 267.
Lee County, December, 189.5 (Underwood); February, June, 1896 (Underwood ^•
Earle); October, Noyember, 1896 (Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio, Europe.
Lycoperdon rimulatum Peck.
Cornell Bull. 23.
Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
Ohio,
Lycoperdon separans Peck.
Ala. Bull. 267. Cornell Bull. 23.
Lee County, Auburu, 1890 (Atkinson); Lee County, March, .Tune, .Tuly, 1896
( Underwood if' Earle).
Ohio.
2.'^2 PLANT 1,1 IK <»K ALABAMA.
Ljcoperdon turner! I".. A 1'.
Ala. nnll.L't;?. ('..null l!nll.2;{.
On tiio ^jroiiiid in opiii wodils. LcoC'onnty, Aiilmni, I'cbriiaiy J2, l!S<Jl (JtAiHwo/i).
!,tn (.'oiuit\ , July, iJS'.tG ( i iidcrwuod «)• Earlc).
Ohio.
Lycoperdou Aw^rightii K. A:^ V.
(•<.liu>ll l!llll.L':i.
I.eo I'tumty. Auburn, 18!t0 (AlkitiMon).
].,ouisiaun, Ohio, Couuecticut.
CALOSTOMA Dohv.
Calostoma cinnabarinuni (Desv.) MaHs.
Ala. ]{ull.2tit;.
i .IthillHOIl.)
Calostoma lutescens (Schw.) Mass.
Calhoun County, Macon, February, 1898 (Carver); Mobile County (Mohr).
TexaM, New Jersey.
Calostoma raveuelli (I'.erk.) Mass.
Ala. l?un.26r).
Leo County, March, 1896 ( Underwood c)- Earle).
CALVATIA Fr.
Calvatia craniiformis (Schw.) Fr.
Ala. Hull. 26(;.
Lee County, July, 1896 (Undeniood cf- Earle); November, 1896 (Earle).
Ohio
Calvatia cyathiformis (Rose.) Morgan.
.\la. Bull. 266, Cornell Bull. 23, under Li/coperdon.
Lee County, Auburn {Atkinson), Lee (!ouuty, October, 1895 (Underwood); Jan-
uary, July, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle) ; September, 1896 (Earle).
Louisiana, New Jersey, Ohio.
Calvatia fragilis (Vitt.) Morgan.
Ala. Bull. 266.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood ^- Earle).
North Carolina, South Carolina.
CATASTOMA Morgan.
Catastoma circumscissuni (]}. &- C.) Morgan.
Ala. Bull. 266.
Mobile County, December, 1895 (Underwood).
Maine.
Catastoma pedicellatum Morgan.
Ala. Bull. 266.
Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood ^- Earle) ; September, 1896 (Earle).
Ohio.
CAULOGLOSSUM Grev.
Cauloglossum transversarium (Bosc.) Fr.
In e])hamiMm swamj). Lee County, November, 1897 (Earle).
South Carolina.
BOVISTELLA Morgan.
Bovistella ohiensis (E. & M.) Morgan.
Ala. Bull. 266. Cornell Bull. 22.
Common on the grouiul. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood) ; April, July, 1896 ( Underwood ^- Earle);
October,November, December, 1896 (Earle). Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Ohio.
FUNGI. 233
BOVISTA Teis.
Bovista minor Morgan.
Ala. Bull. 266.
Lee County, December, 1895 ( Undenvood).
Ohio.
GEASTER ilicheli.
Geasf er fimbriatus Fr.
Ala. Bull. 266.
Winston County, June. 1896 ( Underwood).
South Carolina. South America, Europe, East Asia, Africa, Australia.
Geaster lageniformis Vitt.
Cornell Bull. 23.
Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 (Atkinson).
Ohio.
Geaster limbatus Fr.
Ala. Bull. 266. Cornell Bull. 23.
(Peters.)
On the ground in open woods. Lee County, Auburn, February 22, 1891 (Atkinson).
Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood 4' Earle) ; Winston County, June, 1896 ( Under-
wood).
Ohio. Europe, South Africa.
Geaster minimus Schw.
Ala. Bull. 267.
Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood 4- Earle).
New Jersey.
Geaster saccatus Fr.
Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 267. Cornell Bull. 23.
(Peters.) Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Atkinson),
Ohio, New Jersey, New England.
Geaster triplex Jungh.
Cornell Bull. 22.
Shady places. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
Ohio.
Order NIDULARIALES.
Family NIDULARIACEAE.
NIDULARIA Bull.
Nidularia alabamensis Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 23.
On decaying wood. Lee County, Auoiirn, July, 1890 (Atkinson).
CRUCIBULUM Tul.
Crucibulum vulgare Tul.
Ala. Bull. 267.
On the ground. Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood) ; .Inly, 1896 ( Underwood
^ Earle).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
CYATHUS Haller.
Cyathus stercoreus (Schw.) Des.
Lee County, March, 1897 {Earle J- Jiaker).
2.'U FT- A NT LTFK (>F ALAHAMA.
Cyathiis vernicosiis ( Hull, i DC.
{'onioU Uiill. L"_'.
On cliiini'd wcmkI, ot<-. Loo County, Anhiirn. 1S!K) { .ULinaoii).
^■e\v Jerst-y, Oliio. Euiopi', Aliiia.
Order SCT.H:RODE:R>/r^\T".\T.KS.
Family SCLERODERMATACEAE.
POLYSACCUM UC.
Polysaccum crassipes DC.
Ala. Hull. 268.
Lee County, October, 1895 ( Underuood) ; July, 1896 ( Undcnrood .f- Earle).
Europe.
Polysaccum pisocarpum Fr.
Ala. Bull. 268. Cornell Bull. 23.
On tlie firound in lawns. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 ( J tkinson) ; Lee Couuty, July,
1896 ( i')nhrwood ,\ llarle). Not uneoujuion.
New Jersey. Euiope.
SCLERODERMA Pers.
Scleroderma geaster Fr.
Ala. P.ull. 268. Cornell i*.ull. 23.
On the ground. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson). Lee County, December, 189.')
( Underwood) ; July, 1896 ( i'ndcrwood t)- Earle).
New Jersey.
Scleroderma flavidum E. &, E.
Ala. Hull. 26.
Mobile County, December, 189.5 ( Undencood). Lee Couut;-, March, 1896 ( Underwood
c)- Earle)] September, December, 1896 (Earle).
Scleroderma verrucosum (Bull.) Pers.
Ala. r.ull. 268. Cornell Bull. 23.
On tbe ground. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson). Lee County, July, 1896
( Undencood iS' Earle).
On sandy ground. Mobile Couuty (Earle).
New Jersey. Europe.
Scleroderma vulgare Ilornem.
Ala. Bull. 268. C.)rnell Bull. 23,
On the ground. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
New Jersey, Ohio. Europe.
ASTRAEUS Morgan.
Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.j Morgan.
Ala. Bull. 266. Cornell Bull. 22, under Geaster.
On tbe ground in open woods. Lee County, Auburn, February 22, 1891 (Atkinson).
Lee County, December, 1895 ( Underwood) ; Mobile Couuty, November, 1895 ( Under-
wood); Winston County, .June, 1896 ( Underwood).
Texas, New Mexico, South Carolina, New Jersey. Europe.
ARACHNION Sehw.
Arachnion album Schw.
Cornell Bull. 23.
On the ground. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
New Jersey.
FUNGI. 235
(FUNGI IMPERFECTI/)
Order IMONILI^LES (Hvphomycetes.)
Family MONILIACEAE (Mucedineae).
MONILIA Pers.
Monilia fructigena Pers.
Ala. Bull. 139. Cornell Bull. 38.
Oil fruit of Amyf/dalus persica. Lee County, Auburn, July 1, 1892 {Richards).
On fruit of Primus trijiora. Mobile Couuty (Mohr).
Moiiilia megalosporium (B. & C.) Sacc.
Journ. Linn. Soc. 10 : 363, under Oidium. Ala. Bull. 139.
On dead bark.
RHINOTRICHUM Corda.
Rhinotrichum bellum B. &, C.
Greviilea, 3 : 108. Ala. Bull. 140.
On dead wood {Beaumont).
Rhinotrichum macrosporum Farlow.
Ala. Bull. 140. Cornell Bull. 39.
On dead capsules of Gossypium herbaceuvi. Autumn {Atkinson).
Rhinotrichum tenellum B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 140. Cornell Bull. 29.
On dead capsules of Gossypium herhaceum. Lee County, Auburn, October, 1890
{Atkinson).
BOTRYTIS Michx.
Botrytis curta (B. & C.) Sacc.
Greviilea, 3 : 110, under Polyactis. Ala. Bull. 138.
On the under side of leaves of Magnolia sjj. {Beaumont),
OVULARIA Sacc.
Ovularia obliqua (Cooke) Oud.
Ala. Bull. 139.
On Bumex sp. Lee County, July, 1891 {Duggar).
SEPEDONIUM Link.
Sepedonium americanum B. & C.
Peters coll. 1 : 123. Ala. Bull. 140.
On rotten wood {Peters).
Sepedonium subochraceum B. & C.
Greviilea, 3 : 147. Ala. Bull. 140.
On rotten wood {Peters). Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underivood i^- Earle).
. TRICHOTHECIUM Link.
Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link.
Ala. Bull. 140. Cornell Bull. 39.
On leaves of Ficns carica. Lee County, Auburn, October, 1891 {Atkinson).
On leaves oi' Amygdalus persica. Lee Couuty, Auburn, November, 1891 {Atkinson).
On carpels of Gossyiiium herhaceum. Lee Couuty, Auburn {Atkinson).
Louisiana, New Jersey.
' The arrangement of this group is practically that of Saccardo's Sylloge
Fungorum.
2'M] PLANT LIFP: of ALABAMA.
DIDYMARIA Conla.
Didymaria spissa Harkness.
Cornell Bull. H8.
Ou liviug leaves of Solidajro. Macon County, Sliorti-r, .July 1(5, 1890 (Atkinson).
RAMULARIA Tnycr.
Ramularia areola Atkinson, Bot. ( Jaz. 15 : 168. 18!t().
Ala. Hull. i:{!l. Cornell Bull. 39.
On leaves and braets of (ionsypinm herhaceum. Lee County, Auburn, September 29,
18iM) {Alkinsiiii):. Macon County, July, 1890 (Carver).
Ramularia liriodeiidri E. & E.
Ala. Bull. 140. Cornell Bull. :^8.
On livinjr leaves of Lirioilendron. Lee County, Auburn, October, 1889 (Benton).
On Liriodeudron. Lee County, October, 1895 ( Underwood).
Macon County {Career).
Ramularia macrospora asteris Trelease.
Ala. Bull. 140.
On Jstrr sp. Lee County, May, 1896 ( Undenoood <f- Earle).
Ramularia pratensis Sacc.
Cornell Bull. 38.
On leaves of Kumex. Lee County, Auburn, July 20, 1891 (Duggar).
Ramularia virgaureae Thuem.
Ala. Bull. 140. Cornell Bull. 39.
On leaves of Solidago. Lee County, Auburn, March 27, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Solidago sp. Lee County, July, 1891 (Duggar).
Europe.
PIRICULARIA Sacc.
Piricularia grisea (Cooke.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 139. Cornell Bull. 40.
On leaves of Paspalmn sp. Lee County, .July 11, 1890 (Atkinson).
On leaves of Chaetochloa italica. Lee County, August, 1890 (Atkinson).
On leaves of PaHpaUim pJicatulum. Lee Countj', July 2."), 1891 (Atkinson).
On leaves of Sytitherisina sanguinalc. Lee County, July 1, 1891 (Newman).
On leaves of ranicum sp. Lee County, July, 1891 (yewman).
SPOROTRICHUM Link.
Sporotrichum globuliferum Speg.
Cornell Bull. 39.
On a dead hymeuopterous insect. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson),
OLPITRICHUM Atkinson.
Olpitrichum carpophilum Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. S9.
On dead capsules of Gossypium herhaceum. Pike County, Brundidge, September 5,
1891 (Atkinson).
CERCOSPORELLA Sacc.
Cercosporella persica Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 138. Cornell Bull. 46.
On leaves of Amygdalus persica. Lee County, Auburn, October 30, 1890 (Atkinson) ;
October 1, 1891 (Duggar). Macon County, August, 1896 (Carver).
Cercosporella pycnanthemi Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 47.
On Koellia. Lee County, Auburn (JiAtHsow).
FUl^GT. 237
CHROMOSPORIUM Sacc.
Chromosporium aeniginosum (Corda) Sacc.
Cornell Ball. 38.
On decaying wood. Lee County, Auburn, October, 1889 (Atkinson).
Chromosporium fulvum (B. & C.) Sacc.
Journ. Linn. Soc. 10 : 355, under Gymnosporium. Ala. Bull. 138.
On Peztza ])8ammoj}hila {Peters).
Family DEMATIACEAE.
CONIOSPORIUM Link.
Coniosporium arundinellae Ellis & Tracy.
Ala. Bull. 153. Cornell Bull. 39.
On leaves oi Arundinaria tecta. Lee County, December 25, 1888 (Newman).
On dead leaves of Panicum sp. Lee County, January, 1890 (Atkinson).
Coniosporium arundinis (Corda) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 153.
On Saccharum officinarum. Macon County, July, 1896 (Carver).
Coniosporium gramineum E. & E.
Ala. Bull. 153. Cornell Bull. 39.
On culms oi Arundinaria tecta. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson).
PERICONIA (Tode) Bon.
Periconia pycnospora Fr.
Ala. Bull. 156. Cornell Bull. 41.
On dead stems of Vigna catjang. Lee County, Auburn, December, 1890 (J/iJHSO/i).
STREPTOTHRIX Corda.
Streptothrix atra B. & C.
Grevillea, 3 : 107. Ala. Bull. 156.
On .Juniperus (Peters).
On dead wood. Lee County, November, 1895 ( Underwood),
Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, South Carolina.
ZYGODESMUS Corda.
Zygodesmus fuscus Corda.
Peters coll. 3 : 67. Ala. Bull. 156.
(Peters.)
GLENOSPORA B. & C.
Glenospora curtisii Berk. &, Desm.
Ala. Bull. 153.
On living bark of Nyssa. Lee County, January, February, 1896 ( Underwood tj-
Earle).
HARPOCEPHALUM Atkinson.
Harpocephalum dematioides Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 41.
On leaves of Cinna arundinacea. Lee County, Auburn, September 15, 1891 (New-
man).
FUSICLADIUM Bon.
Pusicladium effusum carpineum E. & E. i
Cornell Bull. 40.
On upper siirrace of leaves of Carpinus caroliniana. L<3e Countv, Auburn, October
ZQ,l6'dl (Atkinson).
'jr.S ri.ANT I, IKK OK \K\I!\MA.
Fusicladium pirinmn pyiacanthae rinirm.
Al;i Hull. i:.:!. ("oni.-ll itiill. K".
(Ml iVuit of CrntacijitH iiiirttcuiilhn. ].*'<■ Coiiiily. Aiilmrii. July. Soptcinlx-r. IWM
(Ihiijiitir .)• yvwmaii).
SCOLECOTRICHUM Kiin/o A Schnm.
Scolecotrichum gramiiiis Kkl.
Ala. Hull. !.■)(;.
On AnnKlinaria lecln. Le<^ County, OctolxM-, 1891 ( Dn/igar).
Scolecotrichum euphorbiae Tracy A: Karlc, Hull. Torr. Club. 23 : L'Oit. ISOO
Ala. Hull. l.">t;. ('..nirll Hull. 10. uuilor I'iricularia.
On I-Hi)lii>rl>ia iinlaiix. Leo County, Auburn, An<jn.st 7, ISitl ( Dufiiiar ^- Seumati );
Lee County, SeptonibtT, 1896 {Earlt) ; Macon County, August, 1H96 {Carver).
POLYTHRINCIUM Kun/c A Scliuni.
Polythrinciuni trifolii Kuiizc
Al;i. r.ull. l.M>. Cornell Hull. 10.
On leaves of rrifoliuin lii/hriduvi. Lee County, Auburn, February, 1890 (Edwards).
On Trifuliuin rvjlcxum. Lee County, May, 1896 ( I'ndcncood <)• Earh).
CLADOSPORIUM Link.
Cladosporium fulvum Cooke.
Ala. Bull. l.-)3.
On Liicopcrsmnn caculentiim, the tomato. Lee County, October, 1896 {Karle).
SLacon County, August, 1896 {Carver).
New J( rsey, Ohio.
Cladosporium gloeosporoides Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 39.
On leaves of Asci/rum stans. Lee County, Auburn, August 29, 1891 (Atkinson).
On steins of llypcrk'nm viufilum. Lee County, September 2, 1891 (Du(j<jar).
Cladosporium gramineum Corda.
Ala. I'.ull. l.")3. Cornell Bull. 39.
On (lead leaves of Arena aatira. Lee County, Auburn, .January 22, 1890 (Xeivman).
On Chriixopo'ion avenacens. Lee County, September, 1891 (Duggar).
Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link.
Ala. Bull. 153.
On nuiiumied fruit o{ Ficiia carica (still hanging on tree). Lee County, Kobrunry,
1896 ( Underwood .f Karlc).
New Jersey, Ohio.
Cladosporium xyridis Tracy &, Earle.
On withered petals of Xyris. Lee County, .September, 1897 {Earle ij- Baker).
Mississippi.
SEPTONEMA Corda.
Septouema spilomeum Berk.
Rav. Fung. Car. Fxsic. 4 : 87. Ala. Bull. 156.
On C^uercus (Beaumont).
HELMINTHOSPORIUM Link.
Helminthosporium avenaceum Curt.
Cornel] Bull. 47.
On dead straw of Arena sativa. Lee County, Auburn, .June 26, 1891 (Atkinson).
Helminthosporium beaumontii Sacc.
Grevillea, 3 : 104, as //. duhinm B. & C. Ala. Bull. 154.
On the under side of leaves, apparently of Viburnum (Beaumont).
Helminthosporium flagelloideum Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 47.
On leaves of Panicum sp. Lee County, Auburn, September, 1890 (.Itkinson).
FUNGI. 239
Helminthosporium inconspicuum C. & E.
Cornell Bull. 47.
On living and languid leaves of Secale cereale. Lee County, February 19, 1891
(Atk'mson).
Louisiana, New Jersey.
Helminthosporium leersiae Atkinson.
Ala. Bull. 154. Cornell Bull. 47.
On leaves of Homalocenchrita vi7'ginicus. Lee County, Auburn, September 13, 1891
(Atkinson).
Helminthosporium macrocarpum Grev.
Ala. Bull. 154. Cornell Bull. 47.
On dead twigs of Quercus. Lee County, Auburn, November 8, 1891 (Atkinaon).
On dead twigs. Lee County, February, 1896 ( Underwood tf- Earle).
New Jersey.
Helminthosporium macrocarpum caudatum B. & Br.
Ala. Bull. 154.
On dead twigs. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood cf- Earle)
Helminthosporium ravenelii B. &. C.
Ala. Bull. 154. Cornell Bull. 47.
On inflorescence of Sporobolus indicus. Lee County, Auburn, .June, 1890 {Atkinson) ;
Macon County, October, 1896 (Carver).
Louisiana. Cuba.
Helminthosporium tuberosum Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 47.
On putrescent culms of Secale cereale. Lee County, Auburn, September, 1891
(N'ewman).
Helminthosporium turcicum Pass.
Ala. Bull. 154. Cornell Bull. 47.
On languid leaves of Sorghum halepense. Mobile County, July 24, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Cinna ariindinacca. Lee County, Auburn, September 15, 1891 (Atkinson).
On Elymus sp. July 5, 1890 (Atkinson).
CERCOSPORA Fr.
Cercospora acalyphae Peck.
Ala. Bull. 141. Cornell Bull. 43.
On leaves and stems of Acalypha ostn/aefolia. I>ee County, August 6, September
12, 1891 (Xewman).
Cercospora agrostidis Atkinson, Journ. Elisba Mitch. Soc. 8:44. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 141. Cornell Bull. 43.
On leaves of Agrostis. Lee County, Auburn, July 23, 1891 (Ditggar .y- Newman)
Cercospora ageratoides E. & E.
On Knpatorium rotnndifoliiim. Lee County, October, 1896 (Earle).
Cercospora alabamensis Atkinson, .Tourn. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8:51. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 141. Cornell Bull. 43.
On leaves of Ipomoea purpurea. Dallas County, Uniontown, July 12, 1890 (Atkin-
son); Lee County, August, 1891 (Netoman) ; J\lacon County, August, 1896 (Carver).
Cercospora althaeina Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 141. Cornell Bull. 45.
On Althaea rosea. Dallas County, Uniontown, July 12, 1890 (Atkinson).
Cercospora althaeina modiolae Atkinson, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8 : 60. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 141. Cornell Bull. 4.5.
On leaves oi Modiola multijida. Lee County, Auburn, 1890 (Atkinson).
Cercospora anthelmintica Atkinson, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8 : 49. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 141. Cornell Bull. 43.
On leaves of Chenopodium anthelminticum. Lee County, Auburn, August 27, 1891
(Dm/gar).
Cercospora asterata Atkinson, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8:50. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 142. Cornell Bull. 43.
On leaves of Aster sp. Lee County, Auburn, November 25, 1891 (Atkinson).
210 IM.ANT I.IKK *^V AI.AIIAMA.
Cercospora atromaciilans 1'.. A 1'.
Ala. lliill.llJ. Conioll Hull. 1 1.
(»n loaves of ('<tnxia toni. Loe County. Auburn, Septonihpr 10, ISiNi (.Itkinson).
On ('aH8ia urridcnialin. I.,oo (bounty, October, JHit." {I udencood).
Cercospora atrouiarginalis Atkinson.
Ala. 15ull. 142. ("orn.'ll Hull. I:..
On luuvcs of Solaniim nigrum. Lro ("ounty. Auburn, ISfK) (Jtkinnon).
Cercospora aviciilaris Wint.
Ala. itnll. 112. Corn. -11 Hull. \:\.
On rohjiioinnn pnncltttum. Ht'n County, Aui^UHt, 1S91 (Atkinson).
Cercospora aviciilaris sagittati Atkinson, Journ. Elish.a Mitch. Soc. 8:48. 1892.
On Icavi's of I'ohjiiouum sagittaium. Leo County, October 1, 1891 {Duggai).
Cercospora beticola Sacc.
Ala. Hnll. 1 lo. Cornell Bull.4S.
On leaves of Beta vulgarin, Um sugar beet. I^ee County, Auburn, November 28,
IHiK) {Atkinson f.
Ohio.
Cercospora bolleaua (Thuem.) Speg.
Ala. Bull. 143. Cornell Bull. 4.',.
On Ficiis carica. Leo County, Auburn, September 4, 1890 {Atkinson); October,
189ti ( Karle).
Mississippi.
Cercospora boehmeriae Pock.
Ala. I5ull. 143. Cornell Bull. 44.
On lioelimeria cylindrica. Lee County, Anburu, Novemb«T 7, 1891 {Atkinson) ; Macon
County, Shorter, July 16, 1890 {Atkinson).
Cercospora canesceus E. A:, M.
Ala. Bull. 143.
On Pliaxeoliis vulgaris. Lee County, July, 1891 {Newman).
Louisiana, New Jersey.
Cercospora catenospora Atkinson.
Ala. Bull. 143. Cornell Bull. 46.
On Sambitcux canadenniii. Lee County, August 27, October. 1801 (Atkinson).
Cercospora cephalanthi K. & K. Journ. Elisba Mitch. iSoc 8:67. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 113. Cornell Bull. 46.
On leaves of Ccphalanthus ovcidentalis {Atkinson).
Louisiana.
Cercospora cerasella Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 1 13. Cornell Bull. 42.
On leaves of Priinnn ariiim. Lee County, Auburn, July 13, 1891 {Netvman); Gold
Hill, September, 1890 {Atkinson).
Europe.
Cercospora cercidicola Ell.
Ala. Bull. 143. Cornell Bull. 42.
On l(;aves of Cerris canadensis. L(!e County, Auburn, August 7, 1891 {Neivman ^-
JJiiggar); llale County, May, IS96 { Underwood).
Cercospora citrullina Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 143. Cornell BulL 43.
On CitrnUus vulgaris, the watermelon. Lee County, Auburn, September 3, 1890
(Atkinson).
Cercospora clitoriae Atkinson, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8 :62. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 143. Cornell Bull. 4.5.
On Cliforia mariana. Lee County, Auburn, August 29, 1891 (Atkinson).
Cercospora clavata (Ger.) Cooke.
Cornell Bull. 42.
On leaves of Asclepias obtusi/olia. Lee County, Auburn, August 19, 1892 (Jiichards).
FUNGI. 241
Cercospora consociata Winter.
Ala. Bull. 144.
On RiieUia ciliosa. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood <f- Earle).
Cercospora crinospora Atkinson.
Ala. Bull. 144. Cornell Bull. 45.
On Rijuchospora ijlomerata. Lee County, Auburn, August 27, 1891 (Atkinson).
Cercospora crotonifolia Cooke.
Cornell Bull. 42.
On leaves of Croton sp. Lee County, Auburn, October 16, 1889 (Atkinson).
Cercospora cruciferarum E. & E.
Cornell Bull. 42.
On Jirassica oleracea. Lee County, Auburn, August 29, 1892 (Richards).
Cercospora cruenta Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 144. Cornell Bull. 44.
On Vifina catjaug. Lee County, Auburn, July 8, 1890 (D/ff/^/ar); Macon County,
October, 1896 (Carver) ; Perry County, July, 1891 (Atlinsou).
Cercospora cucurbitae E. & C.
Ala. Bnll. 144. Cornell Bull. 43.
On Liiffa acntangula, the dish-rag squash. Lee County, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Laqenaria vulgaris, the common gourd. Lee County, Auburn, September 10,
1891 (Dtiggar).
Cercospora depazeoides (Desm.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. ] 44. Cornell Bull. 45.
On leaves of Samhuais canadensis. Lee County, Auburn, September 9, 1890 (Atkin-
son).
Louisiana.
Cercospora desiuodii E. & K.
Ala. Bull. 144. Cornell Bull. 44.
On Meihornia mollis ( ?). Lee County, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Meihornia sp. Perry County, Uniontown, July 12, 1890 (Atkinson).
Mississipjji, Ohio.
Cercospora diodiae Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 144. Cornell Bull. 42.
On leaves of Diodia teres. Lee County, Auburn, July 16, 1891 (Duggar <f- Neirman).
New Jersey.
Cercospora diodiae-virginianae Atkinson, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8 : 58. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 144. Cornell Bull. 44.
On leaves of Diodia virginiana. Lee County, Auburn, September 26, 1891 (Duggar).
Cercospora diospyri Thuem.
Ala. Bull. 145. Cornell Bull. 45.
On\e>a\esoi Diospyros virginiana. Lee County, Auburn, September66, 1^9\(Duggar).
Cercospora efifusa (B. & C.) Ellis.
Ala. Bull. 145. Cornell Bull. 45.
On leaves of Lobelia amoena, Lee County, Auburn, October 11, November 3,1891
(Atkinson).
Ohio.
Cercospora elephantopodis E. &. E.
Cornell Bull. 44.
On leaves of Elephantopus iomentosus. Lee County, Auburn, June 30, 1890 (Atkinson).
Mississippi.
Cercospora erechtitis Atkinson, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8 : 66. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 145. Cornell Bull. 46.
On leaves of Erechtites hieracifulia. Lee County, November 5, 1891 (Duggar).
Cercospora erythrogena Atkinson. .Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8 : 65. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 145. Cornell Bull. 46.
On leaves of Rhexia mariana. Lee County, .July 22, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Rhexia virginica. Lee County, October, 1890 (Atkinson)] August 29, 1891
(Atkinson).
15894 10
•JJ-J I'LANT LIKK <)K ALAMAMA.
Ceicospoia eiiphorbiaecola Atkinson.
VovnrU Hull. 11.
On leaves of Euphorbia. Lt«e County, Auburn, An;,niHt 16. ISitJ ( U'uhardK).
Ceicospora flagellaris E. iV M.
Al.i. I'.iill. II.".. Cornoll Hull. -13.
On icAVt'n of rii!itol((iia derandra. Lee County, Anhurn. .Inly 11. IHill ( Xeinnan).
Cercospora flagellifera Atkinson, .lonrn. Klisha Mitch. Soc 8 : "il . ixiVI.
Ala. Hull. 14.'). Cornell l?ul]. IS.
On Calactia rotiibilia. Loe County, Auburn, Septcmlmr !•, 18!)1 (Alkinxon).
Cercospora fuscovirens Sacc.
Ala. Hull. 146. Cornell Hull. 4.5.
On leaves of Pasnitlora incarnaia. Lee County, Auburn, OctobiM- 2, 1X91 (Dug<iar).
Cercospora fvisimaculans Atkinson, '.lourn. Klisha Mitih. .Soc 8: .")0. 1802.
Ala. Hull. lltl. Cornell Bull. 43.
On leaves of I'lniicum dirhotomum. Lee County, Auburn, Aui^ust 1."), 1891 (Duggar).
Cercospora galii K. iV Ilohv.
Ala. Bull. 14(;. Cornell Hull. 42.
On (ialinm pilonum puncticiilositm. Lee County, Auburn, .Inly 22, 1890 {Atkinson).
On (larnim sp. (Atkinson).
Cercospora gnaphaliacea Cooke ( ?).
Bull. Torr. Club. 25 : 366. 1898.
On GnaphaUum2)urpnreum. Lee County, Auburn, February 21, 1897 (Earhi^- linker).
Cercospora gossypina Cooke.
Ala. Hull. 146. Cornell Bull. 46.
On the leaves, braets, and cotyledons of Gossi/piiim herbaceiim, the rotton plant.
Lee County, Oetober, 1890 (Atkinson). Common throughout the State.
The conitUal stage of Mycosphaerella gossypina.
Cercospora hydrangeae E. & E.
Ala. Bull. 14(). Cornell Bull. 44.
On leaves of a cultivated species of Hydrangea. Lee County, Auburn, 1890
(Atkinson).
Cercospora hydrocotyles E. & E.
Ala. Hull. 146. Cornell I'.ull. 44.
On \v;\xesot' Hiidrocotyle iimbeUata. Macon County, Shorter, .Inly 16, 18d0( Atkinson) ;
Lee County, August, 1891 (Duggar).
Louisiana.
Cercospora jatrophae Atkinson, .lonrn. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8 :64. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 146. Cornell Bull. 45.
On leaves oi -fatropUa siimulosa. Lee County, Auburn, July 2, 1890 (Atkinson).
Cercospora jussiaeae Atkinson, .Tourn. Elisba Mitch. Soc. 8 :50. 1892.
Ala. I'.ull. 147. Cornell Bull. 43.
On leaves of Jussiaea leptocarpa. Lee County, Auburn, September 2, 1891 (Duggar).
On leaves ofJussiaea dccurrens. Lee County, Auburn, September 29, 1891 (Atkinson),
Cercospora leucosticta E. & E.
Ala. Bull. 147.
On Melia azeditrach. Lee County, November, 1895 ( Underwood).
Cercospora liquidambaris C. »& E.
Ala. Bull. 147. Cornell Bull. 43.
On leaves of Liquidambar styraeiflua. Lee County, Auburn, October 14, 1891
(Atkinson). Macou County, October, 1896 (Carver).
Cercospora lobeliae K. &. S.
Ala. Bull. 147. Cornell Bull. 43.
On leaves of Lobelia amoena. Lee County, Auburn, October 14, 1891 (Atkinson).
Cercospora ludw^igiae Atkinson, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8 :58. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 147. Cornell Bull. 44.
On leaves of Ludwigia alternifolia. Lee County, Auburn, September 29, 1891
(Atkinson).
FUNGI. 243
Cercospora lycopi E. I't E.
Cornel] 15ull. 42.
On leaves of Lycopns nibelliis. Lee County, Auburn, September 2, 1891 (Ihiggar).
Cercospora macroguttata Atkinson, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8 :64. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 147. Cornell Bull. 45.
On leaves of ('hriisojysis graminifolia. Lee County, Auburn, July 13, 1891 (Atkinson).
Cercospora mail E. & E.
Ala. Bull. 148. Cornell Bull. 44.
On leaves of Mains malus. Lee County, Gold Hill, September, 1890 {Atkbibon).
Cercospora mikaniae E. »fe E.
On IVUhighhija seandens. Lee County, September, 1897 {Earle ij- Baker).
Cercospora moricola Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 148. Cornell Bull. 41.
On Morns rubra. Lee County, Auburn, .July 22, 1890 {Atkinson).
Cercospora niuhlenbergiae Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 46.
On leaves of Miihlenhergia diffusa. Lee County, Auburn, Octobers, 1891 {Atlcinson).
Cercospora nymphaeae E. & E.
Ala. Bull. 148. Cornel 1 Bull. 44.
On leaves of Castalia (Nymphaea)odorata. Lee Coun'^.y, Auburn, September 2, 1891
{Dnggar).
Macon County, October, 189G {Carver).
New Jersey. •
Cercospora occidentalis Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 148. Cornell Bull. 42.
On leaves of Cassia occidentalis. Lee County, Auburn, Septembcx-, 1891 (Duggar),
Macon County, October, 1896 {Carver).
Cercospora omphacodes E. & Hoi.
Ala. Bull. 148. Cornell Bull. 42. Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 366.
On Phlox floridana. Lee County, Auburn, June 23, 1890 {Atkinson).
On Fhlox maculata. Chambers County, June 22, 1897 (Earle).
Europe.
Cercospora oenotherae-sinuatae Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 46.
On Oenothera laciniata. Lee County, Auburn, September 4, 1890 (Atkinson).
Cercospora pachyspora E. &, E.
Ala. Bull. 148. Cornell Bull. 43.
On leaves of Peltandra sagittaefolia. Lee County, Auburn, September 26, 1891
(Atkinson).
Cercospora pentstemonis E. & K.
Ala. Bull. 148. Cornell Bull. 42.
On leaves of Pentstemon hirsutus. Lee County, Auburn, April 27, 1892 (Atkinson).
Cercospora personata (B. & C.) Ell.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 3 : 85, under Cladosporium. Ala. Bull. 148. Cornell Bull. 42.
On leaves of Arachis hypogaea. {Beaumont). Lee County, Auljurn, September 7,
1891 (Atkinson).
Cercospora petersii (B. & C.) Atkinson.
Grevillea, 3 : 102, under Helminthosporium. Ala. Bull. 149. Cornell Bull. 44.
North Alabama (Peters).
On leaves of Smiax glauca. Macon County, Shorter, July 16, 1890 (Atkinson) ; Lee
County, Aul)urn, December 20, 18^1 (Atkinson).
On Smila.1- Jaurifolia. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood 4- Earle).
Cercospora pinnulaecola Atkinson, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8 : 64. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 149. Cornell P.ull. 46.
On Cassia multipinnatu, mistakenly reported as C.nictitans. Lee County, Auburn,
October 1, 1891 (Duggar).
"ill I'lANT 1,1 IK <'l ALABAMA.
Cercospora polygonacea 1-. A 1-.
Ala. Hiill.lJO. (Oniell Mull. i:{.
Oil leaves of I'olyijouitm Hraudetia. I^oo County, Aiilnirn, < >(t<)li<r 1 1, 1891 {Duijyar).
Cercospora purpurea Coolif.
Ala. Hull. ll!t.
On I'crxcd pahiiitriM. Le»^ Coiiuly, April, 18!((> ( I'lidrnvooil .f- h'arle).
Lduisiaua, Mississippi.
Cercospora rhuiiia C. iV E.
Ala. IJuli. 1 lit. Cornell Hull. 13.
On li'liiin ioxicodcndron. i.eo County, Auliurn, Juno 30, 18itfl (.ilhhisnn).
Oil Jxhiix tjlahrn. Lee County, Auburn, August 7, 1X!U ( l)u<i<inr .y- \cwmaii).
On liliiiH copallina. Leo CJounty, Auburn, June 30, I8d0 (Jtkinuon); Lee County,
Novi'inbcr, ISil.") ( I ndrrwood).
On Jilnix remix. Macon County, Shorter, July 16, 1890 (Atkinson).
Cercospora ribis Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 366. 1898.
On leaves of a cultivated fj;oo8eberry, Bibes sp. Lee County, Auburn. July 18, 1X!I6
( Underwood <^- Earle).
Cercospora richardiaecola Atkinson, .louni. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8:51. 1892.
Ala. HmII. ].")0. Cornell Hull. 43.
On leaves of ItirJiardia africana. Lec^ County, Aulturn, September 7. 1891 (Jtkinson).
Cercospora rigospora Atkinson, Journ. P^lisha Mitch. Soc. 8:65. 1892.
Ala. Bull. LjO. Cornell Bull. 46.
On leaves of Solaniim nifinnn. Lcse (,'ounty, Auburn, July .">, 1890 (Atkinson).
Cercospora rubi Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 150. Cornell'Bull. 44.
On leaves of Hub us cuneifolius. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 (Atkinson).
Cercospora sagittariae E. A- K.
Ala. r.ull. 150. Cornell Bull. 45.
On leaves of Sagiltaria latifolia. Lee County, Auburn, July 21, 1S91 (]>u(j(/ar <)'•
Newman).
Cercospora saururi E. & E.
Ala. Bull. 150. Cornell Hull. 44.
On leaves of Saururus cernuus. Macon County, Shorter, July 16, 1890 (Atkinson).
Cercospora scolecotrichoides Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 46.
On languid leaves of Anindinaria tecta. Lee County, Auburn, October 28, 1891
(Dii{/(i(ir).
Cercospora seriata Atkinson, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc 8:59. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 151. Cornell Bull. 45.
On leaves of SjmroboiHa asper. Lee County, Auburn, July 24, August 7, 1891 (Dug-
gar <(■ \cwman).
Cercospora setariae Atkinson, Journ. P^lisha Mitch. Soc. 8:50. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 151. Cornell Bull. 43.
On leaves of Chaeiocliloa glauca. Lee County, Auburn, September 17, 1891 (JJuggar).
Cercospora silphii E, ct E.
Ala. Bull. 151. Cornell Bull. 45.
On leaves of Siljihium compositnm. Lee County, Auburn, June 30, 1890 (Atkinson).
Cercospora smilacina Sacc. ( ?)
Ala. Hull. 151.
On Smihix sp. Leo County, May, 1896 (Ihiderwood .J- Earle).
Louisiana, New Jersey, Ohio.
Cercospora solanicola Atkinson, .Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8:53. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 151. Cornell I'.ull. 44.
On leaves of Solan nm tuberosum. Lee County, Auburn, .June 19, 1891 (Atkinson).
Cercospora sordida Sacc.
Ala. I'.ull. 151. Cornell Bull. 45.
On leaves of Tecoma radicans. Lee County, Auburn, September 26, 1891 (Duggar).
Mississippi.
FUNGI. 245
Cercospora sorghi V.. & E.
Ala. Uu]l. 151. Coiuell Bull. 41.
On leaves of Sorghum halepense. Moutgomery County, Septembers, 1891 (Atkin-
son); Macon County, August, 189G (Carver).
Cercospora stylisniae Tracy & Earle.
Ala. Bull. 151.
On Breweria humistrata. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood cj- Earle).
Mississippi.
Cercospora tephrosiae Atkinson, Jonrn. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8:44. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 151. Cornell Bull. 42.
On Cracca (Tephrosia) hispidiila. Lee County, Auburn, September 14, 1891 (Atkin-
son).
Cercospora tessellata Atkinson, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8:59. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 152. Cornell Bull. 45.
On Dactyloctenium aegnptiwrn. Lee County, November 6, 1891 (Atkinson).
Cercospora thaspii E. & E.
Ala. Bull. 152. Cornell Bull. 45.
On Angelica villosa. Lee County, Aulnirn, .July 22, 1890; July 23, 1891 (Dugqar ^f
Newman).
Cercospora tropaeoli Atkinson, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8:59. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 152. Cornell Bull. 45.
On a cultivated species of Tropaeolum. Lee County, Auburn, September 7, 1891
{Atkinson).
Cercospora truncatella Atkinson, .Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 8:44. 1892.
Ala. r.ull. 152. Cornell Bull. 42.
On leaves of I'astiifiora incarnata. Lee County, Auburn, August £6, 1891 (Atkinson).
Cercospora tuberosa E. & K.
Ala. Bull. 152.
On Ainos aplos. Macon County, August, 1896 (Carver).
Cercospora verbenaecola E. & E.
Cornell Bull. 44.
On leaves of cultivated sjiecies of Verbena. Lee County, Auburn, L)ecen.ber 24
im\ (Atkinson). " '
Louisiana.
Cercospora vernoniae E. & K.
Ala. Bull. 152. Cornell Bull. 41.
On leaves of Vernonia novebor-acensis. Lee Countj-, August 29, 1891 (Atkinson).
On leaves of Vernonia angustifolia. Lee County, Auburn, August 16. 1892 (Richards).
Cercospora violae Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 153. Cornell Bull. 44.
On leaves of Viola odorata. Lee County, Auburn, July 25, 1891 (Atkinson).
On Viola villosa. Lee County, May, 1892 (Duggar).
Mississippi, Ohio.
Cercospora viticola (Ces. ) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 153. Cornell Bull. 44.
On the leaves of cultivated species of Vitis, the grape. Lee County, Auburn
1891 (Atkinson).
Cercospora yuccae Cooke.
Cornell Bull. 41.
On leaves of Yucca (Atkinson).
Cercospora zinniae E. & M.
Ala. Bull. 153. Cornell Bull. 42.
On leaves of Zinnia viultijtora. Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1890 (Atkinson).
HETEROSPORIUM Klotzsch.
Heterosporium gracile (Wallr.) Sacc.
Cornell Bull. 47.
On leaves of Irin sp., in cultivation. August 1, 1891 (Duggar).
24() I'l-ANT I.IIK OK AI.Vr.AMA.
Heterosporium iiiterseminatum (H. A ISr. i AtUiiisoii.
Ala. Hull. l.">l.;is Helirnsporiiiiii miiiibiiri l'"arli', iind llrlniinlliosixirin in mli rsi mnuilnm
B. A l!r. C.irn.'ll Uiill. IH.
On Solitlaijii ciuKtilcnxiD. Lrt^ (Jounty, S«5i(tt'iul)er, 1H91 ( AlkiiiHou ).
Ou Sainhucun canadeiiMin. l^eo Count v, November, 18ill (Jlkinnotn; Manli, l^<iM)
{Earle).
SPORODESMIUM Link.
Sporodesmium quadratum Atkinson.
Cornell 15ull.40.
On leaves of r'ro/«e7"« ,s]». .Mont;j;oim'ry Couuty, HiLiiiland I'ark, Octol)er 1(1,1891
{Atkinson).
TETRAPL.OA lUrk. A 15r.
Tetraploa divergens Tracy «V Earl«.
Cornel! Hull. 4S.
On leaves of I'anicum eJon(i<iinin. Lee County. Auburn, < )ctober l.">, 1891 ( Alkiimon).
Tetraploa ellisii Cooke.
Cornell Hull. 18.
On culni.s of Ai undinaria tecUi. Let- County, Auburn. September 19, 1891 (J)uggar).
Louisiana, New Jersey.
MACROSPORIUM Fr.
Macrosporium antennaeforme B. & C.
Grevillea, 3 : 105. Ala. liull. 1.55.
On leaves of Celtis (Peters).
Macrosporium brassicae Berk.
Ala. Bull. \r,5.
On Brasssica oleracea, the cabbage. Washington County, .July, 1896 (Fnderuood).
Macrosporium catalpae E. & M.
Ala. Hull. 1.55.
On Catalpa catalpa. Macon County, October, 1896 {Carver).
Macrosporium cheiranthi (Lib,) Fr.
Grevillea, 3 : 105. Ala. Bull. 155.
On Jiosa sp. (Beaumont).
Macrosporium cookei Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 1.55. Cornell Bull. 40.
On leaves of Datura stramonium. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1891 (Duggar).
Macrosporium Iritlis C. & E.
Ala. Bull. 1.55.
On Iris 8]t. Lee County, August, 1891 (Duggar).
New .Jersey.
Macrosporium leguminum Cooke.
Ala. Hull. 155.
On pods of Vigua catjang. Macon County, Angnst, 1896 (Carrer).
Macrosporium piroruin Cooke.
Cornell Bull. 40.
On leave.s of I'l/rus communis. Montgomery County, Mathews, June 17, 1891
(Atkinson).
Macrosporium nigricantium Atkinson, Hot. Gaz. 16 : (52. 1891.
Ala. Hull. 1,55. Cornell I'.ull. 40.
On leaves of Oossypium herbaceum, the cotton plant. Lee County, 1891 (Atkinson) ;
Macon County, August, 1896 (Carver). In various parts of the State.
Macrosporium ravenelii Thuem.
Ala. Bull. 1.55.
On Meibomia mollis. Lee County, March, 1896 ( I'nderwood if Earle).
FUNGI. 247
Macrosporium solani E. &: M.
Coiuell liulL 40.
On decaying red peppers, Capsicum anuuum. Lee County, Auburn, summer, 1890
(Atkinson).
Louisiana, New Jersey.
Macrosporium sarcinula Berk.
Cornell Bull. 40.
On decaying fruit of Citrullus cidgaris. Lee County, A.uburu, January 20, 1892
(Aikhinou).
Macrosporium stilbosporoideum B. &. C.
Grevillea, 3 : 105. Ala. Ball. 156.
On leaves of Crataegus sp. {Beaumont).
TRIPOSPORIUM Corda.
Triposporium elegans Corda.
Cornell Bull. 48.
On leaves of Ruhus argutus. Lee County, Auburn, October 30, 1891 (Atkinson).
STYSANUS Corda.
Stysanus stemonites (Pers.) Corda.
Cornell Bull. 48.
On decaying rose leaves. Lee County, Auburn, June, 1890 (Atkinson).
Family STILBACEAE.
STILBUM Tode.
Stilbum arcticum Berk.
Cornell Bull. 48.
On dead Stereum versicolor. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Stilbum versicolor Pat.
Cornell Bull. 48.
On bird dung. Lee County, Auburn, August 14, 1890 (Atkinson).
ISARIA Pers.
Isaria radiata B. & C.
Grevillea, 3 : 62. Ala. Bull. 156.
On pine wood (Peters).
Isaria verticillata Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 48.
On underside of leaves of Quercus minor. Lee County, Auburn, November 11, 1891
(Duggar).
ISARIOPSIS Fr.
Isariopsis linderae (E. & E.) Sacc.
Peters coll. 142, as Uelminthosporium petersii B. & C. Ala. Bull. 157.
On Benzoin benzoin (Peters).
Family TUBERCULARIACEAE.
TUBERCULARIA Tode.
Tubercularia ailanthi Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 159.
On Juglans regia. Lee County, January, 1896 ( rnder^vood <f Earle).
On Melia azedarach. Lee County, January, 1896 ( I'lideruood .$■• Earle).
On Ficus carica. Lee County, January, 1896 ( Underwood ij- Earle).
L>48 PLANT LIKK ol" ALAHAMA.
Tubercularia vulgaris 'I'odf (f).
Alii. Hull. ir>it.
( )ii Morns s|)., in cultivation, l.co Connty, .J:iini.ir.\ . I8!H1 { t'tidninnxl if- Karle).
Louiaiaua, Now Jersey, Ohio.
IliLOSPORIUM .Mart.
Hloaporium minimum I"]. A-, E. rroe. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liihi. 1893 : 105, 1894.
Ala. Mnll. l.-)9.
Ou rotteu wood {Atkinson).
SPHACELIA L.'v.
Sphacelia tripsaci Hornet.
Cornell lUill. 18.
Ou Tripsacum daclyloides. Hale Connty, Gallion, .Se))tenil)er 20, 1891 {IhKjijar).
VOLUTELLA Tode.
Volutella acalyphae Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 49.
On siQ\ns oi Acalypha oatryaefolia. Lee County, Anl)urn, September 12,1891 (Xew-
vuui).
Volutella oxyspora Atkinson.
Cornell Hull. 50.
On decaying cultivated beet. Lee County, Auburn, December, IMOO (AtkinKon).
Volutella setosa ((irev.) Herk.
Ala. Hnll./160. Cornell Bull. 49.
On (lead .stems of various plants. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (Atkinson).
Volutella tectaecola Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 49.
On leaves oi Arundinaria tecta. Lee County, Auburn, August 15, 1891 {Uuyyar).
FUSARIUM Link.
Fusarium alabamense Sacc.
Grevillea, 3 : 98, as F. eriiiescena. Ala. Hull. 1.57.
On dead bark (Beaumont).
Fusarium cinnabarium (B. & C.) Sacc.
Rav. Fung. Car. Exsic. 3 : 80. Grevillea 3 : 14(5, under Fusi.sporiuni. Ala. Hull. 1.57.
On Acer negundo (I'eters). ,
On Carpinua caroUniana (Peters).
Fusarium graminum Corda.
Cornell Bull. 19.
In seeds and glumes of living Vaspalum dilatatum. Lee Couuty, Auburn, Novem-
ber, 1890 (Atkinson).
Fusarium helotioides B. & C.
Grevillea, 3 : 98. Ala. Bull. 157.
On Ilex decidwa (Peters).
Fusarium marginatum B. & C.
Grevillea, 3 : 97. Ala. Bull. 158.
On stems of SmiJax sp. (Beaumont).
Fusarium miniatum (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea 3 : 147. Ala. Bull. 158.
On pine wood (Peters).
On Fitis rotiindifoUa. Lee County, Marcb, 1896 ( Fnderivood t/- Earle).
Fusarium oxysporum Scblecbt,
Cornell Hull. 19.
On ho]] t^ of ^i OSS npium herhaceuni. Common (Atkinson).
On bark of Melia azedarach. Comniou (Atkinson).
FUNGI. 249
Fusarium oxysporum lycopersici Sacc.
Cornell Bull. 49.
On iuternal iiortious of fruit of Lycopersicnm, the tomato. Lee County, Auburn,
1S90 (JtkiH8on).
Fusarium roseum Link.
Cornell Bull. 49.
On staminate ameuts of Alnus rxigosa. Lee County, Auburn, January, 1890
{Atkinson).
Louisiana, New Jersey.
Fusarium sarcocliroum (Desm.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 158.
On Melia azedarach. Lee County, August, 1891 {Neivman)
Louisiana.
Fusarium solani Mar.
Ala. Bull. 158. Cornell Bull. 48.
On dead tubers of Solanvm tuberosum. Limestone County, Athens, 1890 (Newman).
Fusarium ustilagiiiis K. «&. S.
Cornell Bull. 49.
On Ustilayo (tvenae. Lee County, Auburn, 1891 (J^AiwsoM).
Fusarium vasinfectum Atkinson, Bull. Ala. Agr. Exper. Sta, 41 : 28. 1892.
Ala. Bull. 158. Cornell Bull. 48.
In vascular ducts of stems of Gossypium herbaceum, the cotton jtlant. Lee County,
July, 1891 (Atkinson).
In Hibiscus exeulenius (Atkinson.)
The conidial stage of Neocosmospora vasinfecta.
MICROCERA Desm.
Microcera coccophila Desm.
Ala. Bull. 159. Cornell Bull. 49.
On Aspidiotus obsvurus, on living branches of Quercus nigra (Q.aquatica). Lee
County, Auburn, November 12, 1891 (Atkinson).
MYROTHECIUM Tode. •
Myrothecium verrucaria (Alb. &. Schw. ) Ditra.
Grevillea, 3 :99. Ala. Bull. 159.
On grass (Beaumont).
New Jersey.
EPICOCCUM Link.
Epicoccum neglectum Desm.
Cornell Bull. 49.
On dead leaves of Arena sativa, and other hosts. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson)
Louisiana, New Jersey.
Epicoccum vulgare Corda.
Cornell Bull. 49.
On dead portions of leaves of Elymus. Lee County, Auburn, July 5, 1890 (Atkin-
son ) .
SPEGAZZINIA Sacc,
Spegazzinia tessarthra (B. & C.) Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 159.
On Saccharum officinarum. Macon County, August, 1896 (Carver).
Spegazzinia tricophila Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 49.
On leaves of Rubus anjutus (R. villosus). T^eo County, Auburn (Atkinson).
iT)!) PLANT Ml r. OF A I, A l!A M A.
CEREBELLA C'.n.
Cerebella aiidiopogoiiis ('<s.
Al;i. Hull. 207.
Oil Kriautliiis roiitorliis. Macon County, AiiiiiiHt, isytl {('arrrr).
Cerebella paspali Coukr \ Mass.
Ala. Rnll.2(»7. Corn.ll liull. 4!t.
( )n rasiKilum coini>iexxiim. Lee (."oiinty. Aiibiirn. Aiij^iist. 18!U ( Jtkinson); Mikoii
County. October, 18ltG (('(//rer).
Cerebella sorghi Tracy A: Earl»>, Hull. Torr. ( 'lnl>. 26 : UM. KSitM.
Ala. Hull. I'OT, as ('. andropogoniH (in part).
Ou Chryaopoijon avenacens. Macon County, Au>j:ust, IHiMi (Carrer).
Order XIEL^^^NCOX I .M.KS.
Family MELANCONIACEAE,
GLOEOSPORIUM Dcsni. vV Mont.
Gloeosporium fructigenum Ikrk.
Ala. HulL 1(51. Cornell Hull. 37, as G. ampelophagnm (Pass.) Sacc.
Ou Mains ninliis. Lee County, AujJC'ist, 1891 (Atkinson).
On cultivated species of N'itis, the grape. Lee County, Aul)urn (Atkinson) ; Wasli-
ingtou County, July, 18% (liarle).
Gloeosporium fusarioides E. «& K.
Cornell Bull. 36.
On living- leaves of Asclepian sp. Lee County, Auliuru (Atkinson).
Gloeosporium lagenarium foliicolum E. A: E.
Ala. Hull. Uil.
On CitrnUns ruhitiris. Washington County. .Inly, 1896 (Earle).
Gloeosporium quercinum West.
Cornell Bull. 37.
On leaves of (Juercus. Lee County, Auburn, September 1, 1890 (Atkinson).
Gloeosporium septorioides Sacc.
Cornell Bull. 36.
On living leaves of (^uercus niqra (Q. aquatica). Lee Countv, Auburn, August 22,
1892 (Richards).
Gloeosporium serotinum E. & E.
Cornell Bull. ,36.
On leaves of Prunus serotina. Lee County, Auburn, April, 1891 (Atkinson).
Gloeosporium vexans Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 37.
On stems oi MeUlotiis alba. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 (Atkinson).
COLLETOTRICHUM Conla.
CoUetotrichum cladosporioides (E. »fe E.) Atkinson,
Ala. Bull. 160.
Ou llyptHcum mutihim. Lee County, September, 1891 (Duf/f/ai-).
CoUetotrichum gossypii Southworth.
Ala. Bull. 160. Cornell Bull. 3.5.
On the stem, leaves, and fruit of Gossi/pium herhacenm. Generally distributed
throughout the cotton-growing region.
CoUetotrichum jussiaeae Earle, Bull. Torr. Clnl), 24 :29. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 160. Cornell Bull. 3."..
On leaves of Jusxiaea deciirrens. Jjce County, August 27, 1891 (.Itkinson).
CoUetotrichum liudemuthianum (Sacc. & Mag.) Scribner.
Ala. Bull. 160. Cornell BuU. .35.
On leaves, stems, and pods of riiaseohis mlgaris. Lee County, Aulmrn, August 6,
1891 (Xewman).
FUNGI. ^51
Colletotrichum lineola Corda.
Cornell Bull. 35.
On leaves of Soryhum rnltjart'. Lee Coiintj', Aiilmrn, July, 1890 (Atkinson) .
On dead leaves of Sorghum halepense. Lee County, Auburn, July (Atkinson);
Montgomery County, September 8, 1891 (Atkinson).
Louisiana, New Jersey.
CORYNEUM Nees.
Coryneum disciforme ellipticum B. »fc Br.
Ala. Bull. 160.
On Betula nigra. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood <(■• £a7'le)
Coryneum microstictum B. & Br.
Grevillea, 2 : 1.53. Ala. Bull. 160.
On Kosa (Peters).
CYLINDROSPORIUM Unger.
Cylindrosporium celtidis Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 29. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 160. Cornell Bull. 36.
On leaves of Celtis mississippiensts. Montgomery County, Montgomery, November
10, 1891 (Atkinson).
Cylindrosporium gnaphalicolum Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 36.
On living leaves of Gnaphalium sp. Lee County, July 24, 1891 (Duggar cf- Neivman).
Cylindrosporium minor E. & K.
Cornell Bull. 36.
On leaves of Fraxinus caroliniana (F. platycarpa). Montgomery County, Pikeroad,
July 9, 1891 (Atkinson).
Cylindrosporium padi Karst.
Ala. Bull. 160. Cornoll Bull. 36.
On I'riinus sp., in cultivation. Lee County, July, 1890 (Atkinson).
On leaves of Prunus angustijolia. Perry County, Uniontown, July, 1890 (Atkinson).
On leaves of Prunus serotina. Lee County. Auburn, July 3, 1891 (Atkinson) ; Macon
County. August, 1896 (Carver).
Louisiana, New Jersey.
Cylindrosporium rubi E. & E.
Cornell Bull. 36.
On the upper side of leaves of Rubus. Perry County, Uniontown, July 11, 1890
(Atkinson).
Cylindrosporium saccharinum E. &. E.
Ala. Bull. 160. Cornell Bull. 36.
On leaves oi Acer ruhrum, Lee County, October 14, 1891 (Duggar).
Cylindrosporium steironemae Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 36.
On leaves of Steironema sp. Lee County, Auburn, May 9, 1892 (Atkinson).
Cylindrosporium ulmicolum E. & E.
Ala. Bull. 161 . Cornell Bull. 36.
On leaves of Ulmus amerioana. Lee County, Auburn, October 23, 1891 (Duggar).
PESTALOZZIA Do Not.
Pestalozzia annulata B. &, C.
Grevillea, 2 : 155. Ala. Bull. 161.
On Ilex sp. (Beaumont).
Pestalozzia concentrica B. »fe C.
Grevillea, 2 : 1.56. Ala. Bull. 161.
On Crataegus sp. (Beaumont).
On Castanea pumila (Beaumont).
On Cydonia vulgaris. Washington County, July, 189.! (Earle).
South Carolina, North Carolina.
'if) '2 I'l.ANl' I, UK Ml' ALA15A.MA.
Pestalozzia clavispoia All^ill^.oll.
Cunioll Hull. :!7.
On riillcu lrii\»'s of (JiiirriiH riilini. (i) \.v(' ('(iiiiilv. Aiilnini, < ictolier It, lh!(l
( .IthillKUU).
Pestalozzia flagellata Earlo, Hull. Toir. ( liil., 24::!i>. ls!i7.
Ala. Hull. ItIL'. C..nioll Bull. 37.
On leaves of (Jiierviix mj). Lee County, Auluiin, Auj^ust, ScpteiulxT 26, IhJU
(]>U<liltll).
Pestalozzia niiuuta K. it K.
Cornell Kull. 37.
(In (lead linilis oi llnoria ovuta. T.oo County, .lannury, 1891 ( Alhinson),
Ou liark ofVitis. Lee County, Aul)urn, I'l-bruary, 18}tl {Alkhinon).
Pestalozzia stictica B. & C.
Gic\ illca, 2 : 155. Ala. Hull. 1()2.
Ou leaves of Tilia sp. {JJiaiimoiit).
South Carolina.
Pestalozzia lurgida Atkinson.
Cornell liull. 37.
Ou dead leaves of Cratae<?us. Lee f't)nnty, Auburn, November 1, 18!)1 (Atkinson).
PESTALOZZIELLA Sacc. & Ell.
Pestalozziella gossypina Atkin.son.
Cornell liull. 38.
On stems of Gossypinin hvrhaceum. Lee County, Auburn, .lanuary 27, 1891
{Atkinson).
MELANCONIUM J>ink.
Melanconiuni oblongum Berk.
Grevillea, 2 : 153. Ala. Bull. 161.
On Jiif/lans cinvrca (I'eters).
New Enjjland, Kew .lersey.
Melanconiuni sphaerospermuni (Pers.) Link.
Cornell Bull. 37.
On stems of Arundinaria tecta. Lee County, Auburn, September 9, 1891 {Atkinson).
MYXORMIA B. A Br.
Myxormia atroviridis B. &. Br.
Grevillea, 3 : 100. Ala. Bull. Ifil.
On decaying bark of liubus (Beaumont).
SEPTOGLOEUM PL Si. E.
Septogloeum profusum (PL A: E.) Tracy &, Earle.
Cornell Bull. 38.
On living leaves of t'lmux alaia. (?) Montfjomery County, Pikeroad, .luly 9, 1891
(Atkinnun).
STEGANOSPORIUM Sacc.
Steganosporium irregulare (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 2 : 151, under Coryneum. Ala. Bull. 162.
On Betula sp. (Beaumont),
Order SF»H:AE;R0F»SIDALES.
Family SPHAEROPSIDACEAE.
PHYLLOSTICTA Pers.
Phyllosticta acericola C. & E.
Cornell Bull. 31.
On leaves of Acer rubrum. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
FUNGI 258
Phyllosticta adusta E. A: !M.
Cornell Bull. 31.
On seedling leaves of Citrus Union, the lemon. Lee County, Auljurn, October 19,
1889 {Atkinson).
Phyllosticta amaranthi E. »fe K.
Ala. Bull. 167. Cornell Bull. 31.
On leaves of Amaranthus retrojlexus. Lee County, Auburn, August 5, 1891( JjKyyar).
Phyllosticta arida Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 367. 1898.
On Acer negundo. Lee County, Auburn, June 5, 1897 {Earle cf- Baker).
Phyllosticta azedarachis Thuem.
Ala. Bull. 167.
On Melia asedarach. Lee County, July, 1891 {Duggar).
Phyllosticta batatae Thuein.
Ala. Bull. 167. Cornell Bull. 31.
On leaves of Ipomoea hutatus. Lee County, Auburn, October 4, 1891 (Atkinson).
Macon County, October, 1896 {Carver).
Phyllosticta bumeliae I'nderwood & Earle.
Grevillea, 3 :2, a,& ^pJiaeropsis maculans B. & C.
On leaves of Bunielia (Peters).
Phyllosticta catalpae E. &, M.
Ala. Bull. 167. Cornell Bull. 31 .
On- leaves of C'atalpa catalpa. Lee County, Auburn, August 15, 1891 (Atkinson).
Hale County, May, 1896 ( Underwood).
New Jersey.
Phyllosticta circumvelata Winter.
Ala. BulL 167. Cornell Bull. 31.
On leaves of Liriodendron tuHpifera. Lee County, Auburn, Jnlj' IS, 1892 (L'ichards).
Phyllosticta cruenta Fr. ^
Ala. Bull. 167.
On Vagnera (Smilacina) racemosa. Winston County, .June, 1896 ( t'wderwood). Lee
County, July, 1896 ( Underwood cf Earle).
Phyllosticta glauca Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 167.
On Magnolia virginiana. Lee County, Novembei', 1895 ( Underwood).
Phyllosticta gossypina E. &, M. (?)
Cornell Bull. 31.
On dead leaves of Gossypium herbacevni. Lee County, Auburn (Alkinsun).
Phyllosticta lactucae Atkinson.
Ala. Bull. 167.
On Lactuca canadensis. Lee County, June, 1891 (Newman).
Phyllosticta leucocarpae Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 31.
On leaves of Pyrus sp. Montgomery County, Pikeroad, July 9, 1891 (Atkinson).
Phyllosticta maclurae E. &. E.
Cornell Bull. 31.
On leaves of Toxylon pomiferum (Madura auranliaca). Lee County, Auburn,
August, 1893, (Duggdr).
Phyllosticta macroguttata Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 367. 1898.
Ala. Bull. 167. Cornell Bull. 31. In both as /'. desmodii E. &. E.
On Meibomia sp. Lee County, Auburn, June 28, 1892 (Atkinson).
On Meibomia dillenii. August 11, 1897 (Earle <|- Baker).
Phyllosticta minima (B. & C.) Underwood «fc Earle.
(ilrevillea, 3 -.2, under Sphaeropsis. Ala. Bull. 168.
On Acer ruhrum. Dekalb County, May, 1896 ( Underwood). Lee County, ]May, 1896
( Underwood <y- Earle). Winston County, June, 1896 ( Underwood).
New England.
•2')\ n.ANT I.IIK OK Al.Ai: \\l A.
PhylloBticta phytolaccae ("ooko.
Ala. Mull. ItiS. Cornell Hull. HI.
On h>:ivt'8 «»f l'b)iloltuca dirnndra. L»)») Count v, AMl>uni. .Inly IH, lKfl2 (litvharda).
Phyllosticta pirina .'^aic
Ala. liiill. Ui8. Coin.-ll Knll.ni.
On Ifuvos "I MahiH mains, tin* apiilf. I,eo (Jduntv, (Joldliill, Se])t(!ml>»T. IXHO
(.UkhiHon). Lci' County, July, IHiHJ ( I ndcrnood ,\ hlarU.)
On I'l/iua cnmiininis. Montjioini-ry County, Muthows, .June 17, 18'J1 (JtkinxonK
Phyllosticta podophylli (Curt.) Wintt-r.
Ala. Hull. Iti8.
On PodiiphyUum peUalinn. Dikalli County, May, 18!M) ( I'nderuood).
Phyllosticta rhododendri Wt-Mt.
Ala. r.uli. I(i8. C<uni-ll Hull. :U.
On leaves of Azalea nitdiflora. Leo County, Auluirn, .July 18, 1892 (RichardS).
Phyllosticta serotina Cooke.
Ala. Hull. 1(58.
On I'runiix serotina. Lee County, July, 1891 {Dugqar).
New .lersey.
Phyllosticta siliquastri Sarc. & .*^pog.
Ala. Hull.ltJS. Cornell Hull. 31.
On loaves of Cercis canadensis. Lee County, Wright's Mill, near Auburn, August
1, 1891 (Duijgar i^- Newman).
Euroi)e.
Phyllosticta sphaeropsoidea E. &. E.
Ala. Hull. KW.
On .Icsculiis pavia. Lee County, May, 1896 {Underwood ,f- Farle). Tuscaloosa
County, May, 1896 ( I'ndencood).
Phyllosticta vacciiiii Earle, Bull. Terr. Club, 24 :31. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 168.
On f'accinium arboreum. Lee County, April 25, 1896 ( Undcruood .f- Earle).
Phyllosticta violae Desm.
Cornell Hull. 31.
On J'iola tricolor. Lee County, Auburn, January 29, 1891 (Atkinson).
Phyllosticta viticola Thueui.
Ala. Bull. 168.
On Fitis rotundifolia. Lee County, October, 1895 ( I'nderivood).
PHOMA Fr.
Phoma astericola Atkinson.
Cornell Hull. 3(1.
On stem.s and leaves of Aster. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Phoma campy lospora B. &C.
I'eters coll. No. 113. Ala. Bull. 165.
On J'anicum s\i. (Peters).
Phoma chartarum H. & C.
Crevillea, 2 :83. Ala. Bull. 165.
On white paper (Beaumont).
Phoma elongata (B. & C.) Sacc.
Orevilloa, 2:1S1, under Sphaeropsis. Ala. Bull. 165.
On cultivated Gladiolus (I'cters).
Phoma glandicola (Desm.) Lev.
Ala. Bull. 166.
On old acorns. Leo County, April, 1896 ( ('ndeneood <f- Earle).
India?, Europe.
Phoma gloeosporioides Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 30.
On dead leaves of (Juercus digitata. Lee County, Auburn, February, 1890 ( A Ikinson ) .
FUNGI. 255
Phoma gossypii Sacc.
Cornell Bull. 30.
On dead stems of Goasypium herbaceiim. Lee County, Auburn, January 27, 1891
(Atkinson).
Phoma lathyrina Sacc.
Cornell Bull. 30.
On stems of Fujtia catjang. Lee County, Auburn, October 16, 1889 (Atkinson).
Phoma maculifera Sacc.
Grevillea, 2:83, as /'. maculate. Ala. Bull. 166.
On DodliiKjeria sp. (Beaumont).
Phoma melaleuca B. «fe C.
Grevillea, 2 : 82. Ala. Bull. 166.
On leaves of Aralia sp'mosa (Peters).
South Carolina.
Phoma micromegala (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea 2 : 180, under Sphaeropsis. Ala. Bull. 166.
On naked roots of piue {Beaumont).
Phoma subcircinata E. »fc E.
Cornell Bull. 30.
On pods oi PhaseoUis hinatus, the butter bean. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
MACROPHOMA Ber. & Vogel.
Macrophoma diospyri Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 30. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 165.
On green fallen fruits of Diospyros rirginiana. Lee County, Auburn, July, 1896
( Underwood tj- Earle).
SPHAERONEMA Fr.
Sphaeronetna corneum E. & E.
Cornell Bull. 33.
Ou languid leaves of Oenothera laciniata. Lee County, Auburn, July 26, 1891
(Atkinson).
Sphaeronema epigloeum B. »fc C.
Peters coll. No. 110. Ala. Bull. 171.
On Tremella sp. (Peters).
Sphaeronema spina B. & Rav.
Grevillea, 2:177. Ala. Bull. 171.
On dead leaves of Fraxinus (Beaumont).
South Carolina.
SPHAEROPSIS Mont.
Sphaeropsis cydoniae C. «fe E.
On Cydonia. Lee County, December, 1897 (Baksr).
New Jersey.
Sphaeropsis maclurae Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 172.
On Toxylon pomiterum. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Undernood <f- Earle).
VERMICULARIA Fr.
Vermicularia affinis Sacc. & Briard.
Ala. Bull. 172.
On Panicum virgatum. Lee County, February, 1888 (Xeivman).
On Sieglingia seslerioides. Lee Couuty, January, 1889 (Newman).
On Sorghum sp. Lee County, July, 1890 (Atkinson).
On Sorghum halepense. Montgomery County, September, 1891 (Atkinson).
Vermicularia circinans Berk.
Cornell Bull. 33.
On Allium in cultivation. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Pennsylvania.
*ir)<» 1M-.\NP 1,1 FK <>K ALAI5A.MA.
Vermiciilaria dematium (IVrs.) l-'r.
(Jr.'villeii. 3:t;. Ahi. Itnll. 172.
On I'liytolatra ( JieaiuiHtiii).
roniisyh aiiia, Ni'W .lersey.
Veiniiculaiia eryngii (Cooko) I'kl.
Ala. Hull. 171'.
Oil dea<l umbel lileroiie stem. Loe Cnnnty, Aiiril, ISIM! ( Inihrwoixl .(• Earle).
Vermicularia liliacearum Scbw.
Ala. Hull. 171'.
On Ifiiire rirniiiica. l^oo County, .July, IJ^iMJ {I'lulvnioud iS Earle).
Louisiana, Ohio.
Vermicularia saiiguiiiea E. iV Hal.
Ala. Bull. 178.
On Sonjhiim nilfiare, cliickon corn. Perry County, July, 18!H) ( .tikinson):
On iionjliitm sp., Jeruaaleui corn. Li-e County, October, 18!)5 ( Underwood).
DOTHIORELLA Sacc.
Dothiorella macrospora (B. A C.) .Sacc
Grevilloa, 2: ISl, under 8i)liaerop8is. Ala. Bull. 161.
On Magnolia virginiana (J/, ijlauca) {Petem).
Ponusylvania.
CYTOSPORA Kbrenb.
Cytospora graudis I'eck.
Ala. I'.uU. 104.
On RJiua sp. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood .(• Earle).
Cytospora persicae Schw.
Ala. Bull. 164.
Ou Amyijdalus peraica. Lee County, September, 1896 {Earle).
DIPLODIA 1 r.
Diplodia gossypina Cooke.
Cornell Bull. 29.
On old capsules of (iossypium herhaceum. Pike County, Brundidge, Sej)tember .^,
1891 iAtkinso7i).
Diplodia herbarum (Corda) Lev.
Ala. r.ull. 164. Cornell Bull. 29.
On dead stems of Lavtuca sp. Lee County, Auburn, May 1, 1892 (Atkinson).
New Jersey.
Diplodia macrospora Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 29. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 164.
On weathered stalks of Zea mays. I^ee County, October, Miirch, 1896 ( I'vderuood Sf
Earle).
Diplodia maura Cooke.
Ala. Bull. 164. Cornell Bull. 29.
On branches of I'yrus communis. Mobile County, 1890 (Atkinson^. Leo County,
1890 (Atkinson).
New Jersey.
Diplodia maydis (Berk.) Sacc.
Ala. ]5ull. lU.
On old, withered stalks of Zea mays. Lee County, .January, 1896 (Undenvood <f-
Earle) .
DARLUCA Cast.
Darluca filum (Biv.) Cast.
Grevillea, 2 : 179. Ala. Bull. 164, Cornell Bull. 36.
On tea (Beaumont).
On Puccinia pruni-spinosae (on peach). Lee County, August, 1891 ( Jtuggar).
On Uredo (on Andropogon). Lee County, August, 1891 (Duggar <(• Neivman).
Louisiana. New Jersey, Ohio,
FUNGI. 257
HENDERSONIA IJerk.
Hendersonia arundinaceae (JJeam.) Sacc.
Cornell Bull. 29.
On ilead stems of Chrysopogon avenaceiis. Lee County, Auburn, November 1, 1891
{Du(i(/ar).
Hendersonia crataegicola Atkinson.
Ala. Bull. 165, as R. cydoiiiae Cooke & Ellis. Cornell Bull 30.
On leaves of Crataegus Jiava. Lee County, Auburn, August, 1890 {Atkinson).
Hendersonia erianthi Atkinson.
Ala. Bull. 165, as H. douacis Sacc. Cornell Bull. 29.
On dead stems of Erianthus. Lee County, November 12, 1891 {Dmjgar).
Hendersonia effusa B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 165. Cornell Hull. 29.
On blades of Aristida purpurascens viinor. Lee County, Auburn, October 11, 1891
(Atkinson).
Hendersonia officinalis Atkinson.
Cornell Bull 29.
On dead leaves of Sassafras sassafras. Lee County, Auburn, July 29, 1891 {Duggar).
PROSTHEMIUM Kunze.
Prosthemiuni palmatum Earle, Bull. Torr. Clul), 24:31. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 168.
On rotten wood. Lee County, Auburn, March 28, 1896 ( Underwood if- Earle).
STAGONOSPORA Sacc.
Stagonospora ischaemi Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 172.
On Andropogon fnrcatus. Lee County, September, 1891 (Duggar).
Stagonospora paspali Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 33.
On Sieglingia sislerioides. Lee County, Wright's Mill, .July 11, 1891 {Duggar).
Ou leaves of Paspaluni laeve. Lee Couuty, Auburn, July 18, 1891 (Atkinson).
SEPTORIA Fr.
Septoria alabamensis Atkinson, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 10: 78. 1894.
Ala. Bull. 169. Cornell Bull. 33.
On living leaves of Glechoma hederacea. Lee County, Auburn, January 29, Febru-
ary 27, 1891 (AtkinsoJi).
Septoria albo-nigra B. & C.
Grevillea, 3 : 8. Ala. Bull. 169.
On living leaves (Peters).
Septoria bromi Sacc. (?)
Cornell Bull. 32.
On leaves of Elymus. Lee County, Auburn, July 5, 1890 (Atkinson).
Septoria brunellae E. & H.
Ala. Bull. 169. Cornell Bull. 32. Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 10: 76. 1894.
Ou Prunella vulgaris. Montgomery Couuty, Shorter, July 16, 1890 (Atkinson).
Septoria cacaliae E. «fc K.
Ala. Bull. 169.
Ou Mesadenia (Cacalia) tuherosa. Lawreai^e County, June, 1896 (Underwood).
Septoria cerasina Peck.
Ala. Bull. 169.
On Prunus sp. Lee County, July, 1891 {Neivman).
15894 IT
258 ri.ANT LIKK OF Al.AHAMA.
Septoria cerastii IJnli. vV l)i-,>*in.
Ala. liiiU. lft». Cornell Hull.:?!'.
On de.ul or lan;;iii(l leaves of Ccraathini (inrnite. Lee ()«)iMity, Aiilmrii, Mareli L'5,
1891 (.(/AlHHOH).
On Ccnintiiim i'ihcohuw. Leo County. March. iSiiii ( riHlrnrood .)■ Eurlc).
Septoria confusa Atkinson.
Cornell I'>ull. WW.
On leaves oi JtiHuiaea Icptocarpa. Leo County, Auburn, August I'l, ixill ( Dui/ijar .y-
yewmaii).
Septoria dianthi West.
Al.i. Hnll.lTO. Cornell l?ull. 32.
On cultivated DlanthuH harbatus. Lee County, Auburn, M.irch L'O, IHfH ( Alkitin<in ).
Septoria erechtites K. & E.
Ala. Hull. 170. Cornell Hull.. 32.
On Krcchtitea hieracifolia. Lee County, Auburn, Sejiteuiber 10, 1><91 (Dnggar).
Septoria fraxiiii Desni.
Cornell Hull..S.3.
On livinji leaves of Fraxinus caroliniana {F. pJatiicarva). Montjjonn^ry County,
Pikeroad, July 9, 1891 ( J/ATH«on).
Septoria galiorum Ellis.
Cornell Hull. 31.
On dead .stems of Houstonia patens. Lee County, Auburn, February Itl. 1^90
{Atk\nf<on).
Septoria graminum Desm.
Ala. Hull. 170. Cornell Bull. 32.
On Si/nthcrisma {runicum) sanguinale. Leo County, Auburn, August 2'.i. 1X91
(Athinson).
New .Jer.sey, Ohio.
Septoria lactiicae Pass.
Cornell Hull. 32.
On leaves of Lactuta leucophaea. Lee County, Auburn, June 26, 1891 (Xeivman).
Septoria lepidiicola IC. & M.
Cornell Hull. 31.
On leaves of LcpiiJium virfjinicnm. Lee County, Auburn, F^ebruary 9, 1890 (Aikinson).
Septoria neglecta Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 31. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 170.
On persistent living leaves of Quercus phellos. Lee County, Auburn, I'ebruary,
March, Aiiril, 189G ( Underwood cj- Earle).
Septoria oenotherae West.
Ala. Bull. 170. Cornell Bull. 32.
On Oenothera lae'niiata. Lee County, March, 1896 ( Underwood tf- Earle). Lee County,
Auburn {Alldnaon).
Septoria pulchella 15. &. C.
Grevillea, 3 : 8. Ala. Bull. 170.
On leaves of Andromeda (^I'eters),
Septoria riibi West.
Ala. Bull. 170. Cornell Bull. .32.
On leaves of cultivated Kubus. Lee County, Auburn, August 8, 1890 (Afkinaon),
On Jitibiis .sp. Dekalb County, May, 1896 ( Underwood).
Septoria rubi alba Peck.
Ala. Bull. 170. Cornell Bull. 32.
On living leaves of liubiifi tririalis. Mobile County, April, 1891 {Zimma- Brothers).
Lee County, Auburn {Atkinsoii).
Septoria sambucina Peck.
Ala. Bull. 171. Cornell Bull. 32.
On Sambucus canadensis. Lee County, Auburn, August 24, 1891 (Duggar).
Louisiana.
FUNGI. 259
Septoria secalis Prill. & Delacr.
Ala. r.ull. 171.
Ou Secale cereale. Lee County, April, 1896 ( Underwood <C- Earle).
Septoria sonchifolia Cooke.
Cornell Bull. 32.
Ou leaves of Sonchus oleraceus. Lee County, Auburn, 1892 (Atkinson).
Septoria sonchina Thuem.
Ala. Bull. 171. Cornell Bull. 32.
On living leaves of Sonchus oleraceus. Lee County, Auburn, February 25, 1891
{lien ton).
Septoria speculariae B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 171. Cornell Bull. 32.
On Legouzia perfoliata. Lee County, Auburn, March 28, 1890 (Jfkiuson).
South Carolina.
Septoria stigma B. & C.
Grevillea, 3 : 9. Ala. Bull. 171.
On leaves of Symplocos (Peters).
Septoria symploci E. & M.
On Symplocos. Lee County, June, 1897 (Earle ij'- Baker).
Septoria verbascicola B. & C.
Ala. Bull. 171.
On Verbascum hlattaria. Madison County, May, 1896 (Underwood).
Septoria violae \Ye8t.
Ala. Bull. 171. Cornell Bull. 32.
On I'iolaprimiilaefoUa. Macon County, Shorter, July 16, 1890 (Atkinson).
Louisiana, Ohio.
Septoria virgaurea Desrn. ( ?)
Ala. P,ull. 171. Cornell Bull. 32.
On Solidago serotina. Lee County, Auburn (Atkinson).
Septoria xanthii Desm.
Ala. Bull. 171. Cornell Bull. 32.
On Xanthium sp. Perry County, Uniontown, July 11, 1890 (Atkinson).
Septoria sp.
Bull. Torr. Club, 25:368.
On Silene virginica. Lee County, Auburn, May 29, 1897 (Earle 4- Baker).
RHABDOSPORA Mont.
Rhabdospora verrucaeformis (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 3 : 11, under Septoria. Ala. Bull. 169.
On branches of Cephalanthus (Petei's).
PHLYCTAENA Desm. & Mont.
Phlyctaena gossypii Sacc.
Cornell Bull. 30.
On dead stems of Gossypium herbaceum. Lee County, Auburn, January 27, 1891
(Atkinson).
Phlyctaena vagabunda Desm.
Grevillea, 2 : 100. Ala. Bull. 165.
On stems of Phytolacca [Beaumont).
SPOROWEMA Desm.
Sporonema camelliae Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 32. 1897.
Ala. Bull. 172.
On living leaves of Camellia japonica. Lee County, Auburn, March, April, 1896
(iiurton).
Sporonema ilicis Earle, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 32. 1897.
On languishing leaves oi Ilex opaca. Lee County, December, 1895 (Undertvood);
January, February, March, 1896 ( Underwood cj- Earle).
2(U) PLANT I. IKK (»K .\I.\It\M.\.
PHLEOSPORA Wallr.
Phleospora aneinonis K. \ K.
On Aiumoiit' lirijiiiiin. CliMiuhrrs ( 'nnnly. .Iiiiir, IMt" ( luirlc).
Family ZYTHIACEAE (Nectrioidaccae).
STAGANOPSIS Sate.
Staganopsis pallida (H. A C.) Sacr.
CJrevillt'a, 3 : (>, under I Itudeisonia. Al;i. I'inll. ITS.
On Coruus (i'etiin).
Family LEPTOSTROMATACEAE.
PIGGOTIA 1{. iV C.
Piggotia fraxini I'>. A: C.
Ala. r.iill. 171. Conu'll Bull. ;r>.
On I'vujiuiis 8p. Lte C'onnty, Anhiiin. aiitiiinn, 1890 {AiMnaon). Lee C'onnty,
Novenilier, 18115 ( Underwood).
Penusylvauia.
MELASMIA L<'"V.
Melasmia acerina L*'V.
Ala. Bull. 174. Cornoll Bull. 34.
On living leaves of Acer riibritm. Lee County, Auburn, September 13. 1891
(Atkhixon).
Texas.
Melasmia gleditschiae E. & E.
Ala. Bull. 171, as Leptoatroma hfipophyllnm \\.& Rav. Cornell Bull. 3.5.
On leaves of Gleditnia irUicanthoH. Lee County, Auburn, autumn, 1S89 (Alhhison).
Lee County, November, 1895 (Inderwood).
Louisiana, Ohio.
Melasmia quercuum Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 34.
On leaves of QuervHH pheUoH. I>ee Ct)unty, Au1)urn (Atkinnon).
Melasmia setariae Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 34.
On Chactochloa (Setaria) glaiica. Lee County, Auburn, Se])teniber 27-29, 1891
(Atkinson).
DISCOSIA Lib.
Discosia artocreas (Tode) Fr.
Grevillea, 3 : 6. Peters coll. Ala. Bull. 173. Cornell liull. M.
On Aralia spinosa {Peters).
On Fagua {lieanmont).
On Ilex (lieai(mont).
On dead leaves of Primus serotina. Lee County, Auburn, July 31, 1891 (Du(igar).
On leaves of Acei- rubrum. Loe County, July 22, 1891 (Atkinson).
Discosia fagina Lib.
Grevillea, 3 : 7. Ala. Bull. 173.
(Jieaumovt.)
Discosia minima B. & C.
Grevillea, 3 : 7. Ala. Bull. 173.
On leaves of Ilex sp. (Beaumont).
On Ilex opaca. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood .f- Karle).
Discosia rugulosa (B. & C).
Grevillea. 3:7. Peters eoll. 1, 1855. Ala. Bull. 173. Cornell Bull. 34.
On leaves of Ilieoria (Peters)
On Hicoria ovata. Lee Countj', .luly, 1891 (Aewman).
FUNGI. 261
ENTOMOSPORIUM Lev.
Bntomosporium maculatum Lev.
Ala. Bull. 174. Cornell Bull. 34.
Ou living leaves of Cydoiiia valfjaris. Lee County, Gold Hill, September, 1890
(Atkinson). Washington County, .Inly, 1896 {EarJe).
On a cultivated species of Amelanchier. Lee County, July, 1896 ( Underwood c)'-
Earle).
LEPTOSTROMELLA .Sacc.
Leptostromella filicina (B. & C.) Sacc.
Grevillea, 2 : 84, under Cryptosporium. Ala. Bull. 174.
On dead ferns {Peters).
Pennsylvania.
LEPTOTHYRIUM Kunze A; Schum.
Leptothyrium dryinum Sacc.
Ala. Bull. 174, Cornell Bull. 34.
On living leaves of Casianea piimila. Lee County, August 11, 1890 (Atkinson).
On leaves of Hicoria alba. Lee County, July 24, 1891 (Diiggar cj- Newman).
On Nyssa sylratica. Lee County, 1892 (Richards).
Leptothyrium lychnidis B. & C. *
Grevillea, 2 : 83. Ala. Bull. 174.
On Lychnis Jios ciiculi^ (Peters).
Leptothyrium cylindrium Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 34.
On leaves of Arundinaria tecta. Lee County, Auburn, autumn, 1889 (Atki7ison).
Family EXCIPULACEAE.
AMEROSPORIUM Speg.
Amerosporium oeconomicum Ell. A Tracy.
Ala. Bull. 175. Cornell Bull. 33.
On Vigna catjang. Lee County, Auburn, July 22, 1890 (Atkinson); October 1, 1891
(Duggar).
DOTHICHIZA Lib.
Dothichiza serotina Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 33.
Ou leaves of Prunus serotiud. Lee County, Atibnrn (Atkinson).
SCHIZOTHYRELLA Tlmem.
Schizothyrella hysteroides Atkinson.
Cornell Bull. 33.
Ou dead culms of Chrysopogon avenareus. Lee County, Auburn, November 1, 1891
( Duggar).
'This host belongs undoubtedly to another species, Lychnis Jios-cncnli not being
known from Alabama. (Mohr.)
0(',0
IM-AXT ].\VV OF Al.Al! \M.\.
(iioiiniiiliiiiil liistrihiiiitin nf llif I'lni'ii of Alu^nima.
Orilir.
Class Phycomvcetks.
Chytridinlea ..
M ucorale*
SiiproU->:nial('H
l*eroiiospornk's
Entomopbthorules
Cl-ASS ASCOMVCKTES.
Exoascales .
Helvellalcs.
Pezizales .
Pharidialt's
Hvsterialis
Plectascales . .
I'erisporiales .
ITypiKTcales .
Pothideales ,
Sphaerialcs . .
Syncliytriaceae. .
Mucoraceao
Sai>i<)lc;:iiia<'fao .
Albiij;iii;niMC
PeniiiosjHiriiccao.
Eutoiuoplit liora-
ceae.
Exoascaceao
Geoglossaceuo
Tlilvellaceao
Uliizinaieae
Pezizaceae
j Ascobolaceae
I Helotiaceae
I MoUisiaceae
I Celidiaceae
I Patellariaceao
Ceiiangiaceae
Stictiilaceao
; Tryblidiaceae
Pliacidiaceao
II\i)oderiiiatacea()
Dicliaeuaccao
Hysttfriacfao
1 Aerosperinaccaci
I Aspcr'iillaoL'ae j
Erywibaceae
I Perisporiacoae. .. .1
I Microthyriaceac.
Hyjiomycetaceae .
Mrlauosporaceao .
Xittriaieao
Hypocreaccae
Clavicipitaceae . . .
Dotbideaceac
('hactoniiaceae . .
i Spbaeriaccao ....
Ceratostoniataceac
Cucurbitariaceao .
Amjibispliaeriaceae
Lophios t o ni a t a -
ceae.
Mycosphaercl-
laceae.
Pleosporaceae . . .
Massariaceao
Gnoinoniaceao . . .
C 1 y p e osphaeria-
c'eae.
Valsaceae
ilelaiiconidaceae
Diatrypaceai'
M e 1 o g r arani ata-
ceae.
Xylariaceae
Clon-
era.
Class Basidio.m^i kii
Cstilaginab-s
Urediuales
Aurioularialcs
Treinellales
Dacryoinjcetales
Exubasidiales
TTstilaginaccao .
TiUetiaceae
Melamp.soraceae
Piicciniaccao . . .
Aiiriculariaceae
I'ilacraceae
Tremellaeeae . . .
Dacryomycetaceae
Kxobasidiaceae
Spo-
cfes.
2
3
4
12
8
101
1
3
1
2
•i
10
3
11
Suiitli-
cm.
Auhtro-
ripa-
rian. <ir
LduiHi-
an in II
area.
North-
cm.
Caro-
linian I
and
Allc- I
giirnian
areas. .
3 !
2
2
IS
2
1^— -IcoI.!^1';l
4 1-
57
, f2 (Sou til
\ America.)
30 2 (Cuba.)
{C o .smo-
poll-;,
laii.
iLargelyl
cosnio-
poli-
tan.
COLLECTIOIS'S OF ALABAMA LICHENS.
Geographical distribution of the fungi of Alabama — Continued.
263
Order.
Family.
Gen-
era.
Spe
cies.
South-
ern.
Anstro
ripa-
rian, or
Louisi-
anian
area.
North-
em.
Caro-
linian
and
Alle-
ghenian
areas.
Europe.
Other
countries.
Class Basidiojiycetes —
Continued.
Hyrueniales
Hypochnaceae
Thelephoraceae. . .
Clavariaceae
Hydnaceae
Polyporaceae
Agaricaceae
Phallaceae
Clathraceae
Hymen ogastra-
ceae.
Lycoperdaceae . . -
Nidulariaceae
Sclerodermataceae
Moniliaceae
Dematiaceae
Stilbaceae
Tuberculariaceae .
Melanconiaceao- . .
Sphaeropsidaceae
Zythiaceae
Leptostromataceae
Excipulaceao
1
8
2
8
15
39
3
1
2
9
3
4
13
19
3
10
10
18
1
6
3
1
70
12
43
138
185
4
1
3
36
4
8
23
148
5
30
35
106
1
14
3
1
27
5
21
81
89
1
43
7
22
56
07
3
10
4
21
32
SO
1
PhaUales . . .
Hj-menoga.stri;les
3
11
2
1
I 202
05
25
2
7
2
7
2
5
2
Nidnlariales
(I-'UXGI IllPERFECTI.)
Monlliales
Sphaeropsidale.s
1
1
Classes, 4. Orders, 30. Familie.s, 80. Genera, 352. Species, 1,385. Of a more southern distributiDn
from the Louisianian to the Carolinian area, 761 species. Of a more northern distribution to the Alle-
ghenian area, 507 species. In common Avith Europe, 212 species.
LICHENS.
Thanks to the efforts of the late Messrs. Thomas M. Peters of Moul-
tou and Joseph F. Beaumont of Conecuh County, the lichens of north-
ern Alabama and of the upper part of the Maritime Pine belt in the
southern section of the State have become well known. These enthu-
siastic explorers of its cryptogamic flora communicated the results of
their field work to Professor Tuckerman. In the Genera Lichenum
(1872) and in the Synopsis Lichenum (1882), this author credited 223
species and 2 varieties to the above collectors. Fully one-half of this
number are contained in the collection of Ifchens made by the Honor-
able Judge Peters, which he presented to the University of Alabama.
The lichens collected by the writer in Mobile aud Baldwin counties
(early in the seventies) have been identified by Mr. Henry Willey of
New Bedford and Miss Maria Wilson, and the collections made in later
years in the different parts of the State have been examined by Miss
Clara E. Cummings of Wellesley College, who has also kindly under-
taken the revision of the catalogue of Alabama lichens, for which
assistance the writer expresses here his thanks. Lately an interesting
contribution to our knowledge of Alabama lichens has been made by
the biological survey of Alabama, consisting of 74 species, mostly from
'JCi 1 I'LANT LIFK <>K AI.AHAMA.
the vicinity »»l' Aubiirn, wliicli were kindly placed at the servlee of (lie
writer by tlie eolleetdis, I'lols. V. S. I-'arle and Carl Baker.
tJENERAL DISI KHtlTlOiN.
Of the I!) genera known at present to be represented in Alabama, the
JoUowiii^ are of an exclusivtdy sontliern ranj,'e:
Strijjnla. ' (ilypliis. (lyr<»Hti>iiiiiiii.
ryrenastrnm. Chiodecton. Tin-lot ri-ina.
Lecuiiactis. Heterotbeciiiin.
Trypetlieliuiii. Coenogonimn.
These are most nnnierously represented by species iiduibitin}; the
Louisianian life area, whicli frecpiently extend to the neighboring; tro])-
ics and are rarely found north of the Carolinian life area. Kepresented
by a number of species in the southern part of Eastern North America
and also in the tropics are :
(irapliis. Leptogiuni. Pyxine.
PyrenopsLs. Collema.
Ompbalaria. Sticta.
These are also tmiuently met with in the Alleglienian area.
Of decidedly northern distribution arc such as —
Verruearia. Khizocari)()n. Placodium.
The representatives of these genera in the Southern States are mostly
confined to the mountain region. Elsewhere they are Avidely scattered
from the cooler tem])erate to the frigid zones and the cooler regions of
the Old World.
The following are more or less eciually distributed throughout the
cooler and warmer zones, and many of them liave numerous represent-
atives in corresponding regions of the Old World:
Pyrcimla. Riuodiua. Cctraria.
Artliouia. Leptoginm. Physnia.
Opegrapha. Collema. Pliyscia.
Buellia. Lecanora. Panndia.
Biatora. Placodium. Evcriiia.
Baeomyces. Heppia. Raiualiua.
Gyalecta. Pauuaria. Usnea.
Pertusaria. Peltigera.
Up to the present IDS species and UG varieties of lichens have been
recognized in Alabama.
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION.
Although generally of a wide distribution, the greater number of
species and varietal forms of these lowly plants are more or less strictly
confined to the several life areas with their tioral regions, which share
the State. i>I early one-half (48.6 per cent) are confined witliin the limit
' Strigula occurs in Polynesia.
KP:GI0NAL DISTEIBUTIOIsr OF LICHENB. 265
of the warmer temperate zone or the Caroliuian and Louisianian life
areas, one-half of this proportion having their home exclusively in tbe
latter. In the mountain region on the ridges of greatest elevation a
vertically shar^ily limited rujiestrian lichen formation is met with. At
an elevation approaching 2,000 feet the bare Carboniferous sandstone
cliff's or the flinty metamorphic rocks which form the brow and summit
of the ridges are covered by the black thallus of Umhilicaria pustulata
[xsxxetj impitlosa) not encountered at a lower altitude. Judge Peters,
who had been collecting in a section of the mountain region with tbe
highest point scarcely exceeding 1,G00 feet, stated that he had not found
an Umbilicaria in Alabama. Ashy-gray Endocarpons {E. muhlenbergii),
lead-colored saxicole Pannarias, and tbe white and light-gray incrusta-
tions of Verrucarias and Lecanoras invest the rocky crests of these
heights with a coating of various tints. The following have been found
to prevail throughout tbe mountain region, having been collected on
sandstone by T. M. Peters :
Biatora rvfoniyra. I'annaria crossophylla.
Nephroma helreticiim. Pannaria triptoplujUa.
Lecauora rubina. Periusaria sorediata.
Lecanora priviijna. Physcia obscura.
Lecanora cinerea. Leptogium lacerum.
Lecanora muralis. Leptogium apaJachense.
Binodina thomeae. Leptogium puldiellum.
Cladonia caespiticia. Leptogium juniperinum.
Cladonia squamosa. Lcjytogium myochroum.
Cladonia fmbriata. Collema callibotrys.
Collected on limestone :
Sfaurothele disfvactella. Omphalaria symphorea.
Staurothelc petersii. Omphalaria girardi.
Vcrrucaria rupestris purpurascens. Omphalaria umhella.
Sagedia fiiscella. Omphalaria melamhola.
Placodium aurantiacum, Omphalaria schaereri.
Placodium ferrugineum. Collema pusttilatum,
Collema tenax and a few other collemaceous lichens, like Pannaria
stenophylla, P. petersii, and Heppia despreaiixii, prefer tbe somewhat
sheltered, moss-covered rocky shelves, where tbere is a slight accu-
mulation of earth. These lime-loving lichens are also found in the
adjacent valleys on the outcrops of the mountain limestone. In the
shallow rocky beds of brooks all over the Warrior table-land, at an
elevation of 900 to 1,000 feet, Uphebe pubcscens is abundant, where also
on the wet rocks of the banks of the head waters of the Sipsey River
(Winston County) Undocarpon fluviatile and Lecanora lactistris occnr.
The ledges of the ferruginous sandstone or conglomerates crowning the
crests and flanks of the Orange sand throughout the Coast Pine belt
are covered with the black crusts of Lecanora xanthophana.
In the Coast Pine belt, and particularly in the clamp Coast ijlain,
lichens abound. The hammocks and wooded swamps which border the
'J('.(') I'LANT I.II'K OF AI,\I!\M\.
pine-banon streams are inhabited by a formation of bark liclicns, wliicli
have tht'ir liliny thalbis more or less deeply einhrdded in the smooth
bark ot hollies, wax myrtles, magnolias, and reel l>ay (I'l^rsea), such
being the favorite sites of Gb/phis avharlana, a large array of species
of Arthonia and (Iraphis, Opcf/raphd trihuhnhs, nearly every one of
the species Trypet helium and Thelotrenni enumcratiMl in the catalogne,
and most of Pyrenula. also of —
(lyrostomum nciiphulifiriini, Biiellia niihixtntumiim,
liudllit parasei'ia, Biatora niiff'iistt —
lUieUia suhdisciformia,
all of a strictly southern distril)ution. Species with a more devclojK'd
crustaceous, granular, or agglutinated foliaceous thallus, i)articularly
the Southern Heterotheciums, prefer in similar localities the rough
bark of old trees. Such are:
Heterotheciiim leiicoxanihinn. Punnaria moli/bdaea.
Heterothecium pachycheihiin. rannaria nifjrocinvta.
Heterotheciiim domingense. Phijucia criapa.
Heterothecium tuberculosuvi. I'yxinc aorediata.
Pertuaaria sp. Pyxine picta.
Colltvia vigreaccna hioplaca.
The rough bark of hoary live oaks and of the laurel oak, frequently
covered with mosses, is also inhabited by —
Chiodevton rubricinctum. Slicta (jnercizan-s.
Sticta aurata. Peltigera polydactyla.
At the base and on the roots of the live oak near the damp ground
abound among mosses the webby clusters of the filamentous alga-like
thallus of Coenogoiiium interpositnin. In more oi)en and drier situa-
tions the trunks and limbs of snialler trees are the home of —
J'armrUa tiliacea, Ramalina laerigata,
Parmelia saxalilia, RamaJina calicaria,
Parmelia perforata, Cetraria ftndleri,
Pliyacia comoaa, Uanea barbuta —
Theloachiatea chryaopthalmus flari-
cana,
the last in its several varietal forms.
In the hunud coast plain lichens inhabiting dead wood are frequent,
such as —
l.ecanora punicea. Lecanora varia.
Lecanora anbfiiaca. Ilinodhia Jlavonigella.
Lecanora pallida. Caliciiim albo-nigruvi.
The most sterile patches of loamy sand are frequently covered with —
Cladonia leporina, Cladonia rangiferina alpeatria,
Cladonia mitrula, Baeomyces roaeus;
and in shady woods, on decaying stumps and rotten trunks, Cladonia
piilchella and Cladonia (jraciUs are common.
CATALOGUE OF LICHENS. 267
The following not having hitherto been reported from any other
State can be considered as endemic to Alabama :
Ttypethelium catervarium. Fannaria stenophylhi.
Omphalaria umhella. Staurothele pet.trsiL
Pyreno])sis melambola. Grajjhis solecites.
LICHENES.i Lichens.
Family VERRUCARIACEAE.
Tribe YERRUOARIEAE.
STRIGULA Fr
Strigula coniplanata (Fi'^e. & Mont.) Nyl.
Ou leaves of Maguolias.
Louisianian area. Texas to Florida.
PYRENULA Ach.
Pyrenula thelaena (Ach.) Tuck.
On barks. Mouutaiu region. Lee County, Aubui-n (Baker .f- Earle).
Lawrence County (Peiers).
Carolinian and Allegheuian areas. Soutli Carolina, North Carolina, and Massa-
chusetts.
Pyrenula punctifornais (Ach.) Naeg. & Hepp.
On trunks. Mobilo County.
Louisianian to Allegheuian area. South Carolina to New Jersey, New England,
and Canadfi. Europe.
Pyrenula qujnqueseptata (Nyl.) Tuck.
Bark of Ilex. Southern Alabama (Beaumont).
Louisianian area. South Carolina.
Pyrenula cinchonae (Ach.) Tuck.
On barks. Southern Alabama (Beaumont), Mobile County. Tennessee Valley
(Peiers).
Louisiauian and Carolinian areas. Texas to South Carolina.
Pyrenula tropica (Ach.) Tuck.
Barks. Tennessee Valley (Peters).
Louisianian and Carolinian ai'eas. Louisiana to South Carolina.
Pyrenula aggregata Fc-e.
On trunks. Conecuh County (Beaumont).
Louisianian area. Texas to South Carolina.
Pyrenula glabrata (Ach.) Mass.
On trunks. Mobile County. Lee County, Auburn (Baker <f- Earle).
Louisianian to Allegheuian area. North to New Jersey, Pennsyhania.
Pyrenula mamillana santensis (Tuck.) Nyl.
On barks. Tennessee Valley. Moulton, Conecuh County (5ea(MH0»<).
Louisiauiau and Carolinian area. South Carolina.
Pyrenula nitida Ach.
On bark of Magnolia virniniana, Myrica, etc. Mobile County, couinion. Lee
County, Auburn (Baker tf- Earle). Lawrence County, Mcnilton (Peters).
Louisianian to Allegheuian area. Throughout the Middle and Northern States to
New England. Europe.
' Without expressing an opinion on the proper grouping of this class of plants,
inider the yet prevailing uncertainty in egard to their place in the natural system,
the writer has in theii* arrangement followed Dr. Tuckerman.
2<^S IM.AN'I" MI'K «»l' A I. AHA MA.
Pyremila nitidn nitidella Ilocrk.
On l>;irk. t'oiu'culi County, Brooklyn ( liitiiimotil).
Louisianiiiii area. Ti'xas t<> .South Carolina. West I'lirojie.
Pyremila pachycheila Tuck.
On baik. South Alaltania { /Uaiimonl).
Lt'uibiana an-a. Tuxas t<) South Carolina.
VERRUCARIA I'urs.
Verrucaria fuscella (Tnrn.) A<h.
Cherty rock.><. Lawrenco Connty, .Monlton {I'eierx).
Carolinian an<l Alleglu-uian area.-*. New Knf^land. Enropo.
Verrucaria rupestris purpurascens Schacr.
Mountain rt-j^ion on limestone rock (J'elrrs).
Carolinian area.
PYRENASTRUM Kst h\v.
Pyreiiastrum astroideum (F<^e.) Eechw.
Barks. South Alabama (Beaumont).
Lonisianiau area. Texas to South Carol in.i.
SAGEDIA Vr.
Sagedia cestrensis Tuck.
On cherty rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Louisiauiau to Allefj,henian area. Louisiana, South Carolina, and North Carolina,
to Pennsylvania and New England.
TRYPETHELIUM Spreug.
Trypethelium cruentum Mont.
On hark of magnolias, live oak, etc., in low, damp woods. Mobile County, com-
mon. Tennessee Valley (I'eterH).
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Mississijjpi to Korth Carolina and New Jersey.
Tropical America.
Trypethelium scoria Y*-(^.
On harks. Mobile County. Conecuh County (Beaumont). In damp woods.
Louisianian area. Mississippi to North Carolina.
Trypethelium catervarium (Fee.) Tuck.
Harks. Con(!cuh County (Beaumont).
Trypethelium scorites (Tuck.) Nyl.
On liornhiam and Ih-x. Mobile County. Conecuh County (Beaumont). Lee
County, Auburn (Baker i\- Earle). Endemic.
Loiiisiauian and Carolinian areas. To N'oith Carolina.
Trypethelium exocanthum 'I'uck.
On barks. Conecuh County ( Heanmont).
Louisianian area. Louisiana to western Florida.
Trypethelium virens Tuck.
Conecuh County (Beaumont).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. To South Carolina. Virginia, Ohio, and New
England.
Tryphthelium mastoideum Ach.
On bark. Mobile County, Citronelle (Baker).
Louisianian area.
STAUROTHELE Norm.
Staurothele petersii Tuck.
Peters coll. No. 1.
On rocks. Lawrence County, Campbell's Ga]) (Peters). Endemit;.
Staurothele diffractella (Nyl.) Tuck.
Mountain region. On limestone rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Caroliuian and Alleghenian areas. North to New Jersey and New England.
LICHENS. 269
SEGE STRIA Fr,
Segestria nucula Fr.
On barks. Southern Alabama {Beaumont).
Louisianian area. South Carolina.
Tribe ENDOOARPEAE.
ENDOCARPON Hedw.
Endocarpon miniatuni (L.) Scliaer.
Mountain region. On limestone rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. North to New England and Canada. Phirope.
Endocarpon miniatum aquaticum Schaer. E. fiuviatile DC.
Mountain region, damp rocks, low banks of brooks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. North to North Carolina, New Jersey, New
England. Europe.
Endocarpon miniatum muhlenbergii Ach.
Mountain region. Winston County (Peters).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Mountains of Mexico, Pennsylvania.
Endocarpon arboreum Schw. E. tuckermanii Mont.
Mountain region. Lawrence County (Peters).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. South Carolina to New England.
Family CALICIACEAE.
Tribe CALICIEAE.
CALICIUM Pers.
Calicium melanophaeum (Pers.) Ach.
On dead wood of red cedar. Mountain region. Lawrence County^ Moulton
(Peters).
Europe.
Calicium albonigrum Nyl
On dead wood. Conecuh County (Beaumont).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Texas, New York, Massachusetts, California.
Family GRAPHIDACEAE.
Tribe ARTHOXIEAE.
ARTHONIA Ach.
Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr.
On various barks, Tennessee Valley. Lawrence County (Peters).
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Texas, Louisiana to South Carolina, western
New York, Europe.
Arthonia rubella (F<^e) Nyl.
On barks. Conecuh County (7?eaMmow<)- Mobile County.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Texas to South Carolina. Europe.
Arthonia taediosa Nyl.
On Ilex and wax myrtle. Mobile County. Conecuh County (Beaumont).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. South Carolina, Massachusetts.
Arthonia spectabilis Flot.
Mountain region, on various barks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian to Alleghenian area. Virginia to New England and Ohio. Europe.
Arthonia complanata Foe.
Tennessee Valley. On barks, Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian area. South Carolina. South America.
270 PLANT LIFK cF ALABAMA.
Tribe (; L V I'l 1 1 1 HCA i:.
GLYPHIS A<h.
Glyphis achariaiia Tuck.
On harks, in Hwainps. Mobile (Onuty, lri'(|iiciit. J.awrenco (Oiiiity, Mfniltoii
{I't-tem).
l^ouiHiaiiiaii and (.'aiolini iii areas. Texas to Florida, North Carolina. South
America, lira/.il.
CHIODECTON Ach.
Chiodectoii rubrocinctum (Klirh.) Xyl.
In lianiniotks on live oaks aiul .Majinolia. Mobile County. rrii|ueut.
Louisianiau ana, Mississipjii to Florida. .South America.
Chiodectoii moutagnei Tuck. C. lacteum Mout.
On liv^^ oaks. Mobile County.
Louisianiau area. Cuba.
Tribe OPEGK AP 1 1 1<: AE.
GRAPHIS Ach.
Graphis soripta Ach.
On bark. Common everywhere.
Louisianiau to AUeghenian area. TbroMiibout the I'astern States ami Cauaila.
Europe.
Graphis dendritica Ach.
On barks over the State. Mobile County, Coneculi County {Beaumont). Law-
rence County {J'etcrH).
Louisianiau to Allegheniau area. Texas and Louisiana to Florida and South
Carolina and along the coast to New England. Tropical America.
Graphis scalpturata Ach.
Barks. Conecuh County {Ileaumoni).
Louisianiau and Carolinian areas. Louisiana, New .Icrsey. Tropical Anu^ica.
Graphis solecites Tuck.
Bark. Conecuh County {Beaumont). I>ndemicf
Graphis striatula (Ach.) Nyl.
On barks. Mobile County {Mohr); Citronelle {/laker),
Louisianiau area. South Carolina. Tropical America.
Graphis elegans (Sm.) Ach.
On bark. Conecuh County {Ilcaumoiit).
Louisianiau and Carolinian areas. Texas, Louisiana to Florida, New .Jersey.
Cuba. Europe.
Graphis afzelii Ach.
On various barks; frequent in i)ine-baiTeu swamps. Mobile County.
Louisianiau area. Texas to Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina.
Graphis beaumoiitii Tuck, fl.babinijlotiii Mout. ,Tuc\i. Not Nyl.
Conecuh County {Hedumonf). K'are.
Louisianiau area. South Carolina.
Graphis nitida (Mont. & Till.) Nyl.
On barks. Conecuh County {JUaumont).
Louisianiau area. South Carolina.
OPEGRAPHA Ilumb.
Opegrapha cribiilodes Tnck.
On bark. Mobile County, common; Citronelle {Baker ij- Earle). Conecuh County
{Beaumont).
Louisianiau area. Southern 'i'exas.
LICHENS. 271
Opegrapha vulgata (Acli.) Nyl.
Barks tlirouglioiit the State.
Louisiauian to Alleghenian area. North to Canada. P^urope.
Opegrapha varia (Pers.) Fr.
On barks. Over the State, common.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. North to Canada. Enrope.
Family LECIDEACEAE.
Tribe LECIDEAE.
RHIZOCARPON Stitz.
Rhizocarpon coUudens (Fr.) Nyl. Lecidea myrini Fr.
On rocks. Lee County, Auburn {Baker 4'- Earle).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. New Jersey, Ohio, New England.
Rhizocarpon subconcentricum Fr.
On rocks. Lee County, Auburn (Baker 4- Earle).
Carolinian area.
BUELLIA De Not.
Buellia parasema (Ach.) Th. Fries.
Barks. Throughout Mobile County, common.
Cosmopolitan from tropical to Arctic zones. Europe.
Buellia subdisciformis Lightf.
On bark. Mobile County, Citronelle (Baker).
Louisianian area.
Buellia disciformis Fr.
On barks. Mobile County, Citronelle (Baker).
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Ohio. Enrope.
Buellia spuria Schaer. Buellia htcfca Tuck.
Mobile County, Citronelle (Baker).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Georgia and Tennessee to New England.
Buellia subpostumum Nyl.
On barks. Mobile County, Citronelle (Baker).
LECIDEA Ach.
Lecidea mamillaria Tuck.
Mountain region. Winston County (Peiers).
Lecidea tessellina Tuck.
Winston County (Peters).
Lecidea contigua Fr.
On rocks. Winston County (Peiers).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. New Jersey, New England, Canada. Europe.
Lecidea enteroleuca Fr.
Lee County, Auburn (Baker <f- EarTe). Mobile County.
Louisianian, Carolinian, and Alleghenian areas. New Jersey, Maine, Canada.
Europe.
HETEROTHECIUM Flot.
Heterothecium. tuberoulosum (F^e) Flot.
Conecuh County (Beaumont, Tuck. Gen. 75).
Western Europe.
Heterothecium pachycheiliim Tuck.
Conecuh County (Beaumont).
Louisiauian area. Louisiana to South Carolina. Cuba. South America.
2't2 VI. ANT T,IFK (»K ALABAMA.
Heterotheciiim domingense (IVrH. ) Flot.
On liaikrt of livi> oak. Moliilo County, not liui'.
Lonisianian area. LouiHi.ana to South Carolina. Cuba.
Heterothecium leucoxanthum ( Sjjh'iij;.) Mass.
On liarUs of oaks. Mobilo County; fn'(|U('nt. TfuncHsec \ alli y. I.awrcnco
County 1 /'<•/(»•«).
Lonisianian to Alli'Klu'nian area. Texas to Florida, alonj,' tlm roast to North (;.ir-
olina; Histrittof Columbia, Mainn (Mount Desert), Ohio.
Heterothecium conspersum (I't'e) Flot.
Conecuh County {Heanmoni).
Lonisianian area. Cuba, troi>iral Aiutrica.
BIATORA I'r.
Biatora russellii Tuck.
Ou limestone rocks. Lawrence County {['etem). Lee County, Auburn (Hakrr^i-
Earle).
Carolinian area. North to New .Jersey and Ohio.
Biatora rufonigra Tuck.
On rocks. Tennessee Valley. Lawrence County (Peiera).
Carolinian to Allejjrheuian area. New Jersey, Ohio, Maine.
Biatora petri Tuck.
Kocks. Lawrence County, Moullon {Peters).
Biatora parvifolia (Pers.)Tuck.
Ou Magnolia with Cliiodecton ruhricinctiim. Mobile County.
Louisianian to Alleiiheuian area. Maine (Mount Desert). Cuba.
Biatora suffusa I'r.
Mol)ile County, Citroneile {Haker).
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Ohio, New .lersey.
Biatora russula (Ach.) Mont.
On barks. Mobile County, Citroneile ( lUtker).
Louisianian to Alh'gheniau area. North to Ohio and New .Tor.sey ; New l.nnland
(Mount Desert, Maine).
Biatora cyrtella (Ach.) Tuck.
Barks. Mobile County. Citroneile (Paher).
Louisianian to Allegheniau area. New England (White Mountains). Europe.
Biatora viridescens (Scbrad.) Fr.
Barks. Mobile.
Louisianian to Allegheniau area. New Jersey, New England. Europe.
Biatora atropurpurea (Mass.) Hepp.
On bark. Conecuh County {Beaumont).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. New York, New England. California. r.uro]ie.
Biatora hypomela Nyl.
Rotten bark, old trees. Mobile County.
Louisianian area.
Fia+^ora Tariaiis (Ach.) Tuck.
v)n barks. Mobile County.
Louisianian to Allegheniau area. New Jersey to Ohio, New England (Mount
Desert).
Biatora fuscorubella (Hoffm.) Tuck. i
Lawrence County {Peters).
Carolinian area. Ohio. Europe.
BAEOMYCES V^..,.
Baeomyces roseus I'er-;.
Ou sandy earth over the State, counuon.
Louisianian to AUeghenian area. Eastern Kniteil States, Canada. Europe.
Baeomyces absolutus Tuck.
r>n bare sandy ground. Lawrence County, Moulton {PeteiK).
Caroliniau area. North Carolina. Cuba, Venezuela.
LICHENS. 273
Tribe COENOGONIEAE.
COENOGONIUM Ehreiil).
Coenogonium interpositum Xyl.
. lu damp woods, on trunk and roots of live oak. Mobile County, abundant.
Louisianian area. Florida, Cuba.
Tribe CLADONIEAE.
CLADONIA Hoffm.
Cladonia symphycarpa epiphylla (Ach.) Nyl.
On earth. Winston County (Peters).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Texas to South Carolina, north to New York
Ohio, Illinois, AVisconsin, New England (Maine). Europe.
Cladoiiia mitrula Tuck.
On sandy earth. Mobile County. Henry County (Baker <f- Earle). Lawrence
County (Peters).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Texas, Louisiana, ' lid.i to North Carolina
New Jersey, New England. Cuba, Mexico.
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr.
On rotten wood, stumps. Mobile and Winston counties.
Louisianian area to Boreal region. Over the Eastern United States to Minnesota;
Colorado, Canada. Europe.
Cladonia fimbriata tubaeformis Fr.
Woods, on rotten wood, and on the earth. Over the State.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. ^Mississippi to South Carolina, New Jersey,
Ohio, New Mexico, California. Cuba, Europe.
Cladonia gracilis verticUlata Fr.
On decayed stumps. Mobile County. Lawrence County (Peters). Pekalb
County (Mohr).
Louisianian to Alleghetiian area. Louisiana to Florida, South Carolina north to
New England.
Cladonia santensis Tuck.
On earth. Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian area. Texas to South Carolina.
Cladonia santensis beaumontii Tuck.
Conecuh County (Beaumont).
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. North to North Carolina.
Cladonia squamosa Hoffm.
Mossy earth. Lawrence County (Peters).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Louisiana, South Carolina, Tennessee, Ohio, New
Jersey, New England, Canada, British Columbia. Europe.
Cladonia delicata (Ehrh.) Floerk.
Decaying logs. Lawrence County (Peters).
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Louisiana, South Carolina, Ohio, New Jersey.
Europe.
Cladonia caespiticia (Pers.) Floerk.
Sandstone rocks. W^inston County (Peters).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. South Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio, New Eng-
land, Canada. Europe.
Cladonia furcata racemosa Floerk.
Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Virginia, New Jersey, Ohio, New England,
Canada. Europe.
Cladonia furcata pungens Fr.
On rocks. W^inston County (Peters).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Florida to New England. Minnesota. Cuba.
15894- IS
1' ( 4 I'l.AN'r I.IKK <•!•• Al.AMAMA.
Cladonia langiferina (L. ) lIoDin.
l,:i\\ rciKO (oiiiily i I'eltTH).
I .oiiisiaiii.'iii ai't-a lo Arcti<' /(inc. ( iiNiiDipnlitaii.
Cladoiiia rangiferina sylvatica I,.
Stt'iilo tarth. Klowiili County, (^adsdi ii.
I, oiii.siaiiian iiroa to Arctic zone. I'lorifla lo Canada. I'.nropo.
Cladonia rangiferiua alpestris (L.j l"r. ' . ruu<iij'ciiun minor Miclix.?
Stirilt' ])inc-l<anen rid^xcs. Mobile.
l.ouiHianian to Alk'glieuiaii area. I'lorida loNcw .liMscy, Nt!\v l^n^l.md, jMiniidsota,
Canada. Kurope.
Cladonia uncialis (L.) Fr.
Mountain rej^ion. On rotten .stnnipH and on the ciartli. Winston < onnt.N (I'llerH).
Carolinian area to Arctic /one. Soutli Carolina to New England; (Canada. Kurojie.
Cladonia uncialis caroliniana TmU.
Mountainous woods. Lawrence ('ouiity (J'eter»).
Carolinian area. (Jeorgia, Tennessee.
Cladonia corniicopioides (L.) Fr.
On sterile soil. Cullman County.
Carolinian area to Arctic zone. Georgia an<l Norili (Carolina, through the Middle
and .Northern .States to Canada, British Colunihi.i, and Oregon.
Cladonia pulchella Schw.
Swamps, on decayed wood and trunks. Mobile County, Ireiiuent.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Texas to Florida; Georgia and South Carolina
to New England (Mount Hesert, Maine).
Cladonia cristatella Tuck.
Damp woods, rotten logs. Henry County, Abbeville (Baker 4' Earlc). Lawrence
County (Peters).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Texas, Georgia, South Carolina, North (!arolina
to Pennsylvania, New .Jersey, New England (Mount Desert), Ohio to Minnesota.
Cladonia leporina I'r.
Arid sterile soil. Mobih; County, lower pine barrens.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Texas to Florida, along the coast to New
Jersey.
Family PARMELIACEAE.
Tribe LECANOREAE.
GYROSTOMUM Fr.
Gyrostonium scyphuliferuni (Ach.; Fr.
On liarks of various trees in ]>ine-barren swamps. Mobile (.Joiinty. not rare.
Louisianian area. Texas to Florida.
THELOTREMA Ach.
Thelotrema subtile Tuck.
On barks. Mobile County. Conecuh County (Beaumont).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Texiis to Georgia, north to New Jersey and
New England.
Thelotrema domiugense (Fc-e) Tuck.
Louisianian area. Louisiana to Georgia.
Thelotrema interpositum (Nyl.) Tuck.
On bark of Maqnolia virniniana. Mobile (!oiinty.
Louisianian area. West to Texas.
Thelotrema santense Tuck.
On bark. Conecuh County (lleanmont).
Louisianian area. Louisiana to South Carolina.
LICHENS. 275
Thelotrenia glaucesceiis Nyl.
On barks. Conecuh County {Beaumont).
Louisianian area. Louisiana to Florida, South Carolina. Cnba.
Thelotrema ravenelii (.Tuck.) Nyl.
On trunks. Tennessee ^'alley. Lawrence County, Moulton {Peters). Conecuh
County ( Jleaumont).
Louisianian area. South Carolina.
GYALECTA Ach.
Gyalecta lutea (Dicks.) Tuck.
On bark. Mobile County. Conecuh County {Beaumont).
Louisianian to Allegheuiau area. Florida. New Jersey to New England, Ontario
west to Illinois and Minnesota. Europe.
Gyalecta cupularis (Hedw.) Tuck.
On limestone rocks. Lawrence County {Peters).
Carolinian and Allegheuian areas. Peuusylvania, New York, Vermont. Europe.
PERTUSARIA DC.
Pertusaria velata (Turn.) Nyl.
Throughout the State, on trunks.
Louisianian to AUeghenian area. North to Canada.
Pertusaria multipuncta (Acli.) Th. Fries.
On bark. Mobile County, common.
Louisianian to AUeghenian area. Texas to Florida and throughout to Canada;
California, Oregon.
Pertusaria communis DC.
On bark and trunks, over the State.
Louisianian to AUeghenian area. Texas to Florida and north to Canada. Europe.
Pertusaria leioplaca (Ach.) Schaer.
On trees over the State.
Louisianian to AUeghenian area. Texas to Florida, north to Canada. P^urope.
Pertusaria pustulata (Ach.) Nyl.
On barks. Mobile County. Lee County, Auburn {Baker tf- Earle).
Louisianian to AUeghenian area. Texas to Florida, north to New England.
South America, Europe.
Pertusaria wulfenii DC.
On trees. Mobile County.
Louisianian to AUeghenian area. Florida to New Jersey, New England. Europe.
Pertusaria globularis Ach.
Mossy rocks. Lawrence County {Peters).
Carolinian and AUeghenian areas. Pennsylvania, Arkansas.
RINODINA Ach.
Riuodina flavonigella Tuck.
Rotten wood. Mobile County.
Louisianian area. Georgia, Floritla.
Rinodina thomae Tuck.
Mountain region, on rocks. Leo County, Auburn {Baker <f- ?Jarle). Winston
County {Peters), on sandstone.
Riuodina constans (Nyl.) Tuck.
On trees and dead wood. Lawn^nce County {Peters).
Carolinian and AUeghenian areas. South Carolina to New .Jersey, New England,
Canada.
27('> I'LANT I.I IK tiK AI.Ar.AMA.
LECANORA Acli.
Lecauora rubina ( N'ill. ) Acli.
Mmintaiii loj^ioii, siiiulstoiui rock. AVinHton C'ounty (Prtrrs).
t'.iroliniaii and Alloj^hi'iiiau areas. :iii<l IJoiM-al rc;ji<)n. Ni>rtli U> N<'\v .lnrHo.v ;iimI
New Kuglainl, I'rom Texas to Kansas ami Miuiicsota, l^ocky Moiiiit.-iiiis to ('iilir«>niia,
Oicjion.
Lecauoia luuralis (Schreli.) Scliacr.
lvi>cks. Winston Comity ( I'ciern).
Carolinian aud Allojuln^nian areas. North to Nt-w .IcMscy, New llnt^lano, MiniicMotii,
and Cauada. Knropo.
Lecaiiora privigna (Ach.) Nyl.
On r<»(k8. Ijawrence County (Pelerx).
Carolinian and Allegheuian are:is. Tenne.s8e«, New lln^daiid (Monnt l>escrt),
Canada. Europe.
Lecauora pallida (Schrob.) Shaer. L. albeUa unvt.
Trees and dcail wood. Mobile County, Citronelle {Jlalcr .f- J'arli) ; common.
Louisianian to Alle<j;henian area and Honal region. I'lorid.-i to New lOni^land
(Mount Desert; aud Cauada, west to California aud Oregon; Arctie America.
Europe.
Lecanora subfusca coilocarpa Ach.
()n dead wood and trees. Mobile County, Citronelle (]!aker); frequent.
Louisianian to Carolinian area. South Carolina to New Jersey. Europe.
Lecauora hageui Ach.
On trees. Mobile County, Citronelle (Jiahcr). Lawrence County (/'c/<t«).
Louisianian to Allegheuian area. North to \'irginia, New Jersey, New England,
and Canada.
Lecanora atra (Huds.) Ach.
Rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Louisianian area to Boreal region. Texas to I'lorida and the Carolinas, New Jer-
sey, Calilbrnia. Europe.
Lecauora puuicea Ach.
Old rails. Mobile County, frequent. North Alabama (Peters).
Louisianian aud Carolinian areas. Texas aud New Mexico to South Carolina;
New Jersey (Eckfeld).
Lecauora varia (Ehrh.) Nyl.
On trees and dead wood. Mobile County. Lawrence County (Pei^nv). Over the
State.
Louisianian to Allcghenian area. Texas to Florida, thence to Canada, west to
Minnesota and Oregon. Europe.
Lecauora ciuerea (L.) Sommerf.
On rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian and Allegheuian areas to Arctic zone, New. Jersey, New England (Mount
Desert), Minnesota. Europe.
Lecauora calcarea coutorta Fr.
On limestone rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian area to Arctic zone. Kansas, Texas; Greenland. lOnrope.
Lecauora lacustris (With.) Nyl.
Kocks in damp ]daces. Lawrence County, Moultou (Peters).
Carolinian and Allegheniau areas to Arctic zone. New .Jersey, New England,
Greenland. Europe.
Lecauora xauthophaua Nyl.
Ferrugiuons sandstone ledges. Mobile Couiity, Lang<lon8 Station.
Louisianian to Allegheuian area. West Texas, Arkansas, Kansas, and Missouri,
east to South Carolina and New .Jersey; Canada to the Kocky Mountains, Oregon,
California. South America, Andes of Chile, Bolivia.
LICHENS. 277
PLACODIUM Ach.
Placodium aurantiacum (Lightf.) Naeg. & Hepp.
On limestone rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Louisianian to Alleglienian area. Texas to Georgia, north to Virginia, New Jersey,
and Xew England; Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, California. Euroiie.
Placodium cinnabarinum (Acli.) Anzi.
On rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian to AUegkenian area. North to New England' and Ohio, west to Texas,
Kansas, and California.
Placodium ferrugineum (Huds.) Hepp.
On limestone rocks. Lawrence County (Peters). Mobile County, Citr<melle (/.'aAer
<f- Enrlc), on dead wood.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area and Boreal region. Texas to North Carolina and
Virginia, Illinois, California, Alaska. Europe.
Tribe COLLEMEAE.
LEPTOGIUM Ach.
Leptogium lacerum (Sw.) Fr.
On limestone rocks, among mosses. Winston County (Peters).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Mountains of Alabama, through the Middle
States, Ohio to Maryland, Canada. Europe.
Leptogium apalachense (Tuck.) Nyl.
Limestone rocks and trunks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian area. Georgia, Missouri.
Leptogium pulchellum (Ach.) Nyl. Collema corticola Tayl. in coll. Peters.
On trees. Winston County (Peters; Mohr, 1880). Lee County, Auburn (Baker tf-
Earle).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Texas, mountains of Georgia, South Carolina;
Ohio Valley to NewEngland, Canada. South America (New Granada), South Europe.
Leptogium tremelloides (L. f.) Fr.
Trunk and roots of trees throughout the State. Mobile County. Winston County
(Peters).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. New Mexico and Texas to Florida, north to
Canada. Europe.
Leptogium marginellum (Sw^.) Mont.
On trees. Conecuh County (Beaumont).
Louisianian area. Texas to Florida. West Indies, Mexico.
Leptogium juniperinum Tuck.
On the ground, open woods. Winston County (Peters; Mohr, 1880).
Carolinian area. Tennessee, Illinois, Massachusetts.
Leptogium chloromelum (Sw.) Nyl.
Trunks. Lee County, Auburn (Baler <f- Earle). Lawrence County (Peters).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Texas to Florida, South Carolina to Virginia,
Ohio Valley, New England, Canada. Europe.
Leptogium myochroum saturninum Schaer.
Mountainous woods, trunks. Lawrence County (Peters). Lee County, Auburn
(Baker iS- Earle). Etowah County near Gadsden (Mohr).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. New Mexico to South Carolina, north to New
England.
Leptogium muscicola (Sw.) Fr.
Mountain region. On mosses. Lee County (Baker 4- Earle).
Carolinian to AHeghenian area. New England, California, liritish Columbia,
Bering Strait. Europe.
'27S PLANT LIKK oK ALABAMA.
COLLEMA W'iat;-
Collenia niyriococciim (Ach.) Am.
C'nlcart'ons rocks. l.awiiMKM- ('oimtj' (PetiTn).
Carolinian ami All(';flieniaii ( f ) an«a«. Now .Icrsny, N«}w York.
Collema pycuocarpum Nyl.
On trunks. Lawrcnco County (Pelrm).
I.oiiisianian to Alic^ilieiiian area. Florida lo Smilli (Jar<iliii.i, Ohio, TiMnifSHee,
Illinois, Arkansas, New l^njjjland to Canada.
Collema cyrtaspis Tuck.
<)n trunks. Lee County, Auburn (liakir d- Earle). Winston County (Peters).
Caroliuiau area. Nirjiiiuia, New .Jersey, I'ennsylvania, west to Illinois :ind
Arkansas.
Collema laciniatum Nyl.
Calcareous rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian area. Kansas.
Collema callibotrys Tuck.
On trees. Lee County, Auburn (Baker .f- Earle). Tennessee Valley, Moulton
(Peters).
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Texas to Florida and South Carolina.
Collema aggregatum Nyl.
On trees. Abbevillii (Baker .f- Earle).
Louisianian area. Cuba, Mexico, Soutli America.
Collema leptaleum Tuck.
On trees. Lee County, Auburn (Baker <f- Earle). Lawrence County (Peters).
Louisianian to Alleifhenian area. Texas and Louisiana to South Carolina, Vir-
f;inia, and New England. Europe.
Collema nigrescens (Iluds.) Ach.
On trunks, open woods. Mobile County, Citronelle (Baker).
Louisianian to Alle,<;heuian area. Florida to Virjijinia, rennsylvania, f)hio Valley,
Canada, Calilomia. Europe.
Collema nigrescens leioplaca Tuck.
On bark and trunks, in the open. Mobile County, frequent.
Louisianian area. Louisiana to Florida, South Carolina.
Collema texanum Tuck.
On calcareous earth. Lawrence County (Peters),
Carolinian area. Texas (Rio Grande).
Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach.
Mossy limestone rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian and AUeghenian areas. New Jersey to New England, Missouri.
Collema pustulatum Ach.
Limestone rocks. Lawrence (jounty (Peters).
Carolinian area. Pennsylvania.
OMP HAL ARIA Dur. A Mont.
Omphalaria symphorea (DC.) Tuck.
Limestone rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian area. Europe.
Omphalaria girardi Dur. A Mont.
Calcareous rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Omphalaria umbella Tuck.
Limestone rocks. Lawrence (Jounty (Peters).
LICHENS. 279
PYRENOPSIS Nyl.
Pyrenopsis schaereri (Mass.) Nyl.
Calcareous rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian area. New Jersey, New York, Illinois. Europe.
Pyrenopsis nielambola Tuck.
Calcareous rocks. Lawrence County.
Carolinian area.
EPHEBE Fr.
Ephebe pubescens Fr.
Mountain region. Sandstone rock, l>eds and lianks of biooks. Winston County
{Pelers). Cullman County (Alohr).
Carolinian and Allegheuian areas to Boreal region. North to New Jersey, New
England, Canada, Greenland. Europe.
Ephebe solida Born. Ejihehe lesqvereaxH Born.
Damp rocks. Marshall County {Lesquereux).
Carolinian and Allegheniau areas. New Enslaud.
Tribe PANNARIEAE.
PANNARIA Delis.
Panuaria pannosa (Sw.) Delis.
On trees. Mobile County.
Louisianian area. Louisiana, South Carolina. Cuba, South America.
Paunaria nigrocincta Nyl.
On dead trees. Mobile County, Springhill.
Louisianian area. Cuba. South America.
Pannaria rubiginosa (Thunb.) Delis,
Cn rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
Louisianian to Allegheniau area. Texas to South Carolina; Ohio, Oregon, Cali
fornia. Europe.
Pannaria leucosticta Tuck.
On trees. Mobile Cotmty, frequent. Lawrence County (Peters).
Louisianian to Allegheniau area. Louisiana to Florida, Georgia, New Jersey, and
New Englaud.
Pannaria tryptophylla (Ach.) Mass.
On trunks. Moliile County. On sandstone. Lawrence County (/'etos), common.
Louisianian to Alleglienian area. Louisiana, South Carolina, New Jersey to New
England. Europe.
Pannaria crossophylla Tuck.
On rocks. Lawreme County (Peters).
Carolinian to Allegheniau area. Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont.
Pannaria molybdaea (Pers.) Tuck.
Mobile County, Springhill, dead trees. Conecuh County [Heamnotii).
Louisianian to Allegheniau area. Texas to Florida, Soutli Carolina, New .Jersey,
Pennsyl\ania, wcsti-ru New York. Cuba, South America.
Pannaria molybdaea cronia Nyl.
On rocks. Lawrence County (Peters).
LouisianiaTi to Allegheniau are.t. Texas aud Louisiana to Virginia, New Jersey;
New England (Tuckerman).
Pannaria stellata (Tuck.) Nyl.
On trees. Alabama, ex herlt. ( Willefi).
Louisianian area. Florida, South Carolina.
2S() I'l.ANl' l.Il'K •»!•' AI-AI5A.MA.
Paiinaiia stenopbylla 'I'lu'k.
('iili-.irtons rocks. Lawicucc Coiiiify ( I'eli-rx).
Paiuiaiia petersii Tmk.
Calc.ireourt rocks. LawrcMico ('oimty (I'eUrH).
Carolinian aroa. New York ( fl'ilhii).
Pannaria nigra (Hnds.) Nyl.
{'alcarcons rocks. La\vrcnc«i ('onnty ( I'llirx).
Caroliuiun and Ailcghcnian areuH. Now ,l<'rs< y ami Illinois to New Kniilain! and
Canada. Europe.
PHYSMA Mass.
Physma luridum (Mont.) Tuck. I'armelia riisseUii Tuck, in I'etors coll. No. 17.
On hickory trunks. Lawrence County ( I'rters).
Lonisianian to Aliefjlicnian area. South Carolina, Virginia, New .lerHcy, New
Eu^land, west to Missouri. .Ia))an and trojiiial countries.
HEPPIA Naeg.
Heppia despreauxii (Mont.) Tuck.
On limestone rocks covered with soil. Lawrence County (Petrrs).
Lonisianian and Alleghenian areas. Texas to Florida, North Carolina, New Jersey,
New England, Ohio Valley. Canary Islands.
Tribe PELTKiEREAK.
PEIiTIGERA Willd.
Peltigera canina (L. IlofVni.
On mossy earth. Mobile County, Citronelle (/><(Ae»). I^ee County, Auburn. De-
kalb County ( Mohr).
Lonisianian area to Boreal region. Over the United States; Canada, Hritish
Columbia. Europe.
Peltigera polydactyla (Neck.) Iloft'm.
In woods on mossy earth and trunks. Mobile County. Henry County ( ISaker t^-
Earh). Etowah County. Winston County (Mohr).
Lonisianian to Alleghenian area. Louisiana to South C:»r<diiui, Northern States to
Canada, Kocky Mountains, British Columbia. Mexico.
NEPHROMIUM A< h.
Nephromium helveticum Ach.
Mountain region. On trees. Winston County (refers).
Lonisianian area to lioreal iiigion. Louisiana, South Carolina, New Lngland,
Canada, Arctic America, Oregon, California. Euro])e.
STICTA Schreb.
Sticta amplissima (Scop.) Mass.
On trees. Winston County (Mohr).
Carolinian area to Arctic zone. Along the mountains to North Carolina ; Penn-
sylvania, New England, Canada, Arctic America. Europe.
Sticta erosa (Eschw.) Tuck. Sticta rarenelii in coll. Peters.
Trunks and rocks. Lee County, Auburn (Baker ^^- Earle). WMnston County
(I'eiers).
Lonisianian and Carolinian areas. Georgia, Florida, South Carolina. Cuba,
Brazil.
Sticta aurata (Sm.) Ach.
On mossy trunks and old trees, live oak hammocks. Mobile County, common;
fertile.
Lonisianian and Carolinian areas. Louisian.a to I'lorida, along the coast to South-
ern Massachusetts; Pennsylvania, Ohio.
LICHENS. 281
Sticta quercizans (Michx.) Ach.
On tniuks. Over the State.
Lomsiauiau to Alleghenian area. Texas to Florida, north to New Jersey and
Ohio; Oregon. Mexico.
Sticta sylvatica (L.) Ach.
On mossy gronnd. Lee County, Auburn {Baker cf- Earle).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Along the mountains to North Carolina; New
Jersey, New England (Mount Desert), Canada. Europe.
Sticta crocata (L.) Ach.
Among mosses. Lee County, Auburn {Baker if Earle).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Mountains of North Carolina to New England.
Tribe UMBILICARIEAE.
UMBILICARIA Hoffm.
TJmbilicaria pustulata papulosa Tuck.
On bare sandstone olilfs. Highest ranges. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain,
near jNleutoue, 1,800 to 2,000 feet. Talladega County, summit of Cliehawhaw
Mountain, 2,200 feet.
Caroliniau and Alleghenian areas. Mountains of North Carolina.
Tribe PARMELIBAE.
PYXINE Fr.
Pyxine picta (Sw.) Tuck.
On trunks in the open. Mobile County, Iroquent; Citronelle {Baker cf- Earle).
Loiiisiauian area. Texas to Georgia, South Carolina. Cuba.
Pyxine sorediata Fr.
On trees. Mobile Connty. Lawrence County, on rocks ( Peters).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Texas to Florida, north to Pennsylvania; New
England, west to the Kocky Mountains. Eastern Asia, Himalayas, East Indies.
PHYSCIA Schreb.
Physcia speciosa Fr.
On trunks. Mobile County. Conecuh County {Beaumont).
Louisianian to Alleglieuian area. New England west to Wisconsin. Europe.
Physcia hypoleuca (Mnhl.) Tuck.
On trunks. Mobile County.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. New Mexico and Texas, througliout the (Uilf
and Atlantic States.
Physcia comosa (Eschw.) Nyl. P. speciosa galactophf/lla (Willd.) Tuck.
On branches of shrubs and trees. Mobile Connty, rare.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Gulf and lower Atlantic States, Pennsylvania,
Illinois, Mexico.
Physcia crispa (Pers.) Nyl. I'armelia domingensis Mont.
On trees. Mobile County.
Louisianian area. Texas to South Carolina. West Indies, Mexico.
Physcia asteroidea (Fr. ) Nyl.
On trees. Lawrence County, Moulton {Peters).
Louisianian and Caroliniau areas. Texas to South Carolina, north to New England.
Europe.
Physcia stellaris (L.) Tuck.
On trees, rocks, and dead wood. Mobile County. Lawrence County (Peters).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area and Boreal region. Throughout the Atlantic
States to New England, Canada, and Arctic America. Europe.
Physcia obscura endochrysea Nyl.
On rocks. I^awrence County {Peters).
Louisianian to Carolinian area. Texas to Georgia.
282 I'LANT MKK <'F AI.AIIWIA.
Physcia adglutinata (Kloeik.) Nyl.
On tret-H. I.;i\\ romo Coiiiity ( I'rttTn).
l.oiiisiaiii.iM ti> All«';,'honi;iii area. Toxjih to \V<>Ht Florifla ( Hranmout).
.Sinith ( aniliiia nortli to Ntw Knf,'lan(l, IlliiMiiH, WiHcoiiHin.
PARMBLIA Adi.
Parmelia perfoliata (.Iac<|.) Ach.
On trnnks, wood, and roiks. Ovnr tli«> Stato, connnoii.
Loiiisianiau to Alltf^lu-nian area. Tliroufxliout tlio Atlantic Statrs 1i> ('aiiail:i.
Mi'xico. Kurojio.
Parmelia perlata (K.) Ach.
Monntainons woods, on tn'os. Winstr)n Connty (J'etrrs).
Ktowah County, (Jadsdcn.
Carolinian and AllefiluMiian areas. Alon;^ llio mountains 1o Ohio, IVnusylvania,
New .Jersey, New Knyhmd, ami Canada, ilfxiro, Euro)te.
Parmelia crinita Ach.
Trunks. Lee County, Auburn (Jtaker 4' Earle).
Carolinian to Alleiihenian area. Texas to South ( arolina, north to New Jersey and
New Knyland. Cuba, Brazil.
Parmelia laevigata (Sm.) Nyl.
On trees. Mobile County.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Louisiana, New .Jersey, New England, Canada.
Mexico, Europe.
Parmelia aurulenta Tuck.
O71 rocks and trees. Lawrence County, on sandstone rocks {I'elera). Conecuh
County {Hcaiirnont).
Ijouisianian to Alleghenian .area. Louisiana, South Carolina, New England.
Parmelia tiliacea (Hoflni.) Floerk.
On dead trees. Mobile County. Lee County, Auburn ( Jiakcr .(■ Earle).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Throughout the Atlantic States to Canada.
Europe.
Parmelia borreri Turn.
Ou trees and dead wood. Lee County, Auburn (Baker .f- Earle).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Texas to South Carolina, and the Northern
States to Canada. Euroi»e.
Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Fr.
On trees and dead trnnks. Mobile County, Spriughill. Lee Connty, Auburn
(Baker cV' Earle).
Louisianian area to Boreal region. New Mexico, common, northward to Canada
and west to the Rocky Mountains; British Columbia, Arctic America. Europe.
Parmelia colpodes (Ach.) Nyl.
Ou trees. Lee County, Aubnrn (Baker <f- Earle).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Louisiana to North Carolina and New England,
Minnesota.
Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh.) Nyl.
Ou trees. Lee County, Auburn (Baker iS' Earle).
Candinian area and Boreal region. Texas to South Carolina, north to New Eng-
land, Minnesota, and Canada; Rocky Mountains, British Columbia, Arctic America.
THELOSCHISTES Norm.
Theloschistes polycarpus (Ehrh.) Turn.
Mountains, dead wood and ti'ees. Winston County (Peters).
Carolinian and Alleglieni.in areas. New .Jersey, Ohio, Minnesota, Maine, Canada
to the IJocky Mountains, California, British Columbia. Euroi)e.
Theloschistes chrysophthalmus flavicans Wallr. Evernla Jlariran-s Vt. PhyHcAa
Jlavicaxs Nyl.
On limbs of trees .ind shrubs. Mobile County, fre(|uent.
Louisianian area. Texas to Florida and South Carolina, California. Mexico
LICHENS. 283
Tribe USNEAE.
USNEA Adiins.
Usnea barbata (L.) Fr.
Oil trees auU dead wood; common tln'oiighout.
Louisianian area to Boreal region. From the Gulf to Arctic America. Eurojie.
Usnea barbata florida Fr.
Dry open woods. Common over the State.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. From the Gulf to Canada.
Usnea barbata rubiginea Michx.
On trees. Mobile County and over the State.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. East United States to Canada. Europe.
Usnea barbata dasypogon Fr.
On trees. Open woods in the mountains. Winston County {Peters).
Carolinian to Alleghenian area. North to Canada.
Usnea trichodea Ach.
On trees. Mountain region. Cullman County.
Carolinian to Alleghenian area. North to New England and Nova Scotia.
CETRARIA Ach.
Cetraria fendleri Tuck.
On old trees. Mobile County. Lawrence County {Peters).
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. South Carolina, New Jersey, and Maryland,
west to Colorado.
Cetraria aurescens Tuck.
On trees. Lawrence County (Peters).
Carolinian and AUegheuiau areas. New Jersey, New England.
RAMALINA Ach.
Ramalina rigida (Pers.) Ach.
On old trees. Mobile County.
Ijouisianian and Carolinian areas. Texas, Louisiana to Florida, and along the
coast to New Jersey and New England. Mexico.
Ramalina laevigata Fr.
On trees. Mobile County, not rare.
Louisianian area. Texas, New Mexico, Soutli Carolina. Mexico.
Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr.
Old sickh' trees. Mobile County, frecjuent.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Throughout the Eastern United States, Canada.
Europe.
Ramalina calicaris caualiculata Fr.
Trees. Mobile County.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Mexico.
284 PLANT MKK oK ALABAMA.
(icoiirnjihicdl und ifitloiiival itinlrihiilidii i>/ the Vnhenit <»/ Alahama.
K:miilv.
Verrucariaceae
Califiacoat!
(iraiiliidaceae..
Lecidcaci-at"..
Pamjfliacoao
Clamber.
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
Wllolr iiuinix
Siiullioni.
Tribe or Hiibfaiiiily.
Vernicaricao .
KnilocarpcMo .
Caliciciic
ArtlioiiiiMc . . .
(ilyjjliidi'ac . ..
()j)egraj>lK-ac .
Lecideae
Coeiiogonioae .
Cladonieae
Lecanoreae . . .
C<dleiiieae —
]'aniiari<-a(i ...
I'fhiiCi ruac ...
riiibjlicarieao
I'arraelieao ...
Usueae
3
3 1
12
12
30
30
1
1
12
9
21
33
2
35
26
2
28
13
1
14
9
9
i
1
20
2
22
7
4
11
58 S
5.5
S H
'3£
26 10
4 '....
2
6
7
1
1
6
3
3
Iforthern.
Western.
Conti- ! Pa-
neutal. cific
Faniilv.
Num-
ber.
Tribe or
subfamily.
Verrucariaceae
('ali<-iaocae
(;rai>hidaceae..
Le(ndiai3ean .
Pariiicliaceae . .
— ^ C
=5 _ «^
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
Verrncarieai! .
Eiidocavpeae..
Calicieao
Arthonieae . . .
Glypliidoae . . .
Opejtrapheae .
Lecideae
Coenogo:iieae .
Cladonieae
Lecanoreae .. .
Colleiiieae
Pannarieae . . .
Pelti^ereae . . .
Umbilicarieae
Parmelieae . . .
Usneae
Foreign.
Xeropbile or Mo-
sophile.
Aquatic.
9 1 1
3 ..
W P
8
... 3 12
...'15 ...
...12 I 2
1 I 6
1
1 4
.a I .2
5 'f-
^ P
17 j 5
5 '....
1 I 2
12 ....
12 j 8
.... 1
10
LIVERWORTS.
With the exception of a small number contributed by the Biolojjical
Survey of Alabama from the vicinity of Auburn ( Metamorphic hills), the
greater part of these plants known from Alabama have been collected
in ^lobile C'ounty. The northern part of the State, in regard to liver-
worts, is yet a held to be explored. Forty-eight species under 25
genera have at present come to our knowledge from this State, being
about two fifths of the species described in the sixth edition of Gray's
Manual.
DISTRIBUTION OF LIVERWORTS. 285
Considering- the proximity of our Southern region to the tropics,
where these plants attain such a high development, the small number
of forms which are held in common with tropical America, and which,
on this continent, are not found outside of warmer temperate regions,
such as Dumortiera, Reboulia, and Sphaerocarpus, is remarkable.
Most of the genera represented in greatest numbers in the cooler tem-
perate region (Alleghenian area), and more or less of a cosmopolitan
distribution, are met with in every part of the State — for example, Ric-
cia, Eicciella, Marchantia, Eiccardia, Cephalozia, Plagiochila, Porella,
Scapania, Lejeunea, Frullania, and others. There can be little doubt
that some of the genera prevailing in the jS^ortheru States and Canada,
not yet known from Alabama, will be added to our flora by a closer
search for the plants in the Mountain region.
About one-half of the species known from Alabama belong strictly
to Eastern North America; 14 species are held in common with
Europe, and 11 occur on the Pacific slope, mostly in its northern exten-
sion, all of which, with the exception of Asterella tenella, are also widely
distributed in the cooler tem^ierate zone of Europe.
Little more than one-half of the liverworts so far reported from the
State are of a decided Southern distribution. Strictly confined to the
subtropical district (Louisiauian life area) are the following:
Marchantia disjuncta, Lejeunea mohrii.
Sphaerocarpus terrestris. Lejeunea auriculata.
Fossomhroniafareolata, Frullania kunzei.
Plagiochila Indoviciana. Frullania caroliniana.
Cephalozia media ( f ). Frullania donnellii.
Phrat/midiiim xanthocarpa. Anthoceros caroliniamis.
Lejeunea anstini. Anthoceros rarenelii.
The following are confined within the warmer temperate zone (Caro-
linian life area) :
liiccialamellosa. Cephalozia virghiica.
Beboulia hemispherica. Bazzauia trilohata.
Dumortiera hirsuta. Phraginicoma cli/pcala.
Pallavicinia lyellii. Lejeunea serpiiUifolia.
Fossombronia angulosa. Frullania squarrosa.
Plafiiochila uiidata.
The species extending to the cooler temperate and frigid regions are
scattered over the State from the Gulf shore to its northern limit.
The specimens early collected by the writer were identified by the
late Mr. C. F. Austin. His collections of later years have been exam-
ined by Professor Underwood, to whom thanks are due for this, as also
for his assistance in revising the list of Hepaticae from Alabama.
I'SC) IM-ANT \A\'\: <»F A 1, AHA MA.
Subkingdom BRYOPHYTA.
Class HEPATICAE. Liverworts.
Family RICCIACEAE.
RICCIA 1-.
Riccia lutesceiis Schw.
MikMv liaiiUs, lower Alalt.iinn. .Mmiior ( 'oiiiiiy.
l.oiiiBianian to Alle^lioniaii aii-a. Louisiana, Illiiiois, Poiiiisvlvaiiia, .MimicHota,
t )iitario.
Riccia lamellosa Ivaddi.
< Ml <lainp r\])os((l banks. Mohihi Coimty, lido Austin.
hoiiisianian to AlU-glieniaii ana. New .Jersey, Canatla, ("aliloinia. Southern
Europe (Italy).
RICCIELLA IMsch.
Ricciella fluitans (L.) Hiscli.
Floatinfj in sta^inant i>ools and shaded ditches. Mobile County; March.
Louisianiau to Alleghenian area. East United States to Ontario. JOurope.
Family MARCHANTIACEAE.
REBOULIA Jiaddi.
Reboulia hemispherica (L.) Raddi.
Shady banks of streams. Lee County, Auburn (Ikiker 0' Earlc).
Carolinian area. Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania. Central Europe.
ASTERELLA Beauv.
Asterella tenella Nees.
Damp borders of fields, copses. Mobile County. Lee County, Aul)nrn (Baker <f-
Earle).
Louisianiau to Alleghenian area. Maryland, <cntral New York, Nebraska, J5riiish
Columbia (Vancouver Island).
CONOCEPHALUM Wiggers.
Couocephalum coiiicuni (L.) Dumort. Fit/atella conica Corda.
Sliadeil damp banks. March. A]tril.
Louisianiau to Alleghenian area. Louisiana to Nebraska, British Columbia, and
Alaska, i^urope.
DUMORTIERA Nees.
Duniortiera hirsuta Noes.
Shady damp rocky walls. Winston County. Not infrecjuent in theso-called rock
houses oftlie Mountain region.
Carolinian area. North to Tennsylvauia.
MARCHANTIA L.
Marchantia polymorpha L.
On dam]) ground over the State. Throughout the continent to Alaska. Enro]»e.
Cosnu)p()litan from warmer to frigid zones.
Marchantia disjuncta Sulliv.
Springy places. Monroe County. Claiborne, County, blutf of Alabama River
{SiiUiraitt, JS.'>-'?). Lee County, Auburn {Under wood). Mexico, Huatusco, 5,000 feet
altitude (Mohr).
LIVERWORTS. 287
Family METZGERIACEAE.
SPHAEROCARPUS Michx.
Sphaerocarpus terrestris Smith. ,S. micheli Bellardi.
Damp low fields. Coast retrion. Mobile, in garden, almndant.
Lonisiauiau and ( 'aroliniau areas. Along- the coast to North Carolina and southern
Virginia. Southern Europe.
METZGERIA Raddi.
Metzgeria conjugata Lindh.
On mossy trunks and logs in damp shady woods. Mobile and Winston counties.
Louisianiau to AUegheniau area. Louisiana to Florida, north to Ontario. Van-
couver Island.
PELLIA Raddi.
Pellia epiphylla (L.) Nees.
Damp banks. Lee County, Auburn (Baker .)• Earle).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Throughout the Eastern United States ; Canada.
Europe.
RICCARDIA S. F. Gray.
Riccardia latifrons Lindb.
Decaying logs. Mobile County. Lee County, Auburn {liaker .j- Earle). Not
frequent.
Louisianiau to Alleghenian area. North to Canada and Vancouver Icland. Europe.
PALLAVICINIA S. F. Gray.
Pallavicinia lyellii S. F. Gray.
Shaded wet places among mosses. Mobile County, freiiuent. Montgomery County,
November to March.
FOSSOMBRONIA Dumort.
Fossombronia angulosa Raddi.
Low sandy exposed places. Mobile County. Flat open pine barrens, frequent;
March.
Louisianiau and Alleghenian areas. South Carolina. Europe.
Fossombronia faveolata Lindb.
Mobile County, with the last.
Louisianiau area.
Family JUNGERMANNIACEAE.
PLAGIOCHILA Dumort.
Plagiochila asplenoides (L.) Dumort,
Mossy trunks in swamps. Mobile County.
Louisianiau to Alleghenian area. North to Canada; British Columljia.
Plagiochila ludoviciana Sulliv.
On trees. In swampy hammocks, infrequent {Sullivant, Alohr).
Louisianiau area. Louisiana.
Plagiochila undata Sulliv.
Wet rocks. Etowah County, lUack Creek Falls near CJadsdeu, July, 1880.
Carolinian area. Georgia.
CEPHALOZIA Dumort
Cephalozia virginiana Spruce. C. caienulata auct. Not Huebner.
Mossy trunks, decayed logs. Mobile County, swampy hammocks. Lee Countj',
Aubiiru {liaker <)■ Earle).
Louisianiau and Alleghenian areas. Louisiana and Florida to Virginia.
Cephalozia media Lindb.
Mobile County with the last, lide Austin, 1876,
ii8<S ri.AN'l" MKK OK A I, A ISA MA.
ODONTOSCHISMA Ihimioh.
Odontoschisma sphagni Ouinorl.
Iteciiviii^ Ions ainon^j mosses. Mol)il<> County, (■oiiiiiiuii.
Loiiisiauiiui to AllegUeuiaii ;in>ii. I.onisiaiKi, I'loiida to 'rciiiMssiM-, ami Illinois;
Ontario. Kurope.
Odontoschisma denudata l.indb.
Mobile with the la.st.
Luuisianiau to Alleghenian an a. Ohio to Canada. Knroj)(!.
BAZZANIA S. 1". (iray. Ma-stihoishyum N'ees.
Bazzania tiilobata iL.j S. V. (Jray. Manliiiohnjuin IrUohatum Nrcs. .1/. Ii'idvutirn-
latum Lindenli. The. Southern i'orni.
In swanip.s. Mobile County, uot rare.
Louisianian aud Carolinian areas. North to New Jersey. Europe.
SCAPANIA Duniort.
Scapania neniorosa (^Schrad.) Duniort.
1 )ani]) shaded banks. Over the State, very conunou.
Lonisiuniau to Allegheuian area. To Canada, I'ritish Colunilii.i, and Alaska.
Enrojie.
DIPLOPHYLLUM Duniort.
Diplophyllum taxifolium Wahl.
Kavines. Lee County, Auburn (Baker <f" Earle).
Carolinian aud Allegluniau areas. Over the United States to Canada; IJritish
Columbia. Europe.
MARSUPELLA Dumort.
Marsupella sphacelata Dumort.
Oil wet rocks. Mountain region. Winston Countv. Etowah Countv. Ulaek Creek
Falls.
Carolinian area to Boreal zones, Atlantic region. Greenland, Spit/beigen.
Europe.
PORELLA Dill. Modotheca Dumort.
Porella platyphylla (L.) Lindb.
On damp rocks and trees. Common throughout the State.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Through Atlantic America to Canada; Idaho.
Vancouver Island. Europe.
Porella piunata L. P. inroluta llainpe.
Trees on banks of streams subject to inundation. Mobile County, common.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Louisiana to Nova Scotia, west to Mi.ssonri and
Arkansas. Cuba. Eurone.
PHRAGMICOMA Sulliv.
Phragmicoma clypeata (Schw.) Sulliv.
On trees. Mobile County, common. Lee County, Auburn ( Baler <)• Earle).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Louisiana and Florida to West Virginia an<l
northern Ohio.
Phragmiconaa xauthocarpa (L.) Lindb.
On trees. Mobile.
Louisianian area.
LEJEUNEA Lib.
Lejeunea austini Lindb.
On trees. Mobile.
Louisianian area. Louisiana to Florida; South Carolina.
Lejeunea serpyllifolia Dicks, sive L. aerpyllifoUa ameriraiia Lindb.
On trees. Mobile.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. North to Ohio, New York, Ontario.
COLLECTIONS OF MOSSES. 289
Lejeuuea auriculata Hook. & Wils.
On trees. Mobile.
Louisianian area. Louisiana, Mississiinji.
Lejeunea mohrii Aust.
Mossy trunks and roots of trees. Mobile, 1873.
Louisianian area. Louisiana.
PRULLANIA Raddi.
Prullania virginica Lehm.
Bark of trees. Over the State, common. Mobile, Lee, and Winston counties.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. North to Ohio, New York, New Brunswick, and
Ontario.
FruUaiiia kunzei Lehm. &, Lindb.
On trees. Mobile.
Louisianian area. Southern States.
Prullania caroliiiiana SuUiv.
Barks of trees. Mobile County, Citronelle {Baker 4- Earle).
Prullania donnelli Aust.
On trees. Mobile County, Citronelle {Baker 4'' Earle).
Louisianian area. Louisiana to Florida.
Prullania aeolotis Nees.
On trees. Mobile, common.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Ohio, New York.
Prullania squarrosa Nees.
On trees. Mobile.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Louisiana to central Ohio.
Prullania dilatata Nees.
On trees. Mobile.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Europe
Prullania asa-grayana Mont.
Winston and Etowah counties.
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Eastern United States and Canada.
Family ANTHOCEROTACEAE.
ANTHOCEROS L.
Anthoceros punctatus L.
Low fields, dani]) ground. Mobile County, frequent. March.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Missouri, Nebraska, Ontario.
Anthoceros laevis L.
Damp low places. Over the State. Mobile County, common in the open flat i)iue
barrens.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. United States, Canada. Europe.
Anthoceros carolinianus Michx.
Mobile County. With the last, not infrequent.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Florida to North Carolina. March.
Anthoceros ravenelii Aust.
Damp fields, low open pine barrens. Mobile County, not rare.
Louisianian area. Louisiana, Florida, South Carolina.
MOSSES.
The first record of Alabama mosses appears in Sullivaut's Musci
Alleghaiiieuses, where Fontinalis disticha and Bicranum dehile are
credited to Mobile, collected by Mr. SuUivant in 1843. Prof. Leo
Lesquerenx explored in 1848 parts of the mountain region of north
15894 19
'J'.M) PLANT LIKK <»K ALABAMA.
Alaltaiiia, the Ivaccooii Mountains in Muigan County, and Lookout
Mountain in I )('Uall) County, riic writer coiuniunicatt'd liis collection
uiade in southern Alabama, ISOS to 1878, to the authors of the Manual
of the Mosses of Xorth America, and also to C. V. Austin and to Dr.
Karl Muellei' in Halle, the latter descrii)in.i;' llypniim lioitudonlcyiKni^ as
a new species. His collections made subse(]uently in diflerent parts of
the State weie submitted to Mr. Hol/.in<^er and Mrs. I']li/,abeth (1. I>ritton
tor identitication. To the peat nu)sses s[>ecial attention was given
in the attempt to contribute to the Sphagna exsiccata to be issued
by Professor Eaton and Mr. Faxon. Most of the s])ecimens of this
dillicult genus were placed in the hands of Professor Warnstorf for
identification, who found tw^o species among them not described
before — Spliof/niiDi nmhrii aud Sphof/nuni niohilieyiser To Mrs. Britton
thanks are due for the examination of the species of Bruchia and many
others and for the revision of the catalogue of xVlabama mosses. The
collections made recently by the Biological Survey of Ahibama in the
vicinity of Auburn have added to our knowledge of tlie distribution of
mosses in the State.
To obtain data for the exhibition of the geograi)hic distribution
of the mosses known from Alabama, the following authorities were
consulted :
Bridel, liryologia Universa, 1826-27.
Hornschuh & Sturm, tJryologia (Jermanica, 182.S-1825.
Hornscbuh, ]\Iu8ci, ill Martins' Flora Urasiliana.
Muclhr, Karl, Synopsis Muscoriiiu Froudosoruni, Halle, 1851-1853.
Sullivant, W. S., Musci and Ilepaticao of tlio TJ. S. in Gray, Man. 185G.
Sullivant & Lcequenuix, ^Ins( i Boreali-Americani. 1865.
Austin, C. F., Musei Appalacliiaui, list of labels, 1870.
Bescherelle, E., Prodroiniis Bryologiae Mexicanae. 1871.
Sullivant, W. S., Icones. 1865-1875.
Lesquereux & James, Manual of tlio Mosses of North America, 1881.
Macoun & Kindberg, Catalogue of Canadian Plants, Part 6. 1872.
Besides these, use has been made of the papers on mosses published
by various authors in the contributions of the department of botany,
Columbia Univer.sity, in the Botanical Studies of Minnesota, Vol. 1,
and in the botanical reports and floras of New Jersey, New York,
West Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, and Nebraska.
In the arrangement of the families, genera, and species, Lesquereux
& James's Manual has been mainly followed.
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.
At present 153 species and 13 varieties with 4 subvarieties or forms
of Musci are known from Alabama. Of these, 112 species, or 70 per cent,
Bull.Torr. Cluh, 5: 13. 1874. -Published in Hedwigia, 1896.
DISTRIBUTION OF MOSSES. 291
belong" strictly to Atlantic Xorth America, not considering the stragglers
of widest distribution which are also found on the western declivity of
the Rocky Mountains. The number of genera occurring in Alabama
endemic to this part of the North American continent is small ; although
it is difficult to state it witli exactness on account of the different
views held by authors in regard to their limitation. The following are
exclusively Eastern North American :
Drummondia. Clasmatodov .
Thelia. Pylainiello.
Fully 60 per cent of the genera are represented in the warmer parts
of the globe, chiefly in troj)ical America. Such are the following, which
are of an almost exclusively tropical distribution :
Lencohryum. Schlotheimia. Crypliaea.
Syrrhopodon. Ehizogoniuvi. Orthosiichclla.
More or less numerously represented in tropical America are the
following:
Sphaynum. Ptychomitrium. Polytrichnm.
Dicranella. Funai-'ia. Fahronia.
Campylopus. Brynm. Entodon.
Tremalodon. Bartramia. Tliuidmm.
Fissidens. Philonotis. Bhynchostef/ium.
Trlchostomum. Catharinea. Eurhynchium.
Barhula.
Among genera more feebly represented in the Tropics are:
Mollia. Leskea. Plagiotheciiim.
Dicranum. Hedwigia. Amblysteyinm.
Desmatodon. Brachythecium. Hypnum.
Physcomiirium.
The following species of the Alabama fl^ora occur in tropical America,
those with an asterisk being exclusively American:
Sphagnum compactum. (West ludies.) Funaria calvescetis, (Cosmopolitan; West
* Sphagnum portorirense. (West Indies.) Indies, Mexico, etc.)
* Trematodon longicollis. (To Brazil.) * Polytrichnm tenue. (Brazil.)
* DirraneUa debilis. (West Indies to Bra- Ehizogonhim spiniforme. (West Indies
zil.) •. and Mexico.)
Leitcobryum glaiivum. (West Indies.) Thuidium delicatiilum. (West Indies and
* Leticohryum pumilum. (West Indies. ) Mexico.)
* FitiHidens polypodioidea. West Indies.) Thuidium, microphylhnn. (West Indies
" Tridiostomummacrostegiuvi. (Cuba.) and Mexico.)
Funaria hygromefrica. (Cosmopolitan; ^ Raphidosteglmn viivrocai-pum. (lirazil. )
West Indies, Mexico, etc.)
Exclusively of northern distribution extending to the Boreal zones
are the following :
Sphaerocephalns. Fontinalis. Camptothecinm.
Mnium. Dichelyma. Stervodon.
Amphoridium, Climacinm.
'_>'.>'_> n, AN I' l-ll- K OK \I, AI'.AM \.
Td till' Arctic rciiioii cxttMid 2- si>«'cics, of wliicli I lie Inllow iii«: ;ii'c
Noitli Ameiican :
.S/»Ari<//M/;;i iinhrirnlKiii . I'oliltridium <iipillan\
SjihiKjinim ciispidiiiuni lotrriitunnii . CUmaciiiiii amerivaiuini.
Sphaijunm papiUoHiim. llrtirhi/llicciiiin oxijrhuhin.
Sphaijinim mvdium. liaphUloateiiuim rccunanii.
The rest of the species are widely distiihiiled in thi' loolei- rejiioiis of
the Old World.
Of tiaiiscoiitiiK'iital species which on the west coast ranj^e from
California to British Columbia .il occur in Alabama, of which only the
following are confined to this continent:
Jh-acliiithcciuin oxyrladon. Kurhynvhium liians.
('aitipi/Hum hispidithan. Iiaphidostegium recurvans.
The others are almost all cosmopolitan wanderers throughout the
cooler temperate region of the Northern Hemisphere, many of them
found in Europe. Alabama has 2(1 species in common with the latter
continent, mostly erratic in temperate zones of the globe.
Of anomalous distribution Bracln/tliccium cnmpcstre is a striking
example, this species being known onlj^ from the White Mountains of
New England and the IJocky Mountain region from Colorado to British
Columbia.
REGIONAL DISTRIBT'TION.
In no other part of the State are mosses found in greater variety and
abundance than in the section of the mountain region which embraces
the Warrior table-land and the southern spurs of the Cumberland
^lountains abutting upon the Tennessee Valley. The manifold differ-
ences in the topography and geology of this section of the State give
rise to a diversity in conditions of climate, exposure, and soil which
alilbrd the peculiar habitat to which each species tinds itself best
adapted, and to which it clings more tenaciously than most plants of a
higher order; for, as Professor Lesquereux, the close student of the
moss world, ai>tly remarks, these humble and apparently useless beings
have their geological and lithological preferences far better marked
than any other kind of vegetable.
The species prevailing in the northern part of the State at an eleva-
tion exceeding 1,500 feet are mostly the same as found in the Middle
and Northeastern States. On the lower terraces and in the valleys
Southern forms intermingle with those of higher latitudes. For
example, at the falls of Black Creek near (ladsden, 1,000 feet altitude,
the Northern Fissiflens adiantoides is associated with the tropical Fissi-
dens polifpodioideii, and on the Cumberland table land in Jackson and
Morgan counties the Southern Sphagmim mdcrojihyUuni, S. eycloj>lii/liu)n,
and S. moUe mueUcri, with »S. recurruin vars. and 8. vuspidatum torrey-
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MOSSES. 293
anum of the IS^orth (800 to 1,200 feet altitude). On the still lower ridges
and terraces south of the Tennessee Valley are found the Soutliern —
Fabronia spj). Jlriivhia currisela.
Cryphaea sp. Fuiiaria Jlaricann.
Tlielia aspreUa. Phi/scomitriiim turhinatnm laiifjioisii.
Thelia hscurii. Clasmatodon parvulua.
Briichia sullivantii. Thuidium mierophijlJum.
liriichia nigj-icans.
with tlie Northern
CUmaciuvi americanum. Campylium clirysoiilinUnm.
lirachytheeium laeium. Stereodon currifoliiis.
CawpyJium hispiduluvi.
Of aquatic mosses, Fontinalis lescurii is common throughout the
mountain region from an elevation of 800 to 2,000 feet. The eastern
and most southern of the Appalachian ranges traversing the basin of
the Coosa River where the obdurate sandstones and flinty cherts pre-
vail, the arid flanks covered with open pine forests, are as poor in
mosses as the rolling i)ine barrens of the Maritime pine belt. Consid-
ering the large area unfavorable to the vegetation of mosses, it is not
to be expected that the moss flora will be found as rich and luxuriant
as in most of the Middle and Northern Atlantic States.
In the Louisianian area only the lower division of the Coast pine
belt has been closely searched for mosses. In the Coast plain, with its
ample rainfall, mosses become again more abundant. Many of the
declivities of the pine-clad hills and the depressions between them, of
the exposed swampy banks of the pine barren streams, and of the flats
bordering the swamps in the plain, are covered with peat mosses
(S])hagnum) of various kinds. The greater part of them are common
from the Gulf to the Canadian lakes. Such are:
Sphagnum rufescens. Sphagnum medium.
Sphagnum reoirvum. ' Sphagnum imhricafiini cristafum.
while others are confined to the subtropical region, namely :
Sphagnum macrophyllum. Sphagnum mobiliense.
Sphagnum microcarpum. Sphagnum mohrianitm.
Sphagnum hidovicianum.
In the open flat pine barrens of the Coast plain flourish during the
winter and the first days of spring the following, mostly Southern
types :
liruchia donucllii. Bruchia curvisela.
Bruchia sullivantii. Astomum Iiidovicianum.
Bruchia ravenelii. Fissidens dounelUi.
Bruchia drummondii. Fissidens rareneJii.
Besides tliese the following of Northern distribution :
Fissidens minutuhis. Fissidens siihbasilaris.
Fissidens taxifolius.
I*'.t4 I'l.ANT l.II'K OF ALM'.AMA.
Other species ol" llie simic iM-riod are —
KntitsihodoH drnmmitndii. h'nuiirin srrrnla.
I'lnjHfDinilnim liirhiudtimi IniuiloiKii, I'oli/lriihiini liraihypln/Hiim.
/■'iiiuiria llaviratin.
These are followed, witli Mm' advamr of spriii<;-, l)y —
Mollia riridiila. lUtrtrnm'ut radiraUx.
MolVia lt»i(jhet(i.
Nearly all of this and the preceding' ^loup arc coiilined to tlio Loiiisi-
anian and adjoininj:; parts of the Carolinian life areas.
Tlu' tree-covered swamps and rich hammock land shaded by live oak
and inajiiiolia, their air saturated with moisture, otter favorable retreats
for mosses, many of which are pe(!uliar to this region. Such are —
Fi88idi'n>< dontieUli. Sdilotheiniia suUiratitii.
Itaphidotste(/ium intcrocarjuim. Cryphava nervosa.
Lvptodon immersum. Entodoti druvimondii.
These grow on trunks and roots of trees. In the deeper recesses of
the swamps, on decayed prostrate trunks, are found —
Syrrhopodon Jioridanus. Leucohryum j;h»u7«wi .
Syrrhopodon texanuH. lUiizoyonium spinifornif.
Neckira Indorlclav. Plnf/iofheciiini inicanH.
On the ground and on stones and old walls are frequent. —
Desmatodon pUntliohiua. Ilryiim hicolor.
Bryinn caespilic'mm. Thitidium microphyllum.
liryum nutans.
In clear swiftly running brooks, attached to roots and submersed
timber, Foutinalis iUsticha is frequent, while the southern Dichelyma
subulaUim occurs on stones in the Chattahoochee River.
Class MUSCI. Mosses.
Order SF»H>3>^CxN AI^E^. Bot; or Peat Mosses.
Family SPHAGNACEAE.
SPHAGNUM L.
Sphagnum cuspidatuni (Ehili.) Knss. A Warnst.
Floating in springs and ponds over the State. Mobile County. Raccoon Moun-
tains (Aes7«ere)t.»). Cullman County.
Louisianian to Allegheniau area. Louisiana au<l Florida to Canada.
Sphagnum cuspidatuni submersum Schiuip.
Shallow pine-barren ]ionds. ^Mobile County.
Louisianian to Alleghonian area. North to New Jersey and Nova Scotia.
Sphagnum cuspidatum torreyanum (Sulliv.) Lesq. & James.
Bogs. Raccoon Mountains, Morgan County (Lesqiicreux).
Louisianian area to Boreal region. Florida north to New F2nglaud and Canada.
PEAT MOSSES. 295
Sphagnum intermedium (Hoffm.) Russ. & Warnst. S. recurrum Beauv.
Bogi;y 1)order« of pine barrens. Mobile County.
Lonisianian to Allegbenian area. New Jersey to Michigan and Canada. Europe.
Sphagnum recurvum viparidita Warnst.
Lee County, Auburn (Balder cf- Earle).
Sphagnum recurvum amblyphyllum Russ.
Lee County, Auburn (Baker ,SEarle).
Sphagnum compactum DC. S. ru/idiim (Nees A Horusi-h.) Schinip. S. hinnile
Schiiiip.
Raccoon Mountains (Lesqiiereux).
Lonisianian and Carolinian areas. Florida to New Jersey.
Sphagnum moUe Sulliv.
Border of ditches; low sandy jiine barrens. Mobile County, teste Lesquereux.
Lonisianian and Carolinian areas. Upper Georgia, Table Mountain, and South
Carolina to New Jersey.
Sphagnum molle muelleri Braith. S. muelleri Schinip.
Raccoon Mountains {Lesquereux).
Louisiauian and Carolinian areas. Florida, Tennessee, New Jersey.
Sphagnum mobiliense Warnst.
Boggy borders of pine-barren ponds. Mobile County, 1895, with ,S'. cnspidatum.
Sphagnum mohrianum Warnst.
Border pine-barren pond (Kellys Pond). Mobile. County, 1895.
Sphagnum subsecundum Neee.
Daujp low pine barrens. Mobile County; common to the Hill country.
Lonisianian and Carolinian areas. Ohio, New Jersey, Ontario. Europe.
Sphagnum subsecundum contortum (Schultz) Schinip.
Shallow pools, pine barrens. Mobile County.
Sphagnum subsecundum mesophyllum Roell.
With the preceding. Mobile County.
Sphagnum rufescens Limpr.
Boggy places, pine barrens. Mobile County. Lee Connty, Auburn (Baker if-
Earle).
Lonisianian to Alleghenian area. New Jersey to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.
Sphagnum medium Linipr. S. cymbifoliuvi purpurascens Schimp.
Bogs, pine barrens. Mobile County, teste Warnstorf.
Sphagnum medium purpurascens Russ.
Lee County, Auburn (Baker if- Earle).
Carolinian to Alleghenian area. Ontario.
Sphagnum medium glauscescens Warnst.
ilobile County. Citronelle (Baker).
Sphagnum papillosum intermedium (Russ.) Warnst.
Boggy pine barrens. Mobile County.
Lonisianian to Alleghenian area. New Brunswick.
Sphagnum ludovicianum (Ren. & Card.) Warnst.
Boggy borders of })onds. Mobile County (Kellys Pond).
Lonisianian area.
Sphagnum portoricense Hampe.
Shaded springy banks. Baldwin County, Point Clear. Not infreiiuent.
Lonisianian and Carolinian areas. New .Jersey, east Pennsylvania. Tropical
(Antilles).
Sphagnum imbricatum cristatum Warnst.
Boggy pine bjirrens, abundant. Mobile County.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Along the coast of New .Jersey.
l^'.M') TLANT MKK (>F AI,.\H.\M.\.
Sphagnum imbricatura glaucescens W ;irii!<t.
Moliilo County, ( 'iti'niifllc ( r. liakci).
Sphagnum imbiicatuni squairulosa WaniHt.
Leo Coiiiity, Auburn (Haktr ,\- Koric).
Sphagnum miciocaipum Warnst.
Daniii jiiiu' Hats, close to the ground; abnndant. MoMlo Coimty.
Sphagnum cyclophyllum Snlliv. A- Lesii.
Wet sanily ;;rouii(l. K'accoon Mountains ( LetK/uereiix}.
I.ouisianian to Carolinian area. Louisiana to I'lorida; southern New .Jersey.
Sphagnum macrophyllum Bernli.
On Avet hanks of streams and rnnnerse<l in shallow ponds. Mobile County, Kellys
I'ond: fertile, March. Washington County. I'ine barren Hwanijjs; not infre(iuent.
Lonisianian and Carolinian areas. Along the coast to North Carolina ami New
Jersey.
Order AN ORE AE ALES.
Family ANDREAEACEAE.
ANDREAEA Ehrh.
Andreaea rothii Web. &, Mohr. A. rupeKirin Turn.
On rocks. Etowah County, near Gatlsden, lilaek Creek Falls, altitude 1,600 feet
{('iKolen Mohr). Winston and Cullman counties, highest ridges, altitude 1,000 to
1,500 feet {Charles Mohr.)
Carolinian area. Mountains of 8outh Carolina; New Jersey. Central and south-
ern Europe.
Order BRVALES. 1"rue iraosses.
Series ACROCARPI.
FamUy BRUCHIACEAE.
BRUCHIA Schwaegr.
Bruchia sullivautii Aust.
Sandy exposed ground, ])a8tnres, borders of fields. Lee County, Aubuiu {linker i^-
Earle).
Lonisianian and Carolinian areas.
Bruchia suUivantii nigricans Lestj.
Borders of pools. Marshall County, liaceoou Mouiitaius {Lesqiitreiis).
Carolinian area.
Bruchia dounellii Aust.
Damp sandy ground. Mobile Coiuiiy, llat pine barrens, fre(|uent.
Lonisianian area.
Bruchia mohrii K. Muell. sp. ined.
With the preceding, rare.
Bruchia raveuelii Wils.
On dry loamy sand. Mobile County, Spriughill, trodden j)aths.
Lonisianian area. Florida, South Carolina.
Bruchia curviseta Lesq. A James.
Dry sandy loam.
Louisianian area. Florida.
Bruchia texaua Aust.
Damp exposed ground. Moljile County, llat pine barrens.
Louisianian area. Texas.
MOSSES. 297
Bruchia brevifolia Snlliv.
Dry, exposed sandy ground. Mobile County, .Spriugbill.
Louisiauiau area. Louisiana to Florida.
Bruchia drummoudii Hampo. B. hrevipcn Hook. A: Wils., not Hook.'
With the above, Mobile County, Springhill.
Louisiauian to Carolinian area. Eastern Louisiana, South Carolina, southern Vir-
ginia.
PLEURIDIUM Brid.
Pleuridium subulatum (Schreb.) Bruch &, Schimp.
Dry exposed ground. Lee County, Aul>urn, bare hill.s (Baker cf- Earle).
Louisianiau and Carolinian areas. Florida to Pennsylvania, California. Europe.
Pleuridium alternifolium robustum Sulliv. &, Lesq.
In humid depressions on sandstone rocks. Raccoon Mountains (Lesquereux).
Carolinian area. Washington, D. C. Illinois.
ARCHIDIUM Brid.
Archidium ohioense Schimp.
Meadows and waste lields. Raccoon Mountains (Lesquereiix).
Carolinian area. New Jersey, central Ohio.
Family PHASCACEAE.
ASTOMUM Hampe.
Astomuni ludovicianum Sulliv. A. .luUirantii Schimj].
Crassy banks, bare borders of fields. Mobile County, frequent. March, April.
Louisianiau and Carolinian areas. Eastern Louisiana to Florida, north to >sew
Jersey and Ohio.
Family WEISIACEAE.
MOLLIA Schrank.
Mollia viridula (L.) Lindb. TVeisia ririditla Hedw.
Sandy ground, common throughout. Mobih; County, March.
Louisianiau to AUeghenian area. Texas to Florida, north to New England,
Canada, Northwest Territory, and Vancouver Island. Europe.
Mollia longiseta (Lesq. & .Tames). Wcisia viridula ausiraliif Aust.
On sandy ground, Mobile County. Lee County, Auburn (Baker tj- Earle).
Louisiauian and Carolinian areas. Florida to New .Jersey.
Family DICRANACEAE.
TREMATODON Rich.
Trematodou longicollis Rich.
Damp sandy ground. Baldwin County, Magnolia Springs; damp rocks, not com-
mon. June.
Louisiauiau and Carolinian areas. North to New Jersey and Pennsyh ania.
DICRANELLA Schimp.
Dicranella debilis (Hook. A: Wils.) Lesq. & .James.
Damp shaded ground. Mobile County; walls of ditches, abundant. December to
March.
Louisiauian area. Louisiana to Florida and South Carolina. Cuba.
' See Bulletin Torrey Club, vol. 21, p. 361.
208 ri.AN'l" I.IFK OK AI-Ar.AMA.
DICRANUM II. dw.
Diciaiuiin scopariiun 1 1.. ) il< dw.
Moimtniiioiis woods, Winston ( 'niiiity. all itiidi- 1 ,."1(111 I'l'ot, 011 roots ol' I tith, not fif-
■ picnt.
('.•ir<dini;in iind Allffxli«'iii:iii amas. Alabiiina, sonlln rn A ll<vi;li<iii.in ran;;<'H. Over
tln> continrnt to thf l*iu;ilic and to tlin Arctir zone.
l",iir(i))e. Asia, Africa.
Dicianum pallidinn Itr. iV S(liiiii|). D. sahultlorum Uiu. A. Card.
ExjiosimI san(l,v gronnd. Mobile Couut.v, arid ])in»' ri<l;:cs, )ri<|niiit. S]>i inj^hill ;
('itronclli\ rollinj:; ]iinc barrens {Hal.er <V Siiiilli).
LoniHianian and Carolinian areas. Mississi]i]ii to l^'lorida; Xc.w .Irrse.\. i'ennsyl-
vania
CAMPYLOPUS llrid.
Canipylopus siibleucogaster (K. Mnell. ) Ijesq. Ar .James.
l>;uM]i (day i;rouiid near Moliile. First collected in 18(58; very rare.
Lotiisianian area.
Family LEUCOBRYACEAE.
LEUCOBRYUM Ilanipe.
Leucobryum glaucum (L.) Seliiiup.
Dry woods, tluoiigliont the State; eoranion. Mobile County, March.
Loni.sianian to Alleghenian area. Louisiana and Florida, north to Newfoundland
and Ontario. I^urope.
Leucobryum puniilum (Michx.) E.G. Brltton. /,. mhtitu (Hanipe) Sulliv.
Di'caying logs, roots of trees. Mobile County, in pine-barren 8wain])s; freciuent,
May, .Inne.
l.ouisianian area, i^ouisiana to Florida.
Family FISSIDENTACEAE.
PISSIDENS Jledw.
Fissidens niinutulus Sulliv.
On dead wood or on the <rround in dam]» shady places. Mobih^ Connt,y, lido
Austin.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Northern and western Kocky Mountains.
Oregon, 15ritish America.
Fissidens donnellii Aust.
Swamps, roots of trees. Mobile County.
Louisianian area. I'lorida.
Fissidens ravenelii Sulliv.
Shaded, sandy, damp soil. Mobile County, walls of ditches; March.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. South Carolina, North Carolina.
Fissidens adiantoides (L.) Hedw.
Shaded damp or wet places. Lee County, Auburn {Baker <S' Jicrle). Winston
County. Etowah Count.y, Black Creek Falls; wet rocks, common.
Carolinian and Allegheuiau areas. New Englaud, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Vancou-
ver Island. Eurox)e.
Fissidens subbasilaris Ilcdw.
Damp shaded i)laces, roots of tre<!S. Mobile County. Lee Couuty, Auburn,
frequent.
Louisianian to Alleghenian areas. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Caro-
lina, Ontario.
Fissidens taxifolius Hedw.
Damp rich groiind. Mobile County, Magnolia Orove.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. (Jhio, New . Jersey to New England. Europe.
MOSSES. 299
Fissidens decipiens De Not.
Shaded sandy ground. Mobile County, not frequent.
Louisianian to Allegbenian area. North to New Jersey, Ohio, and Ontario.
Fissidens polypodioides (Sw.) Hedw.
Dripping rocks in the mountains. Etowah County, Gadsden, Black Creek Falls.
Sterile; not rare.
Louisianian area. Louisiana, Florida, Georgia. Mountains of Jamaica and South
America.
OCTODICERAS Brid.
Octodiceras julianum (Savi) Brid. ConomitriumjuUannm Mont.
In clear rocky springs. Talladega County.
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. New Jersey, Ohio, and Ontario. Soutli and
central Europe.
Family POTTIACEAE.
DESMATODON Brid.
Desmatodon plinthobius Lesq. & Sulliv.
Damp brick walls. Mobile County.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Texas to Georgia, South Carolina, Pennsylvania,
Tennessee.
BARBULA Hedw.
Barbula caespitosa Schwaegr.
Woodlands, roots of trees. Montgomery County. Cullman C!ounty, Sand Moun-
tain. Winston County, frequent.
Louisiaiiiauto Alleghenian area. Georgia, Tennessee to New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
New York.
Barbula convoluta Hedw.
In woods, on the ground. Marshall County, Raccoon Mountains {Lesquereux).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Throughout the Eastern States to Canada;
west through the Rocky Mountains to California; British Columbia.
' TORTULA Hedw.
Tortula niuralis (L.) Iledw. Barhula muralis Timm.
Shaded damp walls. Mobile County, rare. March.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. South Carolina, Virginia, New Jersey, Penn-
sylvania. Europe.
DITRICHUM Timm.
Ditrichuni pallidum (Schreb.) Hampe. Trichostomum pallidum Hedw.
On light sandy ground. Over the State, common. April.
United States, Canada. Europe.
TRICHOSTOMUM Smith.
Trichostomum macrostegium Sulliv. &, Lesq.
On stones and old walls. Mobile County, very rare.
Louisianian area. Louisiana ( Donaldsouville), first collected by C. Mohr, 1873.
Family GRIMMIACEAE.
GRIMMIA Ehrh.
Grimmia campestris Burchell. U. leiuophaea Grev.
On rocks. Throughout the mountains. Cullman and Winston <'ountie8. Dekalb
County, Lookout Moautain, frequent; sterile.
Carolinian area. Upper Georgia, Ohio to New York. Central and Soutli Europe,
North Africa.
300 I'l.ANr \A\-V. <>K AI.AIiAMA.
Grinimia pilifera IJi-auv. ('• . }n»uHiiU<tttii n Sdiwac^r.
Oil nicks. Cnllinaii L'oimt.v.
Alleyln'iiiaii ( f) and Cartilinian areas. <>iitari(t (Nia^^ar.-i I'allsi, l'<iiiiHyl\ ania.
New Jeihey.
Grimniia acicularis (L.) K.Muell.
On wtt rocks in slicaniH. Ciillin.ui Connty.
( 'an ad i: in lo ('ar<dini:iii arc.i. N'cwfonndl.ind to I'.iitisli ( '<dnniliia ; .Main«i to New
Jersej' and southward alonLC llic niotint.nns.
Family ORTHOTRICHACEAE.
ORTHOTRICHUM Il.dw.
Orthotrichum pumilum americanum Vent. <>. jiiimilnm Sw.
< Ml trees. Lee County, Auburn ( Haker c)'- Karli).
Carolinian area. New Jersey. Europe.
PTYCHOMITRIUM I'.nich A Scliinii).
Ptychomitrium incurvum (.Scliwaegr.) SuUiv.
On rocks. Cullman County, banks of K'yans Creek ; July; not rare.
Carolinian area. Along the iiiount<aiii8 from (!eorgia to northern New York; New
Jersey, Ohio.
DRUMMONDIA Hook.
Drummondia clavellata (Scliwaegr.) Hook.
On bark of trees. Lee County, Auburn {liaker iSKarlc). Winston Comity, not
infrequent in the inountains.
Carolinian area. Georgia to Virginia and Maryland, Ohio Valley.
SCHIiOTHEIMIA Hrid.
Schlotheimia suUivantii K. Muell.
Bark of trees. Low damp woods. Mobile, Baldwin, and Montgomery eonnties,
on magnolias; frequent.
Louisiana to Florida; South Carolina.
SYRRHOPODON Scliwaegr.
Syrrhopodon texanus Sulliv.
Damp woods, decaying trunks. Mobile County, swampy haniniocks; noi rare.
Louisiaiiian area. Texas to North Carolina.
Syrrhopodon floridanus Sulliv.
With the ])receding.
Louisiana area. From I^ouisi.ina to Florida; less fre(|ucnt.
AMPHORIDIUM Schimp. Zyuouox Hook. A Tayl.
Amphoridium mougeottii Schimp.
Wet rocks, roots of trees. Etowah County, Black Creek Falls; sterile (fide
Holzinger).
Carolinian to AUeghenian area. Along the mountains to Pennsylvania, north to
Canada; Kocky Mountains from Colorado to British Columbia. Europe.
Amphoridium lappoiiicum (Hedw.) Bruch A: Schimp.
With the jirecediug (fide Holzinger).
Carolinian area to Boreal region. Along the nioiintains to New .Jersey, thence to
Canada; Jiocky M<mutains to British Coliiml)ia; (Greenland. Alps and boreal
Europe.
MOSSES, 301
Family FUNARIACEAE.
PHYSCOMITRIUM Ihid.
Physcomitrium turbinatum (Michx.) Brid. P.pyriforme jilnr. auct. Am.
Grassy banks, borders of fi(4ds. Mobile County, abundant; March.
Louisiani.iu to Allegenian area. Eastern Nortli America from Florida to Ontario,
west to the Kocky Mountains.
Physcomitrium turbinatum langloisii (Een. & Card.) E. G. Britton.
Low ground, February, March. Lee County, Auburn {Baker .j- Earle). Mobile
County.
Louisiauian area. Texas and Louisiana to Florida.
FUN ARIA Schreb.
Punaria hygrometrica (L.) Sibth.
On l)are s.mdy or gra\'elly ground, 'rhroughout; common.
Cosmopolitan.
Funaria calvescens Schwaegr. F. hygrometrica calrescens Br. & Schimp.
On dam]> sandy ground. Mobile County, not infrequent; March, April.
Louisiauian and Carolinian areas. Texas to South Carolina. Mexico, South
America.
Funaria flavicans Michx.
On damp sandy ground. Mobile County, damp pastures; abundant, March.
Lee County, Auburn, ilarch (Ilaker i^' Earle).
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Louisiana to New Jersey.
Funaria serrata Brid.
Exposed sandy banks. Mobile County. Lee County, Auburn ( Baker <y- Earle).
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Louisiana to Florida. Frequent; March.
ENTOSTHODON Schwaegr.
Bntosthodon drummondii Sulliv.
Bare damp loamy ground. Throughout the lower pine region; pine woods and
pastures. Mobile County, frequent. Montgomery County {ISidlivant).
Louisiauian area. Eastern Louisiana to western Florida. March, April.
Family BRYACEAE.
BRYUM,
Bryum erythrocarpum Schwaegr. Br yum sanguineiim Brid.
Mountains, north Alabama. Lookout Mountain (Lentjuereux). April, .Tune.
Carolinian area. Central and Southern Europe.
Bryum bicolor Dicks.
Sandy soil. Mobile County. Lookout Mountain, with Jl. erythrocarpum; ^laj
{Le'i(juereuj).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. North to Pennsylvania, New York, Ontario,
Illinois, and Nevada. Europe.
Bryum caespiticium L.
Old damp walls. Stones, shady places. Mobile County, not infrequent.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Canada to Arctic zone. Europe.
Bryum nutans Schreb.
Damp walls. Mobile County, rare; May.
Throughout the United States; Canada to Arctic zone; Alaska. Eun»i)e.
Bryum pulchellum Hedw. B. lescnrianu))! Sulliv.
Lee County, Auburn (Baker <)'■ Earle).
Carolinian area. New Jersey, southern New York.
;>()"2 I'l \Nr MKK «»K ALABAMA.
Bryum veiitricosum Dirks. Ji. jim uiti)lriiiii<tniin Srli\vac;;r.
Daiiip slia<li<l walls. Moliilr Cimntv ; Mii.\.
Louisiaiiian to .Mlcf;'"'"'"" urea. Now .Irrsi-v, < •hii.. ami N'<nv ^ <>i k t.. ( amida;
Uritiali (oliiiiibia t<» Anlic ziiiu'.
Biyum argenteum I..
Oltl Idols. NtiMios ill ilaiiip )ila('fs. Mobile ('oiiiity.
Coiiiiuoii tliroiiyboiil tlio Initod Statt's; Canada. Ilnrope.
LEPTOBRYUM \N ils.
Leptobryuin pyriforme (L.) Wils. U nj inn, injri forme I..
Damp uToniid. wondl.nuls. Lee County, Anlnirn ( Jiular <|- Karle).
Carolinian and AUcfrhenian areas. Alonij tlio nioiintaiiiM to West Virginia; Oiiio
and north to Canada; Colorado and tbt; Kotky AIonutaiiiH to Uriti.sh Columbia.
Europe, Asia.
MNIUM L.
Milium affine Bland.
Wooded hills, damp shady i)la<es. I'liroiij^hout the mountain region. Lee County,
Auhurn {lUikvv ^S' Earle). Winston and Ktowah counties.
Carolinian and Allegheuian areas. North to Canada. Asia. Cosmopolitan.
Mnium cuspidatum (L.) Hedw.
Lee and Winston counties; sterile.
Mnium cuspidatum var. AsfrophyUum ciispidatiim jiachyphijUiiiii, Kind)), iiied.
Lee County, Auburn {Baker cf- Earle).
RHIZOGONIUM Brhl.
Rhizogonium spiniforme (K. Muell. ) Hruch. Mnium spiniforme K. Muell.
Dani]) shaded swaiii}) on decayed wood. Mobile County, Oakhill 8wamii— only
locality known in the State.
Louisianiau area. Loui.siaua. Tropical West Indies, South America, Java, Ai'rica
(Cape).
SPHAEROCEPHALUS Necker. Aulacomnium Schwaegr.
V
Sphaerocephalus heterostichum Hruch «fc Schinip.
Shady hills. Montgomery, Winston, and Cullman counties. Lee County, Auburn.
Common throughout rhc Hill country.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Throughout the Eastern United States to
Canada (Ontario),
Sphaerocephalus palustris (L.) Liudb.
Low swam]>y ground. Mobile County, idne-bairen swamps, among bushes; not
rare.
Louisianian area to Boreal region. North to Cana<hi and Northwest Territory ;
Colorado to the Pacific, Alaska. Europe, Siberia,
Family BARTRAMIACEAE.
BARTRAMIA Hedw.
Bartramia pomiformis, (L.) Hedw.
Shady woods, rocky banks. Winston County. Etowah County, (iadsden. Leo
County, Auburn {Baker iS' ICarU).
Carolinian and Allegheuian areas. Eroni the Southern mountains throughout the
Middle and Northern States; Canada west to the; Kocky Mountains, British Colum-
bia and Oregon. Europe.
Bartramia radicalis Beau v.
Damp banks, borders of ditches. Mobile County. Etowah County, Gadsden,
on dam]i rocks.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Louisiana to North Carolina.
MOSSES. 303
PHILONOTIS lirid.
Philonotis fontana Brid.
Dripping rocks. Etowah County, falls of Black Creek ; rare.
Carolinian to Allegheuian area. Througliout the Middle and Northern States to
Canada and Newfoundland, west to British Columbia and the Kocky Mountains,
Oregon, and California.
Family POLYTRICHACEAE.
CATHARINE A Khrli. AxKiciiUM Beauv.
Catharinea undulata (L.) Web. & Mohr.
Exposed sandy ground over the State.
Louisianiau to Alleghenian area. Throughout the United States; Canada.
Europe.
Catharinea angustata Brid.
Sandy damp ground. Mobile County. Lee County, Auburn. Cullman County,
common.
Louisianiau to Alleghenian area. North to New York, Canada, and Newfound-
land.
Catharinea xanthopelma K. Muell.
Exposed sandy places. Mobile County, rare.
Louisianian area, Louisiana and Texas.
POLYTRICHUM L.
Polytrichum ohiense Ren. & Card. P. formoaum Sulliv. Not Hedw.
Exposed damp sandy ground. Mobile County, common in damp pine barrens.
Winston County.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. North to New Jersey, Ohio, and Canada.
Polytrichum commune L.
Open woods in the mountains. Lee County, Auburn {Baker i^~ Earle). Winston
County.
Carolinian area to Boreal region. Throughout Atlantic North America. Europe.
Polytrichum commune perigionale (Michx.) Bruch & Schimp.
Mountainous woods, on rocks. Winston County, banks of the Sipsey Fork, 1,500
feet.
Carolinian area. South Carolina and northward.
Polytrichum piliferum Schreb.
Eocky flats. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain, near Mentone, 2,200 feet; Sep-
tember.
Carolinian area to Boreal region. North to Canada; Eocky Mountains, British
Columbia, Greenland. Europe.
Polytrichum tenue Meuz. rogonatum hrericaide Brid.
Damp clay banks. Auburn; frequent, April (Baker <y- Earlc).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Georgia to Pennsylvania and north to Canada
(Ontario).
Polytrichum brachyphyllum Michx.
Moist clay banks, roadsides, borders of ditches. Mobile County, December, Jan-
uary. Aljundant in Coast plain.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. South Carolina, along the coast to New Jersey.
Polytrichum capillare Michx.
On rocks. Dekalb County, summit of Lookout Mountain, 2,200 feet.
Carolinian area to Pioreal region. South Carolina; New England, White Moun-
tains; New York, Adirondack Mountains; Eocky Mountains (Colorado); Canada,
Greenland.
.•;(I4 n-AN'l' LIKK <>K AI.AIJAMA.
Family BUXBAUMIACEAE.
WEBERA Klirli.
■Webera sessilis (Spliiiiid.) Lindb. IHpliiixciiim /(ilinsum Molir.
I>ry ^x'si^fllv <ir N.imlv biiiiks. Winston Couuty, near Colliern Crook, l,r»()«l I'oet.
L':iroliiiiau ami Alli-gbfiiiaii areas. Ohio; New Jersey to Canada. Eiirojie.
Series lMJ;i' KOCARPI.
Family FONTINALACEAE.
FONTINALIS I..
Fontinalis disticha Hook, tfc Wils.
Swift-riiniiiiig lirooklets. l^ower ])in»', ttarrcns. Mobile Couuty, Citroiit'lli-; (re-
(jiieut (SiiUirant, Mohr).
Louisiauiau area. East Louisiaua, west Florida.
Fontinalis lescurii Siilliv.
On rocks in streams, nionntain royiou. Dekalb County, i.ookont Mountain. Falls
of Little River {Lesqucreiix, 1852, Molir, 1898), Cullniau County, altitude 800 to 2,000
leet, not rare.
Caroliuiau and Allojihenian areas. New Jersey, New England, Oregon.
DICHELYMA Myrin.
Dichelynia subulatuni (Beauv.) Myrin.
On rocks in the Chattahoochee Kiver, a lew miles l)elow the Alabama State hue.
Louisiauiau area. Louisiana :? {Druinmond). (Jeorgia.
Family LESKEACEAE.
ANOMODON Hook. A Tayl.
Auomodou rostratus (Hedw.) .Schimp.
Roots of trees in the mountains.' Lee County, Auburn (llaker LSEarle). Winston
County.
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Eastern United States to Canada ; Van-
couver Island. Europe.
Anoniodon attenuatus (Schreb.) Huebn.
Mountain region, on trees and roots, banks of streams; particularly on trunks
subject to inundation. Lee County, Auburn ( llaktr ,S- EarJe). Winston County.
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Throughout the Eastern United States and
Canada; Nova Scotia, Ontario. Europe.
LESKEA Hedw.
Leskea microcarpa Schim]>.
Low banks, on roots of trees, in the hill country. Lee County, Auburn (liaker i^-
Earh). Winston County.
Louisiauiau to Alleghenian area. Louisiana (Latii/lois), Ohio \' alley. New Jer-
sey, New York.
Leskea polycarpa subobtusifolia Kindl).
Low banks, roots of trees, Lee Couuty, Auburn; with the above.
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. New .Jersey, New York to Canada; J'.ritish
Columbia, ()rog<m. Europe.
Leskea denticulata SuUiv.
Lee County, Auburn ( fhiker <^- Earle). Montgomery County.
Louisiauiau and Carolinian areas. Louisiana (Dr. Joor), Ohio. New .Jersey.
•MOSSES. 305
■ THELIA Sulliv.
Thelia hirtella (Heclw.) Sulliv.
Eoots and Lark of trees. Mountains of Alabama.
Carolinian and Allegbenian areas. Georgia to New Jersey, Ontario.
Thelia asprella (Schimp.) Sulliv.
Hill country, base of trees. Lee County, Auburn.
Carolinian to AUeghenian area. New Jersey, New York, Canada (Ontario).
Thelia lescurii Sulliv.
Dry shady ground. Lee County, Auburn.
Carolinian area. Southern States {Lesquereux).
Family FABRONIACEAE.
FABRONIA Raddi.
Pabronia ravenelii Sulliv.
Decayed logs. Lee County, Auburn.
Carolinian area. South Carolina.
Fabronia wrightii brachyphylla Kindb. ined.
Open ground. Lee County, Auburn.
Carolinian area. Texas.
CLASMATODON Hook. & Tayl.
Clasmatodon parvulus (Hampe) Sulliv.
On trees. Coast plain. Mobile County, frequent on cedars.
Louisianian area. Louisiana to South Carolina.
Clasmatodon parvulus rupestris Sulliv. & Lesq.
Wet rocks. Lee County, Auburn.
Carolinian area. Tennessee.
Family NECKERACEAE.
NECKERA.
Neckera (Orthostichella) ludoviciae K. Muell.
Decaviug trunks and logs. Swamps. Mobile County, near Cottage Hill; fertile!
May, 1873.
Louisianian area. Louisiana {Dr.Joor).
CRYPHAEA Mohr.
Cryphaea glomerata (Brid.) Brucli & Schimp.
On trees. Mobile and Montgomery counties.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Louisiana and along the coast to New Jersey.
Cryphaea peiidula Lesq. & James.
On trees. Lee County, Auburn {Baker 4' Earle).
Louisianian and Carolinian (?) areas. Florida, fide Kindberg.
Cryphaea nervosa Bruch &. Schimp.
On trees. Mobile County, rare.
Louisianian area. Louisiana to Florida.
HEDWIGIA Ebrh.
Hed^wigia albicans (Web.) Lindb.
Dry rocks throughout the mountaiji region. Clay, Winston, Cullman, and Dekalb
counties, common.
Carolinian and AUeghenian areas to the Boreal region. Throughout the mountains
north to Canada; Greenland; west to the Rocky Mountains and British Columbia.
Hedwigia albicans subnuda Mohr, noni. nov. //. ciliata siihnudei Kindb. in Macoun,
Cat. Can. PI. 6: 78. 1892.
Lee County, Auburn (Baker cf- Earle).
Carolinian and AUeghenian areas. Ontario.
15894 20
300 TI.ANT LIl'K <»F ALABAMA.
LEPTODON Molii.
Leptodon trichomitrium (Hedw.) Mohr.
SliiKly woods oil trees. (Ivertlu' State, roniiiioii.
Loiiisiauiaii to Allcf^lieiiiau area. riiroii;j;li<>iit tlio Eastern States to Ontario.
Leptodon ininieisuni SuUiv. iV Le8i|.
On trees. Mobile County, frequently with the last.
I.ouisianiau area. Louisiana to Florida.
Leptodon irriguus Renanld, MS. L. irivhonntriou irrh/iius Iviiiauld.
On wet rocks. l'>towali County, Black Creek I'alls, near (ladaden.
Louiaianiau and Carolinian areas. Florida, Georgia.
LEUCODON Scbwaey.
Leucodon julaceus (Hedw.) Snlliv,
On trees. Abundant over the State.
Louisiauian and Carolinian areas. Along the Atlantic coast'to New .Jersey and
New York.
Leucodon brachypus Brid.
On trees. Winston County. Infrequent.
Carolinian area. Nortli to New Jersey, Nova Scotia, and Ontario
Family ISOTHECIACEAE.
CLIMA.CIUM Web. & Mohr.
Cliniaciuni americaniim Brid.
Woods, on damp ground. Not infrequent in mountainous districts. Ix-e County,
Auburn {Balier iS- J'.arle). Winston County. Sterile.
Louisianian area. Louisiana {Dr. Joor) to Canada (Ontario) and Newfoundland.
ENTODON K. Mnell. Cvundrothkcium Brucli & Schimp.
Entodon cladorrhizans (Hedw.) K. Mnell.
Decaying wood, roots of trees. Mobile County, infrequent. December.
Louisianian to Allegbeniau area. Eastern United States, Florida to Canada.
Europe.
Entodon brevisetum (Hook. & Wils.) .Jaeg. & Sauerb.
On rocks and on the ground. Lee County, Auburn (Baler <f- EarJe).
Carolinian to Allegbenian area. Ohio, Missouri, New Brunswick (fide Kindberg).
Entodon seductrix (Hedw.) K. Mnell.
Damp places, on rotten wood and roots of trees and on the ground. Throughout.
Louisiauian to Alleglieuiau area. Common everywhere from Texas and Florida
north to Canada. Europe.
Entodon compressus (Hedw.) K. Muell.
Lee County, Aul)nrn, rare {Baler cf Earle).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Ohio, Pennsylvania, Canada (Ontario).
Entodon drummondii (Brnch & Schimp.) .Jaeger & Sauerb.
In low damp places, woods, on decaying wood and the bare ground. Mobile County,
Decemlier. Not infrequent.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Louisiana, west I lorida, Tennessee. Northern
Mexico.
Entodon palatinus Lindb. riatyrjyrium repens Brnch & Schimp.
Open woods, roots of trees. Mountain region. Lee County, Auburn {Baker i.^-
Earle). Winston County.
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Along the mountains to the Ohio Valley, north
to New England (Mount Desertj; Rocky Mountains, British America. Europe.
PYLAISIA Biuch &l Schimp.
Pylaisia intricata Bruch & Schimp.
Damp logs and on trees. Lee County, Auburn {Baker 4- Earle). Wiustim County.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. V\or\dii ^Cluipmaii), Georgia. Throughout the
Eastern United States; Kooky Mountains; Ouiirio.
MOSSES. 307
Family HYPNACEAE.
THUIDIUM Bruch & Schimp.
Thuidium delicatulum (L.) Mitt.
Shaded banks on the ground, logs, trees, etc. Common throughout.
Louisianian area to Boreal region. Labrador, British North America; West Indies,
Mexico, South America.
Thuidium microphyllum (Sw.) Best.
Damp places, on brick walls and rotten wood, and on the ground. Mobile County.
Lee County, Auburn ( Baker <!■ Earh).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Throughout the Eastern United States; most
frequent southward. West Indies, Mexico.
BRACHYTHECIUM Schimp.
Brachytheciuni oxycladon (Brid.) Jaeg. & Sauerb.
Mountainous woods, on the ground. Winston County.
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. North to New England, Canada, Newfoundland.
Brachythecium acuminatum (Hedw.) Ran & Hervey.
Mountainous woods, on decayed trunks. Winston County. Lee County, Auburn
{Baker iS- Earle).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Florida to New England ; Ontario.
Brachythecium campestre Bruch.
Lee County, Auburn (Baker 4" Earle). A strange find entirely out of range;
known only from the White Mountains, New England, and the Western Rocky
Mountains, Idaho, and from British Columbia.
Brachythecium plumosum (Sw.) Bruch & Schimp.
Dam]) rocks. Winston County.
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. North to New England, Ontario, Quebec.
EURHYNCHIUM Bruch & Schimp.
Eurhynchium hians (Hedw.) Jaeg. & Sauerb.
Damp shady borders of woods. Winston County. Lee County, Auburn (Baker tj'-
Earle).
Carolinian and Alleghenian areas. Throirghout the Eastern States to Ontario,
Nova Scotia, and British (Columbia.
Euryuchium boscii (Schwaegr.) Jaeg. <fe Sauerb.
Grassy damp banks. Mobile County. Lee County, Auburn (Baker 4- Earle).
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. Louisiana to Florida, throughout the Eastern
States to Ontario.
RAPHIDOSTEGIUM Lesq. & James.
Raphidostegium microcarpum (K. Muell.) Lesq. & James. Ryjmum microcarpum
K. Muell. Leskca adnata Michx.
On trees. Over the State. MobileCounty. Lee County, Auburn (Z>aAej-ij'i?ar/e).
Abundant; February, March.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Louisiana to Florida, north to New Jersey
and Ohio.
Raphidostegium recurvans (Schwaegr.) Lesq. & James.
Roi'ts of trees. Monutain region. Winston County. Not rare.
Carolinian to Alleghenian area. Along the mountains to Penusylvauia, New
Jersey, and Canada; Newfoundland west to British Columbia.
Raphidostegium carolinianum K. Muell.
In swamps, on rotten wood and roots of trees. Mobile County.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Louisiana and Florida to New Jersey.
RHYNCHOSTEGIUM Schimp.
Rhynchostegium serrulatum (Hedw.) Lesq. & James.
Woodlands, shaded banks, on the ground and on roots of trees and decayed
trunks. Mobile County. Lee County, Auburn. Over the State: one of the com-
monest of mosses.
Louisianian to Alleghenian area. From the Gulf coast to Canada.
.*^U8 TLA XT T-IFK (>F ALABAMA
POROTRICHUM I'.iid. 'riiAMViiM Srliini)).
Poiotiichiim alleghaniense \ Unuli A Schimp.) K.Muell.
Wet wocxls ill tin- iiionnlaiiis. M(ir;;an ('uiiiity. l":ilk\ illi'. Winston ('(niiity. Not
rair; Htcrilc.
C.iroliuiiin anil Alh'f^lKMiijni arras, (it-or^ia, altiii;j llic iii<»iiiitaiiis In Ni\> ^'mk,
Ontario, and Nova Scotia.
PLAGIOTHECIUM Scliiiii]..
Plagiotheciiim denticiilatum (L.) Brmli iV Schiuip.
Monntain n'j,'i()n. Leo County, Aubiiru. Win.ston County.
Carolinian and Allcjiliciiian areas to Boreal re<fion. Tliroiinhoiit tlio Ka.slern
I'liited States, Uocky Mountains to the Pacific; California, Alaska. I'.uropc
Plagiothecium niicaiis Sw. Jlypnum allmlum K. Mnell.
Wet places, on decayed lo^s. Mobile County. Montij^oinery County i .*M(///ivn//).
Let' County, Aubnrn ( I'xihir <)• Earlc).
Louisiauiau and Carolinian areas. Louisiana; I'lorida to New .Jersey.
AMBLYSTEGIUM I'.rucli A S<luiiip.'
Anibly.steeiuin variimi (liedw.) Lindb. .1. radicale I^rucli A. .Schimp.
Wet ])lace.s, roots of trees. Mobile County, frciiuent; April.
Louisianian to AUegheiiian area. Louisiana an<l Florida to New York: Canada,
British Columbia. K'ocky Mountains; California. Europe.
Amblystegium serpen.s (L.) Bruch «.t Schimp.
Damp j^round, prostrate trunks. Mobile County, common over the State.
Louisianian arcia to Arctic zone. Tiiroughout the United States; Canada and
Labrador; Kocky Mountains to the Pacific. Europe.
Amblystegium fluviatile (Sw.; Bruch & Schimp.
On rocks in water. Lee County, Auburn {Baker .f- Earle).
Carolinian to Allegheniau area. North to New Jersey, New York, and Ohio;
Canada (Ontario). Europe.
CAMPYLIUM Mitt.
Campylium hispidulum (Brid.) Mitt.
On trees. Lee County. Auburn (Baker i^- Earle).
Carolinian and Allcgbeuiau areas. New Jersey, Ohio, Canada.
Campylium chrysophyllum (Brid.) Lesrj. &. James.
Damp woods. Lee County, Auburn (Baker .V' Earle).
Carolinian and AUeghenian areas. Along the mountains to Tennessee, Ohio, New
England; Ontario, New Brunswick.
Campylium uuicostatum K. Muell. A- Kindb.
Damp woods, on logs and trimks. Lee County, Auburn (lUikcr .f- Earle).
Carolinian and AUegheuiau areas. Canada (Ontario).
HYPNUM L.
Hypnum curvifolius lledw.
\\'<)ods, on dead trees and mossy ground. Mountain region. \\'instou County,
Lee County, Auburn (Ilakir .( Earle). Etowah County.
Louisianian, Carolinian, and AUeghenian areaa. Georgia north to New Jers(!y,
New York. Canada (Ontario); New lUunswick, Ncwfoiindlautl.
Hypnum pratensis Koch.
Damp woods, on the ground. Lee County, Auburn (Baker if- Earle).
Carolinian and AUeghenian areas to Boreal region. New Jersey, New Y'ork;
Canada (Ontario), Newfoundland, British Columbia, Greenland.
' Amhliisteiihnn homaloslef/him Jaeg. & Sauerb., according to L. S. Cheney doubtfully
of this genus, was collected for the only time in Alabama. See Botanical Gazette,
vol. 24, p. 211.
SUMMAEY OF MOSSES.
309
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.">10 1'LA:^T Lll'K OF ALAliA.MA.
Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA. Fernlike plants.
Order Fl LI GALES. Ferns j^roper.
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. Adders-tongue Family.
OPHIOGLOSSUM L. Sp. I'l. 2:l()(ili. 17."):{. Ai>i)Kit'8-T()NGUK.
Alioiit twenty-live species, mostly of" teinperatt^ zones.
Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walt. 1"1. C^ar. 2.")6. 1788.
BuLBors-uooiKM Ai)1)Kk"s-t<)X<;uk.
()p]iiooloi>sinn hidbofium Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:276. 1803.
<). rulnalnm var. vrotnloplioio'uhs Eaton, in Ciiap. l''l. .o9'J. 18(J0.
Eaton, Fei-ns N. A. 2 : 2(35, t. So, f. o-7. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 5(J8. Uu«ler-
wood, Native Ferns, 128.
Sot'Tii America. Ciiii.e.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. South Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Ai.ai'.ama: Mountain region, Coast i)lain. Exposed grassy banks. Leo County,
Auburn, 81)0 feet (Underivood iS' I'-urlc); ML'taniorphic bills. Mobile County, sandy
borders of lields, pastures. March; not rare in tbe Coast i)laiu.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ophioglossum pusillum Nutt. Gen. 2 :248. 1818. Dwari' AuDER's-ToxtiUK.
<)l)Mo(ilos!mm imdicunlc Sturm in Mart. Fl. Bras. fasc. 23:144. 1884. In pai-t.
Not L. f.
0. tenernm Mett. fide Prantl in Mart. 1. c. 322, t. S, f. 23. 1884.
0. vnlgatumxar. niidicaule, Eaton in Chap. Fl. 599. 1860.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 637. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 2:267, t. SI, /. -L Underwood, Native
Ferns, 129.
CiBA, Mexico to Brazil.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi and Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low grassj^ banks in sandy soil. Mobile County, Decem-
ber, 1860. N ery scarce.
Type locality: " Hab. On the margins of ponds, in South Carolina."
BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2 : 8. 1800. Grape Ferx.
Thirty species, temperate regions. North America, 15 species.
Botrychium obliquum Milde, Mon. Botrych. Nov. Acta. Leop. Car. 20:109. 1858.
OnLiciUE Grape Ferx.
Botrychium Urnafmn obliquum Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 5 : 63. 1810.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 691. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1 : 150.
Mexico.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia and Ontario, west to the liocky
Mountains; New England south to New Jersey, Florida, Ijouisiaua, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Woods and pastures. Cullman
County, 800 feet shady woods. Mobile County, open pastures. October; not fre-
quent.
Type locality: "Hab. in Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Botrychium biternatum (Lam.) Underwood, Bot. Gaz. 22 : 407, jj^ 31. 1896.
Omnunda hiternoia Lam. Encycl. 4:650. 1797.
Botnjpux lunaroiden Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:274. 1803.
Bolrtjchium htnaroides Sw. Syn. Fil. 172. 1806. Not Gray, Man., etc.
n. ternatum var. lunaroidts D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1 : 148, t. 20, f. 3. 1879.
Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1. c.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Grassy banks and declivities. Mobile County. March;
not fre<iuent.
Type locality : " M. Michaut a decouvert cette espece dans la Caroline m6ridionale."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
FERNS. 311
Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800, pt. 2 : 111. 1801.
Virginian Grape Fern.
Osmunda rirginiana L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1064. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 695. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1 : 253. Chap. Fl. 599.
Alleglienian to Louisianiau area. New Brunswick to British Cohimbia ; Eastern
United States.
Alabama: Throughout the State. Shady woods. Local and rare. Cullman
County. Mobile County (the reduced form, B.graeile Pursh).
Type locality : " Hab. in America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
POLYPODIACEAE. Fern Family.
POLYPODIUM L. Sp. PL 2 : 1082. 1753. Polypody.
Three hundred and hfty species or more, mostly tropical and largely American,
North America 11.
Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Hitchcock, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard 4:156. 1893.
Hoary Polypody.
Acrostichum polypodioides L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1068. 1753.
Polypodium incanum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3 : 1645. 1806.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, G80. Chap. Fl. 588. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1 : 197, i. 26. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 562. Underwood, Native Ferns, 83,
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil, Chile, South and East Africa.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Florida to West Virginia, Kentucky, southern
Ohio, southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Shady and exposed places on trees and rocks. Mobile
County, on trees, common, Tuscaloosa County. Cullman County, 800 feet, rocky
banks.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Jamaica."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polypodium vulgare L, Sp, PI, 2 : 1085, 1753. Common Polypody.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 680. Chap. Fl. 588. Eaton, Ferns N, A. 1 : 237, /. .U, f. 1.
Europe, North Africa, Asia, .Japan.
Boreal region to Carolinian area. Ontario, Hudson Bay to Vancouver Island,
New England to New Jersey, south along the mountains to Georgia, Arkansas, and
Missouri,
Alabama: Mountain region. Rocky woods. Winston County, banks of Sipsey
fork, 1,.500 feet. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain, 1,600 feet. June to August;
infrequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae rimis rupium."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ADIANTUM L. Sp. PL 2 : 1094. 1753. Maidenhair Fern.
Sixty-seven species, largely of tropical America. North America 5.
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Sp. PL 2 : 1096. 1753. Venus's Hair.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 680. Chap. Fl. 591, Eaton, Ferns N, A. 1 : 281, i. ,77. Underwood,
Native Ferns, 89. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 563. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 666.
Europe, Asia, Africa, West Indies, Mexico to Brazil, Oceania.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Central Kentucky, southern Missouri and
Arkansas to Utah and California, south Irom Tennessee to Florida, and southwest
Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Damp limestone cliffs, Mont-
gomery County, Pentulalla Creek. Dallas County, wet rocky banks of Alab.ama
River, Monroe County, shaded rocky borders of brooks, I'erdue Hill. Mobile
County, adventive on damp shaded brick walls, first observed in 1890. June to
August.
Type locality : "Hab. in Europa australi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Adiantum pedatum L. Sp. PL 2 : 1095. 1753. Maidenhair.
Grav, Man. ed. 6,680. Chap. Fl. 590. Eaton, Ferns N, A. 1: 135, <, ^5, /. i. Wats.
Bot. Calif. 1 : 342. Underwood, Native Ferns, 90.
312 I'LAXT I, IKK OF ALAMAMA.
KAMTrHATKA, .TaPAN, ("IIIXA, Ill.MALAYAX IN'PIA.
Horoal le^ioii to ('aroliiiiiiii area. No\v(oiiii<llan(l. < Mitario to Mritisli Colin. ibia,
Vancouver Island, New Kiijilaiid to Now Joibov. < 'hio Xallt-y to Missouri, Arkansas,
and south along tlin mountains to (loorgia.
Ai.ahama: Mountain re;;ion. K'ich shady woods. \\inst<in County, CoilicTsCreok,
1,5(K) f«>i't (T. M. I'eterH). D.-kalb County, l-ookout Mountain, "l,(](»0 feet. Clay
C<ninty, I'.ineiHons (iap, 1,)^00 lout. Cullman County, 8tM) let-t.
Tyjir locality: •Halt, in C.-iuada, A'irginia."
Heib, (ii'ol. Surv. Ih'rl). Mohr.
PTERIS L. Sp. I'1.2: kit:;. 17.'):!. liUAKi; Ki;i:n.
Ahout 103 species, mostly tropical, cosmopolitan. North America, ."> species.
Pteris aqxiilina L. Sp. ri, 2 : 1(»75. IToli, Co.m.mox Bhacken. Ea^lk I'kux.
Cray, Man.ed. (J, DiSl. Chap. Fl.SSJ). Wats. Hot. CaliT. 2::)11. Eaton, Ferns N. A.
1 : 263, t. o.'i. Coulter, Contr, Nut. Herb. 2 : 564. Underwood, Native Ferns, 91.
Cosmopolitan.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Throughout the continent to Mexico.
Ai.ahama : Over the State. In sterile open woodlands, abundant everywhere.
Tyjte locality: ''Hab. in Europae sylvis, praesertim catduis."
Herb. Geol. iSnrv. Herli Mohr.
Pteris aqiiilina pseudocaudata Clute, Fern Bull. 8 : 39. 1900.
Carolinian iind Louisianian areas. Long Island, New .Jersey, and Maryland lo
Florida and Texas along the coast. (Clute.)
Alabama: Central I'lairie belt to Coast ])lain. Sandy shadeil banks and thickets.
Mobile County, frequent.
Type localitj': ''Abundant in the 'pine barrens,' Babylon, Long Island."
Pteris serrulata L. f. Snppl. 425. 1781. Chinese Bkake.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 669. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 2:239, t. 28, f. 5. Underwood, Native
Ferns, 91.
Tropical Asia.
Louisianian area. South Carolina and (ieorgia. Probably introduced.
Alabama: Coast plain. Shaded banks of brooklets. Mobile County, lirst
observed In 1870. Since spreading along the banks of water courses and ditches,
and on old walls. July.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CHEILANTHES Sw. Syn. Fil. 126. 1806. Lip Fkrx.
Over 60 species, temperate and warmer regions. Mexico, South America; North
America, chielly in the arid table-lands west of the Mississippi.
Cheilanthes alabamensis (Buckl.) Kuntze, Liunaea, 20:2.34. 1847.
Alabam.v Lip Fekn.
Pteris alahamensis Buckl. Am. Jonrn. Sci. 45 : 177. 1843.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 681. Chap. Fl. .590. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 2 : 89, t. 57, f. 7. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 565. Underwood, Native Ferns, 93.
Carolinian area. Central Kentucky to the mountains of Virginia, North Carolina,
and western Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Lower hills. Lauderdale County, near Florence,
rocky banks of Cypress Creek. Winston County, sandstone clitl's on Sipsey fork,
1,200 feet. Etowah County, Black Creek Falls, 1,200 feet. Bibb County, 'Pratt's
Ferry, on limestone rock (E. A. Smith).
Type locality: "Grows in tufts on limestone rocks, that form the banks of the
Tennessee River, at the foot of the Muscle Shoals, Alabama."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) AVatt, Trimen's.lourn. Bot. 12 : 48. 1847.
Woolly Lip Fern.
Xephrndium lanosum Michx. Fl, Bor. Am. 2 : 270. 1803.
Cheilanthes vestita Sw. Syn. Fil. 128. 1806.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 681. Chap. Fl. 590, Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1 : 13, <.^./. ,?. Under-
wood, Native Ferns, 93.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. British Columbia, northwest coast, to east-
ern base of the Rocky Mountains, southeast Xew York west to Kentucky, Illinois,
southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Colorado, and south to Tennessee and North
Carolina.
FERNS. 313
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower hills, on sandstone rock. Cnllman Connty,
800 feet, Landerdale County, Florence, rocky banks Cypress Creek. Tuscaloosa
Connty. Bibb Connty, Pratt's Ferry {E. A. Smith). Not frequent.
Type locality: "Hal>. in niontibus saxosis Tennassde et Carolinae septentrioualis."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Cheilanthes tomentosa Link, Hort. Berol. 2 : 42. 1833. Webby Lip Fern.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 681. Chap. Fl. .590. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1 : 345, t. 45, f. 1-5. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : '^dG. Underwood, Native Ferns, 94.
Carolinian area. West Virginia, Tennessee, Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Shaded rocks. Cullman County, 800 feet. Blount
County, 600 feet, on rocky Ijanks. Talladega County, Alpine Mountain, Signal Sta-
tion, 1,800 feet, abundant in dense ])atches on steep rocky declines. Lauderdale
County, cliffs on Cypress Creek, 500 feet. August, September; not rare.
Tyi)e locality : Texas or Mexico.
Herb. Geo]. Surv. Herb Mohr.
PELL AEA Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 59. 1841. Cliff Brake.
About 50 species, mostly in arid regions of warmer zones, largely in Sonth Africa,
tropical America, and Mexico. Eleven species North American, chiefly from the arid
tablelands west of the Mississip]ii to the Pacihc.
Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 59. 1841. Purple Cliffbrake.
Pteris atropurpurea L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1076. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 682. Chap. Fl. .589. Eaton, Ferns X. A. 2 : 61, i.. 54,/.^. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :564. Underwood, Native Ferns, 98.
Northern Mexico.
Boreal region to Carolinian area. Labrador, Ontario, British Columbia, New
England, west to Michigan, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, soutii to New York, Virginia,
Kentucky, and Tennessee, along the mountains to North Carolina, Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Open woods, on rocks. Lawrence
County (Peto's). Madison County, Monte Sano, 1,000 feet. Lauderdale County, Flor-
ence. Clay County, near Mosley, rocky banks Tallatlega Creek Tuscaloosa County,
Tannehill (E.A. Smith). Kather local; nowhere abundant.
Type locality : "'Hab. in \'irginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
WOOD WARDIA J. E. Smith. Mem. Acad. Tor. 5 : 411. 1793. Chaix Fern.
About 8 species, temperate regions around the globe.
Woodwardia areolata (,L.) Moore, Index Fil. xlv. 1857.
Acrostichiim areolatum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1069. 1753.
Woodwardia am/ustifoHa .1. E. Smith, Mem. Acad. Tor. 5 : 411. 1793.
Gray, Man. ed.'6, 683. Chap. Fl. 591. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1 : 165, t. 22 J. 2. Under-
wood, Native P^erns, 103.
Allegheuian to Louisianian area. Coast of New England to Tennessee and Florida,
and west to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State, in shaded sandy swamps and low wet woods. Mobile,
Baldwin, Clark, Montgomery, Cullman counties. Clay County, banks of Talladega
Creek, 1,000 feet. P^equent.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia, Marilandia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Woodwardia virginica (L.) J. E. Smith, Mem. Acad. Tor. 5 : 412. 1793.
Jihchnum rirfjinicum L. Mant. 2 : 307. 1771.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 683. Chap. Fl. 591. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 2 : 45, <. 5,^. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herl). 2 : 567. Underwood, Native P'erns, 102.
Allegheuian to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, Ontario, New England, Michigan,
Missouri, south to Ohio, and from New York to North Carolina, Florida, Texas, and
Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Coast plain. Damp thickets, borders of woods.
Russell County {E. A. Smith). Mobile County. Baldwin County, Stockton. Rare in
the interior; more fre(|nent in the alluvial region of the coast.
Tyjje locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
314 I'LANT LIFK (>K ALAUAMA.
ASPLENIUM 1,. S|.. l'l.2: lOTS. 1753. Spi,i:k\\vi)I!T.
Alioiit :!:>() 8])Ocios, wiililv ditViiscd over troiiicnl and tcmpt-r.ato regions.
Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. (ion. I'l. 2 : 2.".!. IMS. MorNTAiN Splkknwokt.
(iniy. Man. nd. •;. Gs:!. Chap. Fl. 51)2. Katoii. Ferns \. A. 1 :61, /. 5, /. i^. I'nder-
wooil. Native I'l'rns. 10:{.
Alli'gin'nian and Carolinian areas. SonthcaHtern I'ennsylvauia, New Jorsej-, Ken-
tucky, and Illinois, to soutln-rn Missouri, .Arkansas, and soutlieastern Tennessee.
Alahama: Mountain renion an<l Trnni'SSfr \'alli-y. Cletts of sandstone rocks.
Dekalli County, Lookout Niounlaiu. l.tiOO fetst. Cullman County, highest ridges, 1,000
I'.i-t. Winston County, C<dlier.s Creek (T. M. I'clers), l,r>00 lect. Marion County,
rikevillo (E. J. i>iinth). Lauderdale County, Florence (J/. C. Jlilnun). June, .Jnly;
not rare.
Type locality: Crevices ot rocks along the Schuylkill: also in Tennessee.
Ilerh. Ci'ol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Asplenium ebeuoides K. K. Scott, Journ. Hoyal llort. Soe.1866: -ST. 1
Scott's Si'I
ISCG.
•LEKNWOKT.
Gray, Man. ed. G, 08 L Chap. Fl. Suppl. 070. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1:25, /. 4,/. 2.
Underwood, Native Ferns, 103.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New England, sontheastern Pennsyl-
vania. Kentucky, Illinois, and .Missouri. Local and rare.
Alahama: Central Pine belt. Gravelly shaded hillsides. Hale County. Havana
(Misa Tiitwilcr). Marion County, on sandstone rock {E. J. SmitJi). Rare.
Type locality: Limestone cliffs of the Schuylkill River, near Philadelphia
(Scott).
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes; Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1:21. 1879.
Eboxy Fekn.
Jcrostichum platiineuros L. Sp. PL 2 : 1069. 1753.
Asplen'uim chcnenm Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 402. 1789.
Gray, Man. ed. 6. 684. Chap. Fl. .592. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1: 21, <.-^,/. /. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 56(5. Underwood. Native Ferns, 104.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario, New England, throughout the Atlan-
tic States to Florida and the Gulf States to Texas, thence to Indian Territory,
Arkansas, and Missouri.
Alabama: Over the State. Copses and rich woodlands. Cullman County. Mont-
gomery County, the form with deeply serrated leaves {A. ebeneum var. serratum anct. ).
^Mobile County. August, September; common.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
HerV). Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Asplenium parvulum Mart. & Gall. Mem. Acad. Brux. 15 : [reprint 60]. 1842.
TjIttle Ebony Spleenwort.
Gray, Man. ed. G, 684. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 670. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1:279, /. S6, f.
5,6. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:566. Underwood, Native Ferns, 104.
Mexico.
Carolinian area. South Virginia and Tennessee to South Carolina, west to Texas,
Arkansas, and South Missouri.
Alabama: Tennessee \'alley to Lower hills. Shaded rocky hillsides, mostly on
limestone rock. Lawrence County ( T. ^^. Peters), 1,000 feet. Walker County, Lost
Creek. Madison County, Monte Sano, 800 feet. Bibb Couuty, Pratt's Ferry (E. A.
t^mith). Lauderdale County {M. V. ]VUison). Clay County, rocky banks Talladega
Creek. July; not infrequent.
Type locality : Mexico.
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Asplenium trichomanes L. Sp. PI. 2:1080. 1753. Maidenhair Spleenwort.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 684. Chap. Fl. .592. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1:271, t. 36, f. 1-3.
Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 344. Underwood, Native Ferns, 104.
Europe, Asia, South Africa, New Zealand, West Indies, Mexico, South
America.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia. New Brunswick, QueT)ec, Ontario
to Saskatchewan; Ihitish Columbia to Oregon and California ; New England west
to Michigan, Missouri, Arkansas, and Colorado; south from the Ohio Valley to the
mountains of Georgia.
Alabama; Mountain region. Lower hills. Damp sheltered rocks. Lawrence
FEENS. 315
Comity (T. M. Peters), 1, 000 feet. Etowah County, Black Creek Falls, 1,000 feet.
Talladega County, Chandler's Springs. Tuscaloosa County (E. A. Smith). Clay
County, banks of Talladega Creek. Frequent in the rock houses of the Carboniferous
sandstone ou the Warrior table-land.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae fissuris rupium."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aspleuium angustifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 26.5. 1803.
Narrow-leaved Spleenwort.
Gray,Man. ed. 6, 685. Chap. Fl. 592. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 2 : 73, t. 56, f. 1-3. Under-
wood, Native Ferns, 10^.
AUeghcniau and Carolinian areas. Quebec, Ontario, New England, Ohio Valley
west to INIichigan, Wisconsin, Missouri, Arkansas, and from Virginia along the moun-
tains to North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Eich woods. Winston County, 1,500 feet; rare.
Type locality : " Hab. ad ripas fluminis Ohio."
Aspleuium bradleyi Eaton, Bull. Torr. Club, 4 : 11. 1873.
Bradley's Spleenwort,
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 684. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 670. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 2 : 39, t. 51, /. 4-S.
Underwood, Native Ferns, 106.
Carolinian area. Southern New York. Cumberland Mountains of Kentucky and
Tennessee.
Alabama: Mountain region. Shaded rocks. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain.
Sheltered shelves of rocks, banks of Little Eiver, 1,600 feet. Clay County, Bald-
rock, 2,200 feet; small specimen, not well developed, .July 31, 1896.
Type locality: "Waldens Eidge, Cumberland Mountains, near Coal Creek, East
Tennessee." {F. H. Bradley, 1876.)
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Asplenium montanum AVilld. Sp. PI. 5:342. 1810. Mountain Spleenwort.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 684. Chap. Fl. 592. Eaton, lerus N. A. 2 : 41, t. 51, f. 11. Under-
wood, Native Ferns, 106.
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. New England, New York, New Jersey to
West Virginia and Kentucky, along the mountains to North Carolina and Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Clefts of rocks. Winston
County (T. M. Peters). Dekalb County, Mentone, 1,600 feet. Lauderdale County,
near Florence. Marion County, Pikeville [E. J. Smith). Bibb County, Pratt's
Ferry (E. A. Smith), .500 feet. Not frequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in altis montibus Caroliuae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Asplemum ruta-muraria L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1081. 1753. Wallrue Spleenwort.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 684. Chap. FL 593. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1:107, t 15, f. 1.
Underwood, Native Ferns, 106.
Europe, Asia, North Africa.
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. New England west to Michigan, Ohio, Ken-
tucky, and Arkansas; mountains of Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountains and Lower hills. Exposed rocks. Win-
ston County, Colliers Creek, 1, 500 feet ( T. M. Peters). Dekalb County, Menlonc, 1, 600
feet, Etowah County, Black Creek Falls. Colbert County {E.A.Smith). Bibb
County, Pratt's Ferry.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europa ex rupium fissuris."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Asplenium filix-foemina (L.) Bernh. Sclirad. Neues Journ. Bot. 1, pt. 2:26. 1806.
Lady Fern.
Pohipodium fiUx-foemina L. Sp. PI, 2 : 1090. 1753,
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 6.58. Chap. Fl. 593. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 2 : 225, <. 76, Coulter,
Contr, Nat, Herb. 2 : 566. Underwood, Native Ferns, 107.
Europe, Asia.
Boreal region to Carolinian area. Nearly throughout the north temperate zone.
From Nova Scotia to British Columbia and Alaska, and from New England south to
Florida (Chapman), west to Texas, Arizona, and California.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Central Pine l)elt. Shady woods. Winston
County. Madison County, Monte Sano. Talladega County, Chandler Sjirings.
Tuscaloosa County. Bibb County, Pratt's Ferry. Most fre([uent in the mountains.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae frigidioris subhumidis."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
31(> IM.AXr I-II'K «'K ALA15A.MA.
Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. ScIumiI. .lonm. Hot. 1800. ]>t. L':r>l, ISOl.
SlI.N KItY Sl'l.KKNWnitr.
Anplcniiim IlKhiiitrroiihs Miclix. I'l. Hi>r. Am. 2 : U'Im. ISOIi.
Gray, Man. ell. li, CS."). ClLip Fl. ')'X\. Hatoii, Fcmiih N. A. 2:'.i.i, t. :,(>. ruder-
wood, Native I'rnis, Id".
Canadian /ono to Carolinian .Mri-a. Nov.i Scotia, Now Urnnswick. <,Mii'liic lo I.ako
Superior; Ontario; Xiw l',n'4l.iu<l to .Minm-sot.-i, suntli a! >n^ tim nionnl.iins to
lii'orgia ; rare.
Ai.ahama: Mountain rt'^^ion. liic-h woods. \Viust<ui County I I'ndennuul).
Type locality nut ;;ivcn. Miclianx's locality: "Hal), in inontilju.s Virjijiniae et
Carol inae seiitcntri<uialis."
llerli. Ceol. Surv. Herli. Moiir.
CAMPTOSORUS l.inU. Ilort. r.orol. 2 : (I!). \H'^•^. Wai.kin.; I-kak.
'I'wo >])ccit'8. one North American.
Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link, Ilort. r.eml. 2 : Cil. IX'Xi.
.tii))le)iiiim rhhopliiilla L. Sj). I'l. 2 : 107S. 175;i
Cray, Man. ed. (>, (W."). Chaj). Fl. ,5!ll. Eaton, Ferns X. A. 1 : T..",, /. S, f. J.
Alle;:lhenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario and C^iiebec to the Saskatchewan ; New
Euijland west to Wisconsin, Missouri. Kans.is, and Arkansas; south throuj;h lluOhio
Valley to Tennessee, antl alouji tiio mountains from ^'irJ^inia to North Carolina .lud
Georgia.
Alahama: Mountain region to C(uitral Fine helt. Shaded rocky hanks, (iillman
County (.l/(s.s Marji Mohr). Hale County ( IC. J. Sitiilli). Infre(|uent.
Ty])e locality : "Hah. in .lamaiea, Virginia, Canada, Siheria."
Herb. Gcol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PHEGOPTERIS Fee, Gen. Fil. 212. 1850-52. Beech Fkhn.
Ninety-live s[)c<ies, mostly of north temperate zone.
Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Micbx.) Foe, Geu. Fil. 24.T. 1850-.52.
Bekcii Fkhn.
Poh/podinm hexationnptentm Michx. Fl. Bor. Am 2 : 271. 1803.
Gray, Man. ed. (., (WG. Chap. Fl. 588. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 2 : U7, /. oG.
Allegheniau and Carolinian areas; South Ontario; New England west to Minne-
sota, Arkansas, and Missouri ; south to the mountains of Nortli Carolina and Georgia.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. Mountain region to Lower bills. Rich woodlands.
Cullman County ; Tuscaloosa County ; Lauderdale County, near PUoreuce. Not rare.
Type locality: "liab. in Carolina et Virginia.'
Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DRYOPTERIS Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 20. 1763. Shield Fern.
(ASPIDIUM Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800, pt. 2:1. 1801).
About 300 .species, mostly of tropical and subtropical regions. North America, 17;
Pacific States, 5; Northern States, Kocky Mountains, and Canada, 13; Southern
States, 7.
Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) Gray, Man. 630. 1848. Marsh Siiieli* Fkrn.
Acrostichnm thehipicris L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1071. 17.53.
AitpUlinm theli/pierh Sw. Schrad. Jonrn. Bot. 1800, pt. 2 : 40. 1801.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 686. Chap. Fl. 5!)4. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1:233, t. SO. Coulter,
Contr. IS^at. Herb. 2 : 567. Underwood, Native Ferns, 114.
EiKOPE, Siberia, Nokthkrx Asia, Himalayan India.
Canadian zone to Louisianiaii area. Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario to Lake Win-
nipeg, Manitoba; throughout the Eastern States from New England to F'lorida. and
■west to Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Alabama: Coast])lain. Openswamps. Mobile. MontgomeryCoimtj'; al)unilant.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae scptentrionalioris paludibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Dryopteris iioveboracensis (L.) Gray, Man. 630. 1848.
New York Shield Fkrn.
roh/podium norchoracen>ie L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1091. 17.53.
Anpidiiim noreboracense Sw. Schrad. Jonrn. Bot. 1800, pt. 2: .S8. 1801.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 6S7. Chap. Fl. 594. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1:49, t. 7. Underwood,
Native Feius, 112.
FERNS. 317
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Canada, Maritime Provinces, Ontario, New
England (Mount Desert) west to Wisconsin. Michigan, ( )hio Valley, and south from
New York along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain regions and Lower hills. Lauderdale
County, Florence. Jilount County, Warnock Mountain, 1,100 leet. Tuscaloosa
County. Fayette County, Fayette (E. A. Smith). Not frequent.
Type locality: "Hab. in Canada. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Dryopteris floridana (Hook.) Kuntze, Rev. Ctcu. PI. 2 : 812. 1891.
Florida Wood Fern.
Nephrodium JJoridanum Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 99. 1859.
Aspidinm lioridanum Eaton in Chap. Fl. 59ii. 1860.
Underwood, Native Ferns, 115. Eaton, Ferns X. A. 2 : 1.59.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Florida to Louisiana,
Alaba.ma: Metamorphic hills. Low woods. Lee County, near Auburn {L. M.
rnderivood). May, 1896. Rare.
Type locality': "East Florida." {S. B. Buclieij.)
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray, Man. 632. 1818. Evergreex Wood Ferx.
Fohjpodhtm marf/inale L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1091. 1753.
Aspidium marqinale Sw. Syu. Fil. 50. 1810.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 688. Chap. Fl. 595. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 2 : 69, t. 55. Underwood,
Native Ferns, 116.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario to Saskatchewan,
Manitoba, Rocky Mountains; New England (Mount Desert), west to Michigan and
the Ohio Valley, and from New York south along the mountains to Georgia and Ala-
bama, west to Arkansas and Missouri.
Alabama : Mountain region to Lower hills. Rocky shaded ravines. Dekalb
County, Mentone. 1,600 feet, Cullman County, 800 feet. Tuscaloosa County (^. ^.
Smith), aljout 450 feet. Clay County, Baldrock, 2,200 feet. Not frequent.
Type locality : "Hab. in Canada. Kalni."
Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata Underwood, Native Ferns, ed. 4, 116. 1893.
Polypodiiim dilatatum Hoft'm. Deutsche Fl. 2 : 7. 1795.
Dryopteris dilatata Gray, Man. 631. 1818.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 687. Chap. Fl. 595. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 2 : 165.
Europe.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Tennessee and North Carolina, along the
mountains to New England and Canada; British Columbia to the Pacific; Ohio and
Kentucky to Missouri and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region, in shady woods. Winston County, rocky, shady
declivities near the Sipsey River. Rare.
Type locality European.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Dryopteris patens (Sw.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1 : 112. 1891.
Spreading Wood Fern.
Aspidinm patens Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1673. 1797.
A.molle Kunze, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2. 6 : 83. 1848.
Chap. Fl. 594. Wats. Bot. Calif 2:346. Griseb. Fl. Brit. WMnd. 692. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 567. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 2 : 181, t. 70. Underwood, Native Ferns,
114.
South Africa, Polynesia, Tropical and Subtropical America.
Louisinnian area. Lower South Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana, Texas,
and southern California.
Alabama : Coast plain and Lower division Coast Pine belt. Damp shaded ravines.
Mobile County, Mount Vernon. Baldwin County, July, October. Frequent.
Type locality: "lueolit sylvas montium Antillarum."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
POLYSTICHUM Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 3 : 69. 1800.
Polystichiim acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott, Gen. Fil. 2 : no. 4. 1834.
Christmas Fern.
Nephrodium. acrostichoides Miehx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 267. 1803.
Aspidium acrostichoides Sw. Syn. Fil. 44* 1S06.
Dryopteris acrostichoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : 812. 1892.
818 TLANT T,IKK oK ALABAMA.
(;r;iy. Man. cd. (I, (!S!>. Chap. II. nil."). Katmi, I't-rim N. A. 1 : 257, t. ,?.7. Tinder wood,
Nativo Kerns, 111.
Allf;;lit'iiiini to l^ouisianijin area. Nova Scotia, New nriinswick, Ontario; New
Kniiland (.Mount Dosert I.sland ), wosl to Minnesota, Ark.ausas, and Missouri, south
to Florida and the (iuif coast.
Ai.aiiama: ( )verthe Statf. Kiili woo<liul liilUitleM. Mobiluand Haldwin conuties.
Coniinon.
rjl)e locality: " Hah. in IV^ns.vlvania, Carcdina. <'t Tt-nnasBie."
llerh. (k'ol. ,Siirv. Herb. Mobr.
CYSTOPTERIS licrnh. Schrail. .Nciies. .Journ. liot. 1, pf. L':L'i;. ISOti. Bi.addkr
Fern.
Five species, temperate regions, Knrope, western Asia, Mexico; Nortli America 3.
Cystopteris fragilis (L. ) Bernh. Scbrad. Ncnes. ,Ionrn. Bot. 1, pt. 2 : 20. 1H06.
BitiTTLE Fkun.
I'ohipodium fragile L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1091 . 1753.
Fiidi-rwood, Native Ferns. 118. (Jrav, Man. ed. 6, 689. Chap. F1.593. Eaton, Ferns
N. A. 2 : 49, /. .',3 J. IS. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 31.S.
Most universally distriV)ute(l over eooler and temperate regions of tlie globe from
the north aictic zone to Patagonia, Soutli Africa, and Tasmania ; northern Europe,
and North America up to an altitude of t?,000 to 8,000 feet.
Arctic zone to Carolinian area. Boreal America to the mountains of Mexico; in
the United States to central Georgia, and in the Kocky Mountains and California.
Alab.vma : Mountain region to Lower hills. In rich woods and shaded damp places.
Winston, Cullman, Lauderdale, and Etowah counties. Bibb County, Pratt's Ferry.
Tuscaloosa *."ouuty. Not rare.
Type locality : " Hal), in collibus Europae frigidioris.''
Herb. (ieol. Siirv. Herb. Mobr.
Cystopteris bulbifera (L. ) Bernh. Schrad. Neues. .Journ. Bot. 1, pt. 2 : 26, 1806.
Poh/pofHnm biilhifertim L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1091. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 689. Chap. Fl. 591. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 2 : 55, <. 75. Underwood,
Native Ferns, 118.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario;
New England west to Michigan and Wisconsin, Hlinois, Missouri, Arkansas; south
from New York along the mountains to Tennessee and Nortli Carolina.
Ai-AUAma: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region, dripping rocks. Lauderdale
County, banks of Tennessee Kiver, also Colbert County, near Sheffield, Etowah
County, Bliick Creek Falls. 800 feet {E. A. Smitli). lul'rcuuent.
Tyi)e locality: "Hab. in Canada."
Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ONOCLEA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1062. 1753.
Three species found in temperate regions.
Onoclea seusibilis L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1062. 1753. Sen.sitive Fern.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 690. Chap. FI, 596, Eaton, Ferns N, A, 2 : 19i5, <, 7;J. Under-
wood. Native Ferns, 119,
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick, Ontario to Saskatchewan; New
Englan<l (Mount Desert Island), west to Micliigan, Minnesota, Dakota, Nebraska,
Kansas, Missouri; soutli through the Ohio Valley to Florida, west to Arkan-sas.
Alabama: Lower hills to Coast ])lain. Low woods. Swampy thickets. Most fre-
(|ueut in the bottoms of the lower Alabama River. Baldwin County, Stockton.
July to September.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb, Mohr.
WOODSIA K, Br. Trans, Linn. Soe. 11 : 170. 1816.
Fifteen species of boreal and cooler temperate zones.
Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Cat. PI. Geol. Surv. N. Y. 195. 1840,
rohipodinm ohtu^um Spreng. Anleit. 92. 1804,
Japidiiim ohiii.siim Willd. Sp. PI. 5 : 2,54. 1810.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 691. Chap. IT. .596. Coulter, Contr, Xat. Herb, 2 : 568, Eaton,
Ferns N. A. 2 : 189, /. 7/,/. .7-,S'. Underwood, Native Ferns, 121.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Nova Scotia, British Columbia (source of
Columbia Kiver) ; New England west to Michigan, Wisconsin, Nebraska, south to
FEENS. 819
the Ohio Valley, Missouri, and Arkansas; and from New York along the mountains
to Georgia, Texas, and Indian Territory.
Alabama : Mountain region. Lower hills. Shaded rocky banks. Bibb County,
Pratt's Ferry {E. A. Smith). Winston County, valley of Colliers Creek, 1,000 feet.
Rare.
Type locality not ascertained. Willdenow's locality : " Hab. in Pennsylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DENNSTAEDTIA Bernh. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800, pt. 2:124. 1801.
(DiCKSONiA L'Her. Sertum. Angl. 30. 1788.)
About 40 species, both hemispheres, chiefly tropical.
Denustaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore, Index Fil. xcvii, 307. 1857-62.
Xephrodiion 2)unctiloJ)itIum Michx.Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :268. 1803.
Dicksonia jyiloshiscula Willd. Euum. 1076. 1809.
Dieksonia jmnctilobula Gray, Man. 628. 1848.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 691. Chap. Fl. 597. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1 : 339, i. 44. Underwood,
Native Ferns, 121.
AUeghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, New England
(Mount Desert Island), west to Michigan, southern Illinois, Ohio, and Missouri;
south from New York along the mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia
to central Alabama.
Alabama: Mountain region. Central Pine belt, rocky open woodlands. Winston
County, Colliers Creek, 1,000 feet (T. M. Peters). Bibb County, Pratt's Ferry {E. A.
Smith), ioO feet. Infreriuent. .luly, August.
Type locality: " Hab. in Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TRICHOMANES L. Sp. PL 2 : 1097. 1753. Bristle Fern.
Al)oat 90 species, in the tropical and warmer temperate regions of both hem-
ispheres.
Trichomanes radicans Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3 : 1736. 1806. Alabama Bristle Fern.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 692. Chap. Fl. 597. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1 : 179, t. 24, f. 1. Griseb.
Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 655. Underwood, Native Ferns, 122.
Almost cosmopolitan in temperate regions. Southern Ireland, Azores,
East Indies, Pacific Islands, West Indies, Mexico to Brazil.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Central Kentucky, through the Cumberland
Mountains to Tennessee and Alabama.
Alabama: Warrior table-laud. Central Pine belt. Under the shelter of drip-
ping rocks. Frequent in the so-called rock houses of the Carboniferous sandstone.
Winston County, 1,200 feet(T. M. Peters). Franklin County (Beaumont). Marion
County, Pikeviile (E. A. Smith'). Etowah County, Black Creek Falls, 1,000 feet.
Lawrence County (Beaumont and Peters). Hale County, Havana (E. A. Smith).
Type locality: "Incolit arbores in montosis Jamaicae."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Trichomanes petersii Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. scr. 2, 15 : 326. 1853.
Peters's Bristle Fern.
Chap. Fl. 597. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1:183, t. 24, f. 2. Underwood, Native Ferns,
122.
Carolinian area.
Alap,ama: Mountain region. Warrior table-land. Deep clefts of sandstone
rock kept perpetually moist by dripping water. Winston County, near east fork of
Sip.sey River, discovered by T. M. Peters, 1853. Etowah County, falls of Black
Creek, near (iadsden, 1,000 feet. Marion County, Pikeviile, in rock houses (E. A.
Smith). Local; rare. Endemic.
Type locality: " Hancock [now Winston] County, Alabama, not far from the Sip-
sey River; found only on the face of an isolated sandstone rock, within reach of the
spray of a waterfall. T. M. Peters, Esq."
Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb, Mohr.
OSMUNDA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1063. 1753. Flowering Fern.
Six species, chiefly of the north temperate zone, 3 North American.
Osmunda cinnamomea L. Sp. PI. 2: 1066. 1753. Cinnamon Fern.
(;ray, Man. ed. 6, 693. Chap. Fl. 598. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1:227, t. 29, f. 3-5.
Underwood, Native Ferns, 124.
.S2() PLANT T.II'K <>K ALABAMA.
Manciu'ria, Japan, Wkst Indiks (Hkkmi'DA, CfiiA), Mr.xiroTo Rrazil.
CiUiadiiiii /oiu> tf» LmiiHijiiiian aioa. Nova Scotia, (^iiolter, Lake Superior, (Ontario,
Ni>\v I'mjluinl (Mmiut KesiMt Island): all over the Atlantic States to Florida, alon;^
tlio (Jnlf coast to Louisiana and Texas; Arkansas, Missouri.
Ai.amama: Low, swaiiijiv, optii woods and thickets cverywiiori'. Mobile County.
April.
Tyi>e locality: "Hal), in Marilaudia."
llcrli. (leol. Surr. llerli. Mohr.
Osmunda regalis L. Sjt. I'l. 2 : 1()G.">. 17.53. Royai, FKiiN.
(Jray, Man. cd. 6, (JiW. Chap. Fl. r>!)8. Katon, Ferns X. A. 1:2(H1, /. .'.V. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herlt. 2 .5()8. Fnderwood, Nativi; Ferus, 121.
KcHOPK, A.siA. AfpiCa, Cuisa, Mkxico to HiiAZtr,.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario to Sa.s-
katchewan; from Lake Superior to Florida anil the (Milf coast, west to Texas,
Arkansas, Missouri.
Alabama: Swampy borders of woods, ojjcu marshes. Common throughout tho
State. Auj::ust, Septemlier.
Tyi)e locality : •'llab. in Fiiroi)a, Virginia ad liuvios."
Herb. GeoL Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SALVINIACEAE. Water Fern Family.
AZOLLA Lam. Encycl. 1 : 343. 1783.
Four species, temperat<' regions, 1 North American.
Azolla caroliiiiaua Willd. Sp. PL 5:541. 1810.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 701. Chap. FL 602. Wats. Bot. CaliL 2 : 352. Coulter, Coutr.
Nat. Herb. 2:5.59. Underwood, Native Ferns, 128.
Allegheniau to Louisianian area. Lake Ontario to British Columbia, southern
New York, west to Ohio, southern Illinois, southern Missouri, Arkansas, Arizona,
and California, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain, tloating iu still water. Moltile County, abundant in pools
and ditches.
Type locality: "Hab. in aquis Caroliuae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Order EQUISETALES. Horsetails.
EaUISETACEAE. Horsetail family.
EQUISETUM L. Sp. I'l. 2 : 1061. 1753.
About 25 species, chielly of cooler temperate zones. North America, 13.
Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. ; Engelm. Aiu. .Journ. Sci. 46 : 87. 1844.
Smooth Hoksktail.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 677. Chap. Fl. .585. Milde, Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. 32, pt. 2 : 546,
t.32. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:331. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2:559. Underwood,
Native Ferus, 135.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, Texas,
Missouri, Colorado, British Columbia, Oregon, and California.
Alai$ama: Central Pine belt. Bibb County, Scottsville (J5^. A. Smith). August.
Rare.
Type locality: "Hab. on poor clayey soil, with Andro])ogon and other coar.se
grasses, at the foot of the rocky Mississippi hills, on the banks of the river below
St. Louis." {N. Biehl, IMO.)
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Equisetum robustum A. Br. ; Engelm. Am, .Journ. Sci. 46 : 88. 1844.
Stout Hoksetail.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 677. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 669. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 330. Milde, Act.
Acad. Caes. Leop. 32, jit. 2: .532, t. 31. Underwood, Native Ferns, 135.
Mexico, British Cohmbia, California, East Indies.
Carolinian to Louisianiau area. Ohio, Illinois, southern Missouri, Louisiana, and
New Mexico.
CLUB MOSSES. 321
AlaraMA: Upper division Coast Pino belt, wet banks. Monroe County, Claiborne.
Type locality: "Hab. Islands of the Mississippi River in Louisiana. Bory de St.
Vincent." (With otlier localities in the Mississippi basin, and in the East Indies.)
Herb. Mohr.
Equisetum hyemale L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1062. 1753. Scouring Eush,
Gray, Man, ed. 6, 677. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 331. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : .559.
Milde, Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. 32 : 511, t. 29, 30. Underwood, Native Ferns, 135.
EcEOPE, Asia.
Allegheniau and Carolinian areas. Ontario and Quebec, through the mountains
to British Columbia; Oregon, California; New England, New York, Ohio Valley,
ilissouri, Arkansas, and Texas.
Alabama : Mountain region. Winston County ; reported by T. M. Peters.
Type locality: " Hab. in Europae sylvis, asperis, uliginosis."
Herb, Geol. Surv.
Order LYCOPODALES. Club mosses.
LYCOPODIACEAE. Club-moss Family.
LYCOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1100. 1753.'
About 100 species, widely distributed over the temperate, but mostly the tropical,
zones of the globe. North America, 17 species.
Lycopodium alopecuroides L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1102. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 696. Chap. Fl. 600. Underwood, Native Ferns, 137.
Brazil.
LouLsianian to Carolinian area. From Florida west to Mississippi, and north along
the coast to North Carolina, Virginia, and New Jersey.
Alabama: Lower Pine belt and Coast plain. In bogs. Washington, Mobile, and
Baldwin counties. July, August. Frequent.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lycopodium adpressum (Chap.) Lloyd & Underw. Bull. Torr. ( lub, 27: 153. 1900.
Lycopodium alopecuroides adpressum Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 638. 1897.
L. innndatum vav. adpressum Chap. Fl. Snppl.671. 1880.
Louisianian area. Western Florida to Mississippi.
Alabama : Sandy, open pine barrens, swamps. Mobile County, Grand Bay, boggy
pine flats. Baldwin County, Montrose, springy banks. July.
Type locality : "Damp pine barrens [Southern United States]."
Herb. Geol Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lycopodium piniiatum (Chap.) Lloyd & Uuderw. Bull. Torr. Club, 27: 155. 1900.
Lycopodium innndatum pinnatum Chap. Fl. 600. 1860.
Louisianian area. Florida to Mississippi.
Type locality: "Low pine barrens, near the coast, West Florida."
Alabama: Mobile County, Spring Hill, August, 1897 {B. F. Bush). Lee County,
Auburn, October, 1896 {C. F. Baker).
Lycopodium carolinianum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1104. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 697. Chap. Fl. 601. Griseb. FL Brit. W. Ind. 646. Underwood,
Native Ferns, 139,
Tropical Africa to the Cape, East Indies, Tasmania, West Indies to Brazil.
Ijouisianian and Carolinian areas. From Mississippi along the coast to Florida
and north to New York.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low, damp pine barrens. Mobile and Baldwin counties.
September to November. Fre(|nent.
Type locality : "Habitat in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
' F. E. Lloyd and L. M. Underwood, Revision of the species of Lvcopodium of
North America, Bull. Torr. Club, vol. 27, p. 147, it. 2 to 4. 1900.
15894-^21
.'{•Jl' I'LANl' MKK <»K ALAI'.AMA.
Lycopodium poiopliilum I.lovtl A I imIciw. Hull. Ti>rr. ( liil), 27: l.".(l. i;t(K).
" IiitiMinediato bftwton l.iivoiiodinm liicidnliim and A. Hilaijo, liii\ iii;i tlic leaves
Hpri'atlinj; or soiiicwhat rollexcd witli tlio alturiiatioii ol' Ikii;^ leaves ami sliort
8i»(>r()|ili\ll8. I^eavfs not liolloweil, Imt Hal as in /,. Ii(t-idiiliivi." — I'uderwood.
('arnlinian and Allei;heniaii areas. Kent iicUy. Indiana, and ^\'is<•()IlKin.
Ai.AiiA.MA: Winston (onntv, nndei- jnojectin}; saiidstoiK; rucks near Sipse\ Ifiver.
.]\im' l.lHWi {L. M. I iidrnrood).
Type loi-ality: Pointw in Indiana, Wisconsin, Kentucky, and Alabama.
Lycopodium ceniuum L. iSi>. 1*1. 2 : 110:f. 1753.
(.'hap. Fl. .Sn]))!]. G71. Uriscl). Fl. Hrit. W. Ind. 017. Underwood, Native Ferns, 1:57.
Common in ait. tijopical counthies; A/okes.
Lonisianian area. Florida.
Alahama: Coast plain. S])rin<:;y grassy lianks. Mobile County, Sjiringhill, in
a ravine near the college. Baldwin County, Montrose. September. Kare.
Type locality : "Hub. in ludiis."
Herb. Mohr.
SELAGINELLACEAE. Selaginella Family.
SELAGINELLA Heauv. Prodr. Aetheog. 101. 1805.
Two hundred species described, mostly of tropical and subtropical zones. Xrnth
America, 5 species.
Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1, ]it. 2 : ll!t. l!-!40.
Lj/copodium rnpestre L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1101. 17.53.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, 698. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2:558. Underwood, Nat.
Ferns, 140.
Europe. Africa, Asia.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New Brunswick, Ontario, British Colnmbia,
New England (Mount Desert Island), south to Florida (Chapman) ; Ohio ^'alley
west to Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, and through the Kocky Mountains to California
and Oregon. ,
Alabama: Mountain region. Winston County, reported by T. M. Peters. Dekalb
County, Lookout Mountain. Mentone, abundant on rocks; September.
T^'pe locality: "Hab. in Virginia, Canada, Sibiria.''
Selaginella apus (L. ) Spring in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1, pt. 2:119. 1840.
Lycopodium apoditni L. Sp. PI. 2:1105. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 698. Chap. Fl. 601. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 558.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Ontario, southern New England, Michigan,
Ohio Valley, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Coosa Valley to Coast y>laiu. Low springy banks. Etowah County,
near Gadsden, in wet sandy piny woods. Mobile County.
Type localit.y : "Hab. in Carolina, Virginia, Pensylvania."'
Herb. (ieol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Selaginella ludoviciana A. Br. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, 13 : 58. 1860.
Underwood, Native Ferns, 141.
Lonisianian area. Western Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Damp exposed ground in the Hat pine barrens. Mobil(>
CiHinty. Rare.
Type locality: "Hab. in Lonisiana."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ISOETACEAE. Quillwort Family.
ISOETES L. Si). P1.2: 1100. 1753.
The only genus of the family. It contains about 50 species, widely distributed
over the continents and islands of the world. North America, 21 species.
Isoetes engelnianni valida Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 677. 1867.
Carolinian area. Delaware, eastern Peunsj'lvania.
Alabama: Mountain region. Swampy places. Dekalb County, Lookout Moun-
tain above Valleyhead, Mav, 1899.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 700. Bri'tt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 48. Underwood, Native Ferns, 146.
Type locality: "Delaware ( IF. J/. Canby), and Pennsylvania {Prof. Porter)."
Herb. Biltmore.
PINE FAMILY. 323
Subkingdom SPERMOPHYTA. True Flowering and
Seed-bearing Plants. (Phanerogamae.)
Class GYMNOSPERMAE (ARCHISPERMAE).
PIN ACE AE ( CONIFER AE). Pine Family
PINUS L. 8i). PI. 2 : 1000. 17.53. Pixe.
Largest seuiis of the order, with about 7.5 species belongino: to the cooler an<?
wariuer parts of the northern temperate zone. In the Okl Worhl about 25 species;
in the Kew World about double that number. North America has 37 species,
Eastern North America, 11. Mostly gregarious trees of large size.
Pinus taeda L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1000. 1753.
Loblolly Pine. Old Field Pine. Rosemary Pixe.
Ell. Slv. 2:63(5. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 490. Chap. Fl. 433. Coulter, Coutr. Nat Herb.
2 : 554.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Delaware to North Carolina and Florida west
to eastern Texas and southern Arkansas.
Alabama : Jlonntain region to Coast plain. From the coast to the Warrior table-
land. Cullman County, f<00 feet. Flowers early to lattei- part of March.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginiae, Canadae paludosis.''
Economic uses: Important. Valuable timber tree; the largest among the South-
ern timber pines.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pinus heterophylla (Ell.) Sudworth, Bull. Torr. Club, 20:45. 1893.
Slash Pine. Cuban Pine.
Piniis taeda var. Jieterophylla Ell. Sk. 2 : 636. 1821.
P. ciihciisis Griseh. Mem Am. Acad. 8, pt. 2: 530. 1863. •
P. elliotfii Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 4: 186, t. l-o. 1878-1886.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 6.50; ed. 3, 457.
CCba, British Honduras.
Louisiauian area. Coast of South Carolina to Florida, and along the Gulf coast
to eastern Louisiana.
Alabama: Outlying islands, Coast plain, and scatteringly throughout the Lower
Pine region in the tlat woods and swamps bordering the pine-barren streams. Mobile
and Baldwin counties. Washingttm County, Yellowpine. Escambia County, Wal-
lace. Flowers January and February.
Type locality : "Along the marshes near the mouths of the fresh water rivers, (at
least in Georgia), this pine is very common."
Economic uses: Of greatest value for its timber and for its resin.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pinus palustris Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 14. 1768.
Longleaf Pine. Southern Yellow Pine. Pitch Pine. Heart Pine.
Vinnfi aiisiralis Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 1 : 64, t. G. 1810.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 637. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 491. Chap. Fl. 434. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb,
2:5.54.
Louisinnian and Carolinian areas. From Cape Canaveral and Bay Biscayne,
Florida, north ahmg the coast to southern Virginia (Sntfolk County), and westward
to tlie Trinity Valley, Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain to the Mountain region to an altitude of near 2,000 feet,
forming the immense forests of the Coast and Central Pine belt, and lesser ones in
the Coosa Valley. From Talladega County to the Georgia and Alabama State line.
Scattered abundantly through the Metiimorphic mountains, where this species
ascends in Clay County to its greatest elevation on the Cliehawhaw Mountain, 2,000
feet. More sparsely diffused in the lower part of the; Warrior basin with an outlj''-
ing forest in Walker County (South Lowell). Flowers middle of March.
Type locality not ascertained. Michaux's locality: " Hab. a Carolina septentri-
onali ad Floridam presertim maritimis."
Economic uses: Of greatest importance fo- ts timber, as well as for its resin.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
32-1 PLANT I-IKK HK AI.A15AMA.
Pimis ecliinata Mill. (iard. |ii«t. r<l. S, no. 12. ITtiH.
SllOKTLKAl I'INK, Yk.I.I.OW TiNK.
I'hnis inilis Miclix. II. Hor. .Viii. 2:l.'nl. IHi:!.
1:11. Sk. 2 :»;:!:?. (;iiiv, .M:in. .d. (!, liU. Cliai.. Fl. i;t8. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
IhMl). 2:ri.-)l.
('aidliiiiaii ami l.oiiisiani.in areas, L<>ii^ Island, New \(nk, to Nirj^iniji, eastmi
Kfiitinkv. Noiillioastern 'rciiiicssec, and niiildli' I'lorlda, west to Toxuh, the eaHterii
limit of Indian JCiritorv, and fsontliwestii m .Missouri.
Al.vua.m.v: Mountain region to Lower I'ine belt. On the highost fiunnnits. Kro-
(|iient ainoni; the hard-wood tiinbei- ijrowth of the Warrior table-land, more abun-
dant on the lower hills of sandy and ;;rav<dly h)ain from the northeast partof TuHca-
h)o.sa. thronj^h l^amar ami a part of Fayette County to tld- .MisHi.ssippi .'^tate line in
Marion (oiinty. In lesser proportion scattered thronghout the I'pptr division of
the Coast Pine belt, and randy in the Lower i'ine re<j;ion, with its southern limit in
]ialdwin County, near .Stocktou, and in Mobile County about Mount ^'e^non. I'low-
ers Mar<'li to A])ril.
Type locality not asrertained. Michanx's locality : "Hab. in Virj^inia, Kentucky
et Carolina."
Keonouiic uses: Ili;;hlv valued for its excellent timber.
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Piuus glabra Walt. Fl. Car. 237. 1788.
Kav. Proc. Ell. Soe. Charleston, 11: 52. Chap. F1.433.
Louisianian area. Coast of .South Carolina to western Florida, west to eastern
Louisiana.
Alabama: Central Prairie rejjion. I'pper division Cr)a8t Pine belt to Coast plain.
Low woods skirtinjj sandy swamps of streams. Marengo County, Luthers Store
{E. J. Smith). iUitler County, (icorgiana. Autauga County, I'rattville. Mobile
County, Pierce's I^anding. Baldwin County, Stockton,
Type locality: South Carolina.
Economic uses: Of little importance for its timber.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pinus virginiana Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 9. 1708, Scuiii Pink. .Tkiisey Pink.
I'iints ifiops Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 3()7. 1789.
Michx. f. Hist. Arb, Am. 1 : 580, t. 4. Ell. Sk. 2 : (533. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 191. Chap.
F1.433; ed.3,45().
Carolinian area. New .Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, Kentucky, southeastern
Indiana, and from Virginia south along the mountains to northern Alabama,
Alaba:ma : Mountain region. Coosa Hills, rocky ridges of Carboniferous sandstone.
Winston County, near Sipsey fork, 1,200 feet. Cullman County, 900 feet. Dekalb
County, Lookout Mountain, 1,800 feet. St. Clair County, 500 feet. Not abundant,
Ty])e locality not ascertained.
Economic u.ses: Of little importance except for fuel.
Herb, Geol, Surv. Herb, Mohr.
Pinus clausa (Engelm.) Sargent in Tenth Census V. S. (Cat. For. Trees N. A.)
9:179. 1884. Sanm) Pine. Florida Si'rcck Pine.
riniis inopa var. clansa Engelm, IJot. Gaz. 2 : 125. 1877.
Trans, Acad, Sci, St, Louis, 4 : 183, Chap, Fl. ed. 3, 4.5fi,
Louisianian area. Eastern and western Florida to Perdido Hay.
Alabama: Littoral belt. Drifting sands. Baldwin County, near Bon Secour.
Only locality; rare.
Type locaiity : "Apalachicola" {Chapman).
Economic uses: Of no im])ortance except for fuel.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TSUGA Carr. Trait. Conif. 185, 1855.
About 7 species. Eastern Asia (Japan). North America, 4.
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Trait. Conif. 185. 18.55, Hemlock.
rUius (■(Dutdeniis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1421. 1763,
Ahies caiiadetifiin Michx, Fl, Bor. Am. 2 : 206, 1803. Not Miller,
Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 1:S, t. 13. Ell, Sk. 2 : 639. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 492. Chap.
Fl. 434.
Canadian zone, Alleghonian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Quebec, Ontario: New England west to Wisconsin and Michigan, and along the
higher Alleghenian ranges to northern Alabama.
Alabama: Mountain region, llocky hillsides and ravines. Winston County, east
PINE FAMILY. 325
fork Sipsey Eiver, altitude 1,200 to 1,500 feet, to Clear Creek Falls, about 800 feet.
In detached groves.
Type locality : " Hab. in America septentnonali."'
Economic uses: Important timber tree. Bark valuable for tauniug.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TAXODIUM L.C.Rich. Ann. Mus. Far. 16:278. 1810. IUld Cypress.
Three species, 2 In Mexico, 1 in Atlantic Xorth America, 1 in China.
Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich. Ann. Mus. Par. 16 : 298. 1810.
Swamp Cypress, Red Cypress, White Cy'press, Black Cypress.
Citpressus disiicha L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1003. 17.53.
Schubertia disticha Mirbel, Mem. Mas. Par. 13 : 75. 1825.
Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 3:1,/. 1. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 493, Chap. Fl. 435. Coulter,
Contr. Xat. Herb. 2 : 555.
Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Southern Delaware west to Kentucky; south-
ern Indiana, Illinois; southern Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee; south throughout the
low country to Florida, western Texas, and northern Mexico. Region of best develop-
ment, alluvial swamps of the Atlantic coast from North Carolina to west Florida
and the lower Alabama, Tombigbee, and Mississippi rivers.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to the coast in alluvial soil; January and February;
fruit matures first year October to December. Valuable timber tree of largest
dimensions.
Type locality : '• Hab. in Virginia, Carolina."
Economic uses: Most valuable timber tree, the largest of Atlantic North America.
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
Taxodium distichum imbricaria (Nutt.) Sudworth, Nomenc. Arb. Fl. U. S. 60. 1897.
Pond Cypress, Upland Cy'press.
Cupressus disticha var. imbricaria Nutt. Gen. PL 2 : 224. 1818.
Louisiauian area. From North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Mobile, Baldwin, and Escambia
counties.
Of smaller size than the species, with the leaves reduced in size and clo.sely
adpressed to the deciduous branchlets, thus imparting to the tree a strikingly pecu-
liar aspect. This character, however, is not constant, and the variety can scarcely
be maintained, the same individual producing during the earliest stages of growth
and on vigorous adventitious shoots leaves of the ordinary form.
This form passes freely into the species where the soil conditions are more favorable.
Type locality : " Found from Florida to North Carolina, in swamps and ponds more
remote from the sea."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CHAMAECYPARIS Spach, Hist. Veg. 11 : 329. 1842, White Cedar.
Six or 7 species. China, Japan, Mexico. North America 2 species, Pacitic Coast 1.
Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B, S, P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71. 1888,
('iq)rcs8((s thyoides L. Sp. PL 2 : 1003. 1753.
Thuya spliaeroidca Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3 : 889, 1826.
Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Spach, Hist. Veg. 331. 1842.
Michx. L Hist. Arb. Am. 3 : 20, 1. 12. Ell. Sk. 2 : 644. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 493. Chap.
F1.435.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Coast of southern New England to New York,
with southern New Jersey ; coast of Virginia and adjacent parts of North Carolina —
tills is the region of its greatest development; south along the coast to northern
Florida and the Gulf coast to eastern Louisiana. Reported also from Ohio, sovithern
Indiana, and southern Illinois.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. In sphagnous swamps of a sour
peaty soil. Escambia County, along the head waters of Escambia River. Baldwin
County, Fish River. Mobile County, most frequeut on the i)inc-barren streauis
emptying into Mobile Bay and Mobile River. Flowers November, December; fruit
ripe in June.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada. Kalm."
Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr. i
JUNIPERUS L. Sp, PL 2:10.38. 1753.
About 25 species. Northeru Hemisphere, Europe, Asia to Japan, Mexico. North
America 12 species; 3 in the Atlantic States.
82() PLANT LIKK <>F .\LA15AMA.
Juiiipeius virginiaua 1.. S|.. ri. 2: UKHt. 175:!. Kkm ( i-.i>ai:. Savin.
Mi.hx. r. Hist. Aril. Am. 3:42, I. 5. Kll. Sk. 2:717. (Jmv. .M:ui. .<!. C, 191.
Coulter, Coiitr. Nat. MimI). 2 : r>."i5.
Allrixlu'iiiiin to Li)iiisiuiiiaii area. Qneboc, Ontario, New lji;;laiitl, west t<> .Min-
nesota, oastcrii N(>lirasl<a, and Texas, and sontii to I'loridii and the (iulf coaHt.
Ai.a1!A.Ma: ( )ver the State. I'lowers latter part <dMannary and in I'eltrnary; (rnit
matures in < )ct<dier of the lirst year. Most rre<|U(nt ami in ;,'r<'at ]nMli(tiou in tin'
(•o\fS and v;illeyK ol' the TennPssfo liasin, I'ormin;^ mure <>r less extensive lirakes in
tlie limestoni' riflj^ea (d' the same re^jfion In the (.'cntral i'rairio Ixdt .ind th«5adjae<nl
rpper diviNion of the Coast I'ine l>elt, onte almndant; .it present almost exhausted.
lype Ideality: ''llali. in Virginia, Carolina.'
Kconomie uses: The tiiul»er is liij^hly valu.ilde lor pemil wood and other purposes.
.Medieinally it yields the leaves or tops of .luiinnriin lirijiniana If. S. ]'., 1H7<). Oliso-
lete. The oil of red cedar, distilled from the wood, is used iu perfumery and as au
in.secti fn^^e.
Herli. tied. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Juniperus barbadensis I^. S]>. I'l. 2 : 1039. 1753.
.fiiniiieni.s rirt/'miana (iKstraUn Carr. Trait. Conif. 4-1. 1855,
Mi.hx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 24(3. Griseh. Fl. Hrit. \V. Ind. 503.
Tree 50 to (iO feet hij>h, the sturdy trunk IG to 24 inches in diameter, 15 to rarely
25 feet tall; limlis wi(le-si>r«'adin<;-, forming a rather open r(uindi.sh-oval head, the
liranclies and branehlets drooping; leaves minute, on the younger Itranches decus-
sately imbricate, deltoid-ovate, bluutish, or on the y(Uingest and most vigorous
.shoots subnlate-lauceolate, acutish; furrow of the oil glatnl more or less oblong-
linear. Fruit (galbnlns) globose, glaucous black.
West Indies, IJaiiama.s; .Jamaica in the 15h k Mountains, Antkiua,
Louisiauan area. Southern coast of South Carolina to l''lorida ami' throughout the
peninsula, along the gulf shore to Mississippi; indigenous In the cedar hammocks of
the eastern gulf shore. Fre(|ueutly cultivated about dwellings and naturalized iu
lower Louisiana and Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain and Littoral belt. Cedar hammocks. Mobile County,
Bayou Labatre.
Distinguished from Junipcnin virgiiiiana by its habit of growth, the character of
its leaves, the somewhat longer staniinate tiowers, and the smaller fruit.
Type locality : " ilab. in America."'
Economic uses: Important for its wood, which is most highly esteemed for ])encil
casings.
Class ANaiOSPERMAE (METASPERMAE).
Subclass MONOCOTYLEDONES.
TYPHACEAE. Cat tail Family.
TYPHA L. Sp. I'l. 2:U7L 1753.
Twelve species, temperate and tro))ieal regions, 2 North American. Perennial
aquatics.
Typha latifolia L. Sp. I'l. 2:!t71. 1753. Large Cat-tail Flag.
(hay, Man. ed. 6, 547. Chap. Fl. 443. Wats. I5ot. Calif. 2 : 18«. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. lierb.2:452.
EiTKOi'E, Asia, North Africa.
Alleghenian toLonisianian area. Throughout British North America to the Pacific;
from New England to Floriihi and west to California.
Alabama : Over the State. Shallow jionds and marshes ; abounds in the tidewatisr
region. F^lowers in June.
Type locality: "Hab. in j)aludibus l^uropae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Typha angustifolia L. Sp. PL 2:971. 1753. Smaller Cat-tail.
(iray, Man. ed. (5, .547.
ErROrE.
Alleghenian to Louisiauian area. Nova Scotia, Ontario, New l^ngland; west to
Michigan and Missouri; coast of New York and New Jersey.
POND WEEDS. 327
Alabama: Adventive. In ;i ditch, suburbs of Mobile {Karl Zimmer^, 1886. Not
found since.
Type locality : "Hab. in Euroi)ae ])aludibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-reed Family.
SPARGANIUM L. Sp. PL 2 : 971. 1753.
Eight species, of cooler temperate regions. Eastern North America, 4 species.
Perennial aquatics.
Sparganiuni androcladuni (lOngelm.) Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:78. 1888.
Spar(i(inium simplex var. androcladuni Eugelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 481. 1871.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 521. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 548. Chap. Fl. 443.
Alleghenian to Louisiauiau area. New Brunswick, Ontario to Saskatchewan and
Vaucouver Island; New England west to Minnesota and Missouri, south to Florida,
Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Alabama : Throughout the State. Shallow ponds from the Tennessee Valley to
the coast. Claj^ County, Elders, l,O0O feet. Cullman County. Tuscaloosa County,
Tannehill {E. A. Smith). Montgomery and Mobile counties. Flowers May to July.
Frequent.
Tyi)e locality: "' From New England southward and especially westward."
Herb. Geol. iinvv. Herb. Mohr.
NAJADACEAE. Pondweed Family.
POTAMOGETON L.Sp. PI. 1:126. 1753. Pondweed.
About 65 .species. Floating aquatic herbs, mostly of the cooler temperate zone.
Cosmopolitan. Europe, Asia, North America, 37 species; endemic in Atlantic
North America, 14.
Potaniogeton piilcher Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45:38. 1843.
Biirel. Flor. Bost. 63 (as P. nutans L.). Grav, Man. ed. 6, 560. Chap. Fl. Suppl.
6.52. '^Morong, Mem. Torr. Club. 3 : 16, /. S8.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. From Vermont to Georgia, Louisiana-, and Mis-
souri.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. In stagnant water. Montgomery County,
"Cypress swamp" near city. October. Rare.
Type locality: ''Hab. Ponds and slow streams. Medford, Stoueham [Massa-
chusetts]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Potaniogeton lonchites Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2, 6 : 226. 1848.
Potaniogeton fiuitans Roth, Fl. Germ. 1: 72. 1788?.
Ell. Sk. 1:221. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 560. Chap. Fl. 446. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2 : 457. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 196.
Europe.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Ontario and New England west
to Michigan, Minnesota, and Missouri, south to Florida and. Texas, and in Cali-
fornia.
Alabama: Coast plain. So far only observed in the tide-water region. Gently
flowing Avater in the delta of Mobile River. Flowers in June and July. Not infre-
quent.
Type localitj'^: "In the Charles at Newton and Natick [Massachusetts]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Potamogeton alpinus Balbis, Misc. Bot. 13. 1804.
Potamoin'ton nifesccns Schrad. in Cham. Adn. Fl. Ber. 5. 1815.
Gray, Shin. ed. 6, 560. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:195. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 457. .Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3 : 19, t. 30.
Europe.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. New Brunswick, Quebec, A^ancouver Island,
Oregon, C ilifornia, New York, New .Jersey, and western Florida.
'Morong, Najadaceae of North America, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: No. 2. 1893,
.S21S PLANT MFK oF AI,A15AM.\.
Ai.aiiaMa: Coast plain. Shallow pond luiar tluj wftsttTii kIiofo of Moliilo May
siiell road, 1885. Locality siiici' oliiiltMaltd i r. /imnni). A waif from lii^^lifr
latitudes.
Typo locality not ascertained.
li'oili. (icoi. .Snr\ . llirb. Molir.
Potamogeton perfoliatus !.. Sp. I'l. 1 : iL'li. \7'>'A.
Gray, Man. ed. (5, 562. Chap. F1.44t>. Moronj;, M.in. Torr. Cliili, 3 : :«, /. 10.
KUKill'K, GlATK.MAI.A, NiCAKACl'A.
('anadian /one, Allef;;lic'iiian to l.onisianian area. Nova Scotia, New IWimswiek,
C^uebec. Ontario, New Kujiland, west to Michigan and Minne-iota, south t<t New .ler-
sey, western Tennessee, Florida (!), and Tex.is.
Alabama: tloast plain. Gently llowing water. Mobile liiver delta. l)(>gliivor.
Abundant in thi.s locality.
Tyi)e locality : '' Ilab. in Knropae laiubus lluvii.sijnc argilJosis."
Ilerli. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Potamogeton crispus L. Sp. I'l. 1 : 12G. IToIJ.
Gray, Man. ed. G, 5G2. Moroug, Mem. Torr. Club, 3 : 36, t. 44.
Tk.MIM'.UATE EUKOl'E.
Alleghenian to Louisiauiau area. New England to New .Jersey, Virginia, and
western Florida.
Alabama : Coast plain. Gently flowing water. Mobile County, estuaries of Mohile
and Dog rivers. Flowers and matures fruit in July.
Type locality: " Hab. in Europae fossis et rivulis.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Potamogeton pusillus L. Sp. PI. 1 : 127. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 5G3. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:128. Morong, Msm. Torr. Club, 3 : 15,
t. 53.
Europe.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Now Brunswick and Ontario to Saskatchewan;
New England (Mount Desert Island) west to Michigan, Missouri, Colorado, and
California; New .lersey to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabajia: Coast plain. The form with filiform stem, setaceous, cuspidate leaves
(P. tenimsimus auct.), estuary Mobile River. Flowers in May. Infrequent.
Type locality: "Ilab. in Europae paludibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Potamogeton diversifolius Kaf. Med. Rep. ser. 2, 5 : 354. 1808.
rotamogcton hjhridus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 100. 1803. Not Thuill.
Ell, Sk. 1 : 222. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 560. Chap. Fl. 446. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 456. Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3 : 48, t. 55.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. New England (Mount Desert Island) west to
Michigan, Nebraska, and Missouri, south to New Jersey, Florida, and the Gulf States,
extending to western Texas and New Mexico.
Alabama: Central Prairie region toCoastplaiu. Frequent in pine-barren streams
and shallow ponds. Mobile, Baldwin, and Montgomery counties. Flowers in June
with mature fruit.
Type locality of P. hyhridus: " Hab. in aquis stagnantibus Carolinae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
RUPPIA L. Sp. f 1. 1 : 127. 1753. Ditchgrass.
Two or o species, aquatics, cosmopolitan outside of the Arctic zone. North
America, 2 species.
Ruppia maritima L. Sp. PI. 1 : 127. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1:581. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 564. Chap. Fl. 445. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 506.
\\ats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 193. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 457. Morong, Mem. Torr.
Club, 3 : 55, t. 62.
Europe, West Ini>ies.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Along the seacoast. Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, New England (Mount Desert Island), south to Florida and Texas;
Pacific coast.
Alabama: Littoral belt. In brackish or saline pools, ditches. Mobile County,
Mobile Bay; abundant. Flowers and mature fruit in Juue. Annual. ?
Type locality : " Halt, in Europae maritimis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 329
ZANNICHELLIA L. Sp. PI. 2:969. 1753. Horned Pondweed.
Nine species described, jirobably all forms of one. Cosmopolitan aquatics.
Zannichellia palustris L. Sp. PI. 2 : 969. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 565. Chap. Fl. 445. Wats. Bofc. Calif, 2 : 193. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 4.58. Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3 : 57, t. 64.
Europe, Asia, Africa, Philippines, Australia.
Canadian zone to Louisiauiau area. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario t<> Sas-
katchewan; New England w^est to Minnesota, soutli to J^lorida and Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Pools and still-flowing water, fresh or brackish. Mobile
County, estuaries of Mobile and Dog rivers. Baldwin County, Josephine. Copious.
Flowers in June and July. Annual. ?
Type locality: " Hab. in Europae, V'irginiae fossis, fluviis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
NAIAS L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1015. 1753.
Ten to 12 species, temperate and tropical regions Northern Hemisphere. North
America, 4 species.
Naias guadalupensis (Spreng.) A. Br, Seemann's Jouru. Bot. 2:276. 1864.
CauUnia f/uadalupensis Spreng. Syst. 1 : 20. 1825,
Naias fiexilin var. fuHiformis Chap. Fl. 444. 1860.
Moroug, Mem. Torr. Club, 3 : 60, t. 68.
West Indies, Mexico.
Louisiauian area. W^estern Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Gently flowing deep water. Mobile County, estuaries of Mobile and
Dog rivers, forming in large part with Ruppia, Zannichellia, Poiainoyeton pcrfoJiatus,
Vallisneria, and Nitella, the dense masses of subaquatic vegetation. Mature fruit
in -Inly. Perennial. ?
Type locality : " Insula Guadalupa. Bertero."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr,
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. Arrow-Grass Family.
TRIGLOCHIN L. Sp. PI. 1 : 338. 1753. Arrow-Grass,
Marsh plants of frigid and temperate regions. About 10 species. North America,
3 species.
Triglochin striata Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Peruv. 3 : 72. 1802,
Triglochin triandra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 208. 1803.
Ell. Sk 1:417. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 557. Chap. Fl. 447.
South America to Brazil, Oceania, South Africa.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. From Maryland along the coast to Florida and
Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast region. Fresh or brackish marshes. Mobile County, marshy
banks, mouth of Dog River. Baldwin County. Flowers June and July. Not rare.
Perennial.
Type locality : " In Peruviae lacubus et inundatis ad Surco, Miraflores, Lurigancho,
Magdalena et Limae tractus."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
ALISMACEAE. Water-Plantain Family.
ALISMA L. Sp. PL 1:342, 1753.
Ten species; cooler and warmer temperate zone, Europe, America
Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Sp. PI. 1:342, 1753. Water Plantain.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 434. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 554. Chap. Fl. 448. Wats. Bot. Calif 2 : 200.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 454.
Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Mexico.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. From Nova Scotia across the continent to
the Paciiic coast, south to Florida and the Gulf of Mexico.
.').'iO I'l.ANl' LIFK OK A I. A I! A MA.
Ai.aha.ma: Ovcrtho State. M.mhIh-s, ditclicH, liordtrs of poiids. Coniinon <-viry-
wliiic. I'lowois .Inly :>ii(l Aiijjiist. I'crtiniial.
lyj)!' liicality : " llaliitat in Ijiropao iiiiuosis vt a<l ri]>as ilnvidniiii larmiin."
lleili. (jt'ol. Sill \ . Ilt'il). Molir.
ECHINODORUS Hn^^din. in <!iay. Man. If.O. IHls.
Ei;;lit t<> in spccii-s, of warnuT loiiiptMato .ind tropical Aincrii-u. North Anirrit-a,
H species. I'lTi'iiiiial aijiiatic herbs.
Echinodoius radicaiis (Nutt. ) Knj;cliM.iii <May, Man. UiO. IfSls.
CitKKi'iNc Watki: I'iantain.
Sdf/illnrifi rudicntis Null, iraiis. Am. Phil. Soc. st-r. 12. 5 : 1")!). ISIilJ-liT.
(iray. .Man. ed. tl, o.^ti. Chap. F1.44«. Coulter, Coiitr. Nat. lierli. 2 : I.")f,.
Soi IMKUN Mkxico.
Carolinian and Lonisi.'iniaii areas. Sonthfni Illiiicds, .Missouri. North Carolina to
Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alaija.ma: Coast ])lain to Central Pine belt. Marshes. Moutj^onicrj' and Mobile
comities. Preijnent in tlie river marshes. Flowers May to .Inly. White.
Type locality not ascertained. Eugelmaun's locality, "Swamps. Illinois and
sontlnvard."'
Herb. Geol. Siirv. Herb. .Mohr.
SAGITTARIA ]>. Sp PI. 2 : 9!)3. 17.5.3. Akiiow iikai..'
About !>() 8]iecies, of warmer temperate regions of liotli hemispheres, mostly
American. North America, 20 species. Perennial jjalndial herbs.
Sagittaria latifolia Wilhl. Sp. PI. 4:409. 1806. (Form S. lalifolUi i-roper. .(, G.
Smith, Kep, Mo. Bot. Card. 6:36.)
Common AnuowiiEAn. Bkoad-lkaved .Vkkowiikau.
SaffHtaria variahiJis Engelm. in Gray, Man. 461. 1848.
S. aaqitiaefolia var. ruriabiUn Michel in DC. Mouogr. Phan. 3:69. 1881.
S. hasUtta Pnrsh, Fl. 396. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 2:. 589. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 5.j4. Chap. IT. 449. Wats. Hot. Calif. 2:201.
Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2:455.
Mexico.
AUeghenian to Lonisianian area. Nova Scotia to Hritish C(duml)ia and coast of
California. From Canada to Florida, through the Gulf States to Mexico.
Alaisama: Coast plain. Opt-n mar.sLes, 8wam])s. Mobile County. Undoubtedl}'
over the State. Flowers white, September, October. Abundant in the river
marshes about Mobile.
Type locality : "Hab. a Canada ad Carolinam.'"
Herb. Gcol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sagittaria latifolia pubcsceiis (Mnhl.) .1. G. Smith, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:25. 1894,
(Form c. .1. G. Smith, Kep. ^lo. Bot. Gard. 6:40.) Downy Ahkowiiead.
Sagillarid pnhcscenn Miihl. Cat. S6. 1813.
iS'. variahilla var. puhcsceiifi Engelm. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 555. 1856.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 555.
Lonisianian area. Georgia, Florida.
Alai5ama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. In gently flowing water. Mobile
County, Mobile Pi^■er. Baldwin County, near Daphne, in shaded swamps. Mont-
gomery County, Cypress Pond. Flowers .June to October, 10 to 15 inches high;
frequent.
Type locality : "Pensylvania."
Sagittaria viscosa Molir, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 19, t. JSO. 1897.
Clammy Arrowhead.
Monoecious; scape .slender, over 2 feet long, branched from the lowest verticil,
leaves membranaceous, smooth, broadly ovate, rounded toward the slightly apicu-
late ajiex ; blade 6 to 7 inches wide, 12 to 14 inches long, deeply sagittate, the broad
l()be8 acute, about 6 inches long, widely diverging; panicle slender, main branch
12 to 13 inches long, the branches about half its length; bracts coriaceous, papil-
lose, rugose, vi8(;id, free at the base, oblong-ovate, obtuse; sepals thick an<l like
the bracts papillose, glutinosc, ovate-lanceolate; stamens uumeious (20 to 25), fila-
'.I. G. Smith, Revision of N. Araer. species of Sagittaria and Lophotocarpus, Sixth
Annual Report Mo. Bot. Gard. 1895.
Contr Nat H«rb., Vol. VI.
Plate II.
Sagittaria longirostra australis J. G. Smith.
WATEE-PL ABSTAIN FAMILY. 331
raents two-thirds longir than the anthers, strongly villous near the base; ovary nar-
rowly winged, with a slender erect style; flowers fully three-fourths inch across.
Resembling form b (J. G. Smith) of S. latifolia; at once distinguished, however, by
the characters given above.
Louisianian area.
Alabama: Lower Pine region, deep ditches. Mobile, June, 1896. On a second
visit to the same locality to get specimens with mature achenia the plants were
found to have been destroyed by the cleaning of the ditch.
Type locality: " Deep muddv borders of marsh on the Mobile Kiver."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sagittaria niontevidensis Cham. & Schlecht. liinnaea, 2:136. 1827.
La Plata Kiver Arrowhead.
.J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo. Pot. Gard. 6 : 57, t. 20.
"Monoecious; petioles stout, rigid, erect, ascending; leaves sagittate, acute or
obtuse, 4 to 20 inches long and broad, basal lobes acute, acuminate, widely divergent,
glabrous above, sparsely scabrous on the nerves below; scape usually simple, stout,
often 2i to 3 inches iu diameter at the base ; verticils numerous, more or less approxi-
mate, 2 to -1 lower ones fertile ; bracts connate at the Ijase, lanceolate, long-acuminate,
the upper undeveloped portion of the scape appearing comose with their projecting
tips; staiuinate pedicels slender, ascending, f to 1^ inches long, longer than the fer-
tile; flowers large, the sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, finch wide, ^ inch long; petals
obovate, larger than the sepals; stamens very many, the narrow glandular tilaments
longer than the linear-oblong anthers ; achenia -jV to .^.i inch long, narrowly quadrate,
obovate, winged on both margins, with a short, slender, obli(]ue beak, aud a promi-
nent 8ul)-epidermal resin passage on each side above; fruiting head large, f to \l
inches in diameter.'' Established as a ballast plant iu California.
South America.
Louisianian area. Coast of North Carolina.
Alabama: Coast plain. Marshes and ditches. Mobile County, river marshes and
ditches about the city. Flowers July to September. Frequent.
Type locality : "Montevideo et Rio grande do Sul."'
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Sagittaria longirostra (Micheli) J. G. Smith. Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 26. 1893.
Long-beaked Arrowhead.
Saqittaria sagitiifolia xar. {f) longirostra Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. 3 : 69. 1881.
Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 88.
Carolinian area. Southern Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky.
Alabama: Lower hilla. Coosa County, Stewardsville {Dr. E. A. Smith). July.
Rare.
Type locality: "In Alabama (Drummond, 1832)."
Sagittaria longirostra australis J. G. Smith, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 20, t. 291. 1897.
Southern Long- beaked Arrowhead.
Plant 6 to 8 inches high, the scape about 20 inches long; leaves ovate-elliptical,
obtuse, 3 to 4 inches long, basal lobes obtuse; fertile iiedicels about I inch long,
exceeding the bracts; achenium less than \ inch long. Plate II.
Carolinian area.
Alabama: Mountain region. Shaded swampy creek banks. Cullman County.
Type locality: "Collected by Dr. Charles Mohr, Cullman, Ala., August 4, 1896."
Tyi>e iu Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sagittaria subulata (L.) Buchenau, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem. 2 : 49. 1871.
Alisma subulata L. Sp. PI. 1 : 343. 1753.
Sagittaria iuisiUa Nutt. Gen. PL 213. 1818.
S. natans var. lorata Gray, Man. ed. 6, 555. 1890. Not Chap.
Gray, Man. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 449.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New York, coast of New Jersey to Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Sandy tidewater flats. Mobile County, Frascati. Flow-
ers in September. Rare. One-half inch high.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sagittaria subulata natans (Michx.) J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 44. 1894.
Floating Arrowhead.
Sagittaria subulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 190. 1803.
^\ subulata var. lorata Chap. Fl. 449. 1860.
O.'J'J I'l.ANT 1-IFK OF ALAMAMA.
KIl. 8k.2:r.01. Chap. Fl. 4 lit.
Loiiisianiaii area. Soiitli Carolina. Florida.
.\i.au.\Ma: Upper division Coast, i'inti l)(!lt. I'nsli wator jMindn. WaHJiin^^lon
County, Snf^;isvilli' ( y>>'. I>iiniii). Local.
Typo locality: "Halt, in Carolina."
llVrlt. tJcol. Stirv. lli-rb. Mohr.
Sagittaria filiformia . I. (i. Smith, K. p. Mo. I'.ol. (lanl. 6 : Hi, I. I.:. l8i»J.
FlMI OH.M AkiiowiikaJ).
".SnbnicrgiMl at|uati(', with linear liliforni jtliyllodia (j inthrs to 2 feet lonir, i'„ to t
incli wide; 8<ai)c sleniln-, (ililorni, "J to 1 I'oet loni;;, brancliinj; I'roni all bnt the upjier-
niost verticils; liract.s lanceolate, ainniinate, t^ to ^\, inch lonj;, at length evanescent;
pedicels and 1 tranches of the scape (iliforni H to 3.V inches long; 1 or 2 (lowers of the.
lowest verticil jiistillatc, the rest all staniinatc; verticils (> to 10, remote; (lowers
f to ,',, inch wide; sejials ovate, obtnse, acarioMS-niargitied ; jx'tals white, stamens
7; lilamtMits over twict^ as long as the anthers; mature .-ichenia not yet collected ;
ovary obovate, eijualed l)v the slender oblicnie stvle. Floating in still water. I'og
Kiver, Mobile County, Ala... Mohr, Angust 14. 189:5."'
Lonisianian area, I'astern and western Florida.
Type locality : " Dog Kiver, M(djile County, Ala."
'r.\l)e specimen in Herb. Mo. l]ot, Gard.
Herb. Mohr.
Sagittaria lancifolia falcata (Tursh) .J. G. Smith, Ke]*. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6:47,/. 1>>.
l.'^i'l. LANCK-MiAVKlJ HaUITTAIUA.
Sitfiiltariafdicala I'ursh, Fl. Am. Seijt. 2 : 397. 1816.
S. ianrifoUa incdid Michcli in DC. Monogr. Than. 3:73. 1881.
Fll. Sk. 2 :591. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 555. Chap. Fl. 449.
Mkxico, Central America.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Delaware and Mary land. south along the <(»ast
to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast region. Open marshes. Mobile County, river swamp; 15ayou
Labatre, brackish swamps near the seashore. Flowers July, August; 2 to 3 feet
high. Common.
Type locality : "In ponds: Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sagittaria graminea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 190. 1803. Ghass-lkaveo Sagittakia.
Kll. Sk. 2:592. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 555. Chap. FL 449. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 455.
Canadian zone to Lonisianian area. Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Ontario,
New England (Mount Desert Island) ; west to Minnesota, Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas;
south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Coast region. Shallow ponds, ditches. Mobile County, river marshes.
.June; frequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sagittaria cycloptera (J. G. Smith) Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 20. 1897.
I'lNE-BARREX SAGITTARIA.
Sagittaria f/raminea cjicloptcra J. G. Smith. Kep. Mo. Bot. (iard. 6 : 52, t. 20. 1894.
"Slender, erect, 8 inches to 2 feet and over high from a horizontal or oblique rhi-
zome; leaves linear-lauceolate, tapering gradually at both ends or reduced to slender
attenuate phyllodia; scape simple or brancliing fron' " , *;„,"].' :'"ternodes
longer than fertile pedicels ; bracts and stamens r, - m/' lowest ^'erticii , i^ - ^ _
inch long with an abrupt dorsal crest, an arch^ -« !" the «Pe«>e^' f^^^^°;' "\^'Lj^i*
-ii -1 1 . • .^1 T.r5iiir ')ih1 a medial xeiiicai it/sm
passage on either side, or when maturing u -^i wing, auu a '"^"- ^_ crinkled "
Lonisianian area. South Carolina to Flo- nder water onb^costate or wriukl. d.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast i*""*^'^ ^° ..oiusi . „ i,„__„-, ,.nn(is
Washington County, Yellow^pine, Deenv^lain. Sandy borders of pine-barren 1^^^^^
hill. Flowers June to August. Freo^.-trk. Mobile County, river marshes, Spring
Type locality: "From South Carr/fuent in the Lower Tine region.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mob'- -r/ jfina to Florida and Louisiana.
Sagittaria chapmani (J. G./=^ ^, _ ^. „^ .4.07
/smith) Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club. ^^-fO^^^N'J-SAGlTXABlA.
Saqittaria f/raminea charA 1 ^, -, r- ^n * ai 18QI
"twelve to 20 inche- ,mani J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo, Bot Gard. 6 :;.2,<...i.i»y-^.
into the petiole, | to, /hT-h; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute, ^f P«[;"S '^JJi''^^
,/ U iSes wide, 5 to 8 inches long ; scape weak, blanched or
/
/
Contr. Nat. He-h. Vol VI
Plate III.
Sagittaria mohrii J. G. Smith.
FROGSBIT FAMILY. 333
simple, the fertile flowers numerous; bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, -^^ to -,^
Inch lout;, slightly conuate at the base; fertile pedicels J to I inch long; fruiting
heady,; toj-iuchin diameter; acheuium almost beakless, V,; iucli long, with a narrow
dorsal crest, the sides not costate nor winged. Phyllodia obhiuceolate, long-acute, |
to f inch wide, 4 to 12 inches long. ^ * * Dedicated to the venerable Southern
botanist, Doctor Chapman, by whom it Avas first collected."
Louisianian area. Western Florida.
Alabama: Marshes, stagnant pools, and wet banks of creeks. Mobile County,
Kelly's pond, marshes Mobile Kiver. Flowers April to June. Mohr, 1880.
Type locality : '"In a creek on the road to Mariana, 3 or 4 miles from Ocheesee,
west Florida;' also collected by Dr. Mohr, 1880, * * * 1884, in the A'icinity of
Mobile, Ala.''
Herb. Geol, Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sagittaria mohrii .1. G. Smith, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 19, /. 2S9. 1897.
Mohr's Sagittaria.
Leaves lanceolate-linear, long-attenuate to the acnte apex, tapering gradually at
the base to the slender, ascending petioles, 15 to 20 inches long, f to ^ inch wide; scape
shorter than the leaves, simple, triquetrous above, weak, reclining, decumbent aft<'r
flowering, frequently ripening its Iruit under water, with 6 to 8 verticils, the inflo-
rescence narrowly pyramidal; bracts f to ^ inch long, connected to the middle; fer-
tile pedicels spreading, somewhat longer than the sterile, in 3 or 4 verticils, | to ^
inch long; sepals oblong, obtuse, n, to ^ inch long; stamens 9 to 12, anthers broadly
elliptical ; achenium ]\ inch long, obli(iuely cuueate with a short lateral beak, creuu-
lately crested and broad-winged on both margins, laterally unicostate or narrowly
winged; fruiting head globose, ^ to ,% iuch in diameter. Plate III.
Partially submerged aquatic, growing in tufts, at the nodes of horizontal stolons.
First collected at Mobile by Charles Mohr, August 16, 1895.
Alabama : Coast plain. Deep muddy ditches and shallow ponds. Mobile, in the
open flats forming the watershed between Dog and Mobile rivers (southwestern
suburbs). In shallow water and partially exsiccated ground.
Plants were found with the leaf blade narrowly linear, and mostly wanting, the
leaves reduced to strict triangular jihyllodia. Abundant, August 20, 1896.
Tvpo locality: "Muddy shallow ponds near the western suburbs of Mobile citv,
August 18, 1895."
Type in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sagittaria platyphylla (Eugelm.) J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6 : 55, f. 26. 1894.
Broad-leaved Sagittaria.
Sagittaria graminea var. jylattjphyJla Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 494. 1867.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Missouri to Texas; east from Mississipiji and
Louisiana to Florida.
Alabama : Coast plain. Muddy ditches, ponds. Mobile. Flowers June to Sep-
tember. Frequent.
Type locality : "Found farther south [than .S. (/j'amiwea]." Smith's locality: "In
swamps and ponds from Texas to Mississippi and northward to the 'sunken lands'
of Missouri."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
VALLISNERIACEAE. Frogsbit Family.
PHILOTRIA IJaf. Am. Month. Mag. 2 : 175. 1818.
(Elodea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:20. 1803. Not Elodes Adans.)
(Udora Nutt. Gen. 2 : 242. 1818.)
Five species, aquatic perennial herbs of temperate and tropical regions.
Philotria canadensis (Michx.) Britton, Science, ser. 2, 2:5. 1895. Water Weed
Elodea canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 20. 1803.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 496. Chap. Fl. 450. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 129. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2:421.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Quebec and Ontario to Oregon and California;
from New England south to New York, New .lersey, and North Carolina.
Alabama: Coast region. In gently flowing deep water. Mobile County, estuary
Mobile River. Rare.
Type locality: "Hab. in rivulis Cauadae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
8,'U PLANT l.IKK OK AF.A15AMA.
VALLISNERIA I.. Sj.. I'l. 2:1(11.".. IT.".:?.
Two speciis. |M'i'(>iiiii:il .•i(|iiat iis, (>!' tlic triiipciatf :iii<l warnu-r rcjjioiis of Ixitli
ll('!llis|)llCH-s,
Vallisneiia spiralis 1.. Sp. I'l. 2: iin.".. 17ri3. I'.Ki. <ii;.\s,s.
]'<illis)HTi<i (imiricani Miclix. V\. Uor. Am. 2 : 'Jl'O. 180:^.
KM. Sk. 2:Gtil). (irav, .Man. od. ti, IIKI. C'liaj). I'l. ir>l. Coiiiici-. ( i.nlr. Nal. IIitI..
2 : IL'l.'.
SoiTiiKRN Et'noi'K, Asia, .\rsTUAi.iA.
Canadian /i<\w to Lonisianian area. Now Hrnnswick, Ontario, and New York to
Miiin('st)ta, Illinois, Mi.s.soiiii. Arkansas, and TtMinessce, soiitli to I'lorida and Texas.
Ai.AKAM.v: Coast region. (Jently llowinj:; water. Moliilo Conniy, ostuaiies oC
Mobile and I)o<f rivers, Mobile Hay. I'iowers iii .Inly, I'luit in Augnst. Abundant.
Tyjte locality : " llab. in IMsae. et Floicntiat! I'ossis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
POACEAE (GRAMINEAEi. Grass Family.
TRIPSACUM L. .Syst. I'l. ed. 10, 2 : 12G1. 17.5!t.
Two species, perennials, of warmer temperate rej^ion.s in Nortb America.
Tiipsacum dactyloides L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : i;^78. 1763. Spikkd CJama Gkass.
Kll. Sk. 2:522. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 63G. Cbap. Fl. 580. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:491.
Hrazil.
Alleghenian to Loiiis-.ianian area. Sonthcrn New England, New York, and Penn-
sylvania, west to Illinois, Missonri, and Arkansas, sontb to I'lorida and Texas.
Alabama: Monutain region. Central Prairie region to Coast ]ilaiu. Low damp
banks. Lee Connty, Anbnrn (Baker <)• Earic, 650). .Montgomery County (E. A.
Smith). Wilcox Connty, near Peacbtree. Mobile County. Scattered, not infre-
(pient, but iiowbere abundant. .Inly to August.
Type locality: " Hab. in America.''
Economic uses: Of some value for forage.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
ERIANTHUS Micbx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 51. 1803. Putmk (Jras-s.
About 20 species, coarse pei'ennials, of tbo warmer regions of '.)otb bcmispberes.
Atlantic Nortb America, (! species.
Eriauthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. Sk. 1: 38. 1816. In part.
SlMRAL-AWNEl) PlAI.MK GRA.SS.
Andropofjon alopecuroides L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1015. 1753.
Ell. I.e. Gray. Man. ed. .5, 651, iu part. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, ,595. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2 : 4!t3, in part. Prit-t. A Prowu, 111. Fl. 1 : !IS.
Carolinian to Louisiauian area. Kentucky and .Missouri; south to Tennessee and
Georgia.
Ai.aisama: From the coast to the mountains. In wet and dry soil. Cullman and
Clay counties. Chambers (/i. J. 6'»ii7/(), Mobile, and Baldwin counties. Four to 5
feet high. September. Near the coast; mostly found in swami)s. In upper dis-
tricts in drier soil.
Ty])e locality: "Hab. in America septentrionaliore."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Erianthus saccharoides Miehx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : .55. 1803.
Foxtail Plume Grass.
EIL Sk. 1:38, in part. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 637. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 493, in
part. Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 99.
Cuba, Mexico, Brazil.
Lonisianian and Carolinian areas. From sontlK^rn Virginia to Florida, west to
Louisiana and Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain to Central Prairie region. In deep open marshes, Mont-
gomery County. Mobile County, marshes of Mobile Kiver. Most frequent on the
coast. Eight to 10 feet high. October, November.
Type locality: "Hab. a Carolina ad Floridam, in humidis."
GEASSES. 335
Erianthus brevibarbis Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:55. 1803.
Short-bearded Plume Grass.
Erianthus dlopecnroides var. hreriharhis Chap. Fl. 583. 18()0.
E, saccharoUlen subspec. hreriharhis Hackel in DC. Mouogr. 6:131. 1889.
Ell. Sk. 1:39. (Tray, Man. ed. G, 037. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 493. Scrib-
ner, Grass. Tenn. 18, i. l,f. S.
Carolinian and Louisiauiau areas. Virginia and Tennessee, south to Florida and
southeastern Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low sandy borders of pine-barren streams. Mobile
County. Baldwin County, Josephine. Not rare. September to October.
Type locality : " Hab. in coUibus Tennassee et Caroliuae. "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Erianthus strictus Bald. ; Ell. Sk. 1:39. 1816. Close-panicled Erianthus.
Chap. Fl. 583. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2:194. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 18,
t.l,f.2.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Georgia, southeastern Tennessee, and from
Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine belt. Margins of swamps. Mobile County, Pierce's Land-
ing, Mount Vernon. Baldwin County, Stockton. September to October. Not
infrequent.
Type locality : "Grows near Savannah."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Erianthus smallii Xasb, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1 : 429. 1900.
Tall, densely tufted perennial, 4 to 7^ feet high; nodes pubescent with long
appressed hairs, summit of the culm and lloral axis copiously appressed pubescent ;
sheaths rvearly glabrous; ligule scarioiis, ciliolato at the apex; leaves 4 to 7 inches
long, :J to finch wide, rough ; panicle 8 inches and over long and lA^ to 2\ inches wide,
its branches erect; spikelets crowded, about equaling the basal hairs; outer scales
pilose with long hairs; fourth scale two-toothed at the ;ipex, teeth long-subulate,
the awn | to a little over an inch long, the included portion long and tightly spiral,
the remainder looselj' spiral.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, and Mississippi.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Low grounds. Montgomery (G. McCarthi/,
August, 1888).
Pelated to E. coniorlus Ell., but clearly distinct. In E. contortus the summit of the
culm and axis of the panicle are glabrous and the spikelets are considerably smaller.
Type locality : "Tvpe collected by Dr. .1. K. Small * * * on Stone Mountain,
Dekalb County, Ga.,Sept. 6 to 12, 1894."
MANISURIS L. Maut. 2:164. 1771.
(ROTTBOELLiA L. f. Diss. Nov. Gram. 23. 1779.)
About 33 species, warmer temperate and tropical regions in both hemipheres.
Atlantic North America, 3 species. Perennials.
Manisuris rugosa chapmani (Hackel) Scribner, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:28. 1894.
Wrinkled Manisuris.
Jloithoellia rugosa Chap. Fl. .575. 1860. Not Nutt.
/.'. rugosa chapmani Hackel, in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6:308. 1889.
Chap. Fl. .575.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to F'lorida and Alabama.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Borders of sandy, pine-barren
swamps. Mobile County, Kelly's pond. Baldwin County, Pierce's Landing. Sep-
tember to October.
Type locality: "Pine-barren swamps and ponds, Florida to North Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Manisuris corrugata (Bald.) Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club, 24:21. 1897.
Corrugated Manisuris.
Eotthoellia corrugata Bald. Am. Journ. Sci. 1:355. 1819.
Chap. Fl. 579. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 492.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low damp pine barrens. Mobile County, Dog River,
pine flats. August to Septembei-. Freciuent.
Ty])e locality : "Discovered between St. Mary's and Jefferson, in Camden County,
Georgia, on the 13th of July, 1813."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
:VM\ I'LANT I. IKK OK AI.AHAMA.
Manisuiitt coriugata areolata ill.nkelj Molir. ISiill. Torr. Cliil>, 24:21. 1897.
I.'otlboillia roriKiinlii v;ir. uiroUiln llackiO, in !>('. Mmiof^r. I'luin. 6 : :i()9. 1889.
A will-iii.irkoil viirit'ty, tin- iiiiiiktoiis ptMliiiiclcs MlcmliT itiid loii^'-rxstTtcd, ;m(l
tlio spiki'sinuro >leinUT tli.tn in tlir tyiM'; spikclots oblong-ox ate, less jiittftl.
I.oiiisiiiniaii ar(>a.
Ai.ahama: Coast plain. Low daniii pin-- barrens. Mobile County.
Typt" loc.ility: "In pint-tis dcprcssis liuniidiH propr Moliile, Alaliani.i ( C. Molir)."
llVrb. Ceol. Snrv. lli-rb. Mohr.
Mamsiims rYi.iXDiJicA (MirliN.) Knntzc, l»ev. Uen. I'l. 2 : 77!t. ixiH.
Vripmciim (jiliiidiicitiii .Miclix. Kl. Hor. Am. 1 : (iO, 1803.
Tills 8i)ecii-sis not infrocincnt in KJoiiilaand eastern Missi8sii)pi. ami is lo l.c louUed
for in western Alabama.
HACKELOCHLOA Knntze, h'ev. Gen. I'l. 2:777. ISIil.
(Mamsikis L.Mant. 2:164. 1771. In part.)
A single species, annual, widely distributed over tropical regions.
Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kunt/.e, Rev. Gen. I'l. 2 : 777. 1891.
Ceiicliriis iir<niiilaiix !,. Mant. 2:51'), App. 1771.
MdiiimiiiB tiraiinlarix Sw. Prodr. 1 •.25. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 2 :'524. Chap. Fl. 580. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : I9L'. (Iriseb. Fl. Hrit.
W.Ind.5o7.
Wi:sT Indies and all Tuopical Codntkik-s.
Louisianiau area. South Carolina and Florida, west to Texas and ArizoTia.
Alahama: Lower Pine belt. Waste and cultivated grounds. Mobile County,
Springhill. Citronelle. .Inne.
Adventive from tlie trojiics and fully established.
Typo locality not ascertaine<l.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ANDROPOGON L. Hp. PI. 2 : 1045. 17.53.
A genus, as understood at ])resent, of about 200 siJccies; belonging to the warmer
regions of the globe. North America, 24 species. All perennials from longer or
shorter scaly or tibrous-rooted rhizoraas.
Andropogon tener Kunth, Rev. Gram. 2 :565, /. 197. 1833.
SLEXDK R ]5KA KI >-( ; UA.S.S.
Andropogon truer var. cjen ii in ns snhvar. ti/picua Hack, in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6 : 378.
1889.
Chap. Fl. 581. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 495.
Cuba, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina.
Louisianiau area. ( Georgia and Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Coosa Valley to Coast plain. Dry bills, gravelly or close sandy soil.
Mobile County. Washington County, Yellowpine. Monroe County, ('laiborne.
Clark County, Clioctaw Corner. Calhoun County, Anniston. August to September.
Most frequent iu the Lower Pine region.
Type locality: " Crescit in Brasilia meriflionali.'
Herb. Gcol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Andropogon scoparius Mich.x. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 57. 1803. Broom-Grass.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 146. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 637. Chap. Fl. 581. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:495.
Mr.xico.
Alleghenian to Louisianiau area. From the South Atlantic and Gulf States west
to Arizona and California; north to New England and Minnesota; from Ontario to
the Saskatchewan; Rocky Mountains, Colorado.
Alabama: Over the State, on poor sandy soil. Common everywhere. Most
abundant in dry pine barrens and woru-out tields. Of many forms, dilhcult to
separate.
Type locality: " Hab. in aridis sylvarum C.irolinae.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. Prol. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888.
Busnv Beako-Grass.
Cinna filovierata Walt. Fl. Car. 59. 1788.
Andropogon macronrum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:56. 1803.
Eastern Mexico, Central A.merica, We-st Indies.
GRASSES. 337
Carolinian cand Lonisianian areas. From Florida along the coast to New York
and central Pennsylvania; Gulf States to southern Missouri and Tennessee.
Alai'.ama: Lower Pine lielt. Coast plain. Low damp pine barrens, abounding in
flat, barren, and low worn-out ground.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Andropogon glomeratus hirsutior (Hackel) Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 21. 1897.
Jndropoiioii nidcroiiriis vnr. liirsufior Hackel in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6:409. 1889.
Sheaths with long hairy tubercles, green. Seeds smooth, or roughly fimbriate at
the base.
Louisianian area.
Alabama: Coast plain. Flat pine barrens. Frequent.
Type locality: '"Alabama prope Mobile (C. Mohr). "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Andropogon glomeratus glaucopsis (Ell.) Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 21. 1897.
Andropocfon mucrourns var. (jlaiicopsis Ell. Sk. 1 : 150. 1817.
Lonisianian area. Georgia, South Carolina, Florida.
Alabama : In wet soil. Mobile. River marshes. October. Four to .5 feet high,
robust. Frequent.
Typo locality: "Grows in damp soils [Sovxth Carolina and Georgia].'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Andropogon virginjcns L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1046. 1753. Broom Sedge.
Andropogon dixaUiflornm Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 57. 1803.
A. vaginatus Ell. Sk. 1 : 148. 1816.
A. virginkus var. viridis Hackel in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6 : 410. 1889.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 638. Chap. Fl. 582. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 496.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Southern New P>nglaud to Florida, west to
Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Missouri, and southern Illinois.
Alabama: All over the State. In close sandy soil, damp or dry, open pine
woods, worn-out fields, and pastures. Most abundant.
Type locality : " Hab. in America "'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Andropogon virginicus dealbatus Mohr : Hackel in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6 : 411. 1889.
Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 11.
Base of the smooth leaves covered with white bloom; stems and leaves becoming
whitish.
Coast plain. In damp sandy soil. Mobile County. Not common.
Type locality: "Alabama prope Mobile (Mohr)."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Andropogon capillipes Nash, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gavd. 1 : 431. 1900.
Andropof/on virginicus glaucits Hackel in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6:411. 1889. Not A.
glaiicus Retz. 1789.
Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:11.
Glaucous throughout.
Alabama: Coast plain. Close sandy soil. Mobile County. October. Frequent.
Type locality : "Florida (Curtiss)."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Andropogon tracyi Nash. Pmll. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1 : 433. 1900.
A tufted glabrous perennial, with the numerous basal leaves about half as long as
the culm; culm \h to 2^ feet long, branched above the middle, nodes of iufiorescence
barbed with long silky hairs; sheaths shorter than the interuodes ; lignle scarious;
leaves erect, sparingly hirsute on the upper surface near the base, -1 to 8 inches long;
inflorescence 8 to 12 inches long, narrow, the branches erect, the racemes in pairs,
I lie sessile spikelets about twice as long as the stout iuternodes, densely clothed
witli silvery white hairs, awn about | to i' inch long; pedicellate spikelet wanting
or a minute rudimentary scale.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Mississippi.
Alabama: Metamorphic hills. Drv soil. Lee Countv, "Auburn. October, 1897
(F.S.JCnrle)."
Between A. virginicus and A. longiberbis. Distinguished from the former by its
glabrous sheaths and stout racemes; from the latter, with which it is more nearly
related, by the entire absence of the characteristic lanose pubescence.
Type locality: "Type collected by Prof. S. M. Tracy, at Columbus, Miss., October
14, 1895."
15894 22
33S PLANT T.IFK oF ALMJAMA.
Andropogou tetrastachyus Kll. Sk. 1 : 150. IXlti. Ioik-spikkm Hkai{1)-(iI{as.s.
Anilvopoiiixi littihiicHs WW. IftraHtarhijuH Huckcl in I X". Moiioj^r. 6 : 1HH9.
Cliaj). Fl..V;i.
Ltiiiisiaiiiau aroa. Suiilli Carolina ami I'lmida to Iowa.
.Vi.auama: Lower I'iiie region. Coa.st i)lain. .Mohile County, o])('n daniji j)ine
barrens. Oitober. rrtMiiunt.
T.v l>o locality : " (>ro\vs in ilainp i»int< hairons, near (;harlost«»n."
Herb. (ieol. Snrv. Herb. .Moln .
Andropogou moluii (liackel) llackcl; X'.iscy. Contr. Nat. Ilcrli. 3: IL 1892.
.MoiiKs |{KAKI)-(;ka8S.
Aiidropnqoii liihmaiii \,ir. mo hrii iiackt-l in IH'. .Monour. I'liaii. 6 : 1 115. 18!)1.
Chap. Fi.ed. Xn\U.
Louisianiau area. Florida to Mis.si.ssippi.
Ai.ahama: Coa.st plain. Flat damp jiine barrens. Mobile Connty: lirst collected
October, 18.S3; Spriniibill. Not rare.
Typo locality: "Alabama : in piuctis nliginosia jirope Mobile (Molir)."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Andropogou elliottii Chap. Fl. 581. 1860. Elliott's Bkakd-Gjjass.
Gray. Man. cd. (!. CAS. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 196. Chap, Fl. ed. 3, 593.
Louisianian to Carolinian area. Florida west to Texas, Arkansas, Mi8.>ionri, and
Tennes,see, and nortii along the coast to Delaware.
Al.\bama: Lower Pine region. Coa,'<t plain. Flat pine barrens, pastures, old
fields, in close sandy soil. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Abundant. October.
Type locality : " \Vet or dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina."
Herb. (leol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Andropogou argyraeus Schnlt. Mant. 2 : 450. 1824. Silvery Bkard-Grass.
Audropofiou arficnteits Ell. Sk. 1 : 148. 1816. Not DC.
J. hclrisii Desv. Opusc. 67. 1831.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 637. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 668. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:496.
Chap. Fl.ed.3.593.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Floriila west to Texas, Arizon.t, (.'olorado,
Tennessee, and southern Missouri.
Alabama: Coast plain to Coosa Hills. Dry siliceous soil. Calhoun County, Annis-
ton, barren cherty hills. Mobile County. Baldwin County, dry sandy pine ridges.
September. Fre(|Uent.
Ty]ie locality : "(irows in dry soils [South Carolina and Georgia]."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Andropogou furcatus Muhi. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 919. 1806. Fohkkd Beard-Grass.
Andropogou provincialis subvar. /Hrca/ws Hackel in DC. Monogr. I'han. 5 : 442. 1889.
Ell. Sk. 1:150. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 637. Chap. Fl. 581. Coulter, Contr. Nat. i lerb.
2 : 496.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. From Manitoba and Saskatchewan toQnebe<-
and Ontario, south to the States east of the Mississippi, and Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Dry light soil, open woods, prairies. Cullman
County. Calhoun County, Anniston. Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, and Mol)ile counties.
Frequent. .Inly to August.
Type locality: "liab. in America boreali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CHRYSOPOGON Trin. Fund. Agrost. 187. 1820.
Twelve species, mostly perennial. Southern Europe, Asia; 1 species American.
Chrysopogon avenaceus (Michx.) Chap. Fl. 583. 1800. Inuian-Grass.
Andropo(i<>n arenac.eits Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I:i58. 1803.
A. cUiatiis Ell. Sk. 1 : 144. 1816.
Sorqhnin nulans Grav, Man. 617. 1818.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 638. Chap. Fl. 583. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herl). 2 :494.
Mexico to Brazil.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Saskatchewan south to Colorado and Texas;
New England to Florida and the Gulf.
Alabama : Throughout the State. Most abundant in dry pine barrens.
Type locality : "Hab. in vastissimis pratis Illinoensibus.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GRA8SES. 339
Chrysopogon elliottii Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club. 24:21. 1897.
Drooping Indian-Grass.
Andropo(]on nutans Ell. Sk. 1:14-1. 1817. Not L.
To this species are referred the forms with the panicle loose, the branches elon-
gated, drooping, and the fertile glumes covered with long silky hairs.
Louisianian area. Carolina to Florida, Mississippi, and Tennessee.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Dry barren pine woods. Mobile and Escambia
counties. Three to 4 feet high. Common. Perennial.
Type locality : "Grows in arid soils [South Carolina and Georgia]. Very common."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Chrysopogon nutans lirmeanus Doell in Mart. IT. Bras. 2, pt. 1^:276. 1883.
Andropogon nntans L. Sp. PL 2 : 104.5. 1753.
A. nutans Umieaimm Hackel, DC. Monogr. Phan. 6:531. 1889.
Sorghumnntans Cha,p. Fl. 583. 1860.
Chap. Fl. 1. c. ; ed. 3, 596.
Brazil, Mexico.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to PTorida, west to Texas.
Alabama: r^ower Pine region. Coast plain. In dry close soil. Mobile County,
pine woods. August, September; not common
Stem weak, assurgent, branches of the elongated narrow panicle short, spikelets
scattered, glumes smoothish, the fertile almost black, with a stont long awn. Per-
ennial.
Type locality : "'Hab. in Virginia, .lamaica.''
Herb. Geol. "Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SORGHUM Pers. Syn. PI. 1:101. 1805.
Thirteen species, belonging to warmer regions of the Old World.
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Syn. PI. 1:101. 1805.
Johnson-Grass. False Guinea Grass.
Holcus halepensis L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1047. 1753.
Andropogon halepensis Brot. Fl. Lus. 1:89. 1804.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 494. Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 13.
Southern Europe axd Western Asia.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. All over the Southern States. Introduced and
escaped from cultivation, becoming a most troublesome and almost ineradicable
weed.
Alabama : From the Central Pine belt to the coast. Most abundant in the Central
Prairie belt. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Syria, Mauritania."
Economic uses: Frequently cultivated for hay and green forage.
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Sorghum vulgare Pers. Syn. PI. 1 : 101. 1805.
Chicken Corn, Durrha, Sugar-Corx.
Holcus sorghum L. Sp. PL 2 : 1047. 1753.
Andropogon sorghum satlrus Hackel in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6: 505.
Escaped from cultivation, becoming a pernicious weed in many parts of the Southern
States.
Alabama : Most frequent in the Central Pine belt and Central Prairie region.
Annual.
Economic uses : Important for green forage, hay, and grain.
Type locality: "Hab. in India."
Herb. Geol. Snrv.
PASP ALUM L. Syst ed. 10, 2 : 8.55. 1765.
One luindred and sixty species, perennials, tropical and subtropical regions, mostly
American. Nortli America, 28 species, all east of the Kocky Mountains, and chiefly
south of the Ohio Valley.
Paspalum compressum (Sw.) Nees; Trin. Gram. Panic. 96. 1826. ('arpkt-Crass.
Milium compressinii Sw. Fl. Ind. Occid. 1 : 183. 1788.
I'aspalum platycaulon Poir. Enovcl. 5 : 34. 1804.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 500. (iriseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 541.
West Indies, Mexico, south to Argentina.
Louisianian area. Florida to Texas. Naturalized. Coast plain to Mountain
region; lower Metamorphic hills.
:U0 PLANT LIKK <>I' AI,A15AMA.
Ai.aiiaMa: (ioso H.intiy Hoil; jiastiiri'.s, clcariii^rs, roiulsitirs, forming; a jiorAid (iirf.
M<)liil(>. 15al<lwiii, Mont;;i)iii(>ry, .iiiil Tuscaloosa comitios. l,vki Coiiiity, Aiiliiiiii.
Almiiilaiit.
r\p«> locality : "Hali. in iiasciiis slcrililms .lauiaicai' vuij^aris."
Kcouoniic U8C8: Naliiahlc for jiastiin .
lU'ib. tiool. Sur\ . llc-rb. Molir.
Paspaluni paspalodes ( Michx. i Sciilmci. Miin. Torr. Club. 5: 1'!*. 1S!I4.
MlCIIAIIX's rASI'AMM.
Dijlitdriii pnspalode.i Mirliv. I'l. Ror. Am. 1 : Iti. ]HO',i.
rnKjHilnni fiinnliini l"liic;ijjjc, ( Jraiii. .Moiioi;r. 1810.
r. (liflilaria I'oir. Kncyd. Siijipl. 4 : lilti. ISKI.
Milium jxixixilodes V.U. Sk. 1: 101. 1S17.
I'axpalinn mirliaiijianiiin Kmitli, Ivcv. (Irani. 1 : L'."). \Ki'i.
r. (Iliollii Wats, ill (;rav, Man. cd. «», 029. ISill.
KU. Sk. 1; 101. Gray, Man. cd. G, 629. Clia).. I'l. 570. ( onlicr. < onir. Nat. II<tI>.
2 : r)00.
Wk.'^t Indies.
Louisiaiiiaii area. North Carolina, along the coast to I'loiida, w csl to i'cxa.s.
At.AiSAMA: Central I'rairie region lo Coast i)lain. Shady co)ises. Mobile and Mont-
gomery comities. Autauga Couuty, I'rattvillc (A'. A.SmHli). Flowers .May to .Inne;
uot I'reiiuent.
Tyjie locality: "Hab. in pascuis aridi.s, Jnxta Charleston (S. C.J. "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspalum membraiiaceum "Walt. Fl. Car. 75. 1788. Wai.tku's I'asi'ai.um.
/'(ixjKtIiim rai/inatitm Ell. Sk. 1: 10!». 1816. Not Sw.
y. Hulhriatiiim Sehult. Mant. 2 : 166. 182<1.
Kll. Sk. 1: 109. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 628. Chap. Fl. 570. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 498.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Delaware, along the coast to Florida, west to
Texas.
Ai-abama: Coast plain. Low damp lields an<l meadows. Mobile County. Bald-
win County, Stockton. Frequent. August to Se])tember.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspaluni conjugatum IJergi us, Act. Acad. Holm. 7:129, l.S. 1778.
CON.JUGATKI> I'A.sl'AI.lM.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. (i66; ed. :^, 578. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 541.
West 1NDIE.S, Mr.xicoTO Brazil, Tkoimcai. Akuica, Australia.
Louisianian area. Loui.siana, Mississippi.
Alaba:ma: Coast plain. Sliaded damp banks. Mobile County, .lune. Rare.
Probably adventive from the tropics.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspaluni distichuni L. Amoen. Acad. 5:;5'.n. 1759. .loiM-Cii.As.s.
Ell. Sk. 1:108. Gray, Man. ed. 6,629. Chap. Fl. 570. Conlter. Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:499. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 511. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:2.57.
West INDIES, jMexico to Argentina, Ciiilk, Ea.st Indies, AIuStralia.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida, west to 'I'exas, and
across the ]>laius to southern California.
Alabama: Central Piairie region; damp fields, low banks. Montgomery Couuty,
Pentulalla Creek. Mobile County, ditches; common. A pernicious weed in rotton
fields. .June to August.
Type locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspalum vaginatum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 135. 1779. Salt Joint-Grass.
I'dypalion (Jislichinii var. raginatiim Griseb. Fl Brit. W. Ind. 541. 1864.
Chap. Fl. 570. Gri.seb. 1. c. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 499.
We.st Indies, Mexico to Arge.ntina.
Louisianian area. Florida west to Texas along the seacoast.
Alabama: Littoral region, salt marshes. Mobile County, Dau])hin Island, West-
fowl River. Baldwin County. Bon Secour. Flowers June to August. Abundant.
Type locality : " Hab. in argillosis graminosis Janiaicae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GRASSES. 341
Paspalum longipedunculatum Le Cont<% Journ. Phys. 91 : 284. 1820.
Slender-strm Paspalum.
Paspalum dehile Micbx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 44. 1803.
P. arenarinm Schnifl. ; Sclmlt. Mant. 2 : 172. 1824 ( ?)
Ell. Sk. 1:10.5. Scribuer, Grass. Teuu. 2:3.5, t. 6, f. fi-l. Britt. A: 15iowu, 111.
Fl. 1 : 108.
Carolinian area. Kentucky and Tennessee to northern Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Sandy exposed grounds, pastures. Dekalb Couuty,
Mentone, 1,800 feet altitude. September f5, 1898. Not freciueut.
Type locality: ■' Hah. in Carolina boreali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Paspalum ciliatifoliuni Michx. V\. Bor. Am. 1 : 44. 1803. Fringk-lkaf Paspalu.m.
Paspalum sHaceum var. ciliafifoliitm Vasey, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 17. 1892.
Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 499. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 34, t. 6, f. 22. Cbap.
Fl. ed. 3, 578.
West Indies, Mexico, Brazil.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New .Jersey, south to Florida, thence to Texas
and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Grassy banks in close loamy sand.
Lee County. Auburn (BaAer >S' Earle, 644). Mobile County, along fence rows, road-
sides. Baldwin County, .luly, August. Frequent.
Readily recognizeil by the smoothish shining sheaths ;iud bright green smoothisb
more or less strongly ciliate leaves.
Type locality : "Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspalum ciliatifoliuni dasyphyllum (Ell.) Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 578. 1897.
Paspalum dasyphi/Uum Kll. Sk. 1 : 105. 1807.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 1. c. Britt. A: Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 107.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Dry sandy pine barrens. Autauga
County, Prattvillf. Clarke County, Choctaw Corner. Mobile and Baldwin counties.
July to September. Common.
At once distinguished from the type by the somewhat diffuse stems and the dull
grayish hairy sheaths and leaves. Rarely found with the above, preferring the arid
purely sandy ])iue ridges.
Type locality: ''Grows in dry cultivated ground [South Carolina and Georgia]."
p]conomic uses: Of some value as a pasture grass of the dry pine barrens, where it
is frequent.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspalum laeve Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 44. 1803. Smooth Paspalum.
Ell. Sk. 1:100. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 628. Cliap. Fl. 571. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 499. Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 108.
Allegheuian to Louisianian area. Rhode Island to Kentucky, Missouri, and
Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Grassy banks. June, .Inly; not uncommon.
Pilose forms; sheaths and leaves more or less covered with villous hairs {Panicmn
laere pUosum Scribner); from Lee County, Auburn {Baker <)'■ Earle).
Type locality : "Hab. in Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspalum praecox Walt. Fl. Car, 75. 1788. I^arly-flowerinc Paspalum.
Paspalum lentiferum Lam. Encycl. 5 : 31. 1804.
Ell. Sk. 1:106. Chap. Fl. 571. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 499.
Louisianian area. North Carolina, west to eastern Texas
Alabama: Central and Lower Pine belts. Coast plain. Low wet pine barrens,
borders of pine-barren swamps. Autauga County, Prattviile (E. A. Smith). Wash-
ington County, Yellowpine, Mobile and Baldwiu counties. Frequent. May to
June.
Type locality : South Carolina,
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspalum praecox curtisianum (Steud.) Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 13 : 165. 1886.
Paspalum curtisianum Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 26. 1855.
Louisianian area. Florida to Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low tlat pine barrens. Mobile Couuty, Dog K'iver Hats
'.\A2 PLANT ]AFV. <»K A LA I? A MA.
(Soptomber, October). Halilwin ( Oimty, .lom'itliiiic. iiiii«'-li;iri»>n h\viiiii|ih. I'lit\v('rs
ill .June. I'reiiuent.
l'.;isily tlistin^iiislicil Ity tlm iiioro rolmst. hiil)it of ^^rowth, I ho (lower stem .'{ to 1 lote
hi;^li. tli(> Miiiinroiis spikes '2 to 3 iiu-hes loii;^, uml the leaves uiiil slieuths softly
viilous-|iiibt'S(ent.
'lype locality: "M. A. Curtis lej^it in ( .iroiiiia."
11. ill. (leol. .Siirv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspalinii plicatuliiiu Michx. Fl. Mor. Am. 1 : l."). 1S(W.
I'dMlxihim luiduliitiim I'oir, Eiicvcl. 5:2'.). 1>S('I.
Kll. 8k. 1: lt)7. Chap. Fl. Suppl. (itw; od. :$, 57H. Coulter, (.'ontr. Nat. Herb. 2 : oOO.
fJriseb. Fl. Mril.W. Iiul.542.
Wkst Indiks, Mkxico! to Arckn'TIxa.
Louisianian area. South Carolina, Florida!, west lo Texas.
Ar>.\itA.M.\ : Coast plain. Dry sandy banks and copsfs. Baldwin County, Montrose.
Mobile County. Flowers in .June; not infrequent.
Tyjie locality: " Hal), in (ieorgia et Florida."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspalum bifidum y A. BertoL) Nash, Hull. Torr. Club, 24 : l!t2. 1897.
Al.AU.XMA PaSI'ALUM.
Paniciim floridannniTriu. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. ser. (i, 3, )it. 2:24«. 1834. Not
P. Ihridannm Michx.
i'aiiunm hijUhdii A. HortoL Mem. Acad, Sci. liolofr. 2 : 598, t. 41, f. ..'. 18r.().
J'. aUthamiiise Trin. ; 8teud. Syn. I'l. Gram. 64. 185.5.
Faapaliim racemnlosmn Nutt. ; Chap. Fl. 571. I860.
Chap. Fl. 1. c. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 500.
Lonisianian area. North Caroliua to Florida, west to Arkansas and eastern Texas,
Ai.AiiAMA: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Dry grassy pine barrens. Mobile
County, near Whistler, Grand Bay. August to October; not frequent.
Type locality: "V. spp. Florida Alabama."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Encycl. 5 : 35. 1804. Haihy-flowerkd Pa-spalim.
Paspalum ovatum Xees in Mart. Fl, Bras. 2 : 43. 1829.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 666 ; ed. 3, 579. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 500. Scrilmer, ( Jrass.
Ten n. 32, t. ■'>,/. 09.
BlIAZIL, AUfJICNTINA, ClIILE.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Pennsylvania and southern Virginia to
Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Border of fields, ditches, near dwell-
ings. Dallas County, Uniontown. Hale County, Gailion. Baldwin and Mobile
counties. Flowers .June to August; frequent.
Type locality: "Cette plante a etc recueillie a Buenos-Ayres par Commerson."
Economic uses: A'ahuible for green fodder and hay.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspalum floridanum ilichx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 44. 1803.
Large-flowered Paspalum.
Paspalus maa-ospennus Fluegge, Gram. Monogr. 172. 1810.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 107. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 629. Chap. Fl. ,571. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 500.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. From Florida along the coast to southern Vir-
ginia and Delaware, and west along the Gulf coast to Texas; southern Arkansas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Copses, roadsiaes, borders of lields,
in light dry or dam]) soil. Mobile, Baldwin, and Escambia counties. .June. Frequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Florida et Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspalum glabratum (Engelm.) Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 21. 1897.
Smooth Paspalum.
Paspalum floridanum rar, qlahmtHm Engelm. ; Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:20. 1892.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb'. 2 : .500.
Smooth and glaui-ous throughout; stem from a stout creeping rootstock 2^ to 3
feet high, more sleiider than in the last ; panicle about 8 inches long with 4 to 6 erect-
spreading, short-stalked, more or less distant spikes, 2 to2A inches long; leaves much
shorter than the culm; sheaths shorter than the joints; ligule short, blunt, charta-
ceous ; spikelets mostly in 2 rows on the tiexuons rachis.
Distingui.shed at once by the glaucous and glabrous stem and leaves
Louisianiau area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
GRASSES. 343
Alabama: Lower division of Coast Pine belt, Coast plain. Damp sandy places.
Washington County, Yellowpine, borders of ponds. Mobile County, low pine
barrens.
Type locality: "North Carolina to Texas and Arkansas."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspalum difiForme Le Conte, Joum. Phys. 91 : 284. 1820. Difform Paspalum.
Yasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 13 : 166. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 500. Chap. Fl. ed.
3. 579.
Louisianiau area. North Carolina, Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Damp sandy soil along pine-barren streams. Mobile
County. September to October; not rare.
Type locality : "Hab. cum priore," i. e. "in Georgia."
Herb. Mohr.
Paspalum boscianum Fluegge, Gram. Monogr. 170. 1810.
Purplish Paspalum, Bullgkass.
Pasiialuvi undulatum Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 4 : 316. 1816.
P. piirpiirascens Ell. Sk. 1 : 108. 1816.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 571. Vasev, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 19. Scribner, Grass. Tenn.
2 : 33, t. 5, /. 17.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina, western Tennessee ; Florida to
Louisiana.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Low damp fields and grassy swales.
Clay County, Elders, 1,000 feet. Cullman County, 800 feet. Southward everywhere.
Flowers August to October. Abundant, particularly in the Coast plain.
Type locality: "In Carolina detexit Clarissimus Bosc.
Economic uses : Valuable spontaneous hay crop.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paspalum virgatum. L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 855. 1758-59.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 543.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil.
Louisianian area. Adveutive from tropical America and naturalized in Louisiana
and Texas.
Alaba]>ia: Low places, roadsides, along ditches, waste ground. May to August.
Stems 3 to 4 feet high. First observed in the western suburbs of Mobile, 1895 ; since
extensively spreading into fields and grass plots, threatening to become a worthless
weed.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ANTHAENANTIA Beauv. Agrost. 48. 1812.
(AuLAXANTHUS Ell. Sk. 1 : 102. 1817. )
Three species, perennials, subtropical America. Southern Atlantic States, 2
species.
Anthaenantia villosa (Michx.) Beauv. Agrost. 48, t. 10, f. 7. 1812.
Hairy Anthaenantia.
Phalaris villosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 43. 1803.
Aulaxanthns ciliatits Ell. Sk. 1 : 102. 1817.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana,
Alabama: Coast Pine belt. Coast plain. Grassy pine barrens, close sandy or
gravelly soil. Mobile County, Grandbay. Monroe County, Claiborne. Baldwin
County, Montrose. August. Not infrequent.
Type locality: "Hab. in sylvis sabulosis Carolinae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Anthaenantia rufa (Ell.) Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 39. 1881.
Keddish Anthaenantia.
Aulaxanthus rufus Bll. Sk. 1:103. 1817.
Panicum rufum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1 : 35. 1835.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 577.
Louisianian area. North Carolina, Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Low grassy pine barrens, damp
sandy soil. Washington County, Yellowpine. Mobile County, Gramlbay. Bald-
win County. June, July; more frequent than the last.
Type locality: "Grows in savannas, and damp soils in the pine barrens, midway
between Saltcatcher Bridge and Murphys on the Edisto."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
.'544 ri.ANT l.IKK OK AI. AI'.AM A.
SYNTHERISMA Walt. Fl. Car. ?•;. 17SS. FiN.iKU (Ihass.
(Dii.n AKiA Si<i|.. Fl. ( ani.«Ml.l', I:")!'. 1771.'. Not Heist. 17ti:!.)
Nearly 20 species, of tciniM-ratc :in<l tioiiiral icfiioiis, mostly aimiials.
Syutherisma filifoime (L.) Nasli, I'.iill. Tmr. Cliil), 22: IL'O. IW.").
Sl.KNDKK CUAH (IKAS.S.
I'un'icum fil'tformr L. Sp. I'l. 1 : r)7. 1753.
I'anjitdiim ftlifoniic S\v. I'rotlr. 22. 1788.
h'uiitarUi 'filij'ormis .Mulil. ( Jram. i:51. 1817.
i:ii. Sk. 1: i;"i2. (Jiav. Man. cd.U, (;:iO. ('lia]>. Fl. r.72. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Ilnl..
2:.')(il. (iriseh. Fl. Hri't. W. Iiid..')!:?. Scribuer, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 39, t. 7,f. ..'S.
Wk.st Iniuks, Mkxu <> TO Hka/.ii..
Camliiiiau and Louisiauian areas. Ma.ssachusetts to Florida, west to Tf-xas, .iiid
iu Teuuessee.
Ai.aijama: Central Fine belt to Coast plain. Dry sandy soil. Monroe, Mobile, and
Baldwin countiis. .Inly to < )ctober, connnou ; abnndant tbrougbout tbe l.owci- I'iiio
region ; annnal.
Tyi)e locality : •' Hab. in America septentrional!. Kalni."
Herb. (Jeol. Snrv. Herb. Mobr.
Syutherisma villosum Walt. Fl. Car. 77. 1778.
" Cnlnis tutted, 2A to 3 feet bigh, slender, erect, simple, more or less branched,
above, glabrous; sheaths keeled toward the upper end, the lower papillose-hirsute,
the upper nearly glabrou.s; leaf blades 5 to 7 inches long. Hat, erect, smooth beneath,
rough above, the lower more or less pajdllosc, the upper glabrous; panicle loiig-
exserted, racemes elongated, slender, 8 to 10 inches long, erect, rarely s})reading;
rachis triangular, hispidulous on tbe angles; spikclets elliptical, acute, jiediceled in
threes, or in pairs; iirst glume wanting, second and third ])ul)escent with long
api)re8sed hairs; tlio second 3-nerved, little shorter tban the third; the third
7-ncrved; the fourth oblong-ovate to lanceolate, striate, iu maturity of a deep chest-
nut color, apiculate."
Distinct from tbe closely related Stjnthertxma fiUforme by the much longer anil more
nunu;rons racemes, narrow spikelets, and striate I'ourth glume.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Georgia and Florida to Texas, Indian Terri-
tory, and Illinois.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Dry pastures, sandy exposed hillsides. Mont-
gomerj'^ County, Sei>tember, 1886. Not frequent. Annual.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Syutherisma serotinuni Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788. Hoarv Cuah Grass.
hitjitdvid turoHtia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:41. 1803.
J I. cillum Ell. Sk. 1: 132. 1816.
KU. 1. c. Cliap. Fl. Supid.r>66; ed. 3, 581. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 501.
Louisianiau area. .South Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Alauama: Coa.st plain. In light sandy soil, pastures, roadsides; perennial; .luly
to October; freipient. Creeping extensively, forming (dose mats.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Economic uses: Valuable as a pasture grass on ]ioor sandy land.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Syutherisma liueare (Krock.) Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22:420. 1895.
Smooth Cijah Grass.
Panicum lineare Krock. Fl. Sll. 1 : 95. 1787.
Si/ntherisma (ilahriim Schrad. Fl. Germ. 1:163. 1806.
J'anicum (/labriim iinmUu, Afrrost. 1:22. 1811.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 630. Scribuer, Grass. Tenn. 2:39, t. 7,f.37.
Europp:.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Naturalized in Ontario and New England,
thence to Missouri and Tennessee.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Waste ])lace8, grass plots. Morgan County, Deca-
tur, banks of Tennessee River. Flowers September and October; not frequent.
Annual.
Type locality: "Auf sandigten Insoln der alten Oder neben der Passbruecke, auch
am Steindamme nach Rosel, ebeii im Sande."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GRASSES. 345
Syntherisma setosum (Desv.) Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 300. 1898.
DujitarUi netoKU Desv. iu Hamilton, Prodr. PI. Ind. Occ. 6. 182o.
Panicum liamiIto7iii Kniith, Enum. 1:84. 1833.
Grisen. Fl. Brit. W. lud. 544.
Decumbent and rooting" at the base; softly pilose below, smooth above; lower
sheaths papillose-pilose, the upper longer, smooth; spikes numerous; spikelets in
pairs, crowded, frequently with a long bristle at the base; oblong-lanceolate, acute,
first glume minute, second 3-nerved, shorter than the spikelet, the third 5 or 7 nerved,
greenish.
West Indies, Mexico, and other tropical countries.
Louisianian area. Florida.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile, September, 1891. Annual. Awell-niaiked
species, conspicuous by the shining silky villosity covering the lower i)art of the
plant, the strongly-nerved spikelets, and crowded dull greenish racemes.
Type locality VVest Indian.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Syntherisma sanguinale (L.) Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22:421. 189.j.
Common Crab Grass.
Panicum sanguinale L. Sp. PI. 1 : 57. 1753.
Digitaria sanguinalis Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, 1:52. 1772.
Syntherisma praecox Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788.
Paspahim sanguinale Lam. TaV)l. Encycl. 1:176. 1791.
Ell. Sk. 1:131. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 630. Chap. Fl. 572. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 501. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 38, t. 7, f. 2G.
Temper.\te and warmer regions. Cosmopolitan.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario and throughout the Atlantic States,
west to Nebraska and Texas.
Alabama: All over the State. Cultivated and waste ground; a very variable and
widely ditiused weed. Annual.
Type locality: "llab. in America, Europa australi."
Economic uses : Important s))oiitaneon8 hay crop.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Syntherisma fimbriatum (Link) Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 25:302. 1898.
Digitaria fimhriata Link, Hort. Keg. Bot. Berol. 1:226. 1827.
D. marginata Roth in Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 544. 1864. ( ?)
Culm 2 to 21 feet long, prostrate at the base, rooting at the lower nodes, at length
branching, smooth; nodes more or less pubescent; lower sheaths papillose-hirsute,
upper longer, glabrous; leaves 1 to 3 inches long, flat, erect, glabrous, or more or
less pubescent at the base \-ith a few stiff hairs ; panicle long-exserted ; racemes 2 to 3
inches long, erect-spreading, not crowded, mostly in pairs, rachis winged; spikelets
lanceolate, very acute, pediceled, in pairs; first glume minute, 3-angular, glabrous;
second three-fourths as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, pubescent on the margins and
between the nerves with long appressed hairs; third scale 7-nerved exceeding the
flowering scales and also pubescent with long appressed hairs, which on the margin
become at length widely spreading; fourth glume lanceolate, very acute, yellowish
with maturity.
Tropical and subtropical countries. West Indies, Mexico, South America,
Australia, tropical Africa, East Indies.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. District of Columbia to PTorida, west to Texas,
and from Missouri and Kansas southward.
Alabama : Coast plain. Waste places, ballast heaps. Mobile County. August,
September; not infrequent. Annual.
Readily distinguished from Sgntlierisma sanguinale by its longer, narrower, and
more acute spikelets with their more copious pubescence, the fringed margins of
the thinl scale, and the smooth nerves.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TRICHOLAENA Schrad. in Schult. Mant. 2 : 163. 1824.
Ten species. Africa, troidcal America.
Tricholaena insularis (L.) Griseb. FL Brit. W. Ind. 557. 1864.
Andropogon insularis L. PI. Jam. Pugill. 30. 1759.
Panicum insularc G. W. Meyer, Prim. IT. Esseq. 60.
P. Icucophaeum H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 97. 1815.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 666; ed. 3, 582. Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:25. 1892. Coulter
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 502.
340 PLANT LIKE <)K AL.VIJAMA.
Tkopicai, Afkica, Asia, Wkst Indiks, S<h'tii Amekica.
Loiiisiiiniau area. Floriila, Texan.
.'Vi.ahama: Adventivo (tn Itiillaut. Moltilr, .Inly, 18!(L roroniiial.
T\ jM' locality: .lainaica.
Herb. (Jeul. iSurv. Uorl). Molir.
PANICUM L. S].. IM. 1:-..-.. nrv.i.
Over 300 distinct species, mostly pcnMiuials, of temperate and warm rcf^ions, liotli
hemispheres, hirj^ely of the warmer parts of Amoiica, from Now England to Mra/il.
North America, over 100 species.
Panicum digitarioides Carpenter; M. A. Curtis. Am. .lourii. Sci. ser. 'J, 7:410. 184H.
As synonym. • Maidkn Cank.
J'aniciim ciirlisii Chap. Fl. .'STS. 1S60.
Louisianian area. Coast of North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Ai.aua.ma: Coast plain and Littoral belt. Marslies. Mobile County. .Xuffust to
October; fre(|uent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Around Wilmington, N. C."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum texanum Buck., Prel. Rep. (leol. & Agric. Surv. Tex. 1866.
Texas Mim.kt.
Vasey. Bull. V. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. 25, 1. 10. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herl). 2 :!i03.
Louisianian area. Texas.
Alabama: Ad ventive with seed oats in cultivated ground. Mobile County. Lee
County, Auburn. Perennial.
'l\ype locality: "Austin, Texas."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Panicum stenodes Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 517. 1861.
/'. anceps var. xirictum Chap. Fl. 573. 1860.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 583.
Perennial from a stout rhizoma, 2i: feet high; culm wiry, terete, perfectly smooth;
leaves narrowly linear, rigid, erect; panicle mostly terminal, narrow, the filiform
branehlets closely adpressed or more or less spreading; spikelets small, straight,
acute, on longer or shorter pedicels, crowded mostly on one side of the rachis.
Described by Grisebach as an annual plant.
Wkst Indies to Bhazil.
Louisianian area. Florida, along the coast to Mississippi.
Alaha.ma: Coast plain. W^et sandy ground. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Bor-
der of pine barren ])ond8.
Typeloeality : " Hab. Jamaica! * » * Trinidad! * * * [Cuba!; Brazil!]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum prostratum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1:171. 1791.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 6156. Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 27. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 546.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil, Egypt, Arabia to East Indies, and Aus-
tralia.
Louisianian area. Louisiana, adventive from the tropics.
Alabama: A waif on ballast ground; rare. Mobile. August; perennial.
Type locality : "Ex insulis Caribaeis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum fasciculatum Sw. Prodr. Veg. Inid. Occ. 1: 145. 1797.
I'tinicum fuscum var. faseiculatuvi Griseb. FL Brit. W. Ind. 547. 1864.
Griseb. 1. c.
Tropical America.
Louisiani.an area.
Alabama: Adventive. Mobile County, fugitive on ballast, August 10, 1891.
Annual.
Type locality West Indian.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum grossarium L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 871. \ 1758-.59. .Jamaica Crab Grass.
Scribner, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. 7^: 61, i. 43.
Stout perennial with the culm creeping at ite base and rooting at the joints,
\
GRASSES. 347
about 2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate at the base, ciliate ; sheaths ciliate ;
panicle of stout rigid alternate spreading branches bearing the more or less
crowded, pediceled, ovate, acute spikelets on one side, single or in pairs; flowering
glume transversely rugose.
East and West Indies, Brazil.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile, September, 1891.
Type locality not ascertained.
Panicum gymiiocarpou Ell. Sk. 1:117. 1817.
Chap. Fl. 573. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : .509.
Louisianian area. Coast of Georgia and Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Lower division Coast Pine belt. Alluvial forests. Mobile County,
Pierce's Landing; not frequent; perennial.
Type locality: ''From specimens collected near Savajinah, by Dr. Baldwin."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum repens L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 87. 1762. Creeping Panicum.
Panicum arenarium Brot. Phyt. Lus. 1 : 15. 1816.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 666. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :505.
Europe, Mexico, Canary Islands.
Louisianian area. Alabama and Texas to Southeast Mexico.
Alabama: Sandy shores. Mobile County, mouth of Mobile River, swampy edge
of the river bank, iforming dense tussocks. Baldwin County, eastern shore of Mobile
Bay, damp sands. July to September; frequent; perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Hispania? iude missum a Claud. Alstromoer."
Economic uses : Valuable sand binder.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum littorale Mohr; Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 3 : 106. 1878.
Panicum repens confertum Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 28. 1891.
P. qonini Fonru. Mex. PI. 2 : 28. 1881.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 505.
Mexico.
Alabama: With the above, frequent; perennial; from long running rootstocks.
Type locality : "Mobile, Ala. * * * Drifting sands of the Gulf coast."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum melicarium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 50. 1803. Gaping Panicum,
Panicum debile Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 4 : 283. 1816. Not Ell.
P. Mans Ell. Sk. 1 : 118. 1817.
Chap. Fl. .573. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 504.
Mexico, Brazil.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Low muddy places, ditches.
Lee County, Auburn {Baker 4- Earle). Montgomery County. Hale County, Gallion.
Wilcox, Monroe, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. Frequent; June to August; per-
ennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina, Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Gram. 112. 1817. Impoverished Panicum.
Cray, Man. m\. 6, 633. Chap. Fl. 576. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 49, 1. 13 J. 49.
Canadian zone, Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
Ontario, New England, west to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Florida aud Texas;
Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Open woods aud dry copses. Metamorphic
hills. Lee County, Auburn {F. S. Earle). Montgomery County. Infrequent; per-
ennial.
Type locality : " Pennsylvania, Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum neuranthum Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 232. 1866. Nerved Panicum.
Perennial; culm 1 to l\ feet high, more or less pubescent, branched from the base;
branches erect, scarcely longer than the leaves; leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate, i to
i\i inch wide aud from 4 to 5 inches long, acuminate, acute, smoothish, strongly many-
nerved; lignle a ring of stitt" hairs; sheaths about as long as the internodes, villous
from miniite papillte ; panicles mostly included, short, contracted ; spikelets on short
erect pedicels, obtuse; first glume small, smooth; second and third glumes strongly
7 to 9 nerved, pubescent. Keadily distinguished from P. anyiisti/olium by the nar-
348 TLANT T.ll'K ( H ' ALAHAMA.
rowly linour loug, acuiiiiiiiitD li'ii\ rs. tin- <oiiir:irt<il sliort-stjilked jiuiiicU!, iiinl ol)tn«c!
sjiikelots. riTonnial.
\:i8i'y, ('t)iitr. Nat. HtMh. 3 : ;!l. ('(mltcr, Coiitr. Nal. I lirl.. 2 : ."•(»").
("I l!A.
< 'aroliiiiaii aiitl Loiiisiaiiiaii areas. Cuast. uf Noiitliiirii X'ir^iiiia lo I'ltniila, MIssIn
."^iplii, and eastern Toxas.
.\i,AH.\M.\ : Lower I'iiio r»>;^i(>n. Metaniorpliic liiils. Dry Haudy Hoil. Mobile
C'ouuty. Lee County, Anlinru (F.N. F.arU). May, .Inne. Not infrcMineiit.
Ty])e locality: "('nl>a orientalis ( \\ ri^^lit :{|."i.!t; o<ci<!i'ntalin, in savanis |ir<)|»e
Ilanabana (Wright ad l.S(;r>)."
llerli. (icol. •Surv. Ilerh. Molir.
Pauicum angustifoliuni Ell. Sk. 1: 1L'!I. 1N17.
I'diiiciini coiisdnfiniiuinii Wats, in (Jray, Man. i'<l. (!,()33. 1S89. In ])art. Not Kiintli.
/'. tHKnttillnim rdinonum (iriseh. Cat. 1*1. Cnl). -'.V2. 18(>tj.
Kll.Sk.l.c. Gray, Man. ed. G, *)33. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 58.^. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Merit.
2 : .^10. Scribuer, (Jrass. Tenu. 2 : 48, 1. 1.2, f. 47, -18.
Wkst Indiks.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia to southeast Tennessee and
Florida, west to Texas.
Alaiiam.v: Coast Pine belt. Dry open ])ino forests. Metaniorjihic hill.s. Leo
County, Auburn (/■'. iS. Eurle). Washington County, Vellowpine. .Mobile County,
Citrouelle. April to May. Common, i'ereniiial.
Type locality : "Shaded dry soils [South Carolina, Georgia]."
Robust forms of a dense habit of growth, the crowded leaves narrower and erect,
.ap])roaching stout forms oi I'anicnm ttenrantlium, with which this sitecies has been
confounded.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicuni xauthospermum Seribntu- & Mohr, sp. uov.
A low, erect, cespitosc^, hairy perennial, 5 to 9 inches high, more or less branched
from the base, with erect leaves and rather loosely llowered ovate or pyramidal jtan-
icles 1 to 2 inches long. Culms, leaves, and sheaths clothed with a soft pubescence
of rather long lax hairs; nodes bearded with erect-spreading white hairs; sheaths
shorter than the internotles, densely pilose; leaves lanceolate-acuminate, rounded at
the base, gradually tapering to the apex, densely ])ilos(; beneath, more thinly so
above, the margins narrowly cartilaginous, often somewhat involute toward the
apex, those of the stem about 3. lA to 3 inches Ion-;', 2 to 3 lines wide, the basal ones
somewhat shorter. Panicles slightly exsertcd, lax, jtale; rachis smooth or somewhat
pilose below; lower branches ^ to 1 inch long, flexuous, gradually shorter above.
Spikelets about 1 line long, elliptical, obtuse, pale yellow or straw colored, con-
tracted at the base, for the most ]iart long-pedicellate; tirst glume about one-fonith
as long asthespikelet, acute; second and third glumes eipia ling the tlowering glume,
about !>-nerve(l, rather thinly pilose-pubescent with soft, spreading hairs; tlowering
glume about It of 'i liii<" Itu'S, elliptical, acute, very smooth.
Near 7*. arenlcohi, from which it differs by its large yellowish spikelets.
Type si)ecimen collected by Dr. Charles Mohr in open sandv soil, Greenville, Hutler
County, Ala., May 8, 189«.
Panicuni cahoonianum Ashe, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 15 : 113. 1898.
ranicum i/eor<jianum Ashe, .lourn. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 15 : 30. 1898. Not P. <jeor<i'unm
Spreng.
Alow, densely tufted, much-bran( hcd, perennial, glabrous or soft-pubescent; culms
4 to 8 inches high; leaves i-rect or ast^ending. oblong-lanceoiate, 1 to 2 inches and
over long, about 2 lines wide, taper-pointed, soft-i)ubescont or glabrate; ]»anicle
short-peduncled, its branches erei:t-spreading; spikelets \{ lines long, Itroadly
elliptical, softly ])ubescent.
Louisianian area. Ueorgia and Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Dry sandy woods. May, 1882.
Type locality : " Dry sandy soil, southern Georgia and Florida." {Small, Chapmau.)
Panicuni arenicola Ashe, .lourn. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 15 : .^6. 1898.
A tufted ])erennial with erect culms geniculate at the base, 10 to 24 inches high,
pubescent at least below; leases more or less erect, 2 to 3 inches long and 1.1 to 2
lines wide, much smaller above, taper-pointed, sheaths pubescent, jianicle long-
exserted, spreading, 2 to 3 inches long with spreading branches; spikelets obovate,
obtuse, little less than 1 line long.
Carolinian and Louisianian area. Eastern North Carolina, western Florida.
Alabama: Lower division of Coast Pine belt. In open sandy pine woods. Mobile
County, Springhill, abundant. May, 1899.
Type locality: "Chapel Hill, N. C." ( W. W. Ashe, .June, 1898), and eastern part t)f
State.
GRASSES. 349
Panicum laxiflorum Lam. Encycl. 4:748. 1797. Loose-flo\vei:ed Paxicum.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 633. Cliap.Fl. Snp])l. 667. Coulter' Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : .506.
Scribner, (Jras.s. Teun. 51, /. 14, f. -jo.
Allesbenian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick; New York to Florida.
Ai.Ar.AMA: Over tbe State. In ligbt sbaded soil. Cnllmau County, 800 feet. Lee
County, Auburn. Tuscaloosa, Hale, and Dallas countie.«. Frei^uent; May to July;
perennial.
Type locality : "Avis d'Anierique septentrionale.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum pyriforme Na.sh, Bull. Torr. Club, 26 : 579. 1899.
A densely tufted low perennial witli rather slender weak culms 12 to 16 inches
high, finally much branched; stem leaves 2 or 3, thin, lax, smooth on both surfaces,
serrulate and rough on the margin, long-acuminate, narrowed to the base, 4 to 8 lines
wide, on the branches much shorter, sheaths papillose-hirsute with retlexed hairs;
panicle much exscrted, ample, ovate, open, with its branches widely spreading, 3 to
4A inches long; spikelcts rather few, broadly obovate, pubescent; flowering glume
ovate, strongly apiculate.
Louisianiau area. Florida, Mississippi.
Alabama: Metamorphic hills to Coast plain. Damp sandy banks. Lee County,
Auburn (Baker <(■ Earle). Mobile and iJaldwin counties.
This species includes forms from Florida and the eastern Gulf coast heretofore
united with i'. laxijiorum Lam.
Type locality: "In clay soil, at Orange Bend, Lake County, Fla., March, 1894."'
{Xdsh, 239). '
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum ciliatum Ell. Sk. 1 : 126. 1817.
P. ciUatifolium Kunth,- Enum. 1 : 108. 1833.
Ell. 8k. I.e.
A low, somewhat tufted, pali' green perennial with an erect, smooth, and slender culm
8 to 12 inches high ; sheaths smooth ; leaves lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches in length and 2
to 3 lines wide, smooth on both surfaces, and with ciliate margins; basal leaves very
rumerons; panicle small, 1 to 2 inches long, exserted; spikelets on slender pedi-
cels, obovate, acute, smooth; first glume moro than half the length of the second.
Lonisianian area. Southeastern North Carolina along the coast to Avestern
Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Damp low sandy soil. Vicinity of Mobile, .Tune, July,
in dry open places {Kearney).
Type locality : 'Grows in damp soils [South Carolina and Georgia]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pcuiicum consanguineum Kunth, Enuni. 1 : 106. 1833.
Panicum viUnsum Ell. Sk. 1:124. 1817. Not Lam. 1791. Fide G. V.Nash, Bull.
Torr. Club, 23:117. 1896.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 633. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 585.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Near the coast from North Carolina to Florida
and Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower division Coast Pine belt. Coast plain. Damp light soil. Bald-
win and Mobile counties. Washington County. March to July. Flourishes in
the Coast plain thronghout the winter.
Type locality : "America septentrionalis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum earlei Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 26 : 571. 1899.
A densely tufted perennial with slender culm 4 to 6 inches high, smooth; finally
branched. Stem leaves about 3, lanceolate, asi-ending, and like the sheaths spar-
ingly hirsute with long spreading hairs, A inch to IJ inches long and 1 to 3 lines
wide; rough on the luargiu; panicle broadly ovate, with smooth, spreading
branches; spikelets elliptic, obtuse, smooth.
Carolinian area.
Alabama: Metamorphic hills Lee County, Auburn {Earle ^f- Baker).
Type locality : "Aubuiii, Lee County, Alabama." {Earle 4'' Baker, Nos. 1.532, 1535.)
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Panicum albo-marginatum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 40. 1897.
A slender, tufted, smooth perennial, with the rather weak culms simple or
branched from near the base, 8 to U inches high; leaves lanceolate, mostly clustered
near the base, firm, the largest li to 2 inches long and 3 to 4 lines wide; the few
upper leaves much reduced, all with white thickened margins. Panicles small, 1 to
350 PLANT MI'K *^V ALABAMA.
1^ inchoM loii>;, loii-i-rXHortiMl. ov»l, tin- l>rani;li<s asi ••nilinjj, Hpikelet* iiiiiii«r«>iiH.
smiill, oliovutc.
Tliis iB n'nanh'il li\ W , \V. Am1i«> as /'. iHnifuliiim IJahl.' Collected at Cliajul
Mill.X. C.
l.oiiiHiaiiiaii an-a. North Carolina ti< (Hiiruiu ami l"loriil;i.
Ai.aiiaMa: C<ia«» pluiii. I.nw pino liarn-iis in sainly loam. Muhilc Coiinty, Siim-
intTvilh', .liiiif, lh!»!i. Intri*i|ti<-nt.
rvi>«' loralit V : "In tin- low ]iini- laml at KnsliH, Lako CoiiMly, IJorida." {Saxh,
is!ii. No. iti'r>.) ■
llerl>. (Jeol. Snrv. IIitI>. Molir.
Panicum trifolium Nasli, Hull. Ton. Club, 26:r.H(t. isii'.t.
\ crsiiiiosi', siMoothiHli. Klcudcr juTcniiial, tlie niimtlv NiinpUi «iilm M to Hi iuihes
hij^li; stem le.ivt-s UMually ;{, tlie iip])«'rniost a littN- In-low the ]ianicl<'. lirni, en-rt.
narrowly l.iinrolatr, w itli tli« niar;iins cartilajiiMOMH-thickcncd, sen nlati-. from i to 2
inf Ill's Ion;;; liasal 1< a\ cs niinn'ronB, about 2iinlies Ion;;; |>ani<le more or IcHsexsertfd,
broadly ovati', 1 to2 inclieH long, with Hlonder a.scendiug branihes, apikehits elliptical,
di'iiscly ]>Ml>('8<i'nt.
Caroliniaji and !,oiiinianiaii areas. North Carolina to wcsti-rn Florida.
Ai.ahama: .Mctaniorphir hills to Coast plain. Damp woods. Lee Conntv. .\nbinn
( linker, \ i:<irle). Central .Mabania ( /.'hc/i/c//). .Mobih' County. April; not Creriuint.
Type locality : "Ocuinlgce Kivcr ewanip. below Macon, Ga." (Dr. .1. A. SmaU,
K'elateil to 1'. nUto-marrjiitatum, but distin^^Miislicd by the thinner leaves witli<int
white margins and the more Mlender culm.
Herb, (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum lucidum Ashe. Jonrn. Elisha Mitchell Soc. 15 : 17. 1898.
A cespitose, slender, glabrous jierennial. the weak culms reclining; sheaths ciliate
at the margin ; leaves spreading, 1 inch or less long, narrowly lanceolate, very acute,
rather di-stant: panicle more or less exserted, li inches long, with spreading l>ranches;
spikelets elli]itic, acute.
Louisianian area. North Carolina.
Alaiiama: Coast plain. Damp woods. Mobile County. May; inlreciuent.
Typo locality: "Lake Mattamuskeet. North Carolina." ( M'. iv. Ashe, 1898.)
Panicum curtifolium Nash. l?ull. Terr. Clul), 26 : 569. 1899.
A tutted glabrous perennial, with weak culms 8 to 12 inches high, finally much
branched ; sheaths usually about one-third as long as the internodes, sparsely pubes-
cent; stem leaves 8 or 1. widely spreading, short, scarcely over 8 lines long, the basal
leaves 1^. to 2 inches long; jtanicle considerably exserted, broadly ovate, its slightly
hispiil branches widely spreading; spikelets elliptic, glabrons.
Louisianian area. Western Florida ( 0 to Mississippi.
Al.vha.ma: Central Pine belt. Coastplain. Boggy borders of pine-barren streams.
Tuscaloosa County (J)r. IC. A. Smith). Mobile County (J. H. Kearney, July, \H^2).
Type locality: '• Ocean Springs. Miss." (5. M. Tracy, 1898.)
Herb. (iced. .Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum paucipilum N.ish. Hull. Torr. ( lub. 26:.">73. 1899.
A tufted, almost glabrous, tall perennial with the sparingly branched culm from 2
to 3t feet high; stem leaves 5 to «, erect, tirm, sometimes minutely puberubnt on
the lower surface, usually with a few hair-bearing papillae at the base, from 2i to
3A inches long and .'5 to 5 lines wide; panicle exserted, rather dense, cd)long, from
2 to 4 inches long, its branches erect; spikelets small, numerous, oval, jmbescent.
(Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Coast of New Jersey. Mississippi.
Ai.aiia.ma: Coastplain. Mobile County.
Type locality: " Wildwood, N. J." {E. P. Bicknell, May 30, 1897.)
Panicum longipeduuculatum Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 53, t. /6,f. Gl. 1894.
A small i)ube8<cnt somewhat clustereil ])ale-grcen perennial, the slender culms
6 to 1(1 inclies high, with a few distant erecr-sf)reading lanceolate leaves, nar-
rowe<l to the roundish base. - to 3 lines wide, soft-pubescent on both sidi-s and ciliate
on the margin ; basal leaves numerous, imbescent .and ciliate; panicle .ibout 2 inches
long, oval, the axis and branchlets villous-pubesoent, the fascicled, slender branches
sjireadiiig; s])ikelets small, I line long, obtuse.
Carolinian and Lfusisianian areas. Tennessee, North Carolina ( Roanoke Island) to
Florida.
Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc, Vol. 15, p. 46.
GRASSES. 351
Alabama : Coast plain ; low damp grassv pine barrens. Mobile County, Summer-
ville, June 1, 1899.
Type locality: "White Cliff Springs [Tennessee], July, 1890; Tullahoma, July,
1892." (Scribner.)
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum parvispiculum Nasli, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 347. 1897.
Stems 12 to 20 inches long in tufts, erect to decumbent at the base, appressed-hir-
sute; internodes blackish brown, more or less pubescent; sheaths shorter than the
internodes, appressed-hirsute to piiberulent or glabrous and ciliate on the margins;
ligule a ring of copious hairs; leaves erect or ascending, rigid, linear-lauceolatc,
rough on the margins, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, acuminate at apex,
rounded at the base, the primary 1^ to il inches long, yV to i inch wide, the later
about 2 inches long. Primary panicle broadly ovate, 3 to 4 inches long, with ascend-
ing branches, much divided from the base, frequently pilose at the base ; sidkelets
numerous, small, on divergent pedicels, outer glumes closely pubescent Avith spread-
ing hairs; the first one-third as long as the spikelet.
Louisianian area. Georgia, Florida.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Dry open woods, pastures, borders
of fields. Tuscaloosa County {E. J. Smith). Washington, Baldwin, and Mobile
counties, April, May; frequent; perennial.
Type locality: " Darien Junction, Mcintosh County, Ga." {Dr. John K. Small).
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum longiligulatum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 26 : 57.5. 1899.
A tufted rather smooth perennial, the slender culm 16 to 20 inches long, fasciculate-
branclaed above, forming dense masses toward the top ; stem leaves 4 or 5, erect-
spreading, narrow, lanceolate, with serrulate margins, 1 to 1^ inches long, those of
the branches smaller; sheaths from one-half to two-thirds as long as the internodes,
ligule a ring of long silky hairs; basal leaves thick, broadly lanceolate, li to 2
inches long; panicle oval, about 2 inches long, exserted, with spreading branches;
spikelets ovate, densely pubescent, with spreading hairs.
Louisianian area. Western Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Damp woods. Mobile County (T. S. Kearneti, July).
Type locality : "Apalachicola, Fla.'' ( Vasen, 1892).
Near P. parvispiculum, from which it differs in its more slender culms, its smaller
blades, and the glabrous margins of the sheaths (Nash).
Panicum nashianum Scribner, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. 7 : 79, /. 61. 1897.
Nash's Panic Grass.
Slender and finally much branched, perennial, 5 to 10 inches high, with flat short
leaves, ciliate on the margin toward the base, and open pyramidal panicles, the
liexuous branches widely spreading or refiexed. Closely allied to P. demissum Triu.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern \"irginia, along the coast to Florida
and Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low pine barrens. Mobile County. March to May.
Type locality: "Near the coast, Virginia to Mississippi."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum ■webberianum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 23 : 149. 1890.
A slender, erect, rather smoothish perennial, with an erect or ascending stem 18 to
24 inches long, smooth except below; sheaths smooth, excejit, the ciliate margins,
inflated ; leaves erect or erect-spreading, lanceolate, narrowed at the roundish base,
2 to 3 inches long, 3 or 4 lines wide, 7 to 11 nerved, glabrous at the base, sparingly cil-
iate; panicle 2 to 4 inches long, i inch wide, the mostly simple branches spreading.
Louisianian area. Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain, damj) pine woods. Mobile County, Summerville, June,
1899.
Type locality: "Low pine land at Eustis, Lake County, Florida." (Nash, May,
1894, No. 787).
Panicum roanokense Ashe, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 15 : 44. 1898.
A slightly tufted, erect, slender, smooth peiemiial, the erect culm about 18 inches
high from a geniculate base, in specimens from Alabama faintly hairy at the nodes;
leaves nar^-owly lanceolate, 2 to 3 inches wide, firm, 5 to 7 nerved; ])anicle 2^ to 3
inches long, broadly ovate, the slender fascichnl branches spreading; spikelets
numerous, 1 line long, elliptical, obovate, glabrous.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina, Mississippi.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. In dry woods. Tuscaloosa County
(Dr. E. A. Smith). Mobile ("ountv. April, May; not frequent.
Type locality: "Roanoke Island, N. C." ( H'. W. Ashe, June, 1898.)
852 VLANT LIKK OK ALABAMA.
Paniciini dichotomiim L. Sp. I'l. l:5s. ITr.H. Kokkid Panhtm,
KU. Sk. 1: llM. Gray, Man. rd.t;. »;:{;{. Coull.r. Cunir. Nat. Htirli. 2 : .W). Kritt.
A: IWnwu, III. 1'1.1:12(>.
Allf;;li<nian to l.oiii.siauiaii area. ( ana.l.i, I linMi^^liuiii tlir <;isterii In i ted States,
west to Toxas.
Alabama: Ovit tlii> state, gratlfrrd in dry and ilanii» soil, .hint-; freipmnt.
Tyjie locality: " Hal>. in Virjiinia. '"
nVrli. (JiH)!. Snrv. licrh. Muhr.
Panicum thurowii S( rilm. A. Sniitli. Circ. l'. S. Dept. Agr. !>iv. Agrost. 16:5. 1X99.
.\ ratluT Htont, iTcct or asi-tindinj^, pubesi-ent or villons, siiupki or sparin^'ly
liranciied pm-nnial, IL' to Iti inclies liifrli, with ". or (> densely \vliite-l>**ar(le<l nodes,
nparin;ily villons slicnths. lanccolatc-liiifar loaves 2.7 to S.9 inches Ion;:, and ovate-
pyranndal. shorlly exsertcd i»ani<le8, L'.T to :il inches loll,L^ Sliealiis shorter than
the villous intciiiodcs, striate and tnliercnlate al>ove Iietween the strin'; lii,'nle :i
rin-i ol' stilV \\ hitti hairs 1.1 to 1 .ti lines long; leat'-ldiides Hat, ill' to l.G lines wide,
softly imlipscent on the lower snrt'ace, glahrons above, nnnsnally ciliate on tho
scabrous margins toward the base. There is a very densely villous lino on the bacdv
where the blade Joins the sheath. Axis of the jianicle sparingly ])ilose: the branches
subtlexnons, villons at th(> li.ist^ Si)ikelets narrowly elliptical, ol)tn.se, .7 to .9 lines
long. First glume one-lil'th the length of the 7-nerved, pnliescent, .ind obtuse second
and third glumes, which are slightly shorter than the lanceolate illiptical, acute
lloral glume.
Very closely rtdated to I'anicinti iiiihesrens Lam., dilleriug in its more densely
flowered narrower panicles, smoother spikelets, an<l simple culms. The leaves and
spikelets are ]inrplish.
Louisianian area. Texas, Florida (Lake County).
Ai.ahama: Coast idain. 0])en pine woods, vicinitv of Mobile, .Tune, 1897.
Tvpo locality: "Walker Couutv, Tex." {F. W. Tburow, May, Juno, 1898, Nos. 9
and' 11).
Panicum barbulatum Michx. Kl. Hor. Am. 1:49. 1809. Heakdku 1'anicu.m.
raniciim nilidiim harlnilatum Chap. Fl. cd. 3,5X6. 1X97.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 127. Chap. 1. c. Scribuer, Grass. Tenn. 2 : .51.
Carolini.in and Louisianian areas. New York and New .lersey, south to I'lorida,
west to Mississi])pi.
Alabama: Over the State. In daini» sandy soil. Kare in the mountain region,
frequent near the coast. Mobile County.
Type locality: " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Gecd. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum haemacarpon Ashe, .lourn. Elisha Mitchell Soc. 15:.">.o. 1898.
A somewhat tufted, erect, rather stout ])crenuial, with the culm ascending from
the geniculate base, 12 to 18 inches high, at the base villous with spreading hairs,
BUioothish abovi^; leaves erect, ascending. 1 to 2 inches long, 2 to 3 lines wide, lanceo-
late, the middle ones largest, more or less ]iubesi('nt with scattered hairs; sheaths
shorter than the iuternodes. pa])illate-vi]l()us with long, soft, 8i)reading hairs; nodes
bearded; panicle 1^. to 2 inches long, broader than long, wide-spreading, rather few-
flowered; 8]»ikelets generall.y red. 1 line long, broadly obovate; lirst glume one-third
as long as tlie pubeseeTit Ke<'ond and third.
Carolinian and Lonisiauian areas. District of ('obnubia. North Carolina, Iowa
-Alabama: Coast plain. Dry o])en woods Mol>ilo.
Type locality: "District of Columbia, Kearney, 1897; Ashe, North Candina,
Chai)el Hill, 1X98; Iowa, Carver."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum pseudopubesceus Nash, Unll. Torr. Club, 26:.">77. 1899.
A densely pubescent perennial, the culms 8 to 10 inches high, branched hirsute
with ascending hairs, the nodes barbetl ; leaves rather firm, lanceolate, serrulate,
rough on the margins, 2 to 4 inches long and 3 to "> lines wide, densely hispid on
the lower surface and above with spreading hairs; ])aiiicle exserted, broadly ovate,
2 to 3^ inches long, sparsely hairy; spikelets about 1 line long, obovate, first glume
about one-third as long; spikelets ovate, pubescent with spreading hairs.
Carolinian and Louisianiiin areas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Lower I'ine belt. Dry and damp open woods. Cull-
man County. Lee County, Auburn (Jlaker cj- Earle). Mobile County, Springhill,
Citronelle. May, June; freciuent.
Type locality : "Auburn, Lee County, Ala.'' (Baker .y- Earle, No. 1537, etc.)
Distinguished from P. pubescens by its much larger spikelets.
GRASSES. 353
Panicum pubescens Lam. Encycl. 4 : 748. 1797. Hairy Panicum.
Scribner, Grass. Tenu. 2 :52, 1. 15, f. oS.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New .Jersey to Tennessee, Florida, and Mis-
sissippi ( ?).
Alabama: Monntain region to Coast plain. Dry open woods. Cullman County.
Mobile County, Citronelle. Frequent; perennial.
Type locality: "Basse-Caroline."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum lauugiuosum Ell. Sk. 1 : 123. 1817. Woolly-stemmed Panicum.
Ell. I.e. Chap. Fl. ed.3,586.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Tennessee, Georgia, Plorida, MississipiJi.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Copses, shady banks. Cullman
County. Chambers County (Baker 4' Earle). Mobile County, Whistler, Springhill.
April, May ; not common ; perennial.
Type locality: "Grows in Georgia. Sent to me by Dr. Baldwin."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum villosissimum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 23 : 149. 1896.
A rather stout, very hairy perennial, more or less tufted from a strong rootstock,
the rigid culms erect or ascending, 16 to 24 inches high, villous with long, ascending
hairs, barbed above the glabrous nodes; sheaths villous; stemleaveslinear-lauceolate,
2h to 4 inches long, 3 to 4 lines wide, rounded at the base, erect-spreading, with
spreading hairs; panicle 2+ to 3i inches long, equally broad, the numerous slender
branchlets fascicled; spikelets obovate, about 1 line long on slender pedicels.
Louisianian area. South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida to eastern Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine belt. Dry open woods. Mobile County, Siiriughill, May,
June; not infrequent.
Tvpe locality: "Ocmulgee River swamp, below Macou [Georgia]." {Dr. J. K,
Small.)
Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Sk. 1 : 125. 1817. RouNDrFRUiTED Panicum.
Chap. Fl. 667. Vasev, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:32. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 506.
Scribner, Grass. Teun. 2 : 50, /. 13, f. 51, 52.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey to Florida, west to eastern Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Grassy swales and damp thickets.
Cullman County, 900 feet altitude. Dallas County, Marion Junction. Washington
County, Yellowpine. May, June; not infrequent; perennial.
Type locality : "Grows in Georgia. Dr. Baldwin."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum polyanthes Schult. Mant. 2 : 257. 1824. Small-fruited Panicum.
Panicum microcarpon Muhl. Gram. 111. 1817. Not Ell. 1817.
P. multinorum EU.Sk. 1:122. 1817. Not Poir. 1816.
Grav, Man. ed. 6, 633. Chap. Fl. 576. Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:32. Coulter,
Contn Nat. Herb. 2 : 506. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 50, 1. 14, f. 53.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. New York to Michigan, Missouri, and Tennessee,
and from New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: OvertheState. Damp grassy open places. May; frequent; perennial.
Type locality: "Grows in shaded, dry soils [South Carolina and Georgia]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum scoparium Lam. Encycl. 4 : 744. 1797.
Panicum »coparium var. major Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 31.
P. scoparium genuinum Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 48. 1894.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 119. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 632. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 507.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario west to British Columbia and Oregon;
New England west to Nebraska and south to Florida, thence to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: All over the State. Shaded grassy banks, dry woods, copses. Cullman
and Tuscaloosa counties. Washington County, Yellowpine. Mobile County. Aj^ril
to June; frequent; perennial.
Type locality : "Basse Caroline."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum scribuerianum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club. 22 : 421. 1895.
Scribner's Panicum.
Panicum acopariuvi minor Scribner, Bull. Univ. Tenu. 7 : 48. 1894. Not P. capillare
minus Muhl. 1817.
Panicum scoparium AVats. &, Coult. in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 632. 1890. Not Lam. 1797.
15894 23
354 PLANT LIFK OF ALAHAMA.
I', puitcitlonim lirii\,Mi\n.i\V3. 1H4H. N«»l Kll. 1x17.
Britt. iiiul Hrowi!. ill. Fl. 1:118.
Culm erm-t, linm S to -•• inilies lii{;li. Himriiifily jmlmsueiit; HJieatiiH pai)illo8i'-
piloKo; k'iives iK'iiminatc, rimii«li'»l (ir triiiicato at Ihi' base, smooth above, jilabroua
beneath, Hpieadiiiu; iiaiiiclo Mii.ill, siiroatliii;;. aiitl, like the spikeletn, j^lalirous or
hairy; Hpikelets tiirLcid. oliovoid, about lA lines l'>ii;j.
In our speeinieiis the ]iaiiiele and sj)ikeletH are liairy.
Alle-ihouian anil Carolinian areas. Maine. < >utario. and Minnesota, soiitli to ^'ir-
<:;inia and Tennessee, w est to Kansas and Arizona.
Ai,Ai!.\M.\: Mountain reffion. Grasay banks, (hiilman County. .June; lare.
Type locality : " Middle Tennoasee (C.attiuf^er)."
Herb. (ieoi. Surv.
Paiiicuui oligosanthes Sdiult. Mant. 2 : 2.")ti. 1821.
ranicim 2)aiuitlorum Ell. Sk. 1 : 120. 1817. Not U. Br. 1811.
/'. Hcopar'utm paucilloi-mn (Ell. ) Scribner. Grass. Tenu. 2 : 18, t. / .', f. ■/'-'. 1894.
Chap. Fl. 575.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Southern Illinois. .South Caridina to Florida
and Jlississipjii.
Alaha-MA : Mountain region to Coast Pine belt. Thickets, shady borders of woods
in light soil. Lee County, Auburn (Balccr <(• Earle). Washington County, Yellow-
pine. Mobile and Baldwin counties. May, June; not rare.
Type locality: "Grows in close damp soils. In Georgia, not very rare."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicnm viscidum Ell. Sk. 1 : 123. 1817. Visrii> Panic Gkas.s.
I'anicKm svopariimi Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 49. 1803. Not Lam.
Gray, Mau. ed. (i, 032. Chap. Fl. 575. Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:32. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :.507. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : K), /. //,/. 14.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas, south-
ern Missouri, and Tennessee.
Alabama: Mountain region, Metamorphic hills, Central Pine belt to Coast plain.
Damp thickets, borders of woods. Lee County, Auburn (/iwAer ,f Earlt). Tusca-
loosa County {E. A. Smith). Washington County, Yellowpinc. Mobile and Baldwin
counties. July to August; not common; perennial.
Type locality: "Grows in damp close soils [South Carolina and GeorgiaJ."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pauicum scabriusculum Ell. Sk. 1: 121. 1817.
Chap. Fl. 576. Vasev, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:33. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 507.
Louisianian area. Southeastern North. Carolina, Mississippi, and eastern Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Shaded borders of ditches and ])onds. Mobile County,
Kagg's swamp, foot of Springhill. Baldwin County, Bayou Ingram. April, May;
infrequent; perennial.
Type locality: " Sent to me from Savannah by Dr. Baldwin."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pauicum commutatum Schult. Maur. 2 :242. 1824. Nahiahle Panici'.m.
PaHiccm ne?T08»7H Muhl. Gram. 11(5. 1817. Not Lam.
Ell. Sk. 1:122. Gray, .Man. ed. 6, 632. Chap. Fl. cd. 3, 5X4. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2 : 507. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 49, 1. 13, f. oO.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario, New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and
Tennessee to Florida, Mississippi, Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Alah.\ma: Over the State in shady woods; common. April, May. Perennial.
Type locality not distinctly given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pauicum mattamusketeuse Ashe, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Soc. 15 : 45. 1898.
An erect, rather stout perennial, the strict culm 2 to 4 feet high, liarbed at the
nodes; lower leaves and sheaths soft-])ubescent, the upper glabrous; leaves lanceo-
late, 3 to 5 inches long, 3 to 4 lines wide, spreading; panicle 3 to 5 inches long, long-
peduncled with numerous clustered branches; spikelets ellipsoid, glabrous, pointed,
fully 1 line long, first glume one-third the length of s])ikelet.
Carolinian ( '.) and Louisianian areas. North Carolina.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Shadeddamp to wet places, margin of springs. Tus-
caloosa County {Dr. E. A. Smith). Buckley, locality not given. Our plants diiier
from the tj'pical material only in the smooth nodes and somewhat shorter leaves.
Type locality : " Lake ^lattamuskeet. North Carolina." ( IV. W. Ashe, June, 1898.)
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GEASSES. 355
Panicum joorii Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 31 1892.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 584.
Caroliuian and Louisianiau areas. Southwestern Missouri ( ?), Tennessee, and
Louisiana.
Alabama: Central Prairie belt. Damp woods, rich soil. Tuscaloosa County (Ih:
E. J. Smith). Hale County. Dallas County. August, September; not infrequent;
perennial.
Type locality : "Louisiana {Dr. J. F.Joor) and Mississippi {S. M. Tracy)."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum latifoliuni L. Sp. PI. 1 : .58. 1753.
Panicum walteri Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 4 : 282. 1816. Not Pursh 1811.
P. porterianiim Nash. Bull. Torr. Club, 22 : 420. 1895.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 119. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 632. Chap. Fl. 575 ; ed. .3, 584.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 507. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 47, f. 12, f. 45.
Allegheniau to Louisianiau area. Ontario, New England to Florida and Louisiana,
and west from Missouri to Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Moist thickets and woods. June to Seiitember; com-
mon, perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum pubifolium Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 26 : 577. 1899.
Panicum latifoJium mo/Ze Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 33. 1892. Not P. molle Sw. 1788.
A softly pubescent, densely tufted perennial, the culms 2 to 26 inches high, finally
much branched, pubescent with soft spreading hairs, the nodes densely barbed ; stem
leaves 3 to 5, more or less spreading, minutely serrulate or rough on the margins,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, gradually narrowed to the rounded cordate-clasping
base; primary panicles usually little exserted, sometimes included at the base,
densely pubescent; spikelets about 2 lines long, narrowly obovate, pubescent.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New York to Missouri; south to Florida and
Mississippi.
Alabama: Central to Lower Pine belt. Tuscaloosa and Butler counties. Dry
rocky woods. May, July, and August. Not rare. Perennial.
Type locality: '■ Usually in rocky woods. New York to Missouri, south to Florida
and ilississippi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum clandestinum L. Sp. PL 1 : 58. 1753. Hispid Panicum.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 632. Chap. Fl. 575. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : fOT.
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. Quebec, Ontario, New England, New York,
Michigan, Missouri ; throughout the Ohio Valley, south to Texas, and along the
mountains from Virginia to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Low damp banks and grassy swales.
Clay County, near Moseley, 1,000 feet altitude; only locality known in the State.
August. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Jamaica, Pensylvania, Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 44, t. lo, f. 40. 1894.
Wiry Panic-Gi!ass
Panicum capillare flexile Gattinger, Fl. Tenn. 94. 1887.
Annual; culm 2 to 2i feet high, geniculate and branching at the base, slender,
pilose-bearded at the nodes; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, acute, sparsely hairy,
scabrous on the margins, which are pilose at the base; panicle open, the branches
capillary, the scabrous spreading pedicels much longer than the lanceolate, acumi-
nate spikelets; lirst glume triangular, obtuse about one-third the length of the second
and third 5 to 7 nerved glumes. Resembling closelj^ P. coniiatuni.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Tennessee.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Exposed places in light soil. Dallas County,
Marion Junction. September; local; not frequent; annual.
Type locality : "Abounds in the cedar glades (middle Tennessee).'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum cognatum Schult. Mant. 2 : 235. 1824. Autumnal PAxrc-GiiASS.
PrtwtcMm f7u'er(7e«s Muhl. Gram. 120. 1817. Not H. B. K.
P. autumnale liosc ; Spreng. Syst. 1 : 320. 1825. ( ?)
Ell. Sk. 1 : 130. Gray, Man. ed.6, 630. Chap. Fl. 574. Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb.
3 : 33. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 508.
.'}r)(> PLANT LIKK OK AI.\I;A.MA.
AllfiilnMiiiiii to Loiiisianian aroa. llliiioiH t.) soiitlicrn .Nliiiin'suta and Kansaa;
North Carolina, (Jeorjjia, and MiwsiHsippi.
Ai.auama: Mountain region, ("ontral Prairie re^^ion. HorderB of fields. Lnn
(-'ounty, Auburn {linker .J- E<irle). Moutfjoniery County. August, Septiiiubor; not
ran-; poronnial.
Type locality : "Hal), in ( arolina."
Ht-rh. (ieol. Snrv. ilt-rl). .Molii-.
Panicum proliferum Lam. Kncycl. 4:717. 17'.i7. SnjinriMi rA.Nic-(iKAS8.
I'diiiciim <iiiiivul(itiiiii .Mnlil. (Jraiu. lliii. 1M17.
/'. prolil'ii'iiiii gcnicuhiliiin N'a.sey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3::!l. ISHL'.
Kll. Sk.l: 117. Chap. Fl. .■i7L' Coulter, Contr. -Nat. Herb. 2:50S.
Carolinian and Loiiisianian areas, lowii, .Mi.ssouri, south to easti^rn Texas, and
from New i;ni;land to I'lorida anil Louisiana.
Ai.AiiAMA: Throujjjliout tlui State; the tyjjical form rather scarce, found in upper
district; the larjjjo southern i'nrin { I', f/eniciilatinn ILll.) 8 to (i feet high fre<|ueiit in
the Coast plain m low rich soil. August, September. .Vnnu.al.
The southern i)iant is a succulent, valuable fodder grass, ])opularly known as
" water grass.'
Type locality : " Cultivt'>o au .J an I in dii Museum; son lieu natal ne m'est iiascounu."
Herb. (icol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicuin verrucosum Muhl. '.irani. li:{. 1><17. Wakty I'ank -(;i;ass.
Patiicum debile Ell. Sk. 1 : 129. 1817.
Gray, Man. ed.f), 6S1. Chap. Fl. 571. A'asey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3::il. Scribner,
Grass. Tcnn. 2 : 45, /. 11, f. 4.'.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Coast of New York to Florida, west to
Louisiana.
Ai.auama: Coast Pine belt to Coast jilaiii. Low sandy woods, most abundant in
Mat shaded pine barrens near the coast. Monroe County, Claiborne. Mobile and
Haldwin counties. Tuscaloosa County, near Universitj'. .Inly to August; common;
perennial.
Tyi)o locality: "Hab. iu N. Caesarea, Delaware et Georgia.'-'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicumrostratum Mnhl. Gram. 121. 1817. Beakkd Panui'm.
Kll. Sk. 1 : 118. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 631. Chap. Fl. 57.S. \asey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 :
35. Scril)ner, Grass. Tenn. 2 :41, t. 8, f. -l.'.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Southern New York, southern Pennsylvania,
west rn \'irginia, south to Florida. Texas, and Arkansas.
Alahama: Over the State. Damp, close, sandy soil, borders woods, lields, road-
sides. Cullman County, SOO feet. Montgomery and Clarke counties. Monroe County,
Claiborne. Mobile and Baldwin counties. i'rei|uent; .July to October; perennial.
Type locality : '' Hab. iu pratis Peuns. Carol. Cherokee."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum aiiceps Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 4S. 1803.
Confounded with Panicum roslratum. Ditlers from this species iu the slender,
erect, rigid, and almost perfectly glabrous stem, the contracted panicle with the
spikelets more (crowded, the ultimate branchlets more or less one-sided, closely
appressed to secondary branches; spikelets smaller, erect.
Louisiauian area. South Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Miry borders of pine barren iionds, with /'. xlvnodes,
Lohelia paludoxa, etc. Mobile County, Kelly's Pond. Baldwin County, Bayou
Ingram. .June to Se])tember; i)erennial.
Type locality: ''Hab. in Carolinae herbosis humidis sylvaticis.''
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum longifolium Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. i:. S. 14». 1821.
Britt. iV Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 116.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisiauian areas. IJhoile Island, along the coast
to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Coastplain. Flat damp piuel>arrens, borders of ponds. MobileCounty.
.July, October; frequent: perennial.
Type locality: "Iu the pine barrens of New .Jersey.''
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Paiiicum elongatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 69. 1814.
Panioim agrosioides elongatum Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 42, t. .9,/. 34. 1894.
Britt. &, Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 115.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. New Jersey, Virginia, Tennessee.
GRASSES. 357
Alab.ama: Mountain re^^ion. Ricli damp swales. Clay County, bottom of Tal-
ladega Creek.
Distinguished from Punicum (Kjvostoklei^ by the longer acuminate spikelets and
distinctly pedicellate tiowering glume.'
Type locality : " In ditches and near ponds : New Jersey to Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum elongatum raniosior var. no v.
Stem stouter and taller than in the type, fully 3 feet long, reclining, smooth leaves,
2 feet and over in length, sheatiis shorter than the intcruodes; panicle large, widely
spreading, pyramidal, 12 to 18 inches long; lower branches 4 to .5 inches long;
.secondary branches rather distant, mostly in pairs; spikelets as in the type, pale.
By these permanent characters a well marked variety.
Louisianiau area. Mis8issii>pi.
Al.\bama: Damp cultivated ground. Mobile County, Pierce's Landing. July,
October; abundant; ])ereunial.
Economic uses: X'aluable; furnishes a large portion of the sjjontaneous hay crop
of the bottom lands.
Herb. Geoi. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum agrostoides Muhl. Gram. 119. 1817.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 391, Chapm. Fl. ed. 3, 583. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 41, t. 9 f. 33.
Alleghanian to Louisianian area. Maine and eastern Massachusetts to Nebraska,
south to Kentucky and Florida, thence to eastern Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Grassy swales and low pine barrens.
Clay County, near Idaho mine. Mobile County, pine barrens west of the city. July,
August; frecpient.
Type locality: " Hab. in pratis humidis, floret Julio, Augusto. Pfunsylvauia,
Georgia, Carolina, Cherokee."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum virgatum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 59. 1753. Switch Panic-grass.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 120. Gray, Man. ed. 2, 631. Chap. Fl. 573. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :
508. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 42, t. 9, /. 35.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario, Saskatchewan, New England, west to
Minnesota, Nebraska, and Colorado, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama : From the Tennessee valley to the coast. Light damp soil. Calhoun
County {E. A. Smith). Mobile and Baldwin counties. Most abundant on sandy
borders of tide-water swamps.
A variety of low growth, with short contracted panicle, was observed years ago on
arid pine ridges about Graudbay. The specimens collected at the time have been
lost, and the plant has not been observed since. There is little doubt that it was
identical Avith P. vir<iutum breriramosum Nash, lately described.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum amarum Ell. Sk. 1 : 121. 1817. Seaside Panic-grass.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, 631. Chap. Fl. 574. Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 35.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. Southern New England, along the seashore to
Florida.
Alab.\ma : Littoral belt. Sandy beach. ilobile County, Cedar Point (only
locality). Very rare; July; perennial.
Type locality: "Among the sand hills on the seashore [South Carolina and
Georgia]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Panicum crus-galli L. Sp. PI. 1 : 56. 1753. Barnyard Grass, Cockspi-r Grass.
Ell. Sk. 1: 114. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 633. Chap. Fl. .577. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 502.
Temperate and warmer regions, widely spread over the globe.
Alabama : Throughout the State. Low wet ground, cultivated places, border of
marshes; annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae et Virginiae cultis.'
Varies greatly with the spikelets awnless or with awns of greartr or less length.
Panicum walteri Pursh, Fl. 1 : 66. 1814.
Panicum hirtellKm WaU.FL Car. 12. 1788. Not All. 1775.
P. hispidnm Muhl. Gram. 107. 1817.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Florida to Louisiana.
Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, Vol. 24, p. 347.
3r)S PLANT LIFK OF ALABAMA.
Ai.akama: ('0:1st phiiii. Swamps. Mdhilr ('(»iiiity. rivrr iiiarslu-s. .Inly, l-'oiir
to ,"» left Iii;.;h ; annual.
ry]>o locality : " Near the salt water : Canada and N<\v ^ ork."
Ihrli. (Jeol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Paiiicum colonum 1^. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 870. 17r>9.
/'(/»/i<//«i inW/.rM.ll.Sk. 1: 11."). IMC). Not I'Mrsli. 1814.
Chap. Fl. .")77. Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : ;{7. Wats. Hot. Calif. 2 : 'JtJO. Conlter.
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :5ti2. .Siribner, (Jrass. Tenn. 2 : 10. /. .V, /. ..v/.
SlHTROPItAI. AND THOI'ICAl, UlUiKl.NS OF TllK GI.OISi;.
l.onisianian ,irea. North Carolina to Florida; west to Texas, Arl<aiisas, .\ri/ona,
and southern California.
Ai.aha.ma: Coast plain. Damp j^rassy bankn; l'rei|iU'nt. Mobile and Baldwin
counties. July to September; annual.
Type loeality East Indian.
Herb. (m'oI. Snrv. TIerb. Mohr.
Paiiicum gibbum Ell. Sk. 1 : IK). 1817. FrKi-i.K I'amci'.m.
I'aiiiciim elliottiainiin Schnlt. in Dietr. Syn. PI. 1 : 201. 1839.
Hjimenachui' striata Griseb. 1"1. Hrit. W. Ind. ')nA. 1S64.
Chap. Fl. 573. Scribner, Grass. lY-nn. 2 : 40, t. S,f. ■'!!. Vasey, Contr. Nat. I brb. 3 : 37.
Wkst Indies to Giia.na
Carolinian to Louisiauian area. Tennessee, North Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower i'ine region, Coast plain. Damp grassy banks, borders of
brooks. Mobile County. .July to August; not rare; i)erenuial.
Tyi)e loeality: " In damp and wet soils [South Carolina and Cieorgia]."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Paiiicum molle Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788. 1'aka CJkass.
Introduced from the West Indies and cultivated.
Alabama : Rarely cultivated about Mobile and said to have escaped into low
places and ditches; perennial.
Economic uses: Valuable; an excellent coarse pasture grass.
Herb. GeoL Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
OPLISMENUS Beauv. Agrost. 53. 1812.
(Oin-HoiMxioN K. Br. FI, Nov, HoU. 194. 1810.)
Four species, tropical and subtroincai regions, mostly American. North Ameri-
ca, 1.
Oplismenus setarius (Lam.) Roem. «& Schnlt. Syst. Veg. 2:484. 1817.
I'anirnm Hetarium Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 170. 1791.
/'. hirtcUum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i:47. 1803. Not L.
OrihujioyoH netariuii Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1:300. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 1:115. Chap. Fl. 577. Grisel). Fl. Brit. W. In<l. 545. Vasey, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 3 : 37. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 509.
West Lndiks, Mk.xicoto Bkazil.
Lonisianian area. ( oast of South Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Metaniorphic hills. Lee County, Auburn {Baker 4- Earl e,od6). Central
Pine belt. Coast plain. Damp shady copses and woods. Mobile and Baldwin coun-
ties. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith). July to September; not infrequent;
pen^nnial.
Type locality: "Ex Amer. merid. Commun. a D. Richard."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
CHAETOCHLOA Scribner, Bull. F. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. 4 :39. 1897 '
(CnA^L\l:KAP^^s Kuntze, Kev. Gen. I'l. 2:767. 1891. Not R.Br.)
(IxoPHORUS Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22 : 422. 1895. Not Schlecht. )
(Setaria Beauv. Agrost. 113. 1812. Not Achar. 1798. )
About 28 species, weedy annuals, of warmer temperate and tropical regions.
Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribner, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. 4 : 39. 1897.
Pigeon Grass.
Fanieum glaucum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 56. 1753.
' The North American species of Chaetochloa. By F. Lamson-Scribner «fe Elmer D.
Merrill. Bull. 21, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. 1900.
GEASSES. 359
Seiaria glauca Beauv. Agrost. 51. 1812.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 112. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 634. Chap. FI. 578. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 509. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 260.
Europe, Asia.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Naturalized and widely distributed from
Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Atlantic to the Pacitic coast.
Alabama: Over the State. Cultivated and waste places. July, October. A com-
mon weed ; annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in ludiis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chaetochloa imberbis (Poir.) Scribner, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost.
4:39. 1897.
Panicum imberhe Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 4 : 272. 1816.
P. laerif/atum Muhl. ; Ell, Sk, 1 : 112. 1817. Including variety.
Setaria luerigata Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 587.
Chaetochloa perennis (Curtiss) Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 107. 1898. Not Setaria
perennis Hall. 1893.
Chap. Fl. I.e. Ell. Sk. I.e.
West Indies, Mexico, South America.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey to Florida, Texas, and New Mexico.
AL.4.BAMA : Central Pine belt and Central Prairie region. Swampy places. Tus-
caloosa County. Apparently rare. July to September. Annual.
Ditfers from Chaetochloa glauca by the larger involucrate bristles and the base of
the leaf blade and throat of the sheath destitute of hairs. Heretofore confounded
with the following variety. The distribution of the species is difficult to designate.
Type locality: "In America septentiionali et Brasilia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chaetochloa imberbis perenuis (Hall) Scribn. & Merrill, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Div. Agrost. 21 : 12. 1900. Perennial Seaside Pigeon Grass.
Setaria perennis Hall, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 13:102. 1893. Not Chaetochloa
jjereitnis Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 107. 1898.
Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 105, pi. 328. 1898.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 112, in part, under Setaria laerigata Muhl. Chap.Fl. ed. 3, 587, including
the typical form. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :509.
A slender scarcely tufted perennial, 2 to 4 feet high, with slender, compressed,
wiry culms, which are naked below, loug narrow leaves, and rather slender long-
exserted panicles from 11 to 2i inches long ; spikelets geuerallj^ purplish with slender
yellowish or yellowish greeu bristles.
West Indies.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. From southern New England (Connecticut) to
southern Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, in saline marshes along the coast. West-
ward in alkaline and saline bottoms in Kausas and Indian Territory.
Alabama: Littoral region. Brackish swamps and salt marshes. Mobile and
Baldwin counties. One of the most common grasses of the salt marshes with the
black rush, Juncus roemerianus. July to October.
Distinguished from the typical form, with which it has been until lately con-
founded by the more slender habit of growth, the tall culms naked near the base
of the leaves, and the more or less purplish spikelets.
Type locality : "Alkaline and saline bottoms in central aud southwestern Kausas."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Chaetochloa gracilis (H. B. K.) Scribn. &. Merrill, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost,
21:15. 1900.
Setaria gracilis H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 109. 1815.
S. imherhis Roera. & Schult. of authors.
A slender, smooth, cespitose perennial 12 to 20 inches high from a creeping root-
stock, with linear, setaceous leaves, slender spike-like panicles 1 to 2^ inches long,
and 5 to 8 short involucrate bristles, scarcely exceeding the spikelets; flowering
glume transversely undulate-rugose.
Cuba, Mexico.
Louisianian area. Florida to Texas.
Alabama : Mobile. Not rare on ballast heaps, and firmly established in damp to
wet places at the mouth of the Mobile Kiver. July to September. Adventive from
the tropics; perhaps indigenous to southern Texas.
Type locality : "Crescit " *" * inter Fusagasuga et Pandi * " (Kegno
Novograuatensi.)"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
300 PLANT LIFK OK ALABAMA.
Chaetochloaverticillata(L.)Scribnor. Hull. 1. S. D.pt. A«r. ])iv. A;,'rost.4:89. 18!t7.
I'anhiiin nrlicilldtinn I.. Sp. 1'1.(m1.L', 1 : XL.'. IUVJ.
Setarid nrtii illntii I5e:uiv. A;xriist. .M. IHl'J.
Gray, Man. ed. t;, iVM. Cliap. Fl. '<1H.
Ai..\1!.\ma: lutnidufetl from Fiiropo and sparingly naturalized. Wa.ste groiindH.
At Mobile has been toiiud tin* ti'opical form with broader leaves, loose spikes with
lonjijer spreading;; branchlets, the .s{)reatlin;i awns twice as lon^r as in the tyjtiial
form. "May be N. pHeudo-virliciUaiti Fournirr,' but can not bo <leterinined from
descrijition" (1'-. D. Merrill).
Type locality: " Hab. in Knropa austral! et Oriente.''
Herb. (m'oI. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chaetochloa brevispica Seribu. A; Merrill, J?ull. 1'. S. J)e))t. Aj^r. Div. Agrost.
21:1;"). I'.IOO.
ranivHin rerticiUatiim parrillorum Doell in Mart. 1"1. i5ras. 2, jit. 2: 17l'. INTT. .Not
C'enchnifi parrijioriis I'oir. l.S()l.
A low, spreadinj; annual, much branched, 4 to 12 inches high, with decumbent,
depressed, glabrou.s eulnis, lanceolate leaves '2 to (i inches lonfj; dense panicles it to
1^ inches lonj^- and A inch thick, densely llowered; bristles 1 to 3, purplish, the
dowering glume nearly smooth, linely transversely wrinkled.
Mkxico, South America, Europe, Africa.
Louisianiau area. Louisiana.
Alaba.aia: Fugitive on ballast with C i/a?/ca f/er/dax (ca, of the same habitat as
the latter, but distinguished by spreading hai)it, short cylindrical spikes, and
smaller spikelots; distinguished from (J. certicUlata by the smaller spikelets.
Type locality: " Prope L'io de .Janeiro lecta."
Chaetochloa ambigua (Guss.) 8cril)n. & Merrill, Hull. F. S. l>e]>t. .Vgr. ]>iv. Agrost.
21:18. 1900.
Setaria rerticiUaUt (imhu/iia (inss. Prodr. 1:80. 1827. Not S. amhigua Schrad. 1838.
A eespitose, erect, much branched annual 8 to 18 inches high, with compressed
culms, lanceolate leaves and rather spi(!ate, dense panicle 2 to 4 inches long, its
branchlets short and solitary; stout bristles } to ^ inch long, npwardly Itarbellate.
Intermediate between ('. viridiH and C vrrdcillatd: distinguished from the former
by the subverticillate loose ])anicle, .stout, short bristles, and scabrous, not pilose,
rachis; from C. reriicillaiahy the bristles being upward-barbellate instead of retrorse.
Europe.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. New .Jersey.
Alabama: Near dwellings. Mohile Connty {Carl Ziinmer, lS8i). Introduced.
Type locality: Sicily (?).
Herb. Geol. 8urv.
Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribner, P-ill. U. S. l)ei)t. Agr. Div. Agrost. 4 : 39. 1897.
GitKEN Foxtail.
Panicum viride L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1 : 83. 17C2.
Setaria riridis Beauv. Agrost. .51. 1812.
Grav. Man. ed. 6, 634. Chap. Fl. 578; ed. 3, 588. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 510. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : .")«?, t. 16, f. HS.
Naturalizeil from Europe almost over the <ontinent.
Alabama: ()v(^r the State. Waste places around dwellings. Mobile County.
June to September. Not fre([nent.
Type locality: "Ilab. in Europa australi."
Herb. Geol. Sniv. Herb. Mohr.
Chaetochloa italica (L.) Scribner, Bull. II. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. 4 : 39. 1897.
Italian or Golden Millet.
rauicum itaUcwm L. Sp. PI. 1 : .56. 1753.
Sefaria (7a/tca Beauv. Agrost. 51. 1812.
Alabama: Cultivated throughout the State, rarely escaping.
Type locality : "Hab. in Indiis.''
Economic uses: Important forage and hay croj).
Ilerl). Mohr.
Chaetochloa italica germanica (Mill.) Scribner, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost.
6 : 32. 1897. Hungarian Grass, German Millet.
Panicum germa»ienm Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 1. 1768.
Setaria qermanica Beauv. Agrost. 31. 1812.
Cultivated throughout the State. Mobile, fugitive on ballast ground and in waste
places; escaped from cultivation. .June to August.
' Mex. PI. Enum. Gram., p. 43. 1886.
GRASSES. S6l
Type locality not ascertained.
Etonomic uses: Valuable as the last.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chaetochloa magna (Griseb.) Scribner, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. 4 : 39. 1897.
Large Swamp Millet.
Setaria magna Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 554. 1864.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 588.
West Indies (Bermuda),
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. On the coast from Delaware to Florida and
Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Grassy marshes, Mobile River. July. Rare. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. Jamaica!"
Chaetochloa caudata (Lam.) Scribner, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 10:52. 1899.
Panictim caudatum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171. 1791.
Setaria caudata Roem. & Schult. Syst Veg. 2 : 495. 1817.
A slender, somewhat cespitose annual 1 to 2 ft-et high; the culm branched from
thebase; the leaves narrowly linear; the panicle elongated (from 5 to 15 inches long),
attenuate, few- flowered; the bristles solitary; the spikelets ovate, acute, short-
pedicellate.
West Indies, Mexico, South America.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey, along the coast to Mississippi( ?),
Adventive from tropical America. Indigenous in Florida and sorthern Texas.
Alabama : On ballast heaps. Mobile (1891). ( ?)
Type locality: "E Brasilio. Cotnmers. & Cayenna. D. Eichard."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CENCHRUS L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1050. 1753. Sandbur.
About 12 species of tropical and temperate regions of both hemispheres.
Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1050. 1753. Common Sandbur.
Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. Fl. Car. 79. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 93. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 634. Chap. Fl. 579. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 510. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 261.
West Indies, .Mexico to Brazil.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Eastern United States, southern California.
Alabama: From the Tennessee valley to the coast, on sandy waste ground. Most
abundant near the coast. Mobile. July to October. A pernicious weed.
Type locality : " Hal), in Virginiae maritiuii.s."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cenchrus macrocephalus Scribner, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. 17:110, /.
406. 1899. Large Sandbur.
Cenchrus tribuloides macrocephalus Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2, i)t. 2 : 312. 1877.
Brazil, Argentina.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey along the coast to Louisiana.
Alabama: Littoral belt. Shifting sands. Baldwin County, eastern shore of
Mobile Bay. Mobile County, dunes of Dauphin Island. Flowers July to October.
Not infrequent. Annual.
Stouter than the last, the ascending stems 8 to 12 inches long, spikelets fully
twice as large.
Type locality : Brazil.
Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis, Bost. .loura. Nat. Hist. 1 : 135. 1837.
Southern Sandbur.
Cenchrus strict us Chap. Bot. Gaz. 3 : 20. 1878.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 667; ed. 3, 588. Scribner, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost.
17:109,/. 403.
Louisianian area. North Carolina along the coast to Florida and western Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain to adjoining pine hills. Dry, sandy soil. Mobile and
Baldwin counties, shores of Mobile Bay. Mobile County, Springhill. July to Octo-
ber. Often a troublesome wayside weed.
Type locality: "West coast of Florida, Appalachicola and southward."
Cenchrus echinatus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1050. 1753. Hedgehog Grass.
Chap. Fl. 578. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 510.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil.
Louisianian area. Coast, North Carolina to Florida.
'M\2 PLANT LIKE OF ALA15AMA.
Ai.ahama: Coast rogitiii. Wasto places. Mohilf C<Miiity, Sprin^'hill. September,
18Jtl. Anmial. rrobably ach out ive from the tropicH.
Type locality : " llal>. in .hmiaica, Curassao.''
Herb. (icol. Siirv. Herb. Molir.
Cenchrus myosiiroides II. H. K. Nov. Gen. ct Sp. 1 : 115, /. S.'u 1815.
South F.RN Hkimjkikx; (Jra.s.s.
I'anivttin vnirliroiden ICll. Sk. 1:111. 1817.
Chap. Fl. Supi)l. <i()7; ed. :i, 588. ^'a8ey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:'Mk Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2:511.
CuMA, Pi:iu'.
Louislanian area. Coast of (ieoryia, Florida, and Lonisiana.
Ai.ahama: Mobile, adventive with ballast. First observed in ix;)2-9:i; ])leiititiil.
July to Auy;ust. Perennial.
Type locality : Island " Cayo Flaininyo propcs portum Cubenscni, I'.atabano," and
shore of Pacilie " ])ro)»e vicuni Pernvianornni, Patibilca."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
STENOTAPHRUM Trin. Fund. A-^'rosi. 175. 1820.
Three species, se.icoast of tropical and subtropical regions. North America 1.
Stenotaphrum secundum ( Walt.) Kuntze, Kev. Gen. PI. 2 : 791. 1891.
St, Augustink (Jrass.
Ischaemum secundum Walt. Fl. Car. 249. 1788.
Sten(>t<(j>hrum aiiiericannm Schrank. Hort. Monach. 98. 1819-1824.
EotthoeUia dimUUata Sw. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. Mag. 4:89. 1810.
Ell. Sk. 1:179. Chaj). Fl. 579. Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:40. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 511. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 544.
West Indiks, Mexico to Argentina, Sandwich Islands.
Louisianian area, Sandy seashore Irom Sovith Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Alabama ; Littoral belt. Mobile Cotmty, Dauphin Island. Baldwin County,
Point Clear, .Tosephine. Not infrequent. .June to August. Perennial. ( ?)
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol, Surv. 1 lerb. Mohr.
HYDROCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 165. 1812,
A single aquatic species. Atlantic North America.
Hydrochloa fluitans (Michx.) Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 23 : 98. 1896.
Zizania Jliiitaiis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 75. 1803.
Hydrochloa caroUncn-'iis Beauv. Agrost. 165. 1812.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 587. Chap. Fl. 549. Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 40.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida and Mississijipi.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Brooks and ])ine-barren streams.
Baldwin County, Point Clear. Mobile County. June; common. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. ad lacum Chamiilain." (Erroneous.)
Herb. Geol, Surv, Herb. Mohr,
LUZIOLA ,Juss, Gen, PI. .S3. 1789.
About 6 species; low perennial afiuatics. Tropical and subtropical America,
United Status, 2 s])ecies.
Luziola alabamensis Chap. Fl. 584, 1860.
Vasey, Contr, Nat. Herb. 3 :40. Chap. Fl. 1. c. ; ed. 3, 589.
Louisianian area.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Sandy shallow brooklets. Conecuh County.
Mobile County, Langdon Station. .lune. Not fie<|uent.
Type locality: "Brooklyn, Conecuh County, Alabama. J. F. Beaumont,''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ZIZANIA L. Sp. PL 2:991, 1753. Water Oats,
Perennial aijuatic; 1 species. North America and northeastern Asia,
Zizania aquatica L. Sp. PI. 2 : 991. 1753. Wild Rice. Indian Rice.
Zizania claruJosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 75. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 585. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 635. Chap. FL 549. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 511. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 58.
GEASSES. 363
Siberia, Japax.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Ontario, Manitoba, south and
west to Florida and Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Alabama: Coast plain princijially ; copious in water (2 to 3 feet deep) in the estu-
aries of the rivers emptying into Mobile Bay. .June to July. Perennial. ?
Type locality: " Hab. in Jamaicae, Virginiae inundatis."
Economic uses: Valuable for its highly nutritious seeds.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ZIZANIOPSIS Doell & Aschers. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2. pt. 2 : 12. 1871.
One species, warmer temperate North America; Brazil.
Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell & Aschers. ; Baill. Hist. PI. 12 : 293. 1893.
Watek Millet.
Zizania miliacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 74. 1803.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to eastern Florida and Arkan-
sas.
Alabama: Lower Pine belt. Coast plain. In shallow still-flowing water and
marshes bordering streams. Mobile County, river delta. Baldwin County, Stock-
ton. June and July; frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in aquosis Americae septentrionalis."
Herb. Geol. 8urv. Herb. Mohr.
HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. ; Hall. Hist. Stirp. Helv. 2 : 201. 1768.
(Leersia 8w. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 21. 1788. Not Hedwig. 1782.)
Five species; perennial marsh grasses of temperate and warmer regions, mostly
American.
Homalocenchrus virginicus ( Willd.) Brittou, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9 : 14. 1889.
Whi IE Grass.
Leersia virginica Willd. Sp. PI. 1 : 325. 1797.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 100. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 635. Chap. Fl. 548. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2: 512. Scribner, Grass. Tenu. 2 : .59, 1. 17, f. 68.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Ontario, and New England,
west to Minnesota and Nebraska; south to Florida and Texas.
Alaba.ma: Over the State. Swampy woods, shady borders of ponds. Cullman,
Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, and Mobile counties. July to September; common.
Type locality : " Hab. in America boreali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Pollich, Hist. PL Palat. 1:52. 1776.
RlCE-LIKE CUTGRASS.
PhaJaris oryzoides L. Sp. PI. 1 :55. 1753.
Leersia oryzoides Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1 : 132.
Ell. Sk. l": 101. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 635. Chap. Fl. 548. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 511. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 262. Scribner, Grass. Tenu. 2 : 60, 1. 17, f. G7.
Europe, temperate Asia, North Africa, West Indies.
Canadian zone to Louisiauiau area. Newfoundland, Ontario, and New England
(Mount Desert Island) ; west to Nebraska, Oregon, and California, and throughout
the Atlantic States south to Florida, Mississijipi, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama : All over the State. Alluvial districts, swamps. Montgomery and
Mobile counties. July to September.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia paludibus nemorosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Homalocenchrus hexandrus (Sw.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 2 : 773. 1891.
Southern Cutgrass.
Leersia lierandra Sw. Gen. et Sp. PL 21. 1788.
Chap. Fl. 549. Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 :41. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :512.
West Ixoies, Mexico to Argentina, Africa, Asia, Australia.
Louisianian area. Florida to Texas.
Alabama : Coast plain. Open swamps. Mobile County, river marshes. June to
August. Local; not frequent.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
;5G4 PLANT LIFK nK ALAIiA.MA.
ORYZA 1. sp. I'l. 1::;:;:!. it:.:?.
Oryza sativa L. Sp. ri.l:;{:{;5. ITf.a. liiiK.
Cultivated in the .*^tates fioiii wcHtcru Tcuiicsscr and Noiili ( arolina to tin- (inlf.
Ai.ahama: Here and llnin voluntary in low liclds. Annual.
TyiH- locality: ''Hab. Ibite in Actbiopia, colitur in Indiae paludoHiN."'
Krononiic uhcs: Of^rt-at \alnf as a giain cniii.
PHALARIS L. Sp. I'l. 1:.V.. 17.-i;;.
About ball' a do/Ill spc'cicM. Mcditi-iTauean ICuropc. ("cutral Asia; Xortli AnuMica, 1.
Phalaris caroliniana Walt. 1"1. Car. 7J. 17«8. Soi i iiki:.\ C.wakv (Ika.s.s.
J'htilaiin iiilirmcdia 15o.se; I'oir. Kucycl. Suppl. 1 : :;(»(). 1X10.
/'. amn-ivdiia Ell. Sk. 1 : 101. 1817.
Cbii]). F1.5()!l. Coulti-r, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:.")ll'. Wats. ]5ot. Calif. 2:L'GI.
Louisianiau area. Nortb Carolina to Florida; west to Texas and Arkansas.
Ai.ahama: Central Prairie region to Coast ])lain. Low gi-aesy places. Mobile
County, West Fowl River. Perry County, Uniontown {E.A.Smith). June. Not
rare ; annual.
Type locality: "South Carolina."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. .Mohr.
Phalaris canariensis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 54. 17.53. Canary (;ka.s.s.
Introduced. Kartdy s]iontaneou8 about dwellings.
Tyjie locality : "Hal), in Euro])a australi, Canariis."'
Economic uses: Valuable lor its seeds.
ANTHOXANTHUM L. Sp. PI. 1:28. 1753.
Three species, native of southern Europe.
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 28. 1753. Swkkt Vkrnal Grass.
Ell. Sk. 1:37. Gray, Man. ed. G, 039. Chap. Fl. .5(J9. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 503. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 2fi(;.
El'ROPE.
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. Extensively naturalized in eastern North
America and along the I'acilic coast.
Alabama: Mountain region. "Warrior table-land. Cnlhnan (,'onnty, XOO feet
altitude. May to June; not lre(iuent; perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae jtratis."
Economic uses : \'aluable meadow grass.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AP.ISTIDA L. Sp. PI. 82. 1753. Tripf^e-awxed Gra.ss.
About 100 species. Perennials of warmer regions, largely American. North
America, 29 species.
Aristida dichotoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:41. 1803. Poverty Grass.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 141. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 640. Chap. Fl. .5.55. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 513. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 64, 1. 19, f. 73.
Allegheuian to Louisianiau area. New England, Pennsylv^ania, and New .Tersey,
south to Florida, west to Tennessee, Arkansas, and Texas.
Ai.aijama: Tennessee Valley, Coosa hills to Coast plain. Sandy and gravelly hills,
dry sterile soil. Calhoun County, Anniston. Montgomery and Mobile counties.
August to September; frequent.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina superiore, juxta Lincoln, in gl.ireosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aiistida gracilis Ell. Sk. 1 : 142. 1817. Slenuer Aristida.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 640. Chap. Fl. 555. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 514. Scribner,
Grass. Tenn. 2 : 64, 1. 19, f. 74.
Allegheuian to Louisianian area. Southern New England, New York, and Penn-
sylvania, south to Florida, and west to Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Alabama: Over the State ; in dry gravelly soil. July; common.
Type locality : "In the vicinity of Charleston. Common.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GRASSES. 365
Aristida molirii Nash, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1 : 436. 1900.
A glabrous pereuuial with very slender cuhns, leafy ouly toward the base, 1^ to 2
feet high, erect; leaves 4, the lowermost sheath distaut from the others which are
crowded and overlapping, the blades flat, erect, aruminate, 3 to 4 inches lou"-, about
i\' inch wide; racemes slender, loug-exserted, 8 to 12 inches long, spikelets scattered,
about half as long as the mteruodes, the lowest sometimes very distant, ap])ressed;
empty scales scabrous, equal in length, acute, Incrved; flowering scale shorter, its
awns hispidulous, widely spreading, flat and loosely spiral at the base.
Louisiana area. Lower Pine belt. Sandy pine ridges. Mobile County.
Related to A. nlmpliciflora, from which it is abundantly distinct. In that species
the spikelets are numerous and crowded, with their empty scales smaller, the flrst
scale strongly hispidulous and the lateral awns of the flowering scale more slender
than the central awn.
Type locality: "Collected by Dr. Charles Mohr at Springhill, Mobile County,
October 4, 1886: * * ~ also secured at the same place by B. F. Bush, August 27,
ISO.')."
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aristida stricta Michx. Fl. Jior. Am. 1:41. 1803. Wire Grass.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 142. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 640. Chap. Fl. 5.55. Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 45.
Louisiauianarea. Southern Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, and southern Arkansas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Dry sandy pine barrens. Baldwin
County, I'erdido Bay, Bon Secour. Abundant in the counties bordering upon west-
ern Florida, the so-called "wire grass counties." Escambia County, Wilson Station.
Covington, Geneva, Henry, and Mobile counties.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina inferiore,"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aristida spiciformis Ell. Sk. 1 : 141. 1817. Spike-flowered Aristida.
Chap. Fl. 555. Yasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 45.
Louisianian area. Southern coast of North Carolina to Flori(hi and Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low damp pine barrens, in close sandy soil. Mobile
County, Bayou Labatre. August to September. Not common.
Type locality: " ^Yet pine barrens [South Carolina and Georgia]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aristida palustris (Chap.) Yasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 45. 1892. Swamt Akis iida.
Ariiitida virgaia pahistris Chap. Fl. 555. 1860.
Louisianian area. Florida to Mississippi.
Alaba:\ia : Low wet pine barrens, so-called pine meadows. Mobile County, Dog
River flats. July to August; frequent.
Type locality : " Margins of pine barren ponds, west Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aristida purpurascens Poir. Encycl. Sujipl. 1 : 452. 1810.
Grav, Man. ed. 6, 641. Chap. Fl. 555. Yasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:46. Coulter,
Con tr!^ Nat. Herb. 2:514.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern Massachusetts, New York, New
Jersey to Florida, Avest to Texas, Arkansas, and southern Missouri.
Alabama: Coosa hills to Coast plain. Dry gravelly or sandy soil, Calhoun
County, Anniston, 800 feet. Monroe County, Claiborne. Mobile County, Spring-
hill, Citronelle. Common throughout the dry pine barrens. August, October.
Type locality : " Communiciuce par M. Bosc, qui la recueillie dans la Caroline."
Herb, fieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aristida lanata Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 1 : 453. 1810. Woolly Aristida.
Aristida lanosa Muhl. Gram. 174. 1817.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 143. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 641. Chap. Fl. 554. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
514.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, to
Florida, west to central Texas.
Alabama: Coa.st i)lain to hills of the Coosa Valley. Dry gravelly or sandy soil.
Calhoun County, Anniston, 800 feet. Montgomery County. Monroe County, Clai-
borne. Mobile and Baldwin counties, scattered on the poorest sandy ridges. August
and September.
Type locality: " Cette plante a ct"^ recueille par M. Bosc dans la Caroline."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
3GG PLANT LIKK <»K AI-AHAMA.
STIPA I.. S|i. I'l. 1:TS. 17r.:{.
About 1(V1 Ki)ecies native of teiiipeiate anil waiiniT i.t;ii>iis, |.:irtirnl:irly on «0«<-
vatod talile-laiuls. Noitli Aniorica, 'J'.i Npi-cieH.
Stipaavenacea L. Sp. ri. 1:7S. 175:5. Hi.\< k < >at (Jkass.
Slipa h.trhata Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 5S. lK(i:i.
KlL.Sk.l: i:iH. (iray, Man. cd. (!, (ill. (hai.. I'l. ;"•!. N'a8«y, Contr. Nat. Herb.
3:'>\. Coulter, ContrNat. Herb. 2 : alt;.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Soutlu-ru Now York, Delaware, .ind I'enuHyl-
vania to Florida, west to Texas, Arkansas, and soutliern Missouri.
Ai.aha.ma: Over the State. Dry sandy hills. Montiioniery County. IJibl) County,
Ashland. Tuscaloosa County "(/•.'. ./. Smith). Ferry County, Cniontown, dry
prairies. Mobile County, saully ])int! ridges. April and May ; frc(|uent.
Type locality: " llab. in Virj^^iuia.''
Herb. (ietd. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Stipa setigera Fresl, Hel. llaenk. 1 : 22(i. 1828.
st'qm necxiana Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 5 : 27. 18 12.
Alabama: Adventive from Argentina on ballast. Mobile County. .lime, .July,
18St) and 1893.
Type locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. 1 lerb. Mohr.
MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. (Jen. 11. llXi). ])roi'-seki>.
About 60 species, mostly South American ; Mexico and North America, 87, mostly of
the Western plains.
Muhleubergiatrichopodes (Ell.) Chap. FL 553. 1860. Elliott'.s Haiu Gka.ss.
Agroatis irichopodea Fll. Sk. 1 : 13."). 1817.
Muhlenhergm vnpUlaylf var. iridiopodcH Vasey. Coutr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 66. 1892.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 :522.
Mkxico.
Louisianian area. South Carolina and Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Dry woodlands. Hale C^ounty,
Gallion. Mobile County. Washington and Clarke counties. Perennial.
Type locality: '• Chatham County, Georgia, by Dr. Baldwin. Near Charleston."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Muhlenbergia diffusa Schreb. Beschr. Graes. 2 : 143, t. f>l. 1772-1779. Nimhlk Will,
DUejn/rum m'nintiflorum ^licbx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : -10. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 98. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 644. Chap. Fl. 553. Vasey, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 68.
Scribner, (irass. Ten'u. 2 :67, t. 20, f. SO.
South Brazil.
AUeghenian to Carolinian area. Ontario and New England; west to Minnesota
and Nebraska, south to eastern Texas; and from New York ahmg tlie mountains to
Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Lower hills. Open woods, i)a8tures. Madison
County, Huntsville. Tuscaloosa County. Franklin County, Russellville. June to
September. Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality not ascertained. Michaux's locality: ' Hab. in ajjricis, pratensibus
regionum Kentucky et llliuoensium."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Muhlenbergia tenuiflora ( Willd. ) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. Fl. N. Y. 67. 1888.
Slknder-klowerki) Haik Grass.
Agroslis teninHora Willd. Sp. PI. 1 : 364. 1798.
Muhlenbergia willdenovii Trin. Unifl. 188. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 134. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 643. Scribner, (irass. Tenn. 2 : 68, t. 21, f. 84.
AUeghenian to Carolinian area. Ontario and New England to Minnesota, south
to northern Texas, and from New Y'ork along the mountains to Tennessee :ind South
Carolina.
Alabama: Collected by S. B. Buckley : locality not stated. Rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in America boreali."
GRASSES. 867
BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. Agrost. 39. 1812.
One species, eastern Xorth America.
Brachyelytrum erectuni (Schreb.) Beauv. Agrost. 39. 1812. ,
AwNED Brachyelytrum.
Muhleniergia erecta Schreb. Beschr. Graes. 2 : 139, t. 50. 1772-79.
Muhlenbergia aristata Pers. Syn. 1 : 73. 1805.
Brachyeliitrum aristatum Koem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2:413. 1817.
Ell. Sk. i : 98. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 614. Chap.' Fl. 553.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, Xew Brunswick, Ontario, and
New England, west to Minnesota. Nebraska, and Missouri, south to Tennessee, cen-
tral Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Warrior table-land. Lower hills. Rich rocky
woodlands and copses. Bibb County, Pratt's Ferry. Tuscaloosa County {E. A-
Smith). Cullman County, 800 feet altitude. Not common. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Pennsylvania."
Herb. Geol. 8urv. Herb. Mohr.
PHLEUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 59. 1753.
About 10 species, in temperate zones mostlj^.
Phleum prateuse L. Sp. PI. 1 : 59. 1753. Timothy.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 645.
Europe.
Alabama: Cultivated in the northern section of the State. Rarely spontaneous
by escape. May and June. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae versuris et x)ratis."
Economic uses: Important hay crop.
Herb. Mohr.
ALOPECURUS L.Sp. PI. 60. 1753. Meadow Foxtail.
Twenty species, temperate regions, Europe, Asia ; few in North and South America.
Alopecurus geniculatus I Sp. PI. 1 : 60. 1753. Water Foxtail.
Alopecurus fiilvus Smith, '^^ngl. Bot. t. 1467. 1793.
A. aristidaius Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 43. 1803.
A. geniculatus var. aristulatus Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. U. S. 1 : 97. 1824.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 645. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 263. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 526.
Scribner, Grass. Teun. 2 : 71, t. 23, f. 89.
Canadian zone to Lonisianiau area. Widely distributed from Canada to British
Columbia and California, and from New England west to Nebraska, and south to
Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley to Central Prairie region. Low wet fields. Common.
Lauderdale County, Florence. Perry County, Uniontowu. Hale Countj', Gallion.
Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith). April, May; frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in Europae uligiuosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Prodr. Fl. N. Holl. 1 : 169. 1810. Drop-seed Grass.
(ViLF A Beauv. Agrost. 16. 1812.)
Eighty species, mostly in warmer and tropical America. North America, 31.
Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br, Prodr. Fl.N. HolL 1:170. 1810.
Indian Drop-seed Grass, Smut Grass.
Agrostia indica L. Sp. PL 1 : 63. 1753.
EU. Sk. 1:138. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 646. Chap. Fl. 550. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 518.
Tropical zone of the Old and New Worlds.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Extensively naturalized from southern Vir-
ginia to Florida, west to Texas, Arkansas, and Tennessee.
Alabama : Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Dry pastures, roadsides, waste places
around dwellings, in light sandy loam. Common. Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, Pike,
Monroe, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. July to September. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in India."
Economic uses: Valuable for pasture.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
8()8 I'LANI' T.TKK <>K Al.AHAMA.
Sporobolus tenaciflBimus (L.) Heauv. A;;rii-'t. liT.. IslL'.
.liirogtia liiiaciiiHimn L. f. Sii]*])!. 11)7.
I ill'n ttiiaciMsimd II. \\. K. N()V.(ieii.rt Sj). 1: ]:\S. IHI.'..
Wi.sT iNitiKs; MKXiro to I?ua/.ii..
Ai.auama: Aflventive <m Itallaet. Mi>l»il<-. I'irst ol.soiv.d, S<-|.t.iiil..T, ISitl, since
tlifu to till- present tinu'. rcreiuii.il.
Sporobolus junceus (Mi<'hx.) Kiinlh. h'lv. < ;r:iiii. l:<i^. ix::"«.
I'riti'iK 1 »i:<»r-si:i;i> (iicAss.
Ji/roxtix iiinrca Miclix. V\. 15<tr. Am. 1 : r>L'. 18(»:i
i:'ll. Sk.i: 1H7. (Jiiiv. Man..il.(i, did. Cliap. 11. .^.")0. ( onll. r, ('..ntr. Nat. II. il..
2 : r>l.'6.
Alleslieniaii, Carolinian, and LoiiiHiaiiiati ari'aH. K'ejiorli'd IVoin soiiIIktm Miiiiii'-
8ota, Dakota, Wisconsin, soutlicrn N'iiginia to Florida, and west to Texas.
Ar.AHAMA: Coosa liills. ('(Mitral IMncheltto Lower I'iiierej;ioii. Dry rocky hills;
most abiuulaiit in Kaiidy dry l>ii>o l>arrens. ('alhonii County, Anniston, 7(>0 IVct.
Tuscaloosa County. Clarko Coiiiily, Clioct.iw Corner. Monroo County, Clailiorno.
Mobile and Haldwin comities. September to October; common. I'ercunial.
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Type locality: " Hab. iu sabulosis aridis Carolinae."
Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kuiith,i:uum. 1:210. 1833. Koi <;ii Ri sii-cuAf^s.
Afirostis aspei-fi Micbx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : .52. 1803.
T'U/ii (IriiDDiiondii Tv'm. I'liill. 1824.
Sporobohts aspir var. (Iriimmovdii Aasey, Contr. Nat. H«!rb. 3 : dO. 18f12.
Ell. Sk. 1:138. Gray, Man. ed. d, dl.!. Chap. Fl. .".50. Coulter, Contr. Xat. Herb.
2:5in.
Allesheuian to I.oui.sianiaii area. New En<rland, Miune.sota, Nebraska, southern
Missouri, south to Florida and the Gulf region ; Texas and Arkansas.
Alahama: Tennessee \'alley. Coosa hills to the Lower Pino region. Dry nx^ky
hills and jiino barrens. Calhoun County, Anuist<ni, 700 feet. Mobile and I'.ahlwin
counties. Frequent on the sandy pine ridges. So])tember and October, rereunial.
Ty]ie locality : "Hab. in collibus rupibusque regionis lUinoensis."
Herb. (^eol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sporobolus longifolius (Torr.) AVood, Cla8sbook,775. 1861.
LONG-LKAVKl) RUSH-CKASS.
Jgrostis hmqifolia Torrev, Fl. N. & Mid. V. S. 90. 1824.
A. inrohila Mnhl. Gram. 72. 1817. Not Poir. 1810.
SporoholuH (isper Aa.sey, Contr. I'. R. Nat. Herb. 3 : 50. 18!t2. Not Kunth, 1833.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New England to Illinois and Kansas, south from
Long island to Mississippi, and west to Texas.
Ar.Ai-.AMA: Lower Pine region. Dry i)ino barrens. Mobile County, Spriughill.
October; not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality of J. mvoliita Muhl. : "Hab. ad Susquehanuam, lloret Oct. Penns. N.
Ebor."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sporobolus vaginaeflorus Torr. ; Wood, Classbook, 775. 1861.
ShEATHKI) RuSH-<iKAS,S.
Vilfa raglnaeflora Torr. ; (iray. Gram. &. Cyp. Exsic. 1 : no. 3. 1834.
Sporobolus minor Vasey in (iray, Man. <'d. 6. 046. 1890.
Gray, Man. ed. d, 61(i. Chap. Fl. 551. Coulter, Contr. Xat. Herb, 2 : 519. Scribuer,
Grass. Tenn. 2 : 72, f. :J3,f. 92.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario and New England to Minnesota and
Nebraska, and from New York south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Coosa hills. Lower Pine, region. Calhoun County, Anniston, 700 feet.
Mobile County, Springhill, sandy pine ridges. September to October; iufn-quent.
Annual.
Type locality: "Dry gravelly fields V. S. more (lommoii West and South."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sporobolus neglectus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 22:464. 1895. Small Rush-gkass.
Sporobohts vaf/JnaeHoriis Vasey in C^ray, Man. ed. 6, 645. 1890. Not Wood.
Gray, Man. I.e. Cliap. Fl. ed. 3, 598.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Ronthern New England to Kentucky, Tennes-
see, Kansas, and south to Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Barren pino riilges. Mobile County. October;
infreriuent. .(Vnnual.
GRASSES. 369
Type locality: "Barren ami sandy dry lields; couiniou, especially southward."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sporobolus -virginicus (L.) Kunth, Eev. Gram. 1 : 67. 1835.
Seashore Eusii-grass.
This perennial has not yet been collected in the State, but is not rare on the adja-
cent shores of Florida and Mississippi, and without doubt occurs within its limits.
LIMNODEA L. H. Dewey in Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 518. 1894.
(Thurberia Benth.Journ. Linn. See. 19:58. 1882. Not Gray, 1854).
One species; Atlantic North America.
Limnodea arkansana (Nutt.) L. H. Dewey in Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 518. 1894.
Greenia arkansana Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 5 : 142. 1837.
Thiirbcria arlansana Benth. in Vasey, Grasses of U. S. 16, 1883.
Chap. Fl. ed.3,600.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Arkansas, Indian Territory', and Texas, thence
to Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Shell mounds. Baldwin County, Point Clear. Mobile
Countj', Dauphin Island. April to May. Local and rare. Annual.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
POI.YPOGON Desf. Fl. Atl. 1 : QQ,. 1798.
About a dozen species, inhabiting the warmer regions.
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Fl. Atl. 1: 67. 1798. French Beard-grass.
AJopecurus monspeliensis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 61. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, G48. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 518. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 270.
Europe, Asia, North Africa.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Adventive on the Atlantic and Gulf coast.
Utah, Nevada, California, and Oregon.
Alabama: Sparingly naturalized, waste places. Baldwin County, east shore
Mobile Bay, banks of Mobile River. June, July; rare. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. Monspelii."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polypogon littoralis (With.) Smith, Comp. Fl. Brit. ed. 2, 13. 1816.
Seaside Beard-grass.
Ar/rostis liitoraUs With. Bot. Arr. Brit. PL ed. 3, 2 : 129. 1796.
Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 270.
Coasts of Europe, South America.
Introduced on the Atlantic and Gulf coast. California.
Alabama: Shores of Mobile Bay. Mobile County; July. AVith the last, rare.
Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Anglia."
Herb. Mohr.
CINNA L.Sp.PLl:5. 1753.
Two species, perennials; Eastern North America, 2; Euiope, 1.
Cinna arundinacea L. Sp. PI. 1 : 5. 1753. Wood Reed Grass.
Europe.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Saskatche-
wan ; New England, west to Michigan, Minnesota, and Missouri, south from New
York to Georgia and from Missouri to Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Shady woods and swamps. Clay
County {E. A. Smith). Cullman County, 800 feet. Tuscaloosa, County {E. A. Smith),
Mobile County, river marshes. June. Local; infreiiuent.
Type locality : "Hab. in Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
15894 24
370 PLANT MFK «'F AI.AHAMA.
AGROSTIS h.S|.. n.l:t;. 1753.
Al>oiit 1(K> spocifs. cliicHy of the iiortli teiiipiTiito /one. North America, 2»;.
Agrostis alba I.. Sp. ri. 1:6:{. ITo;}. I'idkin. Wm i i. Hi \t ( ;ka88,
.l<iroxtis nihil slolojiifera ScrihiuT. ( JriiBS.Tenii. 2 :7lt, l.2G,f.liiS. IKiM.
C;ray. M:in. v\\. tl. I>t7. Chap. 11. «-d. :!. .')99.
KuuorK.
Extensivt'ly ii:itiirali/.i<l from Canada to the }lexiraii (iiilf.
Ai.aijama: Over the State. i.ow damp hanks. Mohilo County, April to May.
rerciinial.
Tyj)r locality : " Hab. in Europae ninioril)U8.''
Kconomic nees: A line winter grass.
Herb, (ieol .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Agrostis alba vulgaris (With.) ThnrlttT, in (Jray, Man. cd. tl, 617. 1890.
Hero's (Jkars. ni:i>r<>i'.
AyroKtiH riilgaris With. Hot. Arr. Brit. I'l. ed. 3, 132. 179(j.
Gray, Man. 1. c. Chap. l-'i. cd. 3, 599. Scribner, Crass. Tmn. 2 : 78, /. :'6.f. loj,
Ai.AitAMA: lutrodnced from Enrope, and cultivated in tin- northern part of the
State; rarely escaped. Marj^ins of low liehls. Perennial.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Ceid. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Agrostis elliottiana Schnlt. Man t. 2: 202. 1824. Elmott's Uknt Crass.
AiiroxtiaaruchiioUleHY.W.'iik.l-.VdX. 1817. Not Poir. 1810.
Gray, Man. ed. G, 017. Chap. IT. 552. Conlter, Contr. Xat. Herb. 2 : .^2."). .^crilnier,
Grass. Tenu. 78, i. .',7,/. 101.
■ Carcdinian and Eonisiauian area.s. Kentncky, Tennessee, and Sonth Carolina to
western Florida, Alabam.i, Mississippi, and Texas.
Ai-ABajia: Monntain region to the Coa^t plain. Dry o|)en jiastnres, roadsides.
Lee Connty, Aubnrn ( /.V/Avr 4- /;.'ar?(', .j8.">). Cnllman Connty, 8()0 feet. Mobile and
Baldwin comities. April to May; Irecjnent; annnal.
Type locality: "Collected near Orangebnrg [8. ('.] by I. S. Bennett."'
llVrl). (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Agrostis hiemalis (Walt.) 15. 8. P. I'rel. Cat. N. y.08. 1888. Koiiiii Hair <;kass.
Voriiucopiae hieinalia Walt. IT. Car. 74. 1788.
Agro8ti8 Hvahra Willd. Sp. i 1. 1 : 370. 1798.
Trichodiinn laxitlornm Michx. Fl. IJor. Am. 1:42. 1803.
Ell. 8k. 1:99. (iray, Man. ed. 0,048. Chap. Fl. 551. Conlt.r, Contr. Nat. Herb,
2 : r>25. Wats. Hot. Calif. 2 : 274. Scribner, ( irass. Tenn. 2 : 77. t. .'.:./. .'/<?.
Alleghenian to I.onisiaiiian .irea. From Nova Scotia, throughout Canada to Brit-
ish Columbia and Alaska; south from New England to Florida and the Gulf, west
to Texas and California.
Alabama: ' )\er the State, in low sandy fields, (.'alhoun, Tuscaloosa. Montgomery,
and Mobile counties. April to May; common; annual.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb, fieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Agrostis pereuuaus (Walt, j Tiickerm. Am. .Jouni. Sci. 45 : 44. 1843. Thin-grass.
CortiHCopidc perennans Walt. Fl. Car. 74. 1788.
Tricli odium perenuana Ell. 8k. 1 : 99. 1817.
Ell. I.e. (iray. .Man. ed. 0,648. Chap. Fl. 551. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:. 525.
Scribner, Grass. Tenu. 2 : 76, /. .'•',/. 97.
Canadian /one lo Carolinian area. Quebec, Ontari<); New England to Wisconsin,
south to Tennessee and South Carolina.
Alabama: Tenne8s<>e Valley. Mountain region. Damp shaded places. Frequent
in the "rock houses "' of the Warrior table-laml. Winston County. Walker County,
from l,0<i0to l,.500feet. Lauderdale Connty, river hills. June to October. Perennial.
Type locality : Sonth Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Agrostis intermedia Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 70. 1894. Upland Bent GkaSS.
Carolinian and l.ouisianian areas. Eastern Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, and
Texas.
Specimens of a more .slender habit and others of a stouter growth are easily con-
founded with A(jro8ti8 perennann on tiie one baud and Afjrostis alfissima on the other.
J. intermedia ditfers from the former by the less spreading more elongated panicle of
a pale color, perfectly smooth leaves, the empty glumes nearly equal, and the flower-
GRASSES. 371
ing glnmo two-thirds of the length of the empty ones. From the latter it is distin-
guished by the more slender branches of the panicle, with the spikelets less crowded
above the middle of the branches, the smaller spikelets, thinner empty glumes with
the midrib less prominent and less scabrous, and the perfectly smooth flowering
glumes.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low shady banks, borders of woods; in close damp soil.
Mobile County. September to October; frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Common in damp places, in thickets and along the borders of
Avoods."
I [erb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Agrostis altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm. Am. Joiirn. Sci. 45:44. 1843.
Tall Bent Grass.
Corniicoptae altissima Walt. Yl. Car. 74. 1788.
J(iroslis data Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. ser. 6, pt. 2 : 364. 184.5.
Trichoilinm elatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 :6l. 1814.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 648. Chap. Fl. 551. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 274.
Allegheniau, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. New England and New York to
North Carolina; California.
Alaijajia : Low shaded banks and borders of swamps. Mobile County, October;
infre(£uent.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 31. 1763.
About 120 species, temi)erate zone; North America, 31 species.
Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribner, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 :42. 1894.
Reed Bent Grass.
Arimdo cinnoides Muhl. Gram. 187. 1817.
Calamafjrostis uuttalliana Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 190. 1855.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 650. Chap. FL 553. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 80, t. 27, f. 105.
Allegheniau and Carolinian areas. New England, Pennsylvania, New Jersey to
North Carolina and eastern Tennessee.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Lower hills. Moist woodlands.
Cullman, Lauderdale, and Tuscaloosa counties. June, July ; not common. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. locia siccis et sphagnosis, floret Augusto. Penns. Massachuss."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HOLCUS L. Sp. PI. 2:1048. 1753,
Low annuals. Eight species. Temperate regions, Europe, Africa.
Holcus lanatus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1048. 1753. Velvet Grass.
Grav, Man. ed. 6, 652. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:299. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2:81, t.
27, f. 106.
Introduced from Europe. Naturalized from Canada to the Gulf, and in California
and Mexico.
Alabama: Adventive with grass seed. Mobile County: escaped from cultivation.
Cullman County. May; infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae pascuis areuosis."'
Economic uses: Of some value for hay or pasture on jioor land.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AIRA 1.. Sp. PI. 1:63. 1753.
Six species; Europe and North Africa.
Aira caryophyllea L. Sp. PI. 1 : 66. 17.53. Silvkkv IIajk Grass.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 653.
Europe, North Africa, Chile.
Naturalized. Ontario, Vancouvers Island; New England to New Jersey, and
Tennessee.
Alabama: Dry pastures and openings in the woods. Rather local; extensively
spreading of late years. Abundant where it occurs. Cullman County. Lee County,
Anhnrn ( Baker iSEarle). Mobile County, Springhill. April. Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in Angliae, Germaniae, Galliae, glareosis."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
372 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
DESCHAMPSIA I'.c.iiiv. AKfosl. 91. 1812.
Pi>reiini:»l. Ahoiii I'd spicics, Iciiiiieiato rtigions of tht- gloln-. Nortli Aiiiorica, 8
epeeios.
Descbampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Kull. Acini. Sci. St. J'otiMsl). 1 : <U). \H'M.
Common ILmk (Jua.s.s.
Aim flexuund L. Sp. I'l. 1 : ti.'>. ITiiS.
Ell.Sk. Irl.'.l. Gray, Mail. .••1.6,652. Chap. Fl. r.6S.
KUKOl'K.
Allegluuiiaii an-a. .New Kiif^laiul, New York; south aloii;,' the hij;lu'r Allefiliciiiaii
ranges to Georgia, East Tennessee, and Missouri.
Ai.vbama: Mountain region. Dry rocky dells. J)ekall> County, Lookout Moun-
tain; about 1,800 feet. May to June; rare.
Type locality : " Hah. in Europae petris, nipihus."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TRISETUM Pers. Syn. 1 : TT. 1805.
About 50 species, cooler temperate regions north and south lieniisjilnrei. North
America, 8.
Trisetum pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. ; lioem. & Schult. Syst. A'eg. 2 : 658. 1817.
Swamp Oat Gras.s.
Arena penmttilvanica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 79. 1753.
Avena paJuxIrls Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 72. 1803.
Trhctum jxtlioitre Torr. Fl. X. A: Mid. V. S. 1 : 126. 1S21.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 653. Chaj). Fl. 568. Scribner, Grass. Tenu. 2 : 82, t. 28, f. 100.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Southern New York, New Jersey, and North
Carolina to the mountains of Tennessee and Northern Alabama.
Alabama: Mountain region. Madison County, Gurley's Place, 1,100 feet altitude.
June; rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "Ilab. in Pensylvania. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AVENA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 79. 1753. Oats.
About 30 species, of cooler regions. United States, 2 species.
Avena fatua L. Sp. PI. 1 : 80. 1753. Wild Oats.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 653. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 295.
Europe.
Introduced, sparingly naturalized in a few localities of the Atlantic States. Abund-
ant on the coast of California. Annual.
Alabama : Adventive on ballast and fairly established. Mobile County, Pinto's
Island. May to June. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae agris inter segetes."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Agrost. 55. 1812.
Six species in Europe. North Africa. West Asia.
Arrhenatheruni elatius (L.) Beauv. ; Mert. & Koch, Deutsch. Fl. 1 :i546. 1823.
Tall Oat Grass.
Arena elatior L. Sp. PI. 1 : 79. 1753.
Arrhenallierum arenaccum Beauv. Agrost. 152. 1812. Name only.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 652. Chap. Fl. 569. Seribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 83, /. 2S,f. 11 1.
Introduced from Europe and naturalized in Ontario and the eastern States, and
south to Alabama and Mississippi.
Alabama: Cultivated in the Prairie region, and a frequent escape. Mol)ile, a
fugitive on ballast heaps. Hale County, Galliou. Cullman County. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hah. in Europae maritimis et apricis."
Economic uses: "N'aluable hay grass.
Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GRASSES. 373
DANTHONIA DC. Fl. France, 3:32. 180.5. Oat Gras.s.
One hundred species, temperate and warmer regions, more than halfin South Africa.
North America, 5 or 6 species.
Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. ; Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2 : 690. 1817.
Common Wild Oat Grass.
Arena spicata L. Sp. PI. 1 : 80. 1753.
J. (jlumosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 72. 1803.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 654. Chap. Fl. 569.
Allegheniau to Louisianian area. Newfoundland and Quebec, west to the Pacific ;
New England, west to Dakota, south to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to central prairies. Dry cojises, border of woods.
Madison County. Dallas County, Marion Junction. June, July; not infrequent.
Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Sur-s-. Herb. Mohr.
Danthonia compressa Austin ; Peck, Rep. Reg. N. Y. St. Univ. 22 : 54. 1869.
Mountain Wild Oat Grass.
Danthonia alleni Aust. Bull. Torr. Club, 3 : 21. 1872.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 654. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 665. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 85, t. 29, f. 114.
Allegheniau and Carolinian areas. New England to Pennsylvania and New Jersey,
south to North Carolina and Tennessee.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry rocky ridges. Madison County, Huntsville.
May, June; not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Woods. Danube, Herkimer County, [N. Y.], July, 1868. C. F.
Austin."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Danthonia glabra Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 43. 1897. Smooth Wild Oat Grass.
Carolinian area. New Jersey to upper Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rockj^ ledges. Dekalb County, summit of Lookout
Mountain, 2,000 feet altitnde. June, 1893. Rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "Type specimens collected by Dr. John K. Small, on Little Stone
Mountain, Dekalb County, Georgia, on July 5, 1895."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Danthonia sericea Nutt. Gen. 1 : 71. 1818. Silky Wild Oat Grass.
Avena spicata VA\.'S]^.1l:H\. 1817. Not L.
Ell. I.e. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 6.54. Chap. Fl. 569. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 84, <. f<?,/. i7,'.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. Florida, along the coast to southern Massa'hu-
setts, west to Mississippi and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Dry pine barrens. Lee County,
Auburn {Baker 4' Earle). Washington County, Yellowpine. Escambia, Clarke,
Baldwin, and Mobile counties. May; frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Grows iutheupper districts of Georgia and South Carolina, in high
land. Columbia County, Ga."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GAUDINIA Beauv. Agrost. 95. 1812,
Gaudinia fragilis (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 95. 1812.
Arena fragili'^ L. Sp. PL 1 : 80. 1753.
A fugitive from southern Europe. Mobile County, on ballast. August. Observed
once only, 1889.
Type locality: " Hab. in Lusitania, Hispania. Loefl."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CAPRIOLA Adaus. Fam. PI. 2 : 31. 1763.
(Cynodon Rich. ; Pers. Syn. 1 : 85. 1805.)
Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2 : 764. 1891. Bermuda Grass.
Panicum dactylon L. Sp. PL 1 : 58. 1753.
Ci/nodon dactylon Pers. Syn. 1 : 85. 1805.
EIL Sk. 1 : 133. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 654. Chap. Fl. 5.57. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 86,
t. 39, f. 115.
Southern Europe.
Naturalized in nearly all warmer regions.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Extensively spread in the valleys from Penn-
sylvania to Florida, west to Texas, sparingly on the Pacific coast.
874 PLANT LIFK oK ALABAMA.
Ai.ahaMa: TennoHsio Aiillcy. Central Pino IkiU. Most abundant from the ]ir;iirii«
to the coast region. In Ii;;ht"loani.v and lioavy alluvial soils, rerenniul.
Type loialilv : '■ llul). in I'-urojia anstrali."
Eeouoniic uses: N'aliuible ])asturf grass.
Herb. Heol. .Sur\ . Herb. .Mohr.
SPARTINA Scbrel>. (Jen. 4:i. 1789.
(Traciiynoi lA Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1 : ^i^^. 1803.)
Seven species. Coarse, i)erennial inarsb -r.isHts of tht- warmer temperate /one.
North America, about (5 species.
Spartina striata maritima (Walt.) Scrihner, Mem. Torr. Club, 15. 1894.
Salt Maksii (Jkas.s.
Davljllix mtiritima \\'alt. Fl. Car. 77. 1788.
Sparliiia i/hibra Mnhl. Gram. .54. 1817.
Ell. Sk. 1: !'.">. Gray, Man. ed. G, 627. Chap. Fl. i5.")fi. Coulter, Contr. \at. Herb. 2 :
527.
Carolinian area. Coast of New York and New .Jersey to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. River marshes. Mobile County, estuary of Mobile
River; Bayou Labatre, salt marshes. .July to October; rare.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. ( ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Spartiua patens (Ait.) Muhl. Gram. 5r>. 1817. Salt Riish Grass.
Ductijlis patens Ait. Hort. Ivew. 1 : 104. 1789.
TrachiinoVm jiincea Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1 : 64. 1803.
Spartina /HHcm Kll. Sk. 1 :94. 1817.
Gray, Man. ed. (i, 627. Chap. Fl. .556. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :527.
Allegheniau, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Coast of southern New Isngland,
New York to Florida, west to Texas.
AlabajMA : Littoral belt. Deep salt marshes. Mobile and Baldwin counties;
abundant, forming the chief growth of the saline marshes. .July to August.
Type locality not ascertained. Muhlenberg's locality : " Ilab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Spartina polystachya (Michx.) Ell. Sk. 1:95. 1817. Salt Rekd Grass.
Trachi/notia 2)oly8ta(hija Michx. Fl. B<>r. Am. 1: 64. 1803.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 62. Chap. Fl 556.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New England, coast of New York to
Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain and Littoral belt. In fresh, brackish, and salt marshes.
Mobile County. Baldwin County, Bon Seccmr, salt marsiies. July; common.
Type locality : " Hab. in inuudatis maritimis, a Nova Anglia ad Floridam."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CAMPULOSUS Desv. I'.uU. Soc.l'biloni. 2:189. 1810.
(Cteniu.m I'anzer, Denkschr. Acad. Mueucli. 1813, 288, /. 13. 1814.)
(MONOCEUA Ell. Sk. 1 : 176. 1817.)
Seven species, warmer regions of the Eastern Hemisphere. South and North
America, 4 ; .southeastern United States, 1 species.
Campulosus aroma icus (Walt.) Scribner, Mem. P.ull. Torr. Clnb, 5:45. 1894.
Toothache Grass.
Aegilops aromatica Walt. Fl. Car. 249. 1788.
Chloris monosiaclnja Michx. PM. Bor. Am. 1 : 59. 1803.
Monocera aromatica Ell. Sk. 1 : 177. 1817.
Cteiiiiivi amerkaiuim Spreng. Svst. 1 : 274. 1825.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 654. Chap. Fl. 5.58.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia to North Carolina; Florida
west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Mountain region. CentralPinebelt to Coast plain. Sterile, dry, sandy,
or damp and exsiccated soil. Sparingly in the open ]>ine woods of a purely sandy
soil in the Metamorphic hills. Lee County, (ioldhill, about 800 feet. Abundant in
the Hat poor pine barrens along the coast. .July to September. Perennial.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GRASSES. 375
CHLORIS Sw. Prodr. Yeg. lud. Occ, 25. 1788.
(EusTACHYS Desv. Bull. Philom. 2 : 188. 1810.)
Forty species of tropical and subtropical zones in Europe; North America, 8
species.
CMoris swartziana Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2, pt. 3: 68. 1878. Swartz's Chloris.
Chloris petraea Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1 : 195. 1797. Not Thunb.
Chap. Fl. 557. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 539.
West Indies, Mexico to Argentina, South Africa.
Louisianian area. Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.
Alaba:ma: Littoral belt, damp grassy banks and copses, near the seashore, in
sandy soil. Mobile County, West Fowl River, Dauphin Island. Baldwin County,
Bon Secour, Point Clear. Not infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " On the rocky coast of Jamaica."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chloris prieurii Kuntli, Rev. Gram. 2 : 441, 1. 134. 1835.
Native of Tropical Africa.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile County, September, 1891 and 1892; not
observed since. Collected also in North Carolina by Gerald McCarthy. Of this
highly ornamental grass, Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner remarks: "It is an interesting
species and is well marked by the row of glands or tubercles on each side of the
midrib of the Howeriug glumes. Similar glands occur upon the paleaj."
Type locality : ''Crescit in Senegambia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GYMNOPOGON Beauv. Agrost. 41. 1812.
Six species, warmer regions of America; ours perennials. Southern United
States, 2 species.
Gynmopogou ambiguus (Michx.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. X. Y.
Broad-leaf Gymnopogon.
Andropogon amhignus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 58. 1803.
Gymnopogon racemosus Beauv. Agrost. 164. 1812.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 145. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 655. Chap. FL 556. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:529. Scribner, GTass.Te\m.2:88, t. 30, f. 117.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New Jersey to Florida, west to central
Texas, Arkansas, and Tennessee,
Alabama : Central and Coast Pine belts. Dry open pine woods. Autauga County.
Clarke County, Choctaw Corner. Escambia County, Wilson's Station. Mobile and
Baldwin counties. Common throughout the Coast Pine belt. July, August; fre-
quent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in sabulosis Carolinae."
Herb. ( ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin. Uuifl. 238. 1824. Short-leap Gymnopogon.
Gymnopogon racemosus \aT.filiformis Chap. Fl. 556. 1860.
Louisianian area. Coast of New Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast Pine belt. Coast plain. Dry sandy pine woods. Mobile
County, Springhill. Baldwin County, Daphne. Escambia County. July to Sep-
tember; frequent with the last.
Type locality : "V. spp. e Delaware."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BOUTELOUA. Lag. Var. Cienc. y Litt. 2, pt. 4 : 134. 1805.
(Atheropogon Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PL 4 : 937. 1805. )
Perennials. About 30 species; elevated continental table-land of Mexico and the
Upper and Lower Sonoran areas of North America, 15.
Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. in Emory, Rep. 153. 1848. Grama (iRASS.
Chloris curtipendula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 59. 1803.
Bouteloua racemosa Lag. Var. Cienc. y Litt. 2, pt. 4 : 141. 1805.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 656. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 663 ; ed. 3, 607. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 533.
Mexico, Central America, Peru.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario and Manitoba, south to Texas, east to
Mississippi.
37r» PLANT T.TKK <>F ALABAMA.
Al,.vnAM.v: ("enlral I'rairio rcginii. i »i»cii luaiiiiis, dry calraroonH soil. Mont-
gomery, Hal<\ aii<l Dallas coiintioH. Not infre(|iu!nt. .Inly to Aufjiist.
Tyjic locality : " I lah. in aridis regioniH IlliiiociiHis ail Waliast et in iii|iiliiiH prairio
dn roclier."
llerli. (!('ol. Siirv. II<t1.. Molir.
ELEUSINE (ia.Tt. Fnict. .t Soni. 1 : 7. /. /. 17SS.
Six species, tropical and snlttropical regions <if tin- <»ld W dild.
Eleusine indica (!>.) (iai-rt. Frnct. ot Sem. 1:K. 178S. Uakn-vakh Guass.
r(/»(»«Hr;(.s i/irficHx I>. Sp. I'l. 1: 72. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 17(). (Jrav, Man.ed. 6. 6.76. Chap. Fl. 558. Conifer. Contr. Nat. 11. rh.
2 : 533.
ScrihntT. Crass. Tenn. 2 : !10, t. SO,f. 120.
Wrsteux Asia, East Indies. South Akuica. all ovp-.u tkmi'kkatk Amkkica
A\n soiTii TO Hkazu..
AUoijjhcnian to-Lonisianian area. N.aturalized in tin- States sontli of New Eng-
land, northern Michigan, and Iowa.
Alahama: Over the State. Cnltivated and waste places ntsar dwellings. .Tnne
to September. Common weed. Aunnal.
Type locality: "Hah. in Indiis."'
Herb. Geol. Surr. Herb. Mohr.
Eleusine barcinonensis Costa, Ind. Sem. Hort. Bare. 1859.
Al.vb.vma: Ballast weed; adventive from Spain. Mobile Connty, observed for the
past eiglit years. .Inlj' to September. Aunnal.
Type localitv: Spain ?.
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. :Mohr.
DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Ennm. 1029. 1809.
One species, a weed in the warmer parts of Asia. Africa, and Australia; "West Indies
to Ar<ientina.
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) M'illd. Ennm. 1029. 1809. Ecvptian (;i;ass.
( ynosurxs aegyptius L. Sp. PI. 1 : 72. 1753.
Chloris niiicroudta Miehx. Fl. P>or. Am. 1 : .59. 1803.
Eleusine aeqyptiaca Pers. Syn. 1 : 87. 1805.
Ell. Sk. 1:176. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 656. Chap. Fl. .5.58. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 534.
Louisianian area. Naturalized North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alaba.via: Central Prairie region to Coast plain, cnltivated ground, meadows,
.lune to August; common. Annual.
Type loeality : "Hab. in Africa, Asia, America.'"
Economic uses : Of some value for hay.
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 71. 1812.
Twelve species; warmer regions temperate North America. 1.
Leptochloa ruucronata (Michx.") Knnth, Gram. 1 :91. 1829-1835. Feather G ha s.s.
EIe>isi7ie murronatn 'Slichx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:65. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:175. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 657. Chap. Fl. 558. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2 :534. Seribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 :91, t. 31, f. l?.l.
China, East Inoiks, West Indies, Mexico to Veneztela.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas;
Arkansas, southern Missouri, southern Illinois, and Tennessee.
Alabama: From the Coast jdain to the Central Pine belt. Sandy iields. Most
frequent near the coast. June to July, frequent. Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in cnltis IllinoenBibus."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
DIPLACHNE Beauv. Agrost. 80, t. 16, /. 9. 1812.
Fourteen species, warmer regions of both hemispheres.
Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv. Agrost. 160. 1812.
Ma.w-spiked Diplachne.
FesUica fascicularis Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 189. 1791.
GEASSES. 377
F. pohisfaclnja Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:60. 1803.
Leptocliloa faxcicnlnris Gray, Man. 588. 1848.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 658. Cliap. Fl. 559.
West Ixdies. ^Mexico, Colombia.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Coast of Ehode Island, New York to Florida
and Louisiana.
Alabama: Littoral belt. Salt marshes. Mobile County, Dauphin Island. .June
to July; rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "Ex Amer. merid. Comm. D. Richard."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PHRAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820.
Three species, temperate and tropical regions, Europe, Asia, and America.
Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst. Deutsche Fl. 379, 1880-1883. Reed.
Arundo pliragmites L. Sp. PI. 1:81. 1753.
Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 6.58. Chap. Fl. 567. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 5.37.
Throughout the temperate zones of the Old World, and over the North American
continent to Central America.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area, thence to the Pacific coast.
Alabama : Scattered over the State. Abundant in the marshes of the coast region,
Mobile County, river delta. August to October. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae lacubus, tiuviis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SIEGLINGIA Bernh. Syst. Verz. Pfl. Erl. 40. 1800.
(Triodia R. Br. Prodr. Fl. N. Holl. 1 : 182. 1810.)
(Tricuspis Beauv. Agrost. 77. 1812.)
About 27 species, of temperate zones. North America 17, mostly of the Sonoran
continental plains.
Sieglingia purpurea (Walt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : 789. 1891. Sand Grass.
Aira purpurea Walt. Fl. Car. 78. 1788.
Uralepis purpurea Nutt. Gen. 1 : 62. 1818.
Tricuspis purpurea (iray, Man. .589. 1848.
Triplasis jyurpurea Chap. Fl. 560. 1860.
Ell. Sk. 1: 152. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 658. Chap. F1.560. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 539.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Southern New England, Ohio, Michigan, Illi-
nois, and New York ; south along the coast to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Littoral belt. Drifting sands on the seashore. Baldwin County,
eastern shore of Mobile Bay. July to August ; frequent; annual.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sieglingia americana (Beauv.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : 789. 1891.
Southern Sand Grass.
Triplasis americana Beauv. Agrost. 81, 1. 16, f. 10. 1812.
Uralepis cornuta Ell. Sk. 1 : 580. 1817.
Louisianian area. Coast of North Carolina to Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine belt and Littoral belt. Loose sands. Mobile County,
Springhill, on barren pine ridges; Dauphin Island. Drifting sands on the seashore.
Baldwin County, shore Bon Secour Bay. July to September ; not rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "Ce savant Fa raport6e des Etats Unis d'Amerique."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sieglingia stricta (Nutt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 :789. 1891.
Narrow-spiked Sieglingia.
Windsoria stricta Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 5 : 147. 1833-1837.
Triodia stricta Vasey, Spec. Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr. 63 : 35. 1883.
Coulter, Contr. Nat' Herb. 2 : 538. Britt. & Brown. 111. Fl. 1 : 185, /'. 43,2. Chap. Fl,
ed. 3, 610.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Mississippi, Louisiana to Texas, Arkansas and
Kansas.
Alabama: Central Prairie belt. Wilcox County (S. />. Buckley). July; rare.
Perennial.
378 PLANT 7,1 KK OF ALABAMA.
Til our plant s|)il<eltt8 1 ti> li tl.iwend, luwir j^Ihiim-h cxttMidiii^ l»ey<>H'l 1li« lIowfT-
iiig scalfs.
Typo locality not iiHcertiiiiu'd.
Herb. < iool. Surv. Herb. Mob i .
Sieglingiaambigua (Ell.) Kmit/.', K'.-v. Cm. PI. 2 : Tsi). 1891.
RoUNDSIIKKl) SllUJUNr.IA.
Poa amhi(ju<i I'.ll. 8k. 1 : Km. IHll.
Triciin})is omlii(iiia ('\\nYt. VI. r)59.
Triodia (imhii/iiii Vascy, Cat. (ira.ss. 0(5. 188.").
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Coiiltor, Coiitr. Nat. Ilnb. 2:."j:)!I.
I^oui.sianian an-a. South Carolina, (Ji-orj^ia, I'lorida, west to Texas.
Al.vu.vm.v: Coast plain. Low swampy pi no barreuH. Mobib; and liablwin conn-
tie.s. N<»t rare; July to AuKiiwt. Perennial.
Type locality: "Found in the mountains of Carolina, by Dr. Madnidc, and in the
lower country of Georgia, by Dr. 15aklwiu."
Herb. (ieol. .Surv. Herb. ^Iolir.
Siegliiigia chapmani Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 22 : 365. 1895.
Chapman's Sikgi.i.ngia.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida to Texas.
Alah.vma: Coast plain. Mobile, dry knolls, with Chnjsopogon niitanx Jiunaenniis,
October 18, 1896. Eare. Penmnial.
Type locality: "Growing in sand on the slopes of Currahoe Mountain, near
Toccoa, (ieorgia, and along tlu! Yellow River, fJwinnett County, in the same State."'
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
Siegliiigia sesleroides (Michx.) Scribner, Mem. Torr. ( lub, 5 : 48. 1894.
FaL.sk RliDTOi.
Poa sesleroides Michx. IT. Bor. Am. 1 : 68. 1803.
P. qiiinqiiejida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 81. 1814.
Triodia ciiprca J. F. Jacq. Eclog. Gram. 2 :21. 1814.
Tricuspis sesleroides Torr. Fl. N. &. Mid. U. S. 1 : 118. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 1:164. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 657. Chap. Fl. 559. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :
539. Vasey, Agr. Grass. (1884) 85, jA. S2. Scrilmer, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 94, jj/. 31, f. 122.
Carolinian area. Southern New York to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas,
Indian Territory.
Alai'.ama: Over the State. Dry borders of woods and liclds. July; common.
Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in regioue Hlinoensi et in montosis Carolinae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
EATONIA Raf. Jonrn. Phys. 89 : 104. 1819.
(Reboui.ka Kunth, Rev. Gram. Suppl. 20. 1829-1835.)
Three or 4 sjiecies, perennials. Eastern United States.
Eatouia obtusata (Michx.) Gray, Man. ed. 2, 558, 1856. Early Eatoxia.
Aira ohiusata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 62. 1803.
A. <r"Hc/o^rt Muhl. Gram. 83. 1817.
Jicbonha triinctala Gray, Man. .591. 1848.
Ell. Sk. 1:1.53. Gray, Man. ed. 6,659. Chap. Fl. .560. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 544. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 100, t. 34, f. 134.
Alleghcnian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Ontario to Saskatchewan; New
York to Michigan, Minnesota, Illinois, and southern Missouii; from New York
south to Florida and west to Texas, Arkansas, and Arizona; on the Pacific coast,
Oregon and British Columbia.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. Lower hills to Coast plain. Dry banks, borders of
fields and pastures, fre(iuent. Common near the coast. Mobile County. April and
May.
Type locality : " Hab. in aridis, a Carolina ad IToridam "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herl>. Mohr.
Eatonia penusylvanica (DC.) Gray, ilau. ed. 2, .558. 1856.
Pennsylvanian Eatonia.
Koeleria pennsylvanica DC. Hort. Monsp. 117. 1813.
Aira trijlora Ell. Sk. 1 : 153. 1817.
Aira mollis Muhl. Gram. 82. 1817.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 660. Chap. Fl. 560. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 544.
Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 99, t. 34, f. 133.
GKASSES. 379
Boreal region to Carolinian area. New Brunswick, Ontario to Lake Superior and
Hudson Bay; New England, Ohio Valley to Missouri; south along the mountains
from New York to Georgia, northwestern Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Damp shady woods. Dekalb County, Lookout
Mountain, 1,800 feet. Madison County, Moutesauo, 1,500 feet, ^yinston County,
banks of Sipsey fork, 1,500 feet. Not rare.
Type locality : Pennsylvania?
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eatonia filiformis (Chap.) Yasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 117. 1886. Slender Eatonia.
Eatonia 2}emii^yJvanica Yar. filiformis Chai>. Fl. .560. 1860.
Aira mollis var. Ell. Sk. 1 : 154. 1817.
Scribuor, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 99, t. 33, f. 132.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Tennessee, coast of South Carolina
to Florida, west to Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast Pine belt, Mountain region. Dry sandy open pine woods. Lee
County, Auburn (Baker .f- Earle, 607). Mobile County, Spriughill. Baldwin County.
March to April ; not infrequent.
Type locality: "Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eatonia nitida (Spreng.) Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22 : 511. 1895.
Slexder Glossy Eatonia.
Aira nitida Spreng. FL HaL Mant. 1:32. 1807.
Eatonia dudleyi Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11 : 116. 1886.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 660. Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 192. Chap. Fl. eti. 3, 614.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New York, New Jersey, and south to
Georgia and Mississippi.
Alabama : Mountain region to Upper division of Coast Pine belt. Dekalb County,
near Mentone, 1,800 feet. Madison County, Montesano, 1,500 feet. Lee County,
Auburn (Baker ij- Earle, 621). Clarke County, Choctaw Corner. St. Clair County,
near Ashville. Flowers in June; not rare in dry rocky woods and copses.
Type locality : "E Pensylvania. Miiehlenb."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Agrost. 70. 1812.
About 100 species in all warmer countries, principally in the tropical and sub-
tropical zones. North America 17, chiefly southern.
Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69. 1888.
Cheeping Meadow Grass.
Poa hypnoides Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1 : 185. 1791.
P. reptans Michx. Fl Bor. Am. 1 : 69, 1. 11. 1803.
' Eraiirostis reptans Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2 : 514. 1829.
Ell.'Sk. 1: 163. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 660. Chap. Fl. 563. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 543. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 95, t. 31, f. 123. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. .532.
West Indies, Mexico, Argentina.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario and New England, west to Minnesota
and Nebraska, soutli to Florida, west to Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, California, and
AVashington.
Alabama : Central Prairie region. Coast plain, alluvial banks. Montgomery
County. Mobile County, Choctaw Blutf, banks of Alabama River. August to Sep-
tember; not frequent. Annual.
Type locality: "Ex America merid. Comm. D. Richard."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eragrostis eragrostis (L.) Karst. Dentsch. Fl. 389. 1880-1883. Low Eragrostis.
Poa era</rostis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 68. 1753.
Eragrostis minor Host, Fl. Aust. 135. 1827.
E. poaeoides Beauv. Agrost. 162. 1812.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 660. Wats. Bot. Calif 2 : 315.
Southern Europe, western Asia, Africa, West Indies, Brazil.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Naturalized. Ontario and New
York, west to Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, and south to Tennessee, Florida,
and Texas.
Alabama: Mobile, adventive in cultivated and waste places, about dwellings;
ballast heaps. August to October ; rare. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Italia supra muros."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
880 PLANT LIKK OK ALABAMA.
Eragrostis major (L.) ''o«N <iriH'>- •^'"^''■- '■ l"^*"'- Cranky Okass.
Jiri^a crofirostin I,. Sp. I'l. 1 : 10. llTt'A.
EriiqrovtiH iHtaeoidiH mryuittarlnid ('ray, Man. <•<!. ">, (i:U. 1807.
EU.'sk. 1: lOr. (Jray, Msm. Vd. (!, (ifid. Uliap. FL 563 Wats. I3ot. Calif. 2:'M'>.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Ilorb. 2:51:5. ScrihixT, (iraHs. Tenii. .)7, /. V/,/. IL'4.
Central Kukoi'k, Asia, Akuua.
.Mli'jihciiiaii to LouiHiaiiiiin area. Outarin and New ICuf^land, west to IllinoiH,
Missouri. Miiino8o(;i, aud Nebraska, from Now York to Florida, and west to Texas,
Arkansas, and (alilornia.
Alakama: Tennessee ^ alley. Mountain rojjion to Coast plain. In cultivated and
waste frronnd about dwellin<^s. Lautierdale, Cullman, Tuscaloosa, Ilalc, Choctaw,
and Mohile counties. A frei|uent {garden weed. Annual.
Tyi>e locality: " Ilab. in Kuropa australi."
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Eragrostis bahieiisis Schult. Mant. 2 :318. 1824.
Poa ]>(ihieiisis F'chT-.id.; Schult. Mant. 2 : 318. 1824. As svnonvm.
Griseb. Fl. Jirit. W. Ind. 532.
In ALT, IROI'ICAL COl'NTRIKS.
Louisianian area.
Alabama : Adventivo from the tropics. MobileCounty, on ballast, fairly establislied
for the past six years near the shippiufjj. Perennial f
Tyj)o locality: "In Brasilia."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eragrostis purshii Schrad. Linnaea, 12 : 454. 1838. Southern Spkak GitAss,
Poa caroliniavd Sprenfj. Mant. Fl. Hal. 33. 1807.
EragroxtiH coroUniana Scribiier, Mem. Torr. Clnb 5 : 40. 1894.
Erdgrosiisp'dom'Muhl.GTinii.lil. 1817. Not Beauv.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 661. Chap. Fl. 563. Scribner, Grass. Teiin. 2 : 97, /. .X?,/. 126.
Mexico.
Allegheniau to Louisianian area. Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, and New
Jersey, south to Florida, Tennessee, and Louisiana, and west to Minnesota. Nebraska,
Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Dry sandy open places. Cullman County, 800 leet.
Morjijan County, Decatur. Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, and Mobile counties. Abun-
dant, particularlj^ in tiii^ sandy fields of the Lower Pine belt. Annual.
Type locality : "America borealis."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 162. 1812. Slender Mkahow Grass.
Poa pilom L. Sp. PI. 1 : 68. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 660. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:543. Scribner, (Jr.iss. Tenn.
2:m,i..3;^,f.J27.
Widely diffused in the temperate and tropical regions of the globe.
EUROI E, ^VEST InDIE.S, MEXICO TO ARGENTINA.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Naturalized New York and J'ennsylvania, and
•west to Missouri. Tennessee, Mississippi, and Texas.
Alabama: "Waste and cultivated places. Mobile ('ounty, August, 1891. Wash-
ington Countv, Yellowpine. Not frequent. Annual.
Typo locality : " Hab. in Italia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eragrostis nitida (Ell.) Chap. Fl. 564. 1860. Glossy Eragrostis.
Poa vitida Ell. Sk. 1 : 162. 1817.
Louisianian area. South Carolina, Florida, and Alabama.
Alabama: Littoral belt. Lower Pine belt. Baldwin County, drifting sands,
near the bay shore at Howards. July, rare. Annual.
Type locality : "Grows in cultivated land. Couinion on Paris Island."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eragrostis secundiflora Presl, Rel. Ilaenk. 1 : 276. 1830. Purple Love Grass.
Poa interrupta Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 5 : 146. 1835-1837. Not Lam.
P. oxi/lepis Torr. in Marcy, Expl. Ked Piv, 269, 1. 19. 1854.
Eragrosiiii osylepin Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. 4 : 156. 1857.
Vasey, Illust. Am. Grass. 1, pt. 2 : /. 45. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 542. Britt.
& Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 191. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 615.
GRASSES. 381
Mexico, Central America.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern, middle, and sonthwestern Tennessee
to Texas and Arizona, and east along the Gulf coast to Alabama.
Alabama : Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Autauga County, Prattville.
Adventive with some other plants of the Southwest. Mobile County, bay shore at
Cedar Point. July. Eare. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Mexico."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 272. 1855.
Purple Eragrostis.
Poa pectinacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 69. 1803.
P. /iirsMtoEll. Sk. 1:157. 1817. Not Michx. 1803.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 661. Chap. Fl. 561. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 542. Scribner,
Grass. Teun. 2 : 98, t. 3.1, f. 131.
Allegheniau to Louisianian area. Coast of southern Massachusetts and in New
York, west to Minnesota and Nebraska, and south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: From the Tennessee Valley to the Coast plain. Common and most
abundant on sandy pine barrens. Mobile County. August to October. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in arvis Illinoensibus.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eragrostis refracta (Muhl.) Scribner, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 :49. 1894.
Meadow Eragrostis.
Foa refracta Mnhl. Gram. 146. 1817.
Eragrostris campestris Trin. Bull. Sci. Acad. St. Petersb. 1 : 70. 1836.
E. pectinacea var. refracta Chap. Fl. 564. 1860.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 162. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 661. Chap. Fl. 564. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 542.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Delaware, Maryland, and North Carolina to
Florida, west to Texas.
Alaba>la : Coast plain. Damp flat pine barrens. Mobile County. September;
common. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eragrostis lugens Nees iu Mart. Fl. Bras. 2 : 505. 1829.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 542. Vasey, Illust. Am. Grass. 1, pt. 2 : t. 47.
Mexico, (?) Brazil, Montevideo.
Louisianian area. Arizona and Texas to Alabama and Florida. ?
Alabama : Adventive with ballast. Mobile. July to September, 1893-94. Annual
or perennial. ?
Type locality: "Hab. ad Monte-Video et iu continibus Paraguayan!, (Sellow.)"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1 : 192. 1827. Fringed Eragrostis.
Poa ciliaris L. Syst. ed. 10, 875. 1759.
Megaatachiia ciliaris Beauv. Agrost. 74. 1812.
Chap. Fl. 563. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 532.
Tropical regions of the Old and New Worlds. Arabia, Africa, Galapa-
gos, West Indies to Brazil.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Mississipiu.
Alaba:\ia: Coast plain. Sandy fields, waste places. Mobile County. Septem-
ber and October ; frequent. Not remote from dwellings. Probably naturalized from
the tropics. Annual.
Type locality : Jamaica?
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eragrostis glomerata (Walt.) L. H. Dewey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :543. 1894.
Densely Spiked Eragrostis.
Poa qlomerata Walt. Fl. Car. 80. 1788.
P. coiiferta Ell. Sk. 1 : 158. 1817.
Eragrostis conferta Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. ser. (i, 1 : 409. 1831.
Ell. Sk. Lc. Chap. Fl. 563. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 533. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2 : 543.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florichi, west to Texas and Arkansas.
382 l'F,ANT 1,1 1'K OK AI-AMAMA.
Alabama: Central Trail io lojii.m. Coast plain. Danij) Krassy plates, banks of
Btreanis. Mobile Count v. Antau;:a Connt.v. I'rattville. July to August ; not rare.
Annual.
Typt' locality: .'^«mth Carolina.
Herb. (Jiol. Surv. flerb. Molir.
Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees iu Mart. 1"1. Hras. 2 : no.".. 1S21>. J.ack (;has8.
Poa capillans L. Sp. PI. 1 : T.S. 1753.
Gray, Man. 0(1. ti,(i()l. Cbap. F1.564. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : r)42.
Mkxko, I?ra/,ii..
Allfglienian. Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. New York and Pennsylvania, west
to Iowa, Missouri, and Tennessee; south to Florida, and west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alauama: Central Pine belt to the Coast Plain. Dry sandy hills, borders of fields
and roadsides. Autauga County, Prattville (A'. A. Stnilli). Monroe County, Clai-
borne. Clarke County, Thouiasville. Mobile and Baldwin counties. June, .July;
fre<|ueut. I'erennial.
Type locality: " Ilab. in Virginia, Canada, l>. Kalm.''
Herb. (ieol. iSurv. Herb. Mohr.
Eragrostis hirsuta (Michx.) Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 23 : 98. 1896.
POUGH-HAIRY ERAOROSTIS.
Poa hirsuta Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : (58. 1803.
Louisianian area. Carolina to Florida.
A stouter and larger ])lant than the above, with whieh it has been confoimded, 3
feet and over high, leaves longer than the culm, with sheaths hairy ; panicle ample,
wide-spreading; spikelets scattered, long pedicellate, 4 to 5 Uowered.
Alaba:\ia: Central Prairie region. Coast plain. Waste places, roadsides. Mobile
County, near dwellings. Autauga County, Prattville (E. A. Sinith). September to
November. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina inleriore."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MELICA L. Sp. PL 1 : 66. 1753.
Over 30 species, perennials, iu the temperate zones of the Old World and Amer-
ica. North America, 12.
Melica mutica Walt. FI. Car. 78. 1788. Honey Grass.
Melica (ilahra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 62. 1803. In part.
Melica mutica var. qlahra (Jrav, Man. ed. 5, 626. 1867.
Ell. Sk. 1:1.54. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 662. Chap. Fl. 560. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 545.
Carolinian and I,oiiisiaiiinii areas. Ohio A'alley from West Virginia to Missouri
and Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Rich open woods and copses. Lee
County, Auburn ( Uvdcrwood .>■ Earle). Tuscaloosa County. Baldwin County, Point
Clear.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
UNIOLA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 71. 1753.
Five species, perennials; eastern North America, 4.
Uniola paniculata L. Sp. PI. 1:71. 1753. Ska Oats.
i'niota maritima Michx. FI. Bor. Am. 1 : 71. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:166. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 662. Chap. FI. .566. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:545.
Southern Mexico, Panama, Ecuador.
Louisianian area. Southern Virginia and North Carolina to Florida, thence west
to Texas.
Alabama: Littoral region. Driftiug sands (dunes) on the .seashore. Mobile and
Baldwin counties. .Inly, August. Frequent.
Type locality : "Hab. in Cr olma.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Uiiiola latifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 70. 1803. Broad-leaf Spikk-ckass.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 167. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 663. Chap. Fl. 566. Coulter, Contr. Nat, Herb.
2 : 545.
GRASSES. 383
Caroliniau and Loiiisianian areas. Southern Pennsylvania, southern Illinois, and
Missouri, south to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Prairie belt to Tennessee Valley. Rich wooded banks, shaded
borders of streams. Morgan County. Blount County, banks of Mulberry River.
Lee County, Auburn. Tuscaloosa County ( E. A, Smith). Tallapoosa and Montgomery
counties. Dallas County. Wilcox County, Allenton. .June, July; frequent.
Type locality: "Halj. in occidentalibus montium Alleghanis."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Uniola laxa (L.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. X. Y. 69. 1888. Slender Spike-grass.
HolcMs laj-iis L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1048. 1753.
Ciiiula gracilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 71. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : lfi8. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 663. Chap. Fl. 566. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 545. SfTibner, Grass. Tenu. 2 : 101, t. 35, f. 13S.
Caroliniau and Louisianian areas. Southern New York, Pennsylvania, and New
Jersey, south and west to Florida, Texas, Arkansas, and Tennessee.
Alabama: Tenuessee Valley to the Coast plain. Sandy shaded swamps; common
all over the Central and Coast Pine belts. July to September.
Type locality : " Hah. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
Uniola longifolia Scribner, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 229. 1894.
LoNG-LEAi" Spike-grass.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 617.
Louisianian area. IMississippi.
Alabama : Mountain region an<l Coast plain. Low shady places. Lee County,
Auburn {Baker 4- Earle, 653). Mobile County (T. H. Kearney), July, 1895. Not
rare.
Type locality : ''Little Stone Mountain, Dekalb County, Georgia, July (John K.
Small)," and other localitie.s in Florida, Mississippi, and Tennessee.
Herb Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Uuiola nitida Baldwin ; Ell. Sk. 1 : 167. 1817. Smooth Spike-gras.s.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower Pine region and Coast plain. Sandy "wet borders of brooks.
Mobile County, West Fowl River; Bayou Sara, shaded swampy banks of creek.
Not fre(iuent.
Type locality: "Grows at Crooked River bridge, Camden County, Ga.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DISTICHLIS Raf. Journ. Phys. 89 : 104. 1819.
Two or 3 species, perennials. North America. Saline swamps of the seacoast and
alkaline plains in the interior.
Distichlis spicata ( L.) Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 2 : 415. 1887.
Marsh Spike (Jrass.
Uniola spicata L. Sp. PI. 1 : 71. 17.53,
Distichlis maritima Raf. Journ. Phys. 89 : 104. 1819.
Brizopyruiib spicatum Hook. &. Arn. Bot, Beech. 403. 1840.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 166. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 663. Chap. Fl. 562. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:546. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:306.
Australia.
Caroliniau and Louisianian areas. Coast of New York to Florida, west to Texas.
On the Pacific slope, Vancouver Island to California,
Alabama: Littoral belt. Salt mar.shes of the seashore; abundant.
Tyi)e locality : " Hab. in Americae boreali^ maritimis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BRIZA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 70. 1753.
Twelve species, of temperate regions of Europe and Asia.
Briza media L. Sp. PI. 1 : 70. 1753. Quaking Grass.
Introduced and escaped from cultivation in the Atlantic States from Ontario
southward.
Alabama : In several localities in northern and southern ])art8. Cullman and
Mobile counties. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab, in Eurojiae jjratis siccioribus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
384 PLANT I. IKK OK ALABAMA.
Biiza minor L. Sjt. ]'l. 1:70. 1753. Smai,i.ki: QtAKiNC, Ouass.
Krimi'K, TKOPK AI, Amkkica.
Carolinian and Lonisiani.m areas. Kroni Now Jersey .sontlnvanl. A<lv( iiti\ «■ and
more lri'<jnt'ntly nalnralizcd tlian tlic! abovn.
Alabama: Cuast ]ilain. Dry gransy placew, rDadaides, pastures. Mobile County.
May. .Fune. Not ran-. Annual.
Typo locality : "'Ilab. in Helvetia, Italia."
Herb. Geol. t^urv. Herb. Mobr.
DACTYLIS T>. Sp. PI. 1:71. 1753.
One species, Europe, temperate Asia. Nortb Africa. Naturalized in North America.
Dactylis glomerata L. Sp. PI. 1 : 71. 1753. Ouciiakd Grass.
i:il. Sk. 1:155. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 663. Chap. Fl. 5tU. Scribner, Grass. Tenn.
2:104, /../.T./.iW.
Allegheuian to Lonisianian area. From Canada to the Gulf.
Alabama: Over the State. Cultivated and rarely escaped. Perennial.
Type locality : " ilab. in Kuro])ae cultis ruderatis.
Economic uses: Vulual)le hay crop.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PO A L. Sp. PI. 1 : 67. 1753.
About 100 species, cooler and temperate regions of both hemispheres. United
States, 35 to 40.
Poa annua L. Sp. PL 1 : 68. 1753. Speak Grass. Six-wkkks (iUASS.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 158. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 664. Chap. Fl. 562. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 311.
Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 106, t. 36, f. 141.
Mexico, Brazil.
Naturalized throughout the continent from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico,
and from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast.
Alabama : All over the State. A winter annual, common in waste places and door-
yards. Flowers at Mobile in February; disappears with the advent of summer.
Type locality : '"'Hab. in Europa ad Aias."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Poa chapnianiana Scribner, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 38. 1894.
Chapman's Spear Grass.
I'oa cristata Chap. Fl. 562. 1860. Not Walt.
Chap. Fl. 1. c. Scri ))ner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 107, t. 36, f. 142.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Central Tennessee to middle Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region. Central Prairie belt. Dry sandy places, borders
of fields, roadsides. Cullman County, 800 feet. Montgomery County. April ; not
infre(£uent. Annu.al.
In small tufts, stems erect.
Type locality of I'oa cristata Chap. : "Dry soil around Quincy, middle Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Poa compressa L. Sp. PL 1 : 69. 1753. English Blue Grass.
Gray, Man. cd. 6, 664. Chap. Fl. 563. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 107, t. 36, f. 143.
Allegheuian to Lonisianian area. Considered indigenous in the mountain region
of Pennsylvania, northwi-stcrn Minnesota, and Nebraska. Naturalized throughout
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, and Atlantic States to the Mississippi.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region to Central Prairie belt, in dry
sandy and loamy soil. Cullman, Tuscaloosa, Hale, and Montgomery counties. May,
June; frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae et Americae septeutrioualis siccis."
Economic uses: Valuable pasture grass.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Poa pratensis L. Sp. PL 1 : 67. 1753. June Grass. Kentucky Blue Grass.
Poa viridis Muhl. Gram. 138. 1817.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 159. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 665. Chaj). Fl. 562. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 108,
t.36,f.l44.
Europe.
Boreal zone to Lonisianian area. Indigenous in the mountains of Pennsylvania
and northward. Naturalized in the Eastern United States.
GRASSES. 385
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Cultivated and rarely escai)ed
to border of fields and meadows. Cullman County. June. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hub. in Enropae pratis fertilissimis."
Economic uses: Important pasture and meadow grass.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Poa trivialis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 67. 1753. Rough-stalked Meadow Grass.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 665. Scribner, Grass. Teun. 2 : 108, t. 37, f. 145.
Europe, Caucasus, Siberia.
Alleghenian to Lonisianiau area. Canada, tbroughotit tho Eastern States, and
along the mountains southward to Georgia. Most probably introduced.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Madison County, Huntsville.
Cullman County. June; rare. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae, pascuis."
Economic uses : Meadow and pasture grass.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Poa sylvestris Gray, Man. 596. 1848. Woodland Blue Grass.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 665. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 663; ed. 3, 615. Scribner, Grass. Tenn.
2:109, t. 37, f. 147.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Western New York, western Illinois, Missouri,
Wisconsin, Kansas, Arkansas, and Tennessee.
Alabama: Mountain region. Coosa hills. Calhoun County, mountainous woods
near Anniston, 900 feet. Madison County, Montesano, 1,000 feet. Infrequent.
Perennial.
Type locality: "Rocky banks and meadows, Ohio (and Kentucky), Short! SiiUi-
vant! Michigan, and southwestward,"
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Poa autumnalis Muhl. ; Ell. Sk. 1:159. 1817. Bending Speak Grass.
Poa /exMOsa Mubl. Gram. 148. 1817. Not J. E. Smith. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:159. Gray, Man. ed. 6,666. Chap. Fl. 562. Scribner, Grass. Tenn.
2 : 109, t. 37, f. 146.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Southern New York, Pennsylvania, West Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, Tennessee; hill country of North Carolina to middle Florida, west
to Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Central Prairie belt. In rich shady woods, hill-
sides. Morgan County. Winston County, Collins Creek, 1,200 feet. Cullman County.
Lee Couuty, Auburn (Z?«Aer cj- Earle). Montgomery County, Pentulala Creek, 350
feet. April, May. Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "From specimens sent by Mr. Herbemont, from Columbia. Found
in Georgia by Dr. Baldwin."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Poa flava L. Sp. PI. 1 : 68. 1753. False Redtop. Fowl Meadow Grass.
Poa serotina Ehrh. Beitr. 6:83. 1791.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 665.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Indigenous in British North America from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. Northern New England west to Minnesota, Nebraska, the
Rocky Mountains, and Washiugton, south to New Jersey. Adventive and escaped
from cultivation in the South Atlantic and Gulf States.
Alabama: Cultivated in the mountain region and Tennessee Valley and escaped.
Swampy meadows. Cullman County. June; rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb, Geol, Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SCLEROPOA Griseb. Spicil Fl. Rumel. 2 : 431. 1844,
Two species, perennials, of the Mediterranean region.
Scleropoa rigida (L. ) Griseb. Spicil. Fl. Rumel. 2 : 431 . 1844.
Poa rigida L. Amoen. Acad. 4 : 265. 1759.
Fesluca rif/ida Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1 : 129. 1835,
Adventive from southern Europe.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile.
Type locality : "Hab. in Gallia, Anglia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
15894—25
38(1 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
PANICULARIA lnl>r. I'.iiimi. I'l. llort. Heltnst. 373. 1763.
((Ji.v.KiiiA K. Kr. I'nxlr. FL Nov. Holl. 1:179. 1810.)
Sixtt>en species of Eur<)i»o aixl .Vsia, iiioatly i)erennialB; in temperate North
Amoric'ii. 12.
Pauicularia nervata (Willd.) Kiintzo, Rov. Geu. I'l. 2 : 783. 1891.
Fowl Meadow CJkass.
Poa nervaia Willd. Sp. PL 1 : 389. 1798.
P. striata Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 183. 1791.
(ih/ceria nervata Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Peterslt. 6, pt. 1 : 'M\'>. 1831.
Poa parvillora Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. 1 : 80. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 1:157. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 667. Chap. Fl. 561. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 547. Scribner, (Jrasa. Tenn. 2 : 112, t. 39, f. U>.i.
Canadian zone, Allegheuian to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia and Quebec and
west to Vancouver Island; Now England to Minnesota and Nebraska, and south to
western Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region to Central Prairie belt. In swales
and wet woods. Cullman County. lUount County, Blount Springs. Lee County,
Anhwxn {Baker iS' liarle,oQ2). Montgomery County. Hale County, Gallion. May;
not infrequent.
Type locality: "Hab. in America boreali."
Herb. Geol, Surv. Herb. Mohr.
FESTUCA L. Sp. PL 1 : 73. 1753.
About 80 species, mostly of temperate regions. North America, 18 species.
Festuca nutans Willd. Enum. 1 : 116. 1809. Nodding Fescuk Grass.
Ell. Sk. 1:172. Gray, Man. ed. 6,669. Chap. FL 565. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 54S. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 117, t. 42, f. 166.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New Brunswick, Ontario, and Pennsylvania
to Nebraska; south from Missouri to Arkansas and Texas, and from Kentucky to
South Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Woods and shady copses. Winston County, Collins
Creek, 1,300 feet. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain, 2,000 feet. Lee County,
Auburn ( Baker <>• Earle), 860 Icet. Cullman County. Flowers May, June ; not infre-
quent. Perennial.
Type locality: '"Hab. in America boreali.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Festuca shortii Kunth; Wood, Classbook, 794. 1861.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 669. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:548. Britt. & Brown. III. FL
1:218.
Carolinian area. Pennsylvania to Kansas; from Kentucky to Tennessee and Mis-
sissippi.
Alabama: Mountain region. Metamorpbic hills. Lee County, Auliuru (i>«ler c^-
EarUjQVd). Only locality known in the State. July. Perennial.
Type locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Festuca octoflora Walt. Fl. Car. 81. 1788. Slendkk Fkscue Grass.
Fesfura hromoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:66. 1803.
F. tenella Willd. Sp. PI. 1 :419. 1797.
Ell. Sk. 1:168. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 669. Chap. Fl. 565. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:317.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : .547.
Mexico, Montevideo, South Africa.
Alleghenian (?) to Louisianian area. Ontario to Vancouver Island; California;
throughout the Eastern United States to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Dry sandy soil. Flowers March and April; common.
Annual.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Festuca octoflora aristulata (Torr.) L. H. Dewey in Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 547. 1894.
Festuca tenella aristulata Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 4 : 156. 1857.
Taller and more slender; spikelets narrower, 1 to 6 flowered; awns fully jik long
as "r longer than the flowers.
Carolinian area. Texas and California.
GRASSES. 387
Alabama: Mountain region. Lee County, Auburn (J5aA:er .J .BarZe). Annual.
Type locality : "Hillsides, Napa Valley [California]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Festuca sciurea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 5 : 147. 1837.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : .547.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Western Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain to Central Prairie region. Dry sandy exposed ground. Lee
County, Auburn (Z>aAer<i- Earle). Montgomery County, Chestnut Hill. April ; infre-
quent and local. Perennial.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BROMUS L. Sp. PI. 1 : 76. 1753.
About 150 sptcies. North temperate zone. North America, 45 indigenous species
and varieties."
Bromus ciliatus L. Sp. PI. 1:76. 1753. Wood Chess.
Bromus canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 219. 1803.
£. imhescens Muhl. Gram. 169. 1817.
Ell. Sk. 1:173. Grav, Man.ed.6, 670. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 610. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2:548. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2:118, t. 42, f. 16S. Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl.
1 : 219.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Newfoundland, Manitol)a, and
British Columbia, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower hills. Shady banks along streams and damp
borders of woods. Cullman, Madison, St. Clair, and Bibb counties. June; frequent.
Annual.
The hairy form known as xixv.imrgans alone observed.
Type locality : "Hab. in Canada; ex semine. D.Kalm.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Bromus racemosus L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 114. 1762. Erect Chess.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 670. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 610. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 120, t. 43, f. 173.
Europe, Asia.
Throughout temperate eastern North America and on the Pacific coast. Natu-
ralized.
Alabama : Over the State. Fields and waste places, more or less frequent. May,
June. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Anglia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Bromus secalinus L. 8p. PI. 1 : 76. 1753. Cheat or Chess.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 172. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 670. Chap. Fl. 566. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 548. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 119, 1. 143, f. 170.
Europe.
Naturalized all over temperate North America, wherever grain is cultivated.
Alabama : Over the State. A common weed ; annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae agris secalinis arenosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Bromus unioloides ( Willd. ) H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 151. 1815.
Rescue Grass. Australian Oats.
Festuca unioloides Willd. Hort. Berol. 1 : 3. 1806.
Bromvs schraderi Kuuth, Enum. 1 : 416. 1833.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 171. Chap. Fl. 565. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 548.
Warmer parts of America to Chile.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie belt to Coast plain. In rich soil. Montgomery,
Dallas, and Mobile counties. May, June; not rare. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina.''
Economic uses: Important for hay and for pasture; not r;irfly fultivated.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
'According to C. L. Shear, Revision of the North American Species of Bromus
occurring north of Mexico, Bull. 23, U. S. Dept, Agr, Div, Agrost. 1900.
388 V\ A NT ]AFK OK ALA15AMA.
LOlilUM 1.. >p. I'l. Ki. 1753.
Six H]irci(>8 ti'inperatc I'.iuoin", NN'ontcni Asia, Nortli Afrii-Ji.
Loliuni pereniie I.. Sj>. I'l. 1 : 8:{. 1753. I'KitKNMAi, lUv (inAHs.
IJrav, Maii.oil.G. t!71. Chap. I'l. cd. 3, HIH. Coulter, (Joiitr. Nat. lirrl.. 2 : .".lit. Scrili
nor, (;Vas8. Tenii. 2 : 121, /. //, /. /?■/.
Sj>aringly I'scaiicd in Canada and tlio fastein Uiiitod States.
Ai.AKAMA : Mobile and Cullman conntii's. ]May, .Inne; ]Mi'ennial.
Tyi)o locality: " Hal), in I'.nropa ad aj^rornni versnias hoIo fcrtili."
Kroiioniii- iiHi's: Naliiablc for jiaHturc ami lawn.
Herb. (ieol. Snrv. Herb. Molir.
Lolinm temulentum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 83. 1753. 1'<.im>\ Daknki..
Gray, Man. ed. (3, ti71. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, (US. Wal8. Rot. ( 'alii'. 2 : :vj:',.
EiROPE, Wkstkrx A.siA, NoKTU Africa.
Introduced with yrain and sparingly naturaIi/.<Ml in Canad.i. Kritisli Coliimliia,
Oregon, California, and EaMterii I'uited States.
Ai,aii.\ma: Collected ou<e in an oat litdd, Mobile County. I lie iniawmd foini.
July ; annual.
Tyjie locality: '•llab. in Ikiropae agris inter Hordeum, LiuMni.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HORDEUM ].. Sp. PI. 1:84. 1753. Barlky.
Twelve species of < ook^r temperate regions, mostly of the Old World.
Hordeum piisillum Nutt. Gen. 1: 87. 1818. Dwark Hari.ky.
Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 5.50. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : lL'5, 1. -//;, /. ISl.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Tennessee and North ("arolina to Florida, west
to Mississippi, Texas, an<l Arkansas. Kei)orted from X'ancouver Island.
Ar.AHAMA: Coast iilaiu. Waste places, roadsides. May; not frequent.
Type locality : "()n the arid and saline plains of the Missouri."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hordeum murinuni L. Sp. PI. 1 : 85. 1753.
.\[.AiiAMA: A fugitive from Europe on ballast heaps. Mobile, observed only once.
Annual.
Ty])e locality: "Hab. in Europae locis ruderatis.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ELYMUS L. S].. PI. 1:83. 1753. T.V..K Gka.ss.
About 30 species, widely distributed over the temperate regions. Nortliern Hemi-
sphere. North America, 10 species.
Elymus virginicus L. Sp. PI. 1 :84. 1<53. Tkrrki.i. Grass.
/•;/(/Hi//.s carolbiianus Walt. Fl. Car. 82. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 1: 180. (iray, Man. ed. t>, 673. Chap. Fl. .567. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 :5.50. Scribner, (Jrass. Tenn. 2 : lL'6, f. 4'!,/. ISL
Canailian zone to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Englaml, west to
Minnesota, Nebraska, and south to Texas and Florida.
.\i.abama: All over the State. Banks of streams. Most frecjueut north of the Cen-
tral Pine belt. Cullman County. Blount County, Blouut Springs. Lee and Mobile
counties. .June; rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "ilab. in \ irginia.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Elymus striatus Willd.Sp. PI. 1:470. 1797. Wild Rye. Slender Lyme Grass.
Ell. Sk. 1 : ISO. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 673. Chap. Fl. .567. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 550. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 127, t. P!./. 184.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario and New England, west to Nebraska,
and south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Open copses, borders of woods. Lee County, Auburn
(7>V(AYT<f- Aar/e, 594). Montgomery and Mobile counties. May to June; not common.
Perennial.
Type locality: "Ilab. in America boreali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Elymus striatus villosus (Muhl.) Gray, Man. tin . 1848.
SoFi-iiAiKY Wild Rye.
Ehimns rillonus Muhl. (iram. 175. 1817.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 673.
GRASSES. 389
Alleghenian to I.ouisianian area. New England. Range of tlie type. Reported
from Nebriiska.
Alabama : Coast ]dain. Rocky and dry shaded Uauks. Mobile County, Imiud only
on borders of lianmiock lauds, western bay sbore. June. Perennial.
Type locality: " llab. ad ripas et in siccis Penusylvaniae, floret Julio."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr,
Elymus canadensis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 83. 1753.
Canadian Wild Rye or Lyme Gra.ss.
Gray, Man. ed. G, 673. Coulter, Coutr. Kat. Herb, 2 : 5'>0.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Canada to Georgia, west to Texas au<l Arkansas.
Alabam.\: Central prairie. Montgomery, Pentulalla Creek. Dry banks. July.
Perennial.
Type locality : " Ilab. in Canada. KaluL ''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HYSTRIX Moench, Meth. 294. 1794.
(ASPRELLA Willd. Enum. 132. 1M09.)
(Gymnostichum Schreb. Beschr. Graes. 2 : 127. 1810.)
Four species, temperate zones. Siberia, New Zealand. North America, 2 species.
Hystrix hystrix (L.) Millspaugh, Fl. W. Va. 474. 1892. Bottle Brush Gra.ss.
Elymus Jnjstri.r L. S}). PI. ed. 2, 1 : 124. 1762.
Giimiiosticlnim hystrix Schreb. Beschr. Graes. 2 : 127, t. 47. 1810.
Ell. Sk. 1:181. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 674. Chap. Fl. 567. Coulter, Con tr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 551. Scribner, Grass Teun. 2 : 127, t. 47, f. 18S.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New Brunswick, Ontario; New England to
Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Cullman County. Blouut County, Warnock Moun-
tain. .June; not frequent. Pereuuial.
Tyi>e locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ARUNDINARIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 73. 1803.
About 24 species, jierenuials. Temperate America, Asia.
Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Chap. Fl. 561. 1860. Cane.
Arinido yigantea AValt. Fl. Car. 81. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 1:96, in part. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 674. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:551.
Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 129, t. 47, f. 1S7.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. From southern Tennessee and lower North
Carolina to Florida, central Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Alluvial banks of all the larger streams. Fruit received from Lander-
dale County in 1893, and from Russell County in 1895. April, May. Seed crop in
Russell County produced for the first time within the memory of the present gener-
ation, and in greatest abundance.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl. Gram. 191. 1817. Switch Cane Rked.
Aruiulo tecta Walt. Fl. Car. 81. 1788.
Arundinaria macrosperma var. sufruticona Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. 26:15. 1868.
Ell. Sk. 1:97, in ])art. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 674. Chap. Fl. 561. Coulter, Coutr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 551. Scribner, Grass. Tenn. 2 : 129, t. 47, f. 1S7.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Mi<ldle and lower country of the South Atlan-
tic States from southern A'irginia to Florida; Kentucky, Ohio, southern Illinois,
southwestern Missouri, and Arkansas to the Gnlf States west to Texas.
This is the cane of the canebrakes in the alluvial forests subject t)nly to occa-
sional overflow, and of the damp black lauds of tlus Prairie region.
Alabama: Over the State outside of the monntainsand table-lands; most frequent
from the Central Pine region to the coast, along the water courses and in low, damp
woods. Flowers April and May; flowering stalks mostly from naked radical
shoots, scarcely over 12 or 18 inches high.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
390 PLANT LIFE OF ALAI5AMA.
CYPERACEAE. Sedge Family.
CYPERUS I,. Sp. ri. 1 : II. IT.'.a.'
Over 500 sppoies, mostly in tlie IropifMl anil warnmr tcniperat*^ zonos. North
AnHTJca, iiuhMnic", alioiit •>(); Atlantit', i\; Western Continental, II; I'aeirM-, ti.
Largely Southern.
Cypei-iis flavesceus li. Sj). I'l. 1 : 46. 1753. Ykli.ow isit Cypkims.
(iray, Man. ed. tl, 56!t. Chap. Fl. 505. Conltor, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : lt!0.
.ScH'Tii EuRori:. West Asia, North Akkua, Mkxko, J{ka/.ii,.
Alleji^heniau to Loiiisiauiau aiea. From New Knyland west to Mi<hlfian, sonth
to Florida aud Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee A'alley and Central Prairie region. Danij) banks of water
courses. Lauderdale County. Clay County, banks Talladega Creek. Montgomery
County. Autauga County, Prattville. Tuscaloosa County, Vances Station (E. .1.
Smith). July to August: not rare.
Tyi)e locality : " llab. in (iernumiae, Helvetiae, Galliae paludosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus diandrus Torr. Cat. PI. N. Y. 90. 1819. Low Cyperi's.
tiray, Man. ed. G, .509. Cha]!. Fl. .lOfl. Coulter, Contr. Nat. TTerb. 2 : 4t;0.
Alleghenian to Louisianiau area. New IJrunswiik, Ontario; New Fngland west
to Michigan. Missouri, and Nebraska: south from southern New York to Florida and
Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to coast. MobileCouuty. Low grassy banks. August;
infrequent.
Typo locality : "Growing in salt marshes. - • <• j^ot uncommon in Hoboken
meadows, generally in overtlowed situations.'
llerl). Geol. 8urv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus nuttallii Fddy in Spreng. Neue Entdeck. 1 : 240. 1820.
NUTTALL'S CY'PERI'S.
Cyperus caespitonus Torr. Cat. PI. N. Y. 89. 1819. Not Poir.
C. torreijanuH Hchult. Mant. 2 : 101. 1824.
Ell.Sk. 1:67. under Cthircscenn. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 569. Chap. Fl. 506.
('arolinian and Jjouisiauian areas. Southeasttirn New P^ngland along the coast to
Florida and Avest to Mississippi and Arizona.
Alabama: Coast plain and Littoral belt. Low sandy fields and brackish or
saline marshes. Mobile County, Dauphin Island. Baldwin County, eastern shore
IMobile Bay, August to October ; freiinent.
Typo locality not ascertained; Torrey's locality: ''Grows on the borders of salt
marshes, and is particularly plentiful on tin- banks of ditches in Hoboken meadows."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus microdontus Torr. Ann. Lye, N. Y. 3 : 2.55. 1836. Coa.st Cypekus.
Cypcrim tej-cimix Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 0. 1854,
Gray, Man. ed, 6. .569. Chap. Fl. tOG. Coulter, (;ontr. Nat, Herb, 2 : 461,
Mexico,
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Southern \'irginia, through the low country
to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Springy places, wet sandy soil. Mobile County. Bald-
win County, Point Clear. .July to Si'pteuiber; frei^uent. Annual.
Tyi)e locality: •'Salem, N.C. Scliwc'uiil::."
Cyperus compressus L, Sp, IT. 1 : 46. 1753. Flat Cyperus.
Ell, Sk. 1:65. Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 570. Chap, Fl, 510, Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 461. Griseb. Fl. Brit. \V. Ind. 562.
We.st Indies, Mexico to Brazil. Tropical Africa, Asia.
Louisianiau area. Southern Maryland along the coast to Florida, west to Texas.
Alaba:ma: Lower Pine region. Coast ])lain. miry places, ditches, low cultivated
ground. Escambia County, Flomaton. Mobile and Baldwin counties. July to
August; commou. Annual.
Type locality : '• Hab. in Americac septentrionalis pratis arenosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
'N. L. Britton, Preliminary List of North American Species of Cyperus, Bull. Torr.
Club, vol. 13, pp. 205 to 216.
SEDGES. 891
Cyperus vegettis Willd. Sp. I'l. 1 : 283. 1797. Thrifty Cypekus.
H. C. Watsou, Hook. Lend. Journ. Bot. 3 : 610. 1844.
Mexico, Chile, South Europe.
Lower Sonorau aud Louisianian areas. California.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low damp to wet places. Mobile County, banks of
Mobile River; marshy ground near Mobile and Oliio Railroad depot, copiously, 1896.
July to August. Probably adventive from the tropics. Perennial.
Type locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Syn. PL Cyp. 24. 1855. False Thrifty Cyperus.
Cifperus reqetus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1:51. 1814. (Also of Muhl. Ell. Chapman, ">
Not of AVilld.
Cyperus virens Gray, Man. ed. 2 : 493. 1856. Not of Michx.
C. luzulae var. umbellulatiis Brittou, Bull. Torr. Club, 13 : 208. 1886.
C. calcaraiits Nees; Wats, iu Gray, Man. ed. 6, 570. 1890.
Ell. Sk. 1:65. Gray, Man. ed, 6, 570. Chap. Fl. 509; ed. 3, 537. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2: 462.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Delaware to Florida, west to Tennessee, Texas,
Arkansas, and Indian Territory.
Alabama : Mountain region to Central Prairie belt, damp close soil, exsiccated
places. Cullman County, 800 feet. Madison County, Huntsville. Autauga County,
Prattville. .July to August; frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "M. Curtis legit in Carolina australi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus virens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 28. 1803. . Green Cyperus.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 66. Chap. Fl. 609. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 462.
Mexico, Guatemala.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Kentucky (Mohr), Tennessee, from North
Carolina south to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Open marshes, ditches. Mobile County. June; 2 or 3
feet high; not rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus ochraceus Vahl, Enum. 2 : 325. 1806.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 563.
West Indies, Mexico, Galapagos.
Louisianian area. Texas and Louisiana.
Alabama: Adveutive. Mobile County, swamps bordering Mobile River with
C )'e(/e<Ms Willd. July, 1893; rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in insula St. Crucis. West."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus haspan L. Sp. PI. 1 : 45. 1753. Sheathed Cyperus.
Cyperus gracilis Muhl. Gram. 18. 1817.
C. leptos Schult. Mant. 2 : 105. 1825.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 66. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 571. Chap. Fl. 509. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 463. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 564.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil, Africa, Asia, Australia.
Louisianian area. Southern Virginia along the coast to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Metamorphic hills to Coast plain. Borders of ponds and ditches. Lee
County, Auburn (F. S. Earle). Mobile and Baldwin counties. August to October;
frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in India, Aethiopia."
Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus dentatus Torr. P"'l. N. & Mid. U. S. 1 : 61. 1824. Toothed Cyperus.
Cyperus parviiiorus ]\luhl. Gram. 19. 1817. Not Vahl.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 571. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, .536.
Appalachian to Louisianian area. Coast New England and New Jersey to W(>8t
Virginia and South Carolina.
Alabama: Adventive from Northern States. Mobile County, sandy shores Mobile
Bay. Perennial.
Type locality : "On the )>anks of rivers and in sandy swamps. In the jiine barrens
of New Jersey. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenbery."
Herb, Mohr.
802 PLANT LIKE (>K ALAHAMA.
Cyperiis multiradiatiis (Torr.l Mohr. I.K Contk's Cyperus.
('jipeniK (hiilaliix viiilliradi<iliin Torr. Aim. I,yi'. N. ^ . 3 : 272. 18H(i.
C. Iicoiilii Torr. 1. c. •_'7:{.
("liaj). l'l.r>(t!t.
I.onisiauian iirra. I'.asti-ni and wi-slmi I'lorida, ;m<I on the Heaslioro west to Mis-
sissijipi.
Al.vhama: Littoral rojjion. Dril'tinp; Hands on the soasliore. Danpbin Isl.ind.
Eastern shore Mol)ile l?a}', I'oiiit (Jlear, .lo.scphino. .luiic, .July: frequent. Tlie Ion;;
creciiin^' rhizomas deejdy buried in tiie sand. I'ereniiial.
'J'ypti h)eality: ''East ITorida, Le Conte.'; New Orleans. Dr. Ini/alln!"
Hcrh. Mohr."
Cyperus articulatus L. Sp. I'l. 1 : 11. 1753. Adrue. Guinea Kt'sii.
Ell. .Sk. 1:03. Chap. IT. r.08. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:463. (Jriseb. Fl. Brit.
W. Ind. 5(U.
All thopical couNTiaics. E(;ypt, Cape ok Good Hope.
Louisianian area. South Carolina, Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Coast i)laiu. Marj^iu of fresh and slij^htly brackish marshes. Mobile
County, river swani})s. Haldwin County, Fish River IJay. August, 4 to 5 feet high ;
fre(|ueiit. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Jamaicae rivulis."
Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus articulatus congloineratus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 13 : 210. 1886.
T^ouisianian area. Alabama to western Texas.
Alabama : Littoral belt, salt marshes. Baldwin County, Bon Secour. Ran;. Per-
ennial. Easily distinguished by the pah; spikelets in close capitate clusters.
Type loealitv : " Vallej" of the lower Rio Grande (Bu<;kley ),''
Herb, Mohr."^
Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb. Desc. Nov. PL 26; Prog. 21. 1773.
Vahl, Enum, 2 : 341. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 565.
West Indies, Bua/il.
Adventive on ballast in California.
Alabama: Ballast heaps. Mobile, September, 1891.
Type locality not ascertained; Vahl's locality: "Habitat in Surinamo, Cajenna,
Puertoiico; in Guinea, Thonnivg.''
Herb, Geol, Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus rotuudus L. Sp. PL 1 : 45. 1753. Nut Grass.
Cyperus hydra :Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 27. 1803.
Ell. Sk.l: 68. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 571. Chap. FL 506. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 463.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 463.
West Indies to Guiana; all tropical and subtropical countries of the
Old Woi'.ld; Australia.
Louisianian area. From tht; coast of southern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to the Coast plain. The most abundant and perni-
cious of weeds in the, cultivated lands of the low country. Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in India."
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus esculentus L. Sp. PL 1:45. 1753. Wild Chufa.
Cyperus phtpnatodcs Muhl. Gram. 23. 1817.
C. repens Ell. Sk. 1 : 69. 1817.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 571. Chap. Fl. 508. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 463. Griseb. FL
Brit. W. Ind. 565.
An almost cosmopolitan weed in temperate and w.armer regions.
South Europe to South Africa, Australia, We.st Indies, Atlantic South
America.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. From New Brunswick, Ontario, and New Eng-
land, west to Nebraska, and throughout Eastern North America to Florida and the
Gulf States; also in California.
Alabama: Over the State. In sandy soil. Most frequent from the Central Prairie
region to the coast. A somewhat troublesome weed of easy extermination. Mont-
gomery, Hale, Escambia, Mobile, and Baldwin co'inties. July, September; frequent.
Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. Monspelii. in(|ue Italia, (Jrieute."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SEDGES. 393
Cyperus strigosus L. Sp. PI. 1 : 47. 17.53. Strigose-spiked Cyperus.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 571. Chap. Fl. 507. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herli. 2 : l&l.
Japan.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario and Xew England, west to Nebraska.
South all over the Atlantic States to Florida and Texas; also in Caliiornia.
Alabama: Over the State. .July to September; frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in paludibus Jamaicae, ^'i^giniae."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus strigosus robustior Kunth, Enum. 2 : 88. 1837.
"Spikelets large, elongated, 20 to 30 flowered."
Louisianian area. Western Tennessee?, Florida, west to Louisiana and Texas.
Alabama: Open swamps. Mobile County, river marshes. August, September;
2 to 3 feet high ; frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "America borealis et ? merid. (Insulae Sandwiceuses, Beechey.)"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus stenolepis Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 263. 1836. Pale Marsh Cyperus.
Chap. Fl. 507. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 404.
Loniaianian area. North Carolina to Florida and west to Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Coast plain. In grassy swamps. Mobile County,
river marshes ; June, hee County {Baker ^- £arle). Perennial.
Type locality : " Wilmington, N. C., Mr. Curtis!"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus dissitiflorus Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 266. 1836
Spakskly-flowered Cyperus.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 659; ed. 3, 534. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 464.
Mexico, Brazil (fide Boeckeler).
Louisianian area. Florida to western Texas.
Alabama : Coast plain. Rich shaded woods and copses. Mobile County, Dau-
phin Island. Baldwin County, Blakely. August and September; infrequent.
Perennial.
Type locality: "Near New Orleans, Hooker!''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus erythrorhizos Mulil. Gram. 20. 1817. Red-rooted Cyperus.
Cyperus ieiiuifiorus Ell. Sk. 1 : 70. 1817. Not Rottboell.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 571. Chap. Fl. 512. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 465.
Ell. Sk. 1. c.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario and New England west to Minnesota,
south to the Ohio ^'alley, Mi.ssouri, Arkansas, Texas, and from New York to Florida.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Central Prairie region to the Coast plain. Borders
of swamps. Lauderdale, Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, Mobile, and Baldwin counties;
Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. ad rivos Pennsylvaniae, floret Aug. — Sept. etiam in Carolina
Septen. et Georgia.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus speciosus Vahl, Enum. 2 : 364. 1806. Michaux's Cyperus.
Cyperus mlchauxianus Schnlt. Mant. 2 : 123. 1824.
EIL Sk. 1:72. Gray, xMan. ed. 6, 572f Chap. Fl. 507. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 215.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 465.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Southern New England, New .Jersey west to
^Iichigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Tennessee, south to Florida and Texas, and
In California.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to the Coast plain. Border of marshes, alluvial
ewaiiips. Mobile County, river swamps. Frequent. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in V^irginia."
Herli. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus engelmanni Stend. Syn. PI. Cyp. 47. 1855. Engelmann's Cyperus.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, .572.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Massachusetts west to Wisconsin.
Alabama: Banks of Mobile River. Adventive from the Northern States; observed
only once. Perennial.
Tyi)e locality : " St. Louis, Mo."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
394 PLANT LIKK <>K ALAHAMA.
Cyperiis flavamariscus (irisi'li. 1"1. Mrit. W. Ind. 5t;7. IXCA.
Cyptriis tiarns Vahl. Kiiuni. 2 :'M'.'k ISdt!.
Coulter,' Contr. Nat. Ilirh. 2: ICti.
West In'dies, Mkxko to Hkazii,.
Alahama: a Juf^itivo from thu tn>j)ics. Mohili^ Connty, on Uallast fjntiind.
SeptemlMT, I8!t2-!I3. Annual.
Typo locality : '' Hab. Jamaica!, .//. ; Antifjjual, H'lillxch.; Triuiilad I ; (Cul»al anil
Mexico to Brazil !)."'
Herl). Molir.
Cyperus ligiilaris L. Sp. PI. cd. 2, 1 : 70. 1702.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 659; ed. 3, 534 Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Iiul. 566. Chap. 11. <d. 3, 534.
West Inmuks, Mexico to Brazil. Tuopical Aikk a to the Cai-e.
Loulsianian area. Soutlurn Florida.
Alabama: .\dvcntivp from the tropics. Mobile, l)alla8t grouud, colhscted first in
1891, and again in 1S95. Perennial.
Tyjie locality: "Hab. in .Jamaica."
Herl>. Mohr.
Cyperus ovularis (Michx.) Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3:278. 1836.
ROUND-riEAI>EO CVI'EKUS.
Ki/lUngia ovularis Michx. Fl. I5or. Am. 1 : 29. 1803.
Martscus orularix \'ahl, l>nuin. 2 : 375. 1806.
Gray, Man. ed. 6. 572. Chaj). Fl. 511. Coulter, Contr. Naf. Herb. 2 : 465.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New York to Illinois, Missouri, south
to Florida, and west to Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Damp grass plots, cultivated ground, most frecpieut
in the Coast i>lain and Central I'rairie region. Cullman, Tuscaloosa, Montgomery,
Escambia, Clarke, and Baldwin counties. .Inly, August. Common. J^erenuial.
Type locality : '• Hab. in Georgia et Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus cylindricus (Ell.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 6:339. 1879. Not Chap.
1887. PiNE-BAKREN CYPERUS.
Mariscus ci/lindricus KU. Sk. 1 : 74. 1817.
Cyperus orularis var. cylindricus Torr. Ann. I.,yc. \. Y. 3 : 279. 1836.
ElLSk. 1:74. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 572. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 466. Britton,
Bull. Torr. Club, 7 : 48, /. .'J, /. .?.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Long Island, New York, south to Florida, west
to southwestern Texas.
Alailvma : From the coast to the Central Pine belt, Tuscaloosa, Montgomery-,
Escambia, and Mobile counties. In sandy, dry, and dani]) soil. Cultivated grouncl
and Avoods. Most common in the Coast Pine belt. June to August. Perennial.
Type locality : -'(irows in cultivated laud of almost every description. [South
Carolina, (ieorgia.]"
Herb. Ueul. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus refractus Kngelm.; Boeckl. Linnaea, 36:3(59. 1869-70.
Keflexed Cyperus.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 572. Britt. and Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 244.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey, Missouri, and North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Coast plain. Rocky hillsides. Dekalb County,
Lookout Mouutaiu, Mentoue; frecjuent. Alpine Mountain near Ken froe, 1,500 feet.
October. Mobile County, border of river marshes along the L. & N. R. R. track.
September 18. Adveutive. Perennial.
Tyiie 1 oca 1 1 ty : " M isso u ri . '
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus retrofractus (L.) Torr. in Gray, Man. 519. 1848. Rough Cyperus.
Scirpus retrofractus L. Sp. PI. 1 : 50. 1753.
Mariscus retrofractus Vahl, Enuni. 2 : 375. 1806.
Ell. Sk. 1:74. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 572. Chap. Fl. 511. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 466.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas.
Alabama: Lower Pine b( It to Mountain region. Dry sterile openings, borders of
woods. Cullman County, 800 feet. Autauga County, Prattville. Mobile County,
Springhill. Baldwin County. Not infre(iueut. October, November. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in \ irginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SEDGES. 395
Cypeiuslancastriensis Porter; (Jray, Man. ed. 5, o'lS. 1S67. Lancaster Cyperus.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 572. Chap. Fl. Siippl. 659.
Carolinian and Lonisianiau areas. New Jersey and Peiinsylvauia.
Alabama : Central and Lower Pine region, open copses. Tuscaloosa County (Zi\ A.
Smith). Mobile County, Springhill. October; rare. Perenniiil.
Type locality : "Rich soil, banks of the Susquehanna near Lancaster, Peuu., Prof.
Porter."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus filiculmis Vahl, Enum. 2 : 328. 1816. Slender Cypehus.
Cyperus mariscoides Ell. Sk. 1 : 67. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 570. Chap. Fl. 511. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 466.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario and New England, west to Minnesota,
Nebraska, Illinois, and Tennessee; south to Florida, Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Alabama : Central Pine belt to Coast plain. In dry pine barrens. Bibb County.
Escambia County, Flomaton. Mobile and Baldwin counties. July to August; fre-
quent. Perennial.
Type locality : ''Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus martindalei Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15 : 98.
Martindale's CY'PKRITS.
Louisianian area. Western Florida.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain, arid sandy places. Mobile County,
Langdon's Station, Citrouelle, Chastangs Bhift". June, July; not infrecjuent.
Perennial.
Type locality : "Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cyperus echinatus (Ell.) Wood, Classbook, 734. 1863. Baldwin's Cyperits.
Mariseus echinatus Ell. Sk. 1 : 75, t. 3, f. 1. 1816.
Cyperus baldwinii Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 270. 1836.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 75. Chap. Fl. 511. 'Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 466.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas,
Arkansas, and southern Missouri.
Alabama: From the Coast Plain to Central Pine belt. Cultivated and waste
places. Mobile, Baldwin, and Montgomery counties. Autauga County, Prattville.
September to October; frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Grows in cultivated land. Very common. [South Carolina,
Georgia.]"
Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
KYLLING-A Rottb. Descr. et Icon. 12, t. 4, f. 3, 4. 1773.
About 30 to 40 species, of the warmer regions. Africa, North and South America,
Australia.
Kyllinga pumila Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 28. 1803. Low Kyllin<;a.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 55. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 573. Chap. Fl. 512. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 466.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Ohio Valley to Missouri, south to Florida,
Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Low wet banks. Talladega County, Renfroe. Tusca-
loosa and Mobile counties. August to September; not frequent. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in Shavauensium regione, ad amuem Scioto."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. Descr. &. Icon. 13,t.4,f. 3. 1773.
Short-leaved Kyllin(;a.
Eyilinga monocephaJa L. f. Supj)l. 104. 1781. In part.
Eil. Sk.l:51. Chap, ri.ed.3,540. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 568.
Rhizoma slender, creeping; culm erect, slender, 10 to 20 inches high; leaves linear,
flat, single, and much shorter than the stem; flowers in a single globose head; fertile
scale with a green serrulate keel conspicuously 7 to 9 nerved, oblong-lanceolatv,
recurved-mucronate; twice as long as the pale roundish achenium. Perennial.
We.st Indies, Mexico to Brazil.
Louisianian area. Coast of southern Georgia and Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Damp open places, border of ditches. Mobile County.
October and November; not rare.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
'M)(\ PLANT MKK <»K A I, A MAMA.
Kylliiiga odorata \ alil. I'.iniiii. 2 :382. 180(>. FuA<;KANr KYi.LiNr.A.
l<)llUn<ia ,s< s./"'"'"" '''">•>■• Ann. Lvc N. Y. 3 : '-'S7. IS.Sti.
( iia)).'!"!..-) L'.
Li>ui.si;mi:iii :iirji. Mi(Ull«i Floridii to Aljihaiiia, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
Ai.amama: Coast ])lain to Central Tine Ix'lt. Closo sandy soil, exposed banks,
pasturts. Most Ireiiiient in tlm low ]>in(( barrens oltlie Coast i>lain. Autauga County,
rruttvilki {E. A. Smith). Montgoiuery, Moldle, and Halilwiii counlie.s. .Inly to
August. I'lant fragrant. IVrennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in America nieridionali. v. IJobr. Ivichanl."'
Herb. (Jeol. Smv. Herb. Molir.
DUIilCHIUM I'.rs. rtyn.l:(ir). 180.-).
One species. l''.'istern North America.
Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Hritton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 2!t. 18!H.
Ci/perns a7-ii>idi7iac(us L. Sp. PI. 1 : 44. 1753.
C. sjxithaccii.s L. Syst. ed. 12, 2 : 735. 1767.
Scirpun spothaceiis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 32. 1803.
Dulichium spathaceitm Pers. -Syn. 1 : 05. 1805.
Ell. Sk. 1:84. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 573. Chap. Fl. 513. Coult.-r, Contr. .Nat. Herb.
2:467.
Canadian zone to Lonisianian area. Nova Scotia and Ontario to the Pacific ; V an-
couver Island ; New England west to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Texas, and
from the Ohio to Florida.
Alabama: Over the State. Marshy woods. Cullman, Montgomery, and Mobile
counties. .Inly to August; freciuent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia.''
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1 : 22L 1810,'
Over 80 species, mostly perennials of tropical and warmer zones, few bore.il. Noitli
America, 36. ICndemic, 22.
Eleocharis cellulosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 298. 1836. Cellulau Si-ikk-kush.
Scirpiis (Jictiiosperm)iH Wrisrht in Saiiv. Fl. Cub. 174. 1868.
Chap. Fl. 515. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 467.
Bahamas, Ciba, Mkxico.
Louisianian area. Florida to western Texas.
Alaba.ma: Shallow, miry ponds. Mobile County, Dog River. .July to Septemix-r ;
rare.
Type locality : "Wet, sandy marshes. Bay St. Louis [Miss. ], Dr. Jnf/alln."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis interstincta ( Vahl) Roem. Sl Schult. Syst. Veg. 2 : 148. 1817.
Knotted Spikk-hcsh.
Scirptia interstinetus Yahl, Enum. 2 : 251. 1806.
S. equiseioides Ell. Sk. 1 : 79. 1816.
Eleoiharis einii.ietoides Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 296. 1836.
Ell. Sk. I.e. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 574. Chap. Fl. 514. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 571.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 467.
Wr.sT In'die.s, Mexico.
Carolinian to Louisiani.in area. Southern New England, west to Michigan, south
to North Carolina ; Floi ida to western Texas.
Alaham.v: Coast ]ilaiu. Shallow ])onds. Mobile County, Kelly's pond. Su]>-
merged banks of Mobile River. Not infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Caribaeis. MartJ'elt."
Herb. GeoL Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis mutata (L. ) Roem. «& Schult. Syst. Veg. 2 : 155. 1817.
Quadrangulak Spike-kush.
Scirpus viuiatits Ij. Anioen. Acad. 5 : 391. 1760.
S. quadraniiiilains Michx. l-'l. Hor. Am. 1 : 30. 1803.
Ehovharis (/iiadranquhild Roem. A- Schult. Syst. Veg. 2 : 155. 1817.
Ell. Sk. 1:78. Gniy, Man. ed. 6, 574. Chap. Fl. 515. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 571.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 467.
' N. L. Britten, Genus Eleocharis in North America, Journ. N. Y. Micros. Soc, vol. 5,
pp. 95 to 111. 1889.
SEDGES. 397
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil, Argentina.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Central New York to Michigan; south from
New Jersey to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas.
Alabama : Coast plain. Central Prairie region. Shallow'ponds. Mobile County,
Choctaw Point. Wilcox. County (Buckley). June,,July; not rare. Perennial.
Type locality : Jamaica.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis ochreata (Nees) Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 79. 1855. Pale Spike-rush.
Eleogenns ochreatiis Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2, pt. 1 : 102. 1842.
Scirjnts ocreatus Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 570. 1864.
S. anisochaeius Sauv. Fl. Cub. 174. 1868.
Chap.Fl.ed.3,545.
"Rhizoma fibrous, stoloniferous; stems low, striate, knotless; sheaths loose, mem-
branaceous, pointless; spikelets ovate-oblong, 5 to 15 flowered; glumes few-ranked,
elliptical-oblong, bluntish; style bifid; aclienium shining brown, obovate, bicon-
vex, smooth, nearly as long as the bristles ; tubercle small, conical, pointed, about one-
third as broad as the achenium." Grisebach.
West Indies, Mexico, Central America, Brazil.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Southern Virginia, Florida, Alabama; Rocky
Mountains, in thermal springs. (Montana, Yellowstone Park.)
Alabama : Coast plain. Exposed muddy places, ditches, and in still flowing water.
Mobile County, Dauphin way, miry pools; West Fowl River, damp sands near the
shore. Baldwin County, Fly Creek. June to, July; not infrequent. Perennial.
Varies greatly in size and habit of growth, according to locality. In moist sand
the rhizome is fibrous, tardily stoloniferous; the stem more rigid, 4 to 6 inches high;
the spikelets half a line wide, ovate, 5 or 6 flowered. In wet places the rhizomes are
more or less stoloniferous, the stem weak, slender; the spikelets 1 to 2 lines long,
acute, 15 to 20 flowered. Immersed in still-flowing brooks, the stolons are highly
proliferous, the floating flaccid stems 2 to 3 ,feejb long, forming dense mats; the
achenes almost black, shining.
Type locality, Brazilian.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis olivacea Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 300. 1836.
Bright-green Spike-rush.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 575, /. ,?, f. 1-5. Chap. Fl. 518.
AUeghenian to Louisiauian area. New England (Mount Desert Island); western
New York and New Jersey to North Carolina and Florida, west to Mississippi and
Colorado.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Shaded margins of ponds, ditches.
Mobile County. Flowers June, July ; not rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "Pine barrens of New Jersey!; o^n Long Island near Babylon!;
Tewksbury pond, Mass., B. I). Greene, Esq. !
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis capitata (Willd.) R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 225. 1810.
Capitate Spike-rush.
Scirpus capitatus Willd. Sp. PI. 1 : 294. 1795.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 574. Chap. Fl. 518. Conker, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 467. ( Jriseb.
Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 570.
Tropical Asia, Africa, Australi.\, West Indies, Mexico to Brazil.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Maryland to Florida, west to Indiana, Texas,
New Mexico, and Oregon.
Alabama: Littoral region. Damp sand near salt water. Mobile County, West
Fowl River, western shore Mobile Bay. Flowers July ; rare. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginia inque insulis Caribaeis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2:152. 1817.
Ovoid Spike-rush.
Scirpus ovatxs Roth, Cat. 1 : 5. 1797.
S. capitatus Walt. Fl. Car. 70. 1788. Not Willd.
S. ohiusus Willd. Enum. 1 : 76. 1809.
Eleocharis obtusa Schult. Mant. 2 : 89. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 77. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 574. Chap. Fl. 518. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 468. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 222.
Central Europe, Asia, Siberia.
Canadian zone to Louisianiau area. Nova Scotia and Quebec to British Colum-
bia ; New England, west to Nebraska, south to the Gulf and from Florida to Texas
and Arkansas.
398 I'LANT LIKE OK ALABAMA.
Alahama : Tt'iinosHeo Viilloy to tb<i CoaHt i)l;iiii. S|iriii<iy and mii<l(ly places. Lee
County, Auburn (luiLir .y- Earle). Lawrenct^ County, Moultoii. Cullm.iu County,
WOfi'otaltituili'. luscalooRa, St. Clair, Washington, and Mobile counties. Klowors
.hiiie, .hily : coninion. Annual.
yjn'cinious IroMi Auburn ajiproai-h by the broad baso of tin- low tultercln E. engvl-
mauiii Stoud.
Type Ioi;ility not ascertained ; in Roourt vV Scbultcs: "In iialndosis limosiH bumi-
dis, u<|ui8 stajjuantibns, I'cnsylvaniat-.''
llorb. Gi'ol. Surv. liorb. Midir.
Eleocharis montana (H. H. K.) Koeni. &, Schult. Syst. A'ig. 2 : 153. 1817.
Glossy .Spikk-bush.
ScirpuK hioiitauiiH H. 15. K. Nov. (ion. ot Sp. 1 : 22(1. 1815.
Ehocliarix (louihii/aini Kunth, ihinui. 2 : 1 1'l. 1SH7.
T'. iirvnicoUi Torr. ; Knj^tdni. A:, (irav, I>ost. .lourn. Nat. Iliet. 5 :237. 1817.
Chap. Fl. 51(>. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 1(5'J. Wats. Hot. Calif. 2 : 222.
Mexico, Sol'th A.mkkica.
Louisiauian area. South Carolina to Morida, \v(38t to western Ttixas, ;ind southern
California.
.Vlabama: Coast plain. Miry borders of niarshe.s. M(diilo County, river 8\vaiui)s
lu'ar Three-mile Creek, h'hizonia dark brown, wiry, lon{;;-crc('pin<^. Flowers in
June. In the open forminj,^ larj^e ]>atches of bright glossy green. Perennial.
Type locality: "Crescit in nioute Quiudiu, alt. 1600 hex."
Herb. (Jeol. Siirv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis palustris (L.) Koem. &, Schult. Syst. Veg. 2 : 151. 1817.
Creeping Spike-rl'sm.
Scirpua palustris L. Sp. PI. 1 : 47. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 77. Gray, Man. ed. (i, .575. Chap. Fl. 518.
EuKOPK, Asia, Malay Auchipklago, Australasia.
Boreal region to Louisianiau area. Throughout North America from the Atlantic
to the Pacilic.
Form with slender, almost filiform, glaucescent culms.
Alauama: So far observed only in the marshes of the Mobile River, where it is
foiuul in abundance. May, .June. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae fossis et inundatis."
Herb. (4eol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis acicularis (L. ) Roeni. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2 : 154. 1817.
Nkkdle Spike-kush.
Scirpus acicularis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 48. 1753.
S. trichodes Muhl. Gram. 30. 1817.
Ell. Sk. 1:76. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 576. Chap. Fl. .518. W:its. Hot. Calif. 2 : 221. Coul-
ter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 468.
Europe, Asia, North Amkrica, Mexico.
Canadian to Louisianiau area. From Nova Scotia and Quebec to the (Julf, and
across the continent; from P.ritish Colnml)ia to southern California.
ALAHA^L\ : Throujjjhout the State, in swampy places; common. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europa sub aquis purioribus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis chaetaria Roem. «.t Schult. Syst. Veg. 2 : 154. 1817.
Fkw-flowered Spike-rush.
Scirpus rhactarius 8\)Teug. Piigill. 1:4. 1813.
Helcocharit trijiora Hoeckl. Flora, 63 : 137. 1880.
West Indies, Mexico, Guatemala, East Ixdies.
Louisianiau area.
Alabama: Coast j)lain. Springy places in sandy soil. Haldwin County, Dapliue,
Augu.st 16. Copiously about the spring. Only locality know n in the United States.
Perennial.
Type locality not ascertained; locality of Roemer & Schultes : "In graminosis
humidiusculis Calcutae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis tortilis (Link) Schult. Mant. 2:92. 1824. Twlsted Spike-rush.
Sciiyus tortilis I>ink, .Jahrb. 3 : 78. 1820.
S. simplex Ell. Sk. 1 : 76. 1816.
Eleocharis simplex Torr. Ann. Lye N. V. 3 : 306. 1836.
Ell. Sk. 1:76. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 574. Chap. Fl. 516. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:468.
SEDGES. 399
Caroliuian aucl Louislauian areas. Shores of Delaware, Maryland to Florida, west
to Texas.
Alabama : Coast Pine belt. Margiu of sjjriugs and brooks. Mobile Comity, Sprinpr-
liill. Juue to August; rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "Von Bosc- aus Nord- America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) Roem. & Scliult. Syst. Veg. 2 : 152. 1817.
Lahge-tubercled Spike-rush.
Scirpus tuberciilosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 30. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 78. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 571. Chap. Fl. 515. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 468.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. Southern Massachusetts to New .Jersey, along the
coast to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama : Central Pine belt to Littoral region, wet miry places. Autauga County,
Prattville. Washington County, Yellowpiue. Mobile and Baldwin counties; com-
mon. July to September. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina inferiore."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis vivipara Link, Hort. Berol. 1 : 283. 1827. Sprouting Spike-rush.
Eleocharis proUfera Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 442. 1836. Not Torr. 1. c. 316.
Kunth, Enum. 2 : 146, Chap. Fl. 516, in part.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Carolina and Florida.
Alabama: Metamorphic hills. Coast plain, miry margin of ditches and jjools. Lee
County, Auburn {Baker l^ Earle, ^Q^,) Mobile, Dauphinway, Juue, .Tuly ; frequent.
Perennial.
Easily confounded with E. campiotriclM,vf ith. which it is not rarely associated;
readilydistinguishedby themore oblong-obovate, pale, less strongly costate, smooth-
ish nut, and the short loose sheaths, lacerate at the top.
Type locality not ascertained; Kunth's locality : " Carolina ad margines j^aludum."
Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis camptotricha Sauv. Fl. Cub, 173. 1868. Hairlike Spike-rush.
Eleocharis prolif era Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 316. 1836. ( ?)
Rhizoma descendent, fibrous ; stems numerous, filiform, striate, subtriangular,
sulcate; sheaths hyaline with the opening oblique, the head compressed, few-
flowered; scales about triseriate, ovate, obtuse, brown-hyaline on the sides, with a
green keel; stamens 2or3; achenium milky-white, roundish-oblong, triangular, the
angles strongly pitted; tubercle short-conical; style trifid, long; bristles 5 or 6,
retrorsely scabrous, unequal, double the length of the achenium. Easily distin-
guished from its allies by the white pitted and striated achenium.
Cuba.
Louisianian area. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Jlorida, west to
Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain, boi-der ditches, ponds, exsiccated places. Mobile County.
June, July; not frequent. Perennial.
In dense tufts; spikes rarely proliferous.
Type locality : ''On the borders of lagoons. Piuar del Rio."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. Ann. Lye. N, Y. 3 : 312. 1836.
Small-fkuited Spike-rush.
Chap. Fl. 517. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 468.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Maryland, southern New Jersey to Florida,
west to Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain.
Shallow ponds and ditches. Montgomery County (Tr. ilfcC«rWt//). Wilcox County
(Buckley). Mobile and Baldwin counties. July ; not infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Wet places. New Orleans. Dr. Ingalls."
Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schult. Mant. 2 :89. 1824. Slender Spikp:-ru.sh.
Scirpus tenuis Willd. Enum. 1 : 76. 1809.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 575. Chap. Fl. 517. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 468.
Canadian zone to Caroliuian area. N'ova Scotia, Quebec, and Lake Sujjcrior to the
Rocky Mountains ; New England west to Michigan and Minnesota; throughout the
Middle States to Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas,
4()(^ PLANT LIFK OF ALABAMA.
Alabama: Tonn<>88oo Valley. Warrior talile-laml to Centnil Pino lult. Marshy
jilaces. LautU'rdalo Coiinty, in tho l)arr«!is. (iillinaii County. Tuscaloosa County
i l\. A. Sniilli). .Inly; not ran*. I'ori'iiiiial.
Tyjio locality : " ilal>. in Ain(>rica boreali."
Horli. (k'ol. Siir\ . Ih^rli. Molir.
DICHROMENA Mi.hx. Fl. 15or. Am. liiiT. 1803.
Over ii (lo/t'ii sni'cics. Trojiieal and subtropical America. Perennial.
Dicluomena coiorata (L.) A. S. Hitchcock, Kep. Mo. Rot. Ganl. 4 : 141. 18!»:?.
Narkow-i.kai' Dicukomkna.
Schocnns coloratiia L. Sp. PI. 1 : 43. 1753.
Scirpns crphalot(nWi\]t.V\A'a,r.ll. 178H.
Dkliromena leitcocephala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 37. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:89. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 577. Chap. Fl. .530. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 4611.
liKUML'DA, West Indies, Southern Mexico to IIka/ii..
Carolinian and I^ouisianian areas. Southern New Jersey to Florida, and west to
Texas.
Alahama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region to Coast i)lain. Damp o|)«n grassy
plaees. Jackson County, Scottsboro (A'. J. Smith). Cullman, Tuscaloosa, and Mobile
counties. .July, August; frequent.
Tyjie Lxality: "Hab. in Jamaica, Bahama."
Herl). ( ;eol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Dichromena latifolia BaUhv.; F^ll. Sk. 1:90. 1817. Broad-i.kaf Dichromena.
Gray. Man. ed. 0, 577. Chap. Fl. 530. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 469.
Louisianian area. Southirn Virginia, North Carolina to Florida, and west to
eastern Texas.
Ai.ai'.ama: Coasti)lain. Lower Pine region. ( >pen swamjis. Washington County,
Yellowpine. Mobile County. July to August ; common.
Type locality: "Mcintosh County, Ga., and in Florida.'
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
riMBRISTYLIS Vahl, Kuum. 2 : 285. 180tj.
Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl, Enura. 2 :294. 18W;. Brown Ci.l'h-ru.sh.
S(iri)iis spadiccits Tj. Sp. PI. 1 : 51. 1753.
Chap. Fl. 521, in part. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 372. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 470.
West Ini)1e.s, Mexico, South to Bkazii..
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Littoral belt, brackish and salt marshes. Mobile and Baldwin coun-
ties. July to September. I'erennial.
In some localities forming a large part of the glumaeeous vegetation of the brack-
ish and salt marshes.
Typo locality: "Hab. in ,Jamai<ae fluyiis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Fimbristylis puberula (Michx.) Vahl, Enum. 2 : 289. 180fi.
PUUKIMLKNT ClAin RUSH.
Scirpiisjniherulus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 31. 1803.
S. iWrufiineus Ell. Sk. 1 : 85. 181(5.
Fimhrhtylin spadicea Miv. pnhcriiln Cha]). Fl. 522.
Ell. 1. c. Chap. 1. c. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 572.
From Southeastern North America to Argentina.
Louisianian area. Carolin;i, Florida, and Mis8is8ii)pi.
Alabama: Coast ]dain and Littoral region. Low flat pine barrens and salt
marshes. Mobile County, Fowl River Station, flat pine woods in close damp soil.
Baldwin County, salt marshes overflowed by tbe tide. April to July; frequent.
Perennial.
Widely diftering in the habit of growth and distribution, this plant can not be
connected, with the last. Growing under the most varying conditions of soil, in
the salty marshes on the seashore as well as in the dry pine ))arreiis of the coast
region farther inland, it is found without the slightest deviation in its characters.
Type locality: " Hab. in Carolina et Georgia."
Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SEDGES. 401
Pimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roem. iV Schult. Syst. Veg. 2 :97. 1817.
Slender Fimbristylis.
Scityus autumnalis L. Maut. 2 : 280. 1771.
S. mucromdatusMich:K. P"l. Bor. Am. 1 : 31. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:82. Grav, Mau. ed. G, 578. Chap. Fl. 522. Coulter, Coiitr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 470.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Xevr Eugland to southern Michigan, south to
Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, and from New York to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Throughout the State, in low ground. August to October; abundant.
Annual,
Type locality not ascertained; Roemer tfe Schultes' locality : "In Pennsylvania,
Virginia, Jamaica."
Herb. Geo]. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Neogen.4. 1825.
Abont 20 species, in subtropical and tropical regions, North America, 5 mostly
Southern.
Stenophyllus stenophyllus (Ell.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 30. 1894.
Tufted Stenophyllus.
Schyiis stenophyllus Ell. Sk. 1 : 83. 1816.
Ste)W})hyU>is caespiiosus Raf. Neogen.4. 1825.
iKohpis'sienopInillHs Torr. Ann. Lye N. Yi 3 : 353. 183G.
Ell. Sk. 1:83. Chap. Fl. .523.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida and west to I^ouisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Damp alluvial banks. Mobile County, Choctaw Bluff.
September; rare. Annual.
Type locality: "Grows in dry sandy soils. Around Beaufort [S. C], common.
James Island."
Herb. Mohr.
Stenophyllus ciliatifolius (Ell.) Mohr, Bull Torr. Club, 24:22. 1897.
Fringed Stenophyllus.
Scirpus ciliatifolius Ell. Sk. 1 : 82. 1816.
Isolepis cilialifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 352. 183ii.
StenophiiUus capillaris (L.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 30. 1804. In part.
Ell. Sk.l:82. Chap. Fl. 523. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 572.
Tropical Africa, Asia, West Indies, Mexico to Brazil.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Dry sandy fields. Mobile County,
Springhill. Baldwin County, Daphne. September to October; frequent. Annual.
Stems setaceous, rigid, a foot and over in length; umbel, many-rayed; bracts
short, achene tiuelj' pitted in longitudinal rows.
Type locality: " Grows in damp soils. Two miles from Beaufort [S. C], near the
main road."
Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 30. 1894. In part.
Hairlike Stenophyllus.
Scirpus capillaris L. Sp. PI. 1 : 49. 1753. In part.
Isolepis capillaris Roem. & Scliult. Syst, 2 : 18. 1817.
Fimbristi/lis capillaris Gray, Mau. 530. 1848.
Gray, M'an.ed.6, 578. Chap. Fl. 522. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:236. Coulter. Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2:470.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New England to Michigan and Minnesota,
and south along the mountains to Tennessee and Florida (Chapman); west to
Arkansas, ^Missouri, Texas, and the Pacific.
Alabama: Mount.ain region, exposed rocky places. Clay County, Chewahaw
range, Baldrock, 2,200 feet, in crevices. July 30 {C. Mohr and E. A. Smith).
Grows in tufts, from 2 to 6 inches high; copious. Differs from the last, with
which it was united by Dr. Britton, by the low habit of its growth and decided
northern range of distribution. The characters are as follows:
Stem capillary, weak, 2 to 4, rarely G, inches long, as long as or scarcely double
the length of the leaves; umbel simple with 2 or rarely more sessile or short-stalked
spikclets, bracts capilhiry short or elongated, achene less tumid at the top; seen
under the lens, with sharp transverse wrinkles.
Type locality: " Hab. in \'irginia, Aethiopia, Zeyloua."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb, Mohr.
15894 2G
402 PLANT T-IKK (>F AI..\1!AMA.
StenophylluB capillaiis coarctatus (KU. ' r.ritton. I5iill. Torr. Cliil.. 21::t0. 1801.
Cl.OSK-l'I.OWKItKK SiKNOl'IIYI.lX'S.
Scirpus cocrrlalim KU. Sk. 1 : 8S. ISlC.
IsolcpiiiM coontahin 'I'orr. Ann. Lye. N. V. 3:3rt2. 1836.
Kil.sk. i:8:i. (iia]). n..".2:<. ' . .
Koiiisianian ana. C'oa.st of South Carolina to I'loriila, an<l west to Lonisiana.
Ai.aiiama: Lower I'inc rc;;ion. Dryiiinti ri(l;^i-H. sandy lieids. Mobile County.
Cotta<,'f Hill. Sf](tonil>er; infmiuont. Annual.
'l\\H' locality: "Grows in vi-ry iliy sandy soils. Around r.caufort, coiunion."
llVrli. eieol. Surv. lU-rl). M<dir.'
SCIRPUS L. Si>. I'l. 1: 17. ]7.">:5.'
About 250 siiecies; cosniopolitan from tbo subarctic to tropical zoims.
Scirpus nanus Sprcng. Pugill. 1: 4. 1815. Dwaim' SAi.T-WATi-.it lit sii.
Stirjiiix ]>((rniliiH Rocni. &, Schult. Syst. Ve;^. 2 : 124. 1S17.
a. capilhireusEU.Hk.l-.ir). 181(i.
Eh'ocliarix iiyqmacd 'I'orr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 313. 183ti.
Gray, Man. e'd. 0, .57(). Chap. Fl. 518. Coulter, Contr. \at. Herb. 2 :471.
SKACOASr OF KUKOPK. Soi'TII AlRKA.
Allefjheuian to Lonisianian area. New Hrunewick, f,>nel)(;c, \ancouvcr Island,
south to Florida, Texas, and Calilbruia?
ALAiiAMA: Littoral belt. Muddy bauk.s occasionally overflowe<l by salt water.
Dauphin Islan<l. Baldwin County, Perdido Bay. Perennial.
Ty]>e locality (Spreng. Wyst.): '"'Ad lacuni Koelnienscm (lor. halens."
Herl). (itol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Scirpus carinatus (Hook. A: Am.) (Jray. I'roc. Am. Acad. 7 : 392. 18G8. Not Smith,
Engl. FL 1:60. 1824. Kkei.kd CLun-Ki'.><u.
laolejns carinaia Hook. & Arn. ; Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 349. 183(5.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. t.60. ^Yats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 217. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 471.
Louisianian area. Mississippi to Texas and Arkansas.
Alahama : Credited to the State by Biitton. Coast jdain ?
Type locality : "Near New Orleans, T. Drumviond.'; on the Arkansas River, J\'M//aZZ.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. M<dir.
Scirpus cubensis Poepp. A Kunth in Kuuth, Euuni. 2 : 172. 1837.
CuiiAX Cluh-hu.sh.
Scirpus ahleplmrus Griseb. Cat. PI, Cub. 240. 1866.
Oxiican/um acliomburkianiim Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2, pt. 1:90. 1842.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. lidO; ed. 3, .548.
Ci'HA. South America, Africa.
Louisianian area. Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast region. Open swamps. Mobile County, estuary of Mobile River.
Three-mile Creek, on iloating rotting timber. August; rare. Perennial.
Type locality : " Cuba in paludibus. ( I'oeppig legit.)'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Scirpus debilis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1:55. 1814. ^VKAK Clch-kusu.
i:il. Sk. 1 : 79. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 580. Chap. Fl. 519.
AUegheuian and (Jaroliuian areas. New England, west to Michigan. Miniu^sota,
and Nebraska, south to South Carolina and Georgia.
Alabama : Without specific locality, Britt. &, Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 264. Annual.
Type locality : " In wet meadows: Pennsylvania,"
Scirpus americanus Pers. Syn. 1 : 68. 1805. Tiirik-edckd Ci.uis-Rrsii.
Scirpus Iriquetcr Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 30. 1803. Not L.
S. punqcns Vahl, Enum. 2 : 2."i5. 1806.
ElLSk. 1:80. (iray, Man, ed. 6, 579, Chap. Fl. 519. ^Vat8. Bot. Calif. 2 : 218, Coul-
ter, Contr. Nat. Herb.' 2 : 471.
Mexico, South America.
Throughout North America, on beaches, and borders fresh and saline swamps from
the Arctic regions to the Gulf.
'N. L. Britton, list of species of the geoera Scirpus and Ryncliospora occnirring
in North America, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 11, pj). 74 to 93. 1892.
SEDf4ES. 403
Alabama: Coast region. Brackish and salt marshes. Mohile and Baldwin coun-
ties. Jnly to .September; cominon. Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in Carolina inferiore."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Scirpus cylindricus (Torr.) Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. 8ci. 11 : 70. 1892.
Caxby's BiiLUUsir.
Scirpus maritimiis var. cylhtdricus Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 325. 183G.
S. lepioleiris Chap. IT. 520. 18G0.
S. canbt/i Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2, 38 : 289. 1864.
Gray, Man. ed. 6,580. Cbap. Fl. 20.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Coast of Maryland to Florida, and west to Mis-
sissippi and Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain and Lower Pine region. In still-flowing water. Pine-barren
streams. Mobile and Baldwin counties. May to July; frequent.
Rhizoma fibrous, with slender runners. Perennial.
Type locality : "Georgia, Di\ Baldwin!"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Scirpus olneyi Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 238. 1845. Olney's Bulrush.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 579. Chap. Fl. 519. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 471. AVats. Bot.
Calif. 2: 218.
Mexico.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. .Southern New England along the tide-water
region to Florida, west to Texas, New Mexico, and California.
Alabama: Coast plain and Littoral belt. In fresh, brackish, and salt marshes.
Mobile County, swamps in tlie delta of Mobile River. Baldwin County, Bou Secour,
salt marshes. July to October ; connnon. Perennial.
Stem 4 to 5 feet high, from a long creeping rhizoma.
Type locality: "In a salt marsh on the Seekonk River, Rhode Island, Mi: S. T.
Oliiey." Also "detected on the coast of New Jersey by * * * Dr. Knieskern."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Scirpus lacustris L. Sp. PI. 1 : 48. 1753. Large Bulru.su.
Scirpus validus Vahl, Enum. 2 : 268. 1806.
Ell. Sk. 1:81. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 580. Chap. Fl. 520. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 219. Coul-
ter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 471. (iriseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 571.
Under several forms, widely' distributed in temperate and warmer regions.
Europe, Asia, Oceania, North axd South America.
All over the North American continent from British America to the Gulf, west to
the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific coast.
Alabama: Over the State. In gently-flowing waters, lakes, and deep ponds, Tus-
caloosa, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. July, August; common. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae aijuis puris stagnantibus et fluviatilil)us.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Scirpus divaricatus Ell. Sk. 1 : 88, /. J,/. 4. 1816. Spreading Bulrush.
Ell. 1. c. Chap. 520.
Louisianian area. South Carolina, Georgia, and from western Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Upper division Const Pine belt. Shaded swamps. Henry County,
headwaters of Choctawhatchee River, near Echo. July; rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "Grows in the pine barren between Bees Creek and Perrysburg
[S.C.]."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Scirpus robustus Pnrsh, FL Am. Sept. 1 : 56. 1814. Salt-marsh Bulrush.
Scirpus maritimnf>\M\macrostacliyu8Wic\i^.Y\.'Bov. X\n.'L:'i2. 1803. Not S. macro-
stachi/us Lam.
Eli. .Sk. 1 : 86. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 581. Chap. Fl. 520. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 472.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Nova .S(H)tia; New England to Florida, west to
Texas along the shore.
Alabama: Littoral region. Brackish nnd salt marshes. Mobile County, AV'est
Fowl River. July. Perennial.
Type locality: "In salt marshes and on tlie banks of rivers, common."
Herb. Mohr.
Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray, Man. 527. 1848. River Cluh-rush.
Scirpus marittmus var. Huvidiilis Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 324. 1836.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 581. Britt. &, Brown. 111. Fl. 1 : 268.
40 \ PLANT LIFK <)K ALABAMA.
Alli .ilieniaii to Lonisiani;iii area. (,>iiil)(r ; New Kntilaml tn MiinicHola. Kansas,
Illiiuiis, ami soiitli Irdiii N<\v York to I'loiiila.
Ai.AliAM.v: Coast ]ilaiii. I)t«c]) inarslu-s. Moliili- ( '«iiiiii\ , liaiiUs I'.ust I'owl liivir.
July; rare, rerennial.
Typo locality: " Coiuiiioii in tlio wrstnii parts of tim Stale of New York, I'r.
(Irnji.'; on tlio Missonri abovo St. Louis, /'/•. JUildwiii!"
Ileilt. (icol. Siirv.
Scirpus polyphyllus \ah\, l.nnni. 2 : l-'TI. IHOti. Lkaiy Hn.uisn.
Scirpus vjaltaiua Pnrsb, I"l. Am. Sci)t. 1 : .">ti. 181 L
Ell. Sk. 1 : 87, 88. Gray. Man. ed. t>, ."iHl'. CMiap. Y\. 520.
Alleglieuian and Carolinian arca.s. Southern .New Kngland to .\nrlh Carolina.
.\i,AiiAM.\: Mountain regi<ui. Grassj' swamps. Winston County, Colliers Creek,
l.litH) IV'ct. Auj^nst ; rare. I'erenuial.
Ty])e locality : " llal>. in America Ixirealif"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Scirpus cyperiuus eriophoruni (Michx.) IJritton, Trans. X. Y. .\cail. 11 : S2. 1892.
Wool, Grass.
Scirpus eriophorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 33. 1803.
Eriophonim cypcrinuni var. la.nun Gray, Man. ed. 6, .582. 1860.
Kll. Sk. 1 : m. Gray, Man. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 521.
Alle<;heuian to Louisianiau area. New Brunswick and Ontario south to Florida
and along the Gulf to Louisiana.
Ai,.\I5AMA : Central I'ine region to Coast plain. Cirassy swamps. Tuscaloosa,
Mobile, and Baldwin counties. .July to August; fre<|uent. rerennial.
Tyi)e locality: '• llab. a Virginia ad Georgiani.'
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Scirpus liueatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:32. 1803. liKi>i)isii Bui.uusii.
Trichojihoruni lineatinii Pers. Syn. 1 : 69. 1805.
Eriophorum lineatum I'enth. A: Hook. Gen. PI. 3 : 1052. 1883.
Ell. Sk. 1:87. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 582. Chap. Fl. 521. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Kerb.
2 : 472.
Alleghcninn to Louisianiau area. Ontario, New F^ngland west to Michigan, Min-
nesota, Kansas, and Missouri, south to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Tennessee A' alley to the coast. Most frequent in the Coast Pine belt.
Swampy banks of pine-barren streams. \Vashington C'ounty, Yellowpine. Mobile
and Baldwin counties. .luly, August ; not infreciucnt. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Carolina.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
FUIRENA Pottb. Descr. et Icon. 70, t. 10, f. ,?. 1773.' r:\ii!Ki:i.i,A Gra.ss.
About 25 species. Perennial. Troi>ica] and warmer temj)erate America. Atlantic
North America, 6.
Puirena scirpoidea Michx. 1"1. Bor. Am. 1 : 38, t. 7. 1803.
Ilt:sn-LiKE Umbkkm.a Grass.
Ell. Sk. 1 : .54. Chap. Fl. 514.
Louisianiau area. Coast of Georgia and Florida to Louisiana.
A LAB AM. \ : Littoral belt. Springy banks and brackish sandy swamps. I'.ald-
win County, eastern shore of Mobile ]5ay, Point Clear. Mobile County, West Fowl
River, Dauphin Islaiul. .luly to August; fre<iuent.
Tyi>e locality: "Hab. iu paludosis aestate exsiccabilibus l''lori<lae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. 1 lerb. Mohr.
Puirena squarrosa breviseta Coville, lUill. Torr. Club. 17: 6. 1890.
Squarrosk Fi;ii:i:na.
Fitirena .s(/(/fl?vo.sY( Chap. H. 514. 1860.
jP. siiitarrosa a- Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3:291. 1836.
Coulter. Contr. Nat. HerVi. 2:473.
Louisiauian area. Frcuu North Caif)liua to Florida ; west to Louisiana and eastern
Texas.
Alabaafa : Coast plain. P.orders of grassy swamjis and ditches. Mobile County.
July; infrequent.
'Frederick V. Coville, Revision of the United States species of Fuirena, Bull.
Torr. Club, vol. 17. pp. 1 to 8. 1890.
SEDGES. 405
Type locality of J", squarrosa a Toir. : "Swamps; North Carolina to Florida."' Col-
lections are cited in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and
Louisiana.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Fuirena squarrosa hispida (Ell.) Chap. Fl. 514. 1«60.
ROUGH-UEADEI) FuiKKNA.
Fuirena hispida Ell. Sk. 1 : 579. 1817-21.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 579, Gray, Man. ed. 6, 583. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 473.
Carolinian and Louisiauiau areas. New York, Kentucky, south to Florida, and
west to eastern Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to the Coast plain. Grassy swamps, borders of
brooks. Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. July ; frequent.
Type locality: "Grows in great abundance around ponds in the middle districts
of (ieorgia and Carolina, first sent to me from Milledgeville by Dr. Boykin.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HEMIC ARPHA Nees & Am. Edinb. New Ph. Journ. 17 : 263. 1834.
About 4 species, annuals; temjjerate and tropical /ones. North America, 2.
Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15 : 104. 1888.
Hemicakpha.
Scirpus micrantlius Yahl, Enum. 2 : 254. 1806.
S. siih-sqiiarrosHs Muhl. Gram. 39. 1817.
Hemicarpha snbsquarro'^a Nees in ISIart. Fl. Bras. 2, pt. 1 : 61. t. 4.J'. I. 1842.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 583. Chap. Fl. 513. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 120. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 473. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 572.
West Ixdies, Mexico to Brazil.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Southern New England west to Michigan,
Missouri, and southern Illiuois; south to Florida, and west to Texas, New Mexico,
Arizona, and California.
Alabama: Upper division Coast Pine belt, Coast plain. Low, damp sandy ground,
most frequent in Hat open grassy pine barrens. Washington County, Yellowpine,
Clarke County, Choctaw Corner. Mobile County. May to June; common.
Type locality : '"Hab. in America meridional! f Richard."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LIPOCARPHA R. Br. App. Tuckey Exp. Congo, 459. 1818.
Seven species, tropics of both hemisiiheres.
Lipocarpha maculata (Michx. ) Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 288. 1836.
American Lii'ocarpiia.
Kyllingia maculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 29. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 55. Gray, Man. ed, 6, 584. Chap. Fl. 513.
Cuba.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia, North Carolina, I'loiida,
and Alabama.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Autauga County, Prattville {E. A. Smith).
Rare. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
RYNCHOSPORA Vahl, Euumi. 2 : 229. 1806.
About 200 species, chiefly of the warmer temperate and tropical regions, mostly
American. North America, 44. Perennials.'
Rynchospora tracyi Britton. Trans. N. Y. Acad. 11 : 84. 18y2.
Tracy's Hokned Rush.
Ceratoschoenus capiiatus Chap. Fl. 529. 1860. Not /.'. capitata Roem. & SchuU.
Louisianian area. Florida and Alabama.
Alabama: Littoral belt. Brackish swamps. Baldwin County, Josephine,
muddy shore of Bayou La Lanuch. June, July ; rare.
Type locality: "Pine-barren ponds, middle and west Florida. '
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
'N,l!, Britton, List of species of the genera Scirpus and Rvnchospora in North
America, Trans. N. Y, Acad. Sci,, vol. 11, pp. 74 to 93. 1892.
4()(> I'LANT LI IK OK ALAIiAMA.
Rynchospoia corniculata ( Lam.) (ira.v, Ann. L.v<-. N. Y. 3:1205. ls;^5-36.
Lakck Hoknkd Ui 811.
Sclioriius c<n-ninil(iiiis Lam. I'alil. Kneycl. 1: I'M. 17!tL
li'iltichoHjiora liniiiiroiitrin Mil. Sk. 1 :;">!>. IHlti.
Kil. I.e. (Jray, Slaii. .'.1. (i. .').s(). Cbap. FL .")L'H. Coulter, Coiiti. Nat. Herb. 2:473.
Carolinian .iiid l>oiiisiaiiiaii anian. Sontliorn I'eimsylvania, Virginia, and North
Carolina to Florida, lastern Texas, and ArKan.sah.
Ai.aiiama: Central I'inc belt to Coast plain. Wet sandy ground, ditebes, inarslu-s.
Tuaealoosa. Mont-iomery, Clarke. Wasbin.i,'ton. Mobile, and Haldwiu connties. .Inly
to September; trecpicnt.
Ty])e locality : *E Florida, Carolina."'
I fell". <;e(d. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Ryncho-spora pufsilla Cbap. ; .M. A. ( iirtis. Am. .lonrn. Sei. ser. L', 7 : lOM. l><4!t.
IICMI'.I.K IJKAKKI) L'i'.sii.
liiliichoHjiuia iiilermi.iid- .Sauv. Fl. Cub. ISL 187:5.
Ciiap. Fl. 528; ed. 3, 556. Coulter, Couti. Nat. Herb. 2 : 171. ( Jriseb. Fl. Hrit. W.
Ind. 576.
CU15A.
Louisianian area. Florida and Alabanui to Texas.
Alabama: Coa.st i)Iain. Damp Hat piue barrens. Mobile County, Portcnsville.
August, September; rare.
Typo locality (in Cbapnum's Flora) : " Margin of pine-barren i>onds, middle and
west I lorida.''
Herb. Gaol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora divergens Chap. ; M. A. Curtis, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2, 7 : 409. 1849.
DivEKGENT Beaked Rush.
Rynchospora lamprosperma Sauv. l-'l. Cul). 184. 1873.
Cbap. Fl. 528; ed. 3, 556.
West Indies.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida.
Alauama: Coast plain. Damp piue barrens. Mobile County. .June to August;
frequent.
Typo locality : '"This plaut was sent me a year or two since from tht; Santee by
Mr. Kavencl."
Herb. (tcoI. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora chapmanii M. A. Curtis, Am. .lourn. Sci. ser. 2, 7 : 409. 1849.
Chapman's Beaked Ku.sh.
Chap. Fl. 528 ; ed. 3, 556.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Flat dani]> pine barrens. Mobile County, Bayou La
Batre. July to Se])tember. Abundant.
Type locality : " Wilminiiton, N. C. 1 luive received this from the Santee (Kavenel) ;
and also from Dr. Chapman of Florida."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora oligantha Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 212. 1835.
Few-flowered F)Eakkd Rush.
Chap. Fl. 524. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 474.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida and Texas
Alabama: Coast plain. Lower Pine region. Low open pine barrens. Mobile
County. Miiy, June; not common.
Type locality : " Fayetteville, N. C. Schwehiilz * « * . ^gar Wilmington, N. C,
Mr. Curtis."
Herb. GeoL Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora plumosa Ell. Sk. 1:58. 1816. Ph:mose Beakki> Rusu.
L'l/nchospora j)ennisei(t Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 244. 1866.
Eh. Sk. 1. e. Chap. Fl. 524. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 474.
Cuba.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida, west to eastern
Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low open pine barrens. Mobile and Baldwin counties.
June, July; frequent.
Type locality : "Grows in dry pine barrens. Common around Beaufort. Near St.
Mary's — Dr. Baldwin."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SEDGES. 407
Rynchospora intermedia (Chap. ) Britton, Traus. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 11 : 87. 1892.
PiXE-BARREN BeAKED RuSH.
liyncliospora plHmosa var. intermedia Chap. Fl. 524. 1860.
Chap. Fl. 1. c. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 474.
Loiiisianiau area. Florida to Louisiana.
ALABA:\rA : Coast plaiu. Lower Piue region. Dry sandy pine barrens. Mobile
County, Spriughill. Baldwin County, Bayou Ingram. June, July; not rare.
Type locMlity : " Sandy pine barrens, often dry places, Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2 : 236. 1806. White Beaked Ru.sh.
Schoenits alhns L. Sp. PI. 1: 44. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 57. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 585. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 474.
Europe, Asia.
Boreal region to Louisianian area. Newfoundland to Alaska and Oregon, south on
the high mountain ranges and in the plain to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plaiu. Boggy pine barrens. Bayou La Batre. August, >Septem-
ber; infreciuent.
Type locality: " Hab. in Europae borealis paludibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2 : 234. 1806.
Ci.usTEKEij Beaked Rush.
Svhoenus (jJomeratus L. Sp. PI. 1: 44. 1753.
S. capitellalMs Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 36. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 61. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 585. Chap. PL 527. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 474.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. New England west to Michigan, south to West
Virginia, Florida, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama: AH over the State. Wet places, open ground and in woodlands. Cull-
man, Montgomery, Mobile, aud Baldwin counties. July to September; frequent.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora glomerata paniculata (Gray) Chap. Fl. 528. 1860.
Paniculate Beaked Rush.
Etinchospora licmiculaia Grav. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3:211. 1835-36.
Chap. Fl. 1. c. Coulter, Coiitr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 474.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Atlantic and Gulf States. Maryland to
Texas.
Alabama: Mountain reg'ou to Coast plain. Low damp places, ditches. Lee
Couuty, Auburn {Baker 4- Earle, 872). Mobile; not rare.
Type locality: "New Orleans, T. Drummond, {in Uerh. Torr.); middle Florida,
Dr. Chapman."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora axillaris (Lam.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15 : 104. 1888.
Capit.\te Beaked Rush.
Schoenus a.riU(iris Lam.Tabl. Encycl. 1 : 137. 1791.
Rynchospora ceplialantha Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 218. 1835-36.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 585. Chap. Fl. 528.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Long Island, along the coast to Florida, west
to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Sandy swamps, ditches. Clay
County, Chewahaw Mountain, 2,400 feet. Tuscaloosa, Washington, and Mobile coun-
ties. July, August; not common.
Type locality : "E Carolina. D. Fraser."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora filifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 366. 1836.
Filiform-lea\ Ki> Beaked Rush.
Chap. Fl. 527. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 475.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida and west to eastern Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region, Lower Pine region. Coast plaiu. Damp sandy bor-
ders of brooks and ponds. Lee County, Auburn {Baker 4- Earle, 577). Mobile
Couuty, Citronelle. AVashingtou County, Yellowpine. Baldwin County, Josephine.
July; frequent.
Type locality: "North Carolina, Mr. Curtis!; middle Florida, Dr. Chapman."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
408 PLANT LIFK <»F ALAl'.AMA.
Rynchospoia fuscoides (iMrki-: I'.ritlon. 'I raiiK. N. Y. A<^•l<l. 11: f<9. 18112.
Ukown Ukakei) Kusii.
liynchospora fnsoiculariH var. distant C'liap. Fl. r>21. Not 11. dMaiis (Michx.) Ell.
7i'../f/(/o//n .^aiiv. Fl.Cuh. ISO. lS7:i. Not Toir.
(■lijip. 1. c. Coulter. Coutr. Nat. Herl». 2 : 175.
C'lllA.
Louisiaiiiaii an-a. Floriila to Texas.
Ai-ahama: Coast i>lain. Low sandy pirn' Itarnns. Mobile Comity, r.aiilwiii
County. Havoii La Lauiicli. .Iiiiii'. .July ; not infr<'i|iiunt.
Typu locaiily (Chai)iiiaii) : " Low ]»iiio Itarn-us, Florida to North Carolina. "
Herb. Ueol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Ryiichospora fascicularis iMichx. ) A'alil, Enuiu. 2 : 23L 1806.
Fasciculate Bkakkd Ikisn.
Sdioeiiiis faiirinildris Michx. Fl. 15or. Am. 1:37. 180.3.
Ell. t?k. i:t!U. Chap. Fl. 527.
Varies greatly in number and length of l)ri8tle.s, from lew to more than (>, from
one-third, to thf full length of the aehenium.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida and west to Lonisiana.
Alabama : Coast pLain. Borders of i)onds. ditches. Mobile and Baldwin coun-
ties. June; frei^nent.
Type locality: " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora gracilenta Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3:21fi. 183.5-36.
Slknder Beaked Klsh.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 585. Chap. Fl. 527. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 475.
Carolinian to Lonisianian area. Southern New York and New .Jersey to Florida,
west to Texas.
Alabama: Central Fine belt. Coast Pino belt. Coast plain. Low wet woods and
pine-barren ponds. Washington County, Yellowpine. Mobile County. August,
September; common.
Type locality: "Pine barrens of New Jersey ; Aug.-Sept. Philipstown, Putnam
County, N. Y., Dr. Jiarmit; Salem, N. C, Schiveinitz."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora baldwinii Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 210. 1835-36.
Baldwin's Beaked Ki'sn.
Cbap. Fl. 526.
Louisianian area. North Carolina and Florida to Mississippi.
Alabama : Coast plain. Flat damp pine barrens. Mobile and Baldwin counties.
July, August.
Type locality : "'Georgia, in ])ine-barre!i swamps, between the Satilla and Alta-
maba rivers, December, 1816." Dr. Baldwin."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora ciliaris (Michx.) Mohr. P'rince-lkak Bkaked Ki,\sh.
Schoeivia ciliaris Mich.x. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:36. 1803.
I\il)icliospor<i eiliatu Vahl, Euum. 2 : 235. 1806.
Chap. Fl. 526.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi.
• Alabama: Coast plain. Damp low pine barrens. Mobile County. .June, .Inly;
not rare.
Type locality : " Mab. in Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora grayii Knnth, Enum. 2:539. 1837. Gray's Beaked Hish.
Ryuchosjwra distaiifi Ell. Sk. 1:59. 1816. Not ScJioemts distans Michx.
Ji. eUiottii Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 204. 1835. Not Dietrich.
Chap. Fl. .526. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 475.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Coast Pine belt. Coast plain. Open dry pine woods, in still" soiL
Baldwin and Mobile counties.
Type locality (Gray) : "In damp savannahs, ^Vilmington, N. C, Mr. Curtis; Ha-
vanna, Ga., and New Smyrna. Florida ? /^r. 7;«7f/i(nt (sub nom. R. disfans.); Gadsdeu
County, middle Florida. Dr. Chapmun."
Herb, Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
SEDGES. 409
Rynchospora dodecandra Baldwin ; Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 :207. 1835-3(i.
Large-fruited Beaked l^rsu.
Ryncliospora megalocai-pa Gray, Ann. Lvc. N. Y. 3 : 208. 1835-36.
Chap. Fl. 526.
Louisianiau area. Coast of North Carolina and Florida to Mississipj)!.
Alabama: Littoral belt. Arid loose sands, near the seashore. In the copses cov-
ering old dunes. Mobile County, Dauphin Islaud. Baldwin County, eastern shore
Mobile Bay, Perdido Bay. May, June; not infrequent.
Type locality : '"Near the seashore, Fort George Island, east Florida, April, 1?<17.'
Dr.^BaMivin:'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora cymosa (Willd.) Ell. Sk. 1 :58. 1816. Wayside Beaked Rush.
Schoeniis cifmosus Willd. Sp. PI. 1 : 265. 1797.
Ell. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 584. Chap. Fl. 524. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 475.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Pennsylvania, New Jersey to Florida,
Texas, Arkansas, and Indian Territory.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Damp light soil. Cullman County.
Lee County, Auburn (Baker Jf- Earle, 578). Washington County, Yellowpine. Bald-
win and Mobile counties; frequent.
Type locality : •' Hab. in America borcali.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora cymosa globularis Chap. Fl. 525. 1860.
Chap. 1. c.
Louisianian area. Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low exsiccated places. Baldwin and Mobile counties.
May ; common.
Type locality: "Low ground, Florida and northward."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora compressa Carey ; Chap. Fl. 525. 1860. Flat-fruited Beaked Rush.
Eyncliospora cymosa compressa (Carey) Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. 11 : 91. 1892.
Cuba.
Louisianian area. Florida.
Alabama: Central Prairie region, Coast Pine belt. Borders of ])on(ls. Wilcox
Connty {S. B. Buckley). Baldwin County, Wolfs Bayou. June; rare.
Type locality: "Margins of pine-barren ponds, west Florida.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora torreyana Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 197. 1835-36.
Torrey's Beaked Ru.sh.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 584. Chap. Fl. 524.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama : Coast Pine belt to the seashore. Grassy swamps, borders of pine-barren
ponds. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Washington County, Yellowpine. August,
September ; frequent.
Type localitv : "Monmouth County, N. J., Torrey; also iu wet ground, near Quaker
Bridge, N. J," '
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. Sk. 1:58. 1816.
Sparsely-flowkred Beaked Rush.
Schoenus rariflorns Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 35. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. .524. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 475.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama : Mountain region, Lower Metamorphic hills, Lower Pine region to Coast
plain. Boggy pine barrens. Lee County, Auburn (Baker <)'• Earle, 515). Mobile and
Baldwin counties. July to September ; abundant.
Type locality : "Hab. in Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora microcarpa Baldwin; Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 202. 1835-36.
Small-fruited Beaked Ru.sh.
Chap. Fl. 525. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 475.
Bahamas (Eggers).
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to eastern Texas.
Alabama: Coast x>lain. Borders of pine-barren ponds, ditches. Mobile and
Baldwin counties. Specimens from M()T)ile County mostly with 3 bristles shorter
than the nut.
410 I'LAN'l' I.IKK OF ALABAMA.
Typo locality: "In wi-t s.iv.iuiims. St. Marys. I'la.. I>r. Hnlilirhi: W'iliiiingtou, N. C,
.!/»•. ('Kflis."
llt-rli. (aM>l. Surv. llcrli. Molir.
Ryiicliospoia caduca i:il. .Sk. 1:02. IHlt!. h'n kumuk IWakki. Ix'rsii.
Ell. 1. c. Cliap. F1..52ti. Coulter, Coiitr. Nat. Hcrl>. 2 : 175.
Louisiauiaii area. Nortli Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Ai.AiiAMA: (oast plain. Wet niarfjins of nuirslieH iind streams. Mobile County,
river marshes. July, August; abundant.
Keouomie uses: Cut by th(i nej^roes for f^reeu foiidcr.
Type loeality : "Around Charlistou, conuuon."
Herb. <;eol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Rynchospora .schoeiioides (KH.) Uritton, I'rans. N. Y. Acad. 11 : 02. 1S92.
Elliott's Beakkd Hrsii.
Scirpiis srhoenoiih'H Ell. Sk. 1 : 89. 1816.
nin/iicliospora miiltiflora (Jray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 200. 1835-36.
n.'dliolln Dietr. Syn. I'l. 1 : 189. 1839.
Ell. 1. c. Chap. ¥\. 525. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 475.
Louisianiau area. Georgia and Florida Avest to Louisiana.
Alat.ama : Coosa Valley to the Coast ]>lain. Ditelies, border of ponds. Etowah
County, Hallplay, low pin(! woods. Mobile and Baldwin counties. July.
Type loeality : " F'ound near Savannah by L)r. Baldwin.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora inexpansa (Michx.) Vahl, Enum. 2 : 232. 1806.
Nari:ow-spikki> Bkakeu RrsH.
Schoenus inexjyansitH Michx. El. ]>or. Am. 1 : 35. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:61. Grav. Man. ed. 6,584. Chap. FL 525. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 476.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Southern Virginia to Florida, west to western
Louisiana and Texas f
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Low miry places. Cullnian, Mont-
gomery, Washington, and Mobile counties; common.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Rynchospora miliacea (Lam.) Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 198. 1835.
Panic-like Beaked Rush.
Schooius miJiaceus Lam. Tabl. Eucycl. 1 : 137. 1791.
>S'. sjiarsiis ^lichx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 35. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 62. Chap. Fl. 526.
Cuba.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Central Prairie belt to Coast plain. Springy ])laces in shady woods.
Montgomery County, Pentulalla Creek. Autauga County (£■. A. Smilh). Baldwin
County, Point Clear. .Inly to August; infrequent.
Type locality : " E Carolina merid. I). Frascr."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchospora stenophylla Chap. Fl. .525. 1860. Narkow-leaf Beaked Rush.
Rjincliospora tenuifolia Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 244. 1866.
Chap. Fl. 525.
Cuba.
Louisianiau area. South Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Coast Pine belt. Borders pine-barren ponds. Mobile County, Grand
Bay. July, 1889; very rare.
Type locality: "Low grassy pine barrens, Ajialachicola [Fla.]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CLADIUM P. Br. Civ. ifcN. Hist. Jam. 14. 1756. Twio Rush.
Three species, of temperate and warmer zones. Europe, America. Coarse perennial
marsh jjlants.
Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 372. 1836. Twig Rush.
Sclioeiius mariscoidi's Muhl. Gram. 4. 1817.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 586.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick, Ontario, New England, west
to Michigan, Iowa, and Minnesota, south to Delaware and Florida.
SEDGES, 411
Alaba:ma : Littoral region, brackish marshes. Bahlwiu County, Bayou La Launch,
June, July; rare. Perennial.
Tyi)e locality : "Hab. in spongiosis Peiiusylvauiae, floret Julio."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cladium effusum (Sw.) Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 374. 18.36. Saw Gkass.
Schoenus effiisus Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Dec. 19. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chan. Fl. 530. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 476.
Louisiauian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to southwestern Texas and
Arkansas.
Alaba:\ia: Coast plain. Littoral belt. Deep marshes, fresh or brackish. Mobile
County, river swamps. Baldwin County, Bon Secour, saline marshes. July,
August; frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : West Indian. Torrey's locality : " Ponds and fresh marshes. Wil-
mington and Newbern, N. C, Jilr. Curtis! tj- Mr. Groom!; South Carolina, Elliott;
New Orleans and Texas, T. iJrummond."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SCLERIA Berg. Kongl. Acad. Sv.Handl. 26:142, <.<./. .5. 1765.' Nut Rush.
About 100 species, perennials, of warmer temperate and tror)ical regions.
Scleria triglomerata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 168. 1803. Tall Nut Rcsh.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 558. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 586. Chap. Fl. 531.
Brazil.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario; New England (Massachusetts), west
to Michigan and Minnesota, south to New Jersey, the Carolinas, Florida, Arkansas,
Missouri, Illinois, Tennessee, and Kentucky.
Alabama: Over the State, open woods, in light soil. June, July; frequent.
Type locality : '"'Hab. in Carolina.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Scleria oligantha Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 167. 1803. Few-flowered Nut Rush.
ElLSk. 2:557. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 587. Chap. Fl. 531. Coulter, Contr. Herb. 2 : 476.
Cuba.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama : Mountain region. Central Pine belt. Dry copses. Lee County, Auburn
{Baker 4- Earle, oS2) . Tuscaloosa County (^. 2/. .Swiii/i)- May; rare.
Type locality: "Hab. in pratensibus sylvaticis Carolinae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Scleria torreyana Walp. Ann. 3 : 696. 1852-53. T()Ruky'.s Nut Rcsh,
Scleria reticularis Muhl. Gram. 266. 1817. Not Michx.
S. laxa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 376. 1836. Not E. Br.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 587. Chap. Fl. 531 ; ed. 3, 559. Coulter, Conti-. Nat. I lerb. 2 : 476.
Cuba, Mexico to Brazil, Peru.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low wet pine barrens. Mobile and Baldwin counties.
August, September; not infrequent.
Type locality: " Hab. in Carolina septentrionali.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Scleria ciliata Michx. Fl. Am. 2 : 167. 1803. Southkrn Nitt Rush.
Ell. Sk. 2: 559. Chap. FL 531.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower Pine belt and Coast plain. Dry pine bar-
rens. Lee County, Auburn {Baker ^ Earle, 580). Mobile County, Grand Bay, Spring-
hill. June to August.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Scleria elliottii Chap. Fl. 531. 1860. Elliotts Nut Rush.
Scleria kirtella var. strigosa Ell. Sk. 2 : 560. 1821-24.
Cuba.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
' N. L. Britten, Revision of the North American species of the genue Scleria, Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 3, pp. 228 to 237. 1885.
412 PLANT LIl-K OF AI-AI5.\.M\.
Ai.AUAM.v: Coast ])laiii. Dry jiiiif liarrenw. M(»l»ili« County. .July ; not frcrjuoiit.
Tyi)tOt)ralit\ ol' Klliott's plant: " ( Olli-cttsd Ity J>r. lialdwin on tlio contiiH'S of
Cit'orj^ia and I'lorida."
Htib. (u-ol. Snrv. llcil). Molir.
Scleria pauciflora glabra ('Lap. l'l.r.:J2. im). Smooth Nit Iv'i sii.
Sch ria iKtiicilloid vur. fi Torr. Ann. Lv<'. N. V. 3 : 'AIS. is:i(i.
C'l.ap. K1..-.SL'.
Lonisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, Alaliania, .md Mi.ssishippi.
Ai..\nAMA: Littoral belt, dry sands near the ncaslion-. lialdwin County, I't-r-
dido Lay. .Line; rare.
Tyi)t^ ioeality: "Sandy ]iinc barrens, Florida."
lltrl). (u'ol. .Surv. Herb. Molir.
Scleria caroliniana Willd.Sp. PI. 4:318. 1804. Cakomna Nut Kh.sii.
.So/m«/n)/(>//rt Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.2:168. 1803. (Fide Willd.) Not S%v. 1788.
Ell. 8k. 2:500. Chap. Fl. 532.
Lonisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Mississipj)!.
Alabama: Lower Pine region, (hassy pine barrens, springy places. Mobile
County, (irand Lay, Bayou Sara. .Inne, -July; not iutmiuent.
Type locality: "Hab. in sylvis Caroliuae."
Herb. Mohr.'
Scleria gracilis Ell. Sk. 2 : 557. 1821-21. Si.e.vdku Nut Rush.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 532.
Cuba.
Lonisianiau area. Soutli Carolina, to Florida, along tlie (julf coast to Mississippi.
Ai-amama: Littoral region. Drifting sands on the seashore. lialdwiu County,
Perdido Bay. June, July; rare.
Ty])e locality: "Collected by Dr. Baldwin m-ar St. Marys, (in.''
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Molir.
Scleria hirtella Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 19. 1788. Michaux'.s Nut Rush.
Scleria internipta ISIichx. Fl. lior. Am. 2 : 168. 1803. Not L. C. Rich.
S. michauxii Chap. Fl. 532. 1860.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 561. Chap. Fl. 1. c. ; ed. 3,560. (Jriseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. .579.
■\Vkst Indies, Mexico to Buazil, Peru, Chile, Cknthal and Soith Afhica,
Lonisianian area. Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Damp gi'assy pine barrens. 3Iobile County,
Grand Bay. July; infreiiuent.
Type locality (Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ): " Hab. in montosis nemorosis Janiaicae."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Plerb. Mohr.
Scleria baldwixii Torr., found at Pascagonla and iu western Florida, is to be
looked for on our coast.
CAREX L. Sp, P1.2:972. 1753.'
Nearly 1,000 species described, of which more than half are recognized as valid,
prevailing chietiy in cooler temperate regions. North America north of Mexico,
about270. Eastemrnited States andadjacentpartsof Canada, 133. Southern States
(Carolinian and Lonisianian areas), 85. ^Ye8tern continental region, west of eastern
Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri to the Pacific slope and the adjacent parts of British
North America, about 100 sjiecies. Alabama 61 species, a number doubtless to be
increased on closer exploration by the addition of some of the species frequent in
the adjacent States, but which have not yet been observed within its limits. A few
not iu the herltarium of the Geological Survey have been admitted on the authority
of the late T. il. Peters, who gave to the investigatiou of this genus in northern
Alabama his special attention.
The species have been arranged according to L. H. Bailey's Synopsis.
Carex coUinsii Nutt. Gen. 2 : 205. 1818. Collins's Sedge.
Carcx suhiilaia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 173. 1803. Not Gmel. or Schk.
C. michaniii Dew. Am. Journ. Sci. 10 : 273. 1826.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, 592.
AUegheuian and Carolinian areas. New England (Rhode Island), sonthern New
York, Pennsylvania, and along the mountains to Georgia.
'L. H. Bailey, jr., Preliminary Synopsisof North American Carices, Proc. Am. Acad.,
vol. 22, pp. 59 to 157. 1886. L. 11. Bailey, jr.. Types of various species of the genus
Carex, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 1, pp. 1 to 86. 1890.
SEDGES. 413
Alabasia : Mountain region, Tennessee A^alley {T. M. Peters).
Type locality : " In the most shady sphagnose swamps; New Jersey."
Carex folliculata L. Sp. PL 2 : 978. 1753. Long Sedge.
Cm-ex xanthophysa Walil. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. ser. 2, 24 : 152. 1802.
C. folliculata var. xanthophysa Dew. Am. Journ. Bci. ser. 2, 42 : 325. 1866.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 592.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Xewfonndland, Nova Scotia, and Ontari(» ; New
England west to Michigan, south to West Virginia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Banks of streams. Lawrence ( 'ounty ( 7". IT. /*e<ers).
May; rare.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex folliculata australis Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22 :62. 1886.
Southern Long Sbdge.
Carex folliculata Ell. Sk. 2 : 515. 1821-24. ( ? )
C. folliculata (i Boott, 01. 91. 1858.
Chap. El. ed. 3, 572.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana (Hale!).
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Damp banks of pine-barren streams.
Washington County, Yellowpine. Mobile County. Baldwin County, Josephine.
May, June; frequent.
Type locality (Bailey): "Florida and northward, Chapman; New Orleans, Herb.;
St. Augustine, Fla., Canhj/; damp pine land, Santee Canal, South Carolina, Ravenel."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex intumescens Kudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7 : 97, t. 9,f. 3. 1801. Bladder Sedge.
Carex folliculata Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. ser. 2, 24 : 152. 1803. Not L.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 592. Chap. Fl. 541.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Quebec, and Ontario; Atlantic
and Gulf States west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Over the State, Damp shady places. Cullman, Tuscaloosa, Mont-
gomery, Washington, and Mobile counties. April, May; common.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex lupulina Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4:266. 1805. Hop Sedge.
Carex lurida Bailev, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:63. 1886. Not Wahl.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 544. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 593. Chap. Fl. 543. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:477.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Ontario and New England to PTorida ,nid
along the Gulf to Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Wooded swamps, grassy swales. Moldle County,
forms with pedunculate spikes. Frequent.
Type locality: "Hab. in Pensylvania.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. iSlohr.
Carex louisianica Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20:428. 1893. Louisiana Sedge.
Carex lialei Carey; Chap. Fl. 543. I860. Not Dewey.
Chap. Fl. 543. Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 1:294.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. Florida to Texas and Arkansas: southern ^lis-
sonri, tide Britton & Brown.
Alabama: Coast plain. Swampy alluvial forests. Baldwin County, Stockton.
October. Very rare in the State.
Type locaiWty oi C. halei Carey: "Banks of the Apalachicola Piver, Florida, and
westward."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex grandis Bailey, Menu Torr. Club, 1:13. 1889. Large Carex.
Carex (7ir/a?t/fa Dewey, Am. Jouin. Sci. 11: 164. 1826. Not Rudge. 1801.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 593. Chap. Fl. 543. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:477.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas, Kentucky and Delaware to Florida and east-
ern Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Shaded swampy banks of streams. Washington
County, Yellowpine, headwaters of Escatawba Kiver. July; rare.
Type locality not ascertained; Bailey's locality: "Kentucky, Short, Delaware,
Canbij, Commons, and southward."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
414 PLANT LIKK oF ALABAMA.
Carex elliottii Scliw . A loir. Ann. I.vc. N. V. I;:!.".;. IKlT.. I.i.i.kcit's Skixik.
r,iirx viiHtaiuti Kll. SU. 2:r>l(i. ISlM-L'I.
C. Inihlnitiiauti \h'\\. Am. .Jonin. .Soi. 26: U'T. ls:il..
Kll. Sk. 2 :.">!(). Cbap. Kl. .'il4.
l.ouisiiiniiiii an^a. North Carolina to Floridii. wchI to Mississijmi.''
Ai.AnA.M.\: Coast j)lain. I'ojijjy niarjjins of ImooUh. .Moliilr Connty. l"o\v! K'ivcr
.Station, (irand Hay. Ai)ril, May: iiifrLMiniMit.
TyiK' locality: "In wet pino liarroiis. Cliatliani Connty. ('.:i.. i'.HUill."
Ilerlt. Ceol. .Surv. Herb. .Molir.
Carex turgesceiis Torr. Ann. Lye. X. Y. 3: II!'. \K',{\. Iim -iiai;i:i n Skixjk.
Cliaj). Fl. .".4 1.
l.ouisianian area. North Carolina to IMorida, west to Louisiana.
Ai.AiiAMA : I-owcr I'inc rcffion. Coast plain. Low hanks of pine-harn-n stri'.inis.
.Moliile Conuty, GraiKl Hay. Mount \ernon. April, May; not rare.
Tyjii' locality : '' New Orleans, Dr. T. liKjallx!''
1 Itrl). (ieol. Surv. Herb. ]\lohr.
Carex lurida Wahl. Kough Vet. Acad, llandl. scr. 2, 24: 1.".:'.. 18(«. Saj.i.ow SKixiK.
Carer ieniaculata Muhl. ; AVilld. 8p. PL 4 :266. 1805.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, .595. Chaj*. Fl. ')A'^. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herh. 2 : 477.
Canadian zone to Lonisianiaii area. Nova Scotia, New Prunswick, Ontario, and
Xew Enjiland, west to Minnesota, Missouri; New York, south to Alabama. Loui-
siana, Texas, and Arkansas.
Ai..\15ama: Mountain region to Coast jilain. Grassy swales. Lawrence (ounty
(T. M. Peters). I Hlonnt County, bottom of Mulberry Kiver. Tuscaloosa Connty
(E. A. Sviitli). Lee Conuty, Auburn {lialier iSEarU). ]\Iobile Connty, western shore
Mobile Bay. May, June; uotconiuion.
Type locality not ascertained; ^Muhlenberg's locality: " llab. in Peusylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex baileyi Pritton, Pull. Torr. Club, 22 : 220. 1895. Pailky's Seixjk.
Carvx tcniacuhda var. qraciUH Poott, 111. 94. 18.58. Not ( . (iracUis R. Br. 1810.
Pritt. and Prown. 111. Fl. 1 : 299.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. Southern New England to Virginia ami Tenne-ssee.
Alabama: Central Pino belt to Coast plain. Swamps. Tuscaloosa and ^lobile
counties. May, June; not infrequent.
Tyi)e locality : "Tennessee, Le^tquereiu:'' Vermont, Chapman.
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex frankii Kunth, Enuni. 2 : 498. 1837. FitAXic's .SKDfjK.
Carex KtenoUjds Torr. Ann. Lvc. N. Y. 3 : 420. 1836. Not Leasing, 1831.
Gray. :\Ian. ed. 6, ,59(1. Chap^ Fl. 537. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 478.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. Pennsylvania and Ohio Valley to upper Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas.
Alabama: Centi'al Pine belt to Coast plain. Boggy woods. Tuscaloosa County
{E. A. Smith). Mobile County. .Inly; not fn^qnent.
Type locality: "Baltimore Penusylvaniae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex squarrosa L. S]i. PI. 2 : 973. 1753. Squaurose Sedge.
Carex iijpldna Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 169. 1803.
EP.Sk. 2:526. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 596. Chap. Fl. 5.37. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 478.
Allcghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario and New England, west to Michigan
and New York, and from the Ohio Valley to Missouri, Georgia, Texas, and Arkansas.
Ai..vnA."MA : ^lountain region. Damp woods. Cullman County. .Tune; rare in the
State.
Type local it.v : "Hab.iu Canada, Kalm.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex torta Poott; Tuckerm. F'num. Meth. 11. 1843. Twi.stkd Sedge.
Poott, 111. 6.3, t. IGD. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 600.
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. Vermont south along the mountains to North
Carolina.
Alabama: Tennessee ValleJ^ Lawrence County, Rig Nancy Creek (7'. M. Peters).
Ty])e locality (Boott, 111.): "In America scptentrionali. New England to N.ew
York.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SEDGES. 415
Carex ciinita Lam. Eucycl. 3 :393. 1789. Fringed Sedge.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 536. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 601. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 479.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Nova Scotia and Ontario; New England Avest
to Minnesota; south from New York to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Walker County (T. jLT. Peiers). Lee County, Aiil)urn
{Baler 4'' Juirle, 540).
Type locality: "Cette plante croit dans la Virginie."
Herb. Gcol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex glaucescens Ell. 8k. 2 : 553. 1821-24. Paj.k Srdgk.
Chap. Fl. 542.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi. Distribution
not well defined, the species being by most authors confounded with C. verrucosa
Muhl. The latter, though it occurs in the lower South, appears to be mainly of a
more northern distribution.
Alabama: Lower Pine belt, Coast plain. Borders of pine-barren i)onds. Clark,
Washington, and Mobile counties. Frequent.
Abundantly distinct from C. verrucosa by the almost nerv'eless, glaucous perigynia,
which are much longer than tbe blade of the scales and almost as long as "their
rough awns. Leaves tiattish and generally broader.
Type locality : " Grows around 2>ine-barren ponds [South Carolina and Georgia]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex verrucosa Muhl. Gram. 261. 1817. Warty-fruited Sedge.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 555. Chap. Fl. 542 ; ed. 3, 570.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Nortli Carolina to Florida, west to eastern
Texas.
ALABA:\rA: Almost certainly in the State, but specific locality can not be given.
Type locality : " Hab. in Georgia et Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Carex virescens Muhl. ; AVilld. Sp. PI. 4 : 251. 1805. Downy Green Sedge.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 602.
South America.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario; New England west to New York and
Michigan south to Tennessee, along the mountains to North Carolina, and in jMissouri
and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Shaded rocky hillsides. Winston County, Colliers
Creek, 1,600 feet. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain, near Mentone, 1,800 feet.
June; infrequent.
Type locality: "Hab. in Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex triceps Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 170. 1803. Smooth Green Sedge.
Carex viridula Schwein. & Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1 : 320. 1825.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 538. Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, 1 : 34 (Tvpes of Carices, No. 41). Chap.
F1.537.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Carolina to Texas.
Alabama : Mountain to Central Prairie region. Low wet woods in heavy clay soil.
Lee County, Auburn {Baler cS- Earle, .526). Limestone County, Athens {Baker c^-Farle,
545). Dallas County, Experiment Station near Uniontown. Local; rare.
This decidedly Southern plant is clearly distinct by the slender habit of its growth,
the smaller fertile spikes, and the smooth achenia.
Type locality : "Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex hirsuta Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 252. 1805. Hir-sute Sedge.
Carex triceps hirsufa Bailey, j\Iem. Torr. Club, 1 : 35. 1889.
C. triceps Boott, 111. 1. 128. 1858.
Ell. Sk. 2:5.38. Gray, Man. ed. 6,602. Chap. Fl. 5.37. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:479.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario; New England to Missouri ; south to
Florida?, Alabama, and central Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region to coast ])lain ; common through-
out.
Type locality : "Hab. in Anieric.i boreali."
Herb. Mohr.
n(> ri,AN'r 1,1 FK OF ALABAMA.
Carex caioliniana Sihwviii. Aim. l-yc N. Y. 1: G7. 1824. Cakomna Si-nnK.
Carer smith a VorU'T; < >liie\, Car. JJor. Am. 2. ii.iiiio only. 1S71. Not TaiiBcli. 1S21.
C. tricipii smilhii Uailcy. Hot. (Ja/.. 13 : ^H. ]8«H.
Gray, .Man. od. »i, t;o:i. "Coiilter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2: IT'.t.
Caroliiiiiin and Lonisianian areas. N(!W .Icrscy to I'lDiida, west to MissiBsippi,
Ti'xas, and ArUan.sas.
Ai.auama: Mountain ro^ion to Coast ])lain. Damp sliady ])la(es, copses, bordiTs
of woods. Moliilo County, April. Cullman County. Wilcox Comity (Biicklei/).
Ai>ril; common; most aUuudant near the coast.
Tx pc locality: "Carolina."'
Hell). G^ol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Carex cherokeensis Scbwein. Ann. Lye. N. V. 1:71. 1H21. Ciikiiokkk .SKixin-
Carer reciirra Mubl. Gram. 2(>2. 1817.
Seliwein. A: Torr. Ann. Lvc. N. Y. 1 : 3t)!), t. ..'■'>, /'. 1. Cbai>. Fl. ."')42. \Vats. Hot. ( 'alif.
2 : 248. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Ilei b. 2 : 480.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Western Florida to monntainft of northwestern
Georgia, west to Mississippi, Louisiana, central Texas, and California.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Rich damp forests. Montgomery ("ounty, Ala-
bama Kiver bottom. Henry antl Franklin counties. Wilcox County {Jiuckleij). May,
June; fretiuent in the region.
Type locality: "Cherokee."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex oblita Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 231. 1855. Dahk Grkkn Spzdge.
< arex (jJahra Boott. 111. 1 : 03. 1858.
C. reniiKla glahra Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22 : 105. 1886.
Gray, Man, e(L G, 604, as C. renusta minor Boeckl. Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 321.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. New York, Pennsylvania, New .Jersey, and
western Louisiana (Hale).
Alabama: Monntain region and Coast plain. Grassy swamps along streams.
Washington County, Yellowpine. Mobile County, Dog Kiver. Lee County, Auburn
(liaker <V- Earle, 534).
'['ype locality : " Herb. Drnmmond, no. 434. New Orleans."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. ^lohr.
Carex debilLs pubera Gray, ^lan. ed. 5, 593. 1868. Elkoant .Skdge.
Carex renusta Boott, 111. 1 : 51. 1858.
Gray, Man. ed. 6,604.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Sontliern Pennsylvania, Virginia south to North
Carolina, eastern Louisiana, and Mississippi.
Alaba:ma: Central Pine belt. Tuscaloosa County (/i". .1. •S'jHi///). May; rare.
Type locality: "Bear Meadows, Centre County, Penn., Prof. Porter."
Herb. Geol. 8urv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex debilis prolixa Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22 : 105. 1886.
Diffuse-flowered Sedge.
Carex debilis var. Boott, III. 1 : 92. 18.58.
Chap. Fl. 541 , in part. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 480, as C. debilis Michx.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Sonth Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast Pine belt. Swampy banks of pine-barren
streams. Mobile County, Citronelle, Springhill. Baldwin County. April, May;
not. infrequent.
Type locality: "Florida, Chapman, to Louisian.'i, Drinnmond, Hale, TAinfilois."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex oxylepis Torr. & Hook, in Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 409. 1836.
Siiakp-scalf.d Sedge.
Chap. Fl. 538. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 479.
Lonisianian area. South Carolina, western Florida to Louisiana and Texas.
Alaba.ma: Central Prairie region. Low open woods. Wilcox County {S. B.
Biichley). Dallas County, near I'niontown. June; rare.
Type locality : "Texas, T. Drnmmond '."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb, Mohr,
Carex amphibola Steud, Syn. PI. Cyp. 234. 18.55. Nariiow-lkaved Sedge.
Carex (irisen angiistifolia Boott, 111, 1 :34, 18.58.
C. cryptandra Schweiu. ; Olney in Hall's PL Tex. 25. 1873.
C. grisea Aar, ( ?) rigida Bailey, Mem, Torr. Clnl), 1 : 56. 1889.
SEDGES. 417
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 605. Cluap. Fl. 540. Britt. & Browu, 111. Fl. 1 : 321.
Carolinian aud Louisianiau areas. New Jersey, southern Mri;inia, southern Ohio,
Florida, Mississippi, aud western Louisiana (Hale).
Alabama: Mountain region. Central Prairie region. Lawrence County (2'. M.
Peters). WUcoxConnty {S. B. Buckley). Rare.
Type locality ; " America septentrioualis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex flaccosperma Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2, 2 : 245. 1846.
Thin-fkuited Sed'JE.
Carex xanthosperma Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2, 42 : 334. 1866.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 567. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 480.
Louisianiau area. Florida west to western Louisiana {Hale) and Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie belt. Shady woods. Montgomery County, banks of
Pentulalla Creek. Not frequent.
Type locality : " Florida and Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex granuiaris Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 279. 1805. Meadow Sedge.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 548. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 605. Chap. Fl. .540.
Alleghenian to Louisianiau area. New Brunswick, Ontario, west to Manitoba;
New England to Minnesota, south to New Jersey ; Virginia, Ohio Valley to Missouri,
south to Tennessee and Mi8sissipi:)i.
Alabama: Mountain aud Central Prairie region. Walker County (T. M. Peiern).
Wilcox County {BuMey). Lee County, Auburn {Baker ly- Earle, 526).
Type locality: "Hab. in Pennsylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr. '
Carex laxiflora Lam. Encycl. 3 : 392. 1789. Loose-floweked Sedge.
Carex anceiys Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 278. 1805.
C. anceps angusiifoUa Dewey in Wood, Bot. 423. 1845.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 607. Chap. Fl. 540. In part.
Alleghenian to Louisianiau area. Ontario, Eastern States, west to Texas.
Alabama : From the mountains to Central Prairie region. Shady woods and moist
copses. Cullman County, 800 feet. Clark County, Choctaw Corner. Common.
Type locality: "Cette espece bieu distiucte crolt dans le New-York, la Pensylva-
nie & la Virginie."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex laxiflora varians Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club. 1 : 32. 1889.
Carex laxiftora striatula Carey in Gray, Man. ed. 2, 524. 1856. Not C. striatida
Michx. 1803.
C. hlanda Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10 : 45. 1826.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 007. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 481.
Canadian zone, Alleghenian aud Carolinian areas. Ontario; New England (Mount
Desert Island), throughout the Eastern States to North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Shady woods. Blount County, banks of Mulberry
River. Cullman County. Lee County, Auburn. June; rare.
Type locality : "New Hampshire to New Jersey, Minnesota, and Kansas."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex laxiflora patulifolia (Dewey) Carey in Gray, Man. ed. 2, 524.
Broad-leaf loose-flowered Sedge.
Carex plantaginea Schk, Riedgr. Nacht. 63, /. 195. 1806, Not Lam. 1789.
C. anceps patuJifoUa Dewey in Wood, Bot. 423, 1845.
C. laxiflora var. plantayinea Boott, 111. 1 : 37. 1858.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 607.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New England to Michigan, southward to North
Carolina.
Alabama : Mountain region. Shady copses. Blount County, Blount Springs.
Walker County (T. M. Peters; Beaumont). Not rare.
Type locality of C. plantayinea Schk. : "Hab. in sylvis Virginiae, Carolinae, Pen-
sylvaniae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex striatula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 173. 1803, Michaux's Sedge.
Carex tetanica Ell. Sk. 2 : 549. 1824. Not Schk.
C. ignota Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2, 8 : 348. 1849.
C. laxifiora michauxU Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, 1 : 32. 1889,
C, laxifiora Boott, 111. 1 : 36, t. S9. 1858.
15894 27
41!^ TT-ANT l.IFK (»F ALAI5AMA.
Ell. Sk. I.e. riiai). Fl.r.lO. Coiilt.T. Coiitr. \:it. llcrl). 2: ISl.
(.'iirnliniaii and Louisi.uii.in anas, ('amliiia (o llorida, west In Lmiisiaiia and
Texas.
Ai.AHAM.v: Mountain rcf^ion ti) C<'nlral I'rairio rc^^ion. Kicli woodlands. Itloniit
County, Itlount Sprin^is. Tuscaloosa County. Wilcox County (.S'. /;. y>«cA/ey; .Iiine;
local, inlVc(|uent.
Tyjic locality : " llab. in Carolina."
Herb. (icol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex styloflexa liuckl. Am. Jouin. Sci. 45 : 171. 1843. liENT-i'in itk.i> Skuck.
Carex fitxiformix Cliaj*. Dew. Am. .fourn. Sci. scr. 2, 6 : 244. 18 !!•.
C. laxiflora var. sti/loflcxa Koott. 111.1:157. 1858.
Gray, Man. ed. (i, 608.' Cliap. Fl. .510. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 481.
Carolini.in and Louisiauian areas. .Southern rennsylvania. New .Jersey to
Florida, west to Louisiana and Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region to Coast jilain, in damp shady
woods. Wiu.stou County, Collier's Creek. Lawrence County ( 7'. . I/, y'c/cj-s). Wilcox
County (Bitch h'n). Mobile County. .June; not fre(iueut.
Ty])e locality : "Mountains, Macon County, N. C."
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex albursina Sheldon, Bull. Torr. Club, 20 : 284. 1893.
WiiiTK Bear Valley Skdge.
Carex laxiflora var. latifolia Boott, HI. 1:38. 1858. Not C. latifoUa Moench.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 607. Britt. A: Brown, HI. Fl. 1 : 329.
Allej^heniau to Carolinian area. New England to Minnesota, Ohio, and Virginia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Madison County, Montesano, 1,. 500 feet.
Type locality (Boott) : "New York, Knieakern. Oh'w, Sullirant. Kentucky, .S7/or/."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex digitalis AVillii. Sp. I'l. 4 : 298. 1805. Slkndkr "Wood Sedge.
Carex oUqocarpa Muhl. Gram. 242. 1817.
C. vanvlccldi Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1 : 69. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 551. Gray, Man. e'd. 6, 608. Chap. Fl. 541.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario; New England west to Michigan and
Hlinois. south to New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Mississippi, and western Louisi-
ana (Hale).
Alabama : Mountain region. Shaded rocky hillsides. Winston County, Colliers
Creek, 1,500 feet; not rare.
Type locality : " Hab. in Fensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex picta Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 184. 1855. Boott's Sedgk.
Carex hooitiana Benth. ; Boott, Bost. .lourn. Nat. Hist. 5 : 112. 1845. Not Hook. &
Arn. 1841.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 610. Chap. Fl. 536.
Carolinian area. Iniliana.
Alabama: Mountain region. Shaded rocky shelves. Winston County, Sipsey
Valley. Local, rare.
Type locality : " Z)n(nimow(Z (sine ur. ) Louisiana. New Orleans."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex nigroniarginata Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1 : 68. 1824. Black-edgkd Sedge.
Carex lucorum var. nigro-margiiiata Chap. Fl. 539. 1860.
(iray, Man. ed. 6, 613. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 567.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New York, New .Jersey, along the mountains to
North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry rocky hillsides. Winston County, Colliers
Creek, 1,500 feet. September; local, not frequent.
Type locality: "Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex floridana Schw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1:.306. 1825.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 567. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 482.
Louisiauian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Dry grassy places. Mobile County, Monroe Park (Carl
Baker). March ; rave.
Ty])e locality: "In the sands of east Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SEDGES. 419
Carex dasycarpa Muhl. Gram. 236. 1817. Hairy-fruited Sedge.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 541. Chap. Fl. 539.
Lonisianian area. South Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Dry sandy copses and open woods. Baldwin County,
Point Clear. Not frequent.
Type locality; "Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex •willdenovii Scbk. Eiedgr. Nacht. 3.3, /. ii5. 1806. Willdexow's Sedge.
Allegbenian and Carolinian areas. New England west to Michigan, south to
North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Winston County (T. M. Peters). Rare.
Type locality : " Aus Pensylvanien."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex leptalea Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. ser 2, 24 : 139. 1803.
BrISTLK-STALKED SEi)GE.
Carex polyfrichoides Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4:213. 1805.
C. microstachya Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 169. 1803. Not Ehrh.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 613. Chap. Fl. 536. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 482.
Canadian zone to Lonisianian area. From Newfoundland through Canada to the
Pacific, and from British Columbia to Oregon; south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Boggy places. Lee County, Auburn (Baker c^ Earle,
525). Tuscaloosa and Mobile counties. April to June; common. Abundant in the
coast plain.
Type locality not ascertained; locality of CjjoZj/iric/iowZes; "Hab. in Pennsylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr,
Carex stipata Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 233. 1805. Awl-fruited Cakex.
Carex vulinnoidea Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 390. 1836. Not Michx,
Ell. Sk. 2 : 529. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 614,
Mexico? Japan,
Allegbenian to Lonisianian area. Newfoundland to Ontario and Pacific coast.
Throughout Eastern United States. Texas to Mexico.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower Pine belt. Swampy places. Lee County,
Auburn. Washington County, Yellowpine. April; not common.
Type locality : " Hab. in Pennsylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
Carex stipata uberior Mohr.
Carex stipata maxima Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22 : 135, 1887, Name only. Not C.
maxima Scop,
C. stipata Chap. Fl. 533. 1860.
Chap. 1. c. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 483.
From a stout rootstock, robust; stem 2 to almost 3 feet high, f to i inch thick at the
very spongy base, acutely 3-angled, concave on the sides; leaves nearly as long as
the stem, f to -^ inch wide, flaccid, long acuminate to a sharp almost filiform point;
panicle ovate-lanceolate, fully 2 inches long, and 1 inch Avide at the somewhat
decompound base. Peryginia with stronger nerves. Plant pale.
This well-marked variety has been confounded with the type. The description of
C. stipata Chap, clearly points to our plant. Professor Bailey ascribes to Chapman
the untenable name C. stipata maxima, which appears, however, not to have been
]>ublished, but which doubtless has reference to this ])lant. C. stipata in Coulter's
Botany of Western Texas (Contr. Nat. Herb, vol. 2) clearly belongs here.
Lonisianian area. Florida to Texas.
Alabam.\: Coast plain. In deep morasses, growing in dense clumps. Mobile
County; open deep river swamps along the old telegraph road, Aiiril.
Type locality : Mobile County, Ala,
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Molir.
Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 169. 1803,
Many-flowered Carex.
Carex mnltiflora Muhl. ; Willd, Sp. PI. 4 : 243. 1805.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 530, Gray, Man. ed. 6, 615. Chap. Fl. 533.
Mexico, Colombia.
Canadian to Lpuisianian area. Eastern Canada to Lakes Superior and Winnipeg,
throughout the Eastern States to Florida, west to Louisiana.
42() ri,.\N'r i.ikk ok alauama.
Ai.ahama: Over tln> State, (irassy swales. Tennessee Valley. Ciillnian, Tiisca-
Iddsa, MoutfjoiiH'iy, ami .Mobile countioH. May; ahumlant.
Typr Ideality: " Mali, in Canada <■( Nova An;;lia."
Herb. CJeol. ^iirv. Herb. Molir.
Carex rosea radiata Dewey, Am. .lourn. S(;i. 10:27<i. 1826. Srr.i.i.Aii: SicixiE.
Carcx utiilicta Tiukemi. Knuni. Metli. 111. 18IH.
('. rostd viitior Hoott, 111. 1 :H1. \K>i'>.
(iray, Mau.ed.f). (Jlfi. C'liai>. F1..W1. Hritt. A Hmwn. 111. I'l. 1:M17.
All<*;;benian and Carolinian areas. Ontario and .soiitliern New En;;land, west lo
Mieliigau, soutli to West Virj^'inia and North Carolina.
.Vi.auama: Mountain region. Central Tine belt. Dry i>]nm woods. Ulount
County. Antanj^a County, I'rattville. .Inne.
Type locality (Dewey): "This variety is credited to our country by Wablinberg.
It is dl'ten found about woods," * * \
Herb. (ieol. Surv.
Carex texensis (Torr.) Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:97. 1894. Ticxan Skdge.
Carcx rosea var. texensis Torr. ; Bailev, Mem. Torr. Club, 1 : .57. 1889.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 61(5. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 483.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Illinois, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry bills. lUonnt County, Blount Springs, .luue;
not fretiuent.
Tyjte locality: "Mount Carnitl, southern Illinois, Sclniecl.', and from Alabama to
Texas."
Herb. Gcol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex retroflexa Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 235. 1805. Keki.ex-flowered Sedge.
Carex rosea retroflexa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 389. 1836.
Ell. Sk. 2:528. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 616. Chap. Fl. 534. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 483.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Ontario, New England, west to
Michigan, soutli to West Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi,
Louisiana {Carpoiter), to Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry hillsides. Winstou County, Colliers Creek,
1,. 500 feet. Madison County, Montesano, 800 feet. June; infrequent.
Ty]»e locality : "Hab.in Pennsylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex muhlenbergii Schk. IMedgr. Nacht. 12,/. 17S. 1806. Muhlenberg's Sedge.
Ell. Sk. 2:529. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 617. Chap. Fl. 534. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:484.
Mexico, Chile.
Alleghenian to Lousianian area. Ontario; New England west to Minnesota,
Dakota, and Nebraska, south to Texas and Florida.
Alabama: Throughout the State. Dry open woods. M^tgomery County. Bald-
win County, Point Clear. April; infx-equent.
Type locality: "Hab.in America boreali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex muhlenbergii xalapeiisis (Kuuth) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 86. 1894.
Carex xalapensis Kunth, ICnnm. 2 : 380. 18.37.
C. multlenhergii var. enerris Boott, 111. 3 : 124. 1862.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 617. Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 1:349.
Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New York, New Jersey, District of
Columbia, Missouri, Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Low woods. DallasCounty, Uniontown. .Tune;
rare.
Type locality: "Xalapa Mexicanorum."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex sparganioides Muhl. ; WilM. Sp. IT. 4 : 237. 1805. Bur-reed Sedge.
Ell. Sk.2:53L Gray, Man. ed. 6, 616. Chap. Fl. 534.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario, through the Eastern States to Georgia.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Rich woods. Winston County (T. J/. Pdos). .June;
infrequent.
Type locality: " Hab. in Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SEDGES. 421
Carex cephalophoia Miibl. ; Willcl. Sp. PI. 4:220. 1803. Oval-iieadkd Sedgk.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 526. Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 617. Chap. Fl. 534. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 483.
Allegbeniau to Louisianiau area. Ontario and New England, west to Michigan
and Iowa ; through the Ohio Valley and Southern Atlantic States, west to Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region, Central Pine belt. Cullman County. Tuscaloosa
County {E. A. iSmith), May; not infrequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Peusylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex leavenworthii Dewey, Am. .Tourn, Sci. ser. 2, 2 : 246. 1846.
Leavenworth's Sedge.
Carex cephalophora var. angustifoHa Boott, 111. 3 : 123. 1862.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 617. Coulter" Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 483.
Allegbeniau to Louisianiau area. South to the Gulf, and from Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Coast plain. Dry open woods. Cullman County.
Madison County, Huiitsville {Baker cj- Earle, 537). Blount County, Blount Spring's.
Mobile County. June; not infrequent.
Type locality : "Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex sterilis Willd. Sp. PI. 4:208. 1805. Little Pkickly Sedge.
Carex steUulata and C. eehinata Amer. authors.
C. sterilis Boott, 111. 1 :56, t. 146. 1858.
C. eehinata var. microstachiis Boeckl. Linnaea, 39 : 125. 1875.
C. sterilis excelsior Bailey, 'Bull. Torr. Club, 20 : 424. 1894.
Gray, Man. ed, 6, 618. Chap. Fl. 534. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 236.
Mexico.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Ontario; through the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific; from Vancouver Island to California; New England, through the Atlantic
States to Florida, west to Texas, Colorado, Arizona, Montana, and Nevada.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Shaded boggy places. Lee County,
Auburn {Baker 4' Earlc, .537). i\Iadison County, Huntsville. Cullman Couuty.
Mobile County, Springhill, Mount Vernon. Baldwin County, Point Clear. April,
May ; not infrequent.
Type locality : "Hab. in Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex atlantica Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20:425. 1893. Eastern Sedge.
Carex steUulata covferta Chap. Fl. 534. Not C. conferta Koch. 1860.
C. eehinata var. conferta Bailev, Cat. N. A. Carices. 1884.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 618. Chap! Fl. 534. Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 350.
Canadian zone to Louisianiau area. Along the coast from Newfoundland to
Florida and Mississipjji.
Alabama: Coast plain to the Mountain region. Boggy banks of streams. Mobile
County, Springhill, Mouut Vernon. Cullm&n County. May; frequent in swamps
and along pine-barren streams.
Type locality: " Follows the coast from Newfoundland to Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex interior Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20:426. 1893. Inland Sedge.
Carex seirpoides Sartwell, lOxsic. No. 36. 1848.
C. steUulata var. seirpoides Boott, 111. 1:56, t. 146 * *. 1858.
Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 1:350,/. 176.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Maine to Minnesota; south to Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region. Woods. Madison County, ^lontcsano, 1,200 to 1,. 500
feet. Lee County, Auburn (Baker 4- Earle, 556). Infrequent.
Type locality: "Bogs and swamps in the interior country from Maine to Minne-
sota and Kansas."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex bromoides Schk. Kiedgr. Nacht. 8,/. 176. 1806. Brome-like Sedge.
Ell. Sk. 2 :528. Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 619. Chap. Fl. 533.
Europe.
Alleghenian to Louisianiau area. New Brunswick and Ontario, thence to the
Pacific, and from. British Columbia to California; New England west to Michigan
and Missouri ; south from New York to Florida and west to Louisiana.
422 I'LANT 1,1 KK OF ALABAMA.
Ai.ahama: Central Prairie region. Ldw woods. Mont^jonicry County, Pontnlalla
Crci'k. Inireiiuent.
Type localily: " llab. in Tonsyivania." ^
Herl). (.kiol. Surv. Herb. Moiir.
Carex tribuloides turbata Railey, .Mem. Torr. Club, l:5.o. 188'J.
Hlunt Ukoom Skdck.
Carrr hmopodloidts var. IJoott, Hi. 3: 117, t. S71,f. 1. 1S()2.
AllcKbtnian to Loui.sianian area. Southern Now Enj^lantl to .Micliigan; south to
Alabama ami Louisiana.
Ai.ah.v.ma: Central Prairie region. Coast plain and open marshe.s. Dallas County,
Uniontown, in l()^\• wet woods. Mobile County, rivtjr marshes. May, .June; not rare.
'I'vpe loeality : '• Shady copses and woods, Massachuaetta to Michigan and south-
ward to Alaliama, .\Johr, ami Louisiana, Lamjlois."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. lieib. Molir.
Carex scoparla Sehk. Kiedgr. Naeht. 20, f.l7'>. 1806. Pointku i'.i:()OM Seduk.
Ctinj- K<o]Kiria var. tninor Hoott, 111. 3:116, /. o09. 1H62.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia and Manitolta; New England,
west to Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Colorado; south along the mouutaiua to North
Carolina.
Ai.aiiama: M(Mintain region. Blount County, Mulberry Kiver. .June; rare.
Type locality: " Hab. in America boreal!."
Herb. (leol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex albolutesceus Sehweiu. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1 :•)(). 1824. Bailey, Bull. Torr.
Club, 20:422. 1893. Greenish-white Seugk.
Carer stramiiiea vav. foenaa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3:39.5. 1836. Not C /ocHea
Willd. 1809.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 622. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 484.
Alleghenian to Louisiauian area. From Florida along the coast to New England;
(Mount Desert Island) west along the Gulf shore to Texas.
Ai.AitAMA: Coast plain and Littoral region. Marshes, ditches. Mobile and Bald-
win counties. May, June; conimon.
Type locality : "Carolina and Pennsylvania.''
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex festucacea Willd. Sp. Pl. 4 : 242. 180.5. Fescue Sedge.
Carex straminea Sch]<. Kiedgr. Nacht. 23,/. 174. 1806.
C. straminca var. brerior Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 11: 1.58. 1826.
C.>itraviineafeslncaceaTu.(ik{:rm. Enum. Meth. 18. 1843.
C. straminea typica Boott, 111. 3 : 121, /. 3S7. 1862.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 535. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 622. Chap. IT. 535. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:484.
:Mexico.
Alleghenian to Louisiauian area. Ontario; New England west to Michigan, Min-
nesotji, Dakota, and Nebraska; south from New York to Florida and west to Texas.
Alaha.ma: Undoubtedly over the State. Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Dry
wood.s, copses. Tuscaloosa County ( E. J. Smith). Mobile County, Springhill. April,
May; freciuent.
Type locality: " Hab. in America boreali."
Her]). Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carex alata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 396. 1836. Bkoad-wixged Sedge.
Carex stramineaalafa (Torr.) Bailev, Carex Cat. 1884.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 622. Chap. Fl. 535. Britt. & Brown, III. Fl. 1:359.
Canadian zone to Louisiauian area. Ontario west to Manitoba; New I^ngland
(Mount De.sert Island) to Michigan, southern Illinois, and along the coast south to
Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Swamps. Mobile County, river marshes. May. Three
to 5 feet high. Fre(|uent.
Type locality : " Newbern, X. C, Mr. Croom! ; Macon, Georgia, Dr. Loomis!"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SEDGES. 423
REMARKS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CAREX IN ALABAMA,
Of the extensive genus Carex, represented by about 500 valid species
and distinct varietal forms, 60 species, including- well marked varieties,
have been recognized in Alabama.
The following are strictly inhabitants of the mountain region, held
in common with the ]S^orthern United States within the Carolinian area,
and extending to the Alleghenian area and to Canada:
Carex coUin-iii. Carex laxiflora varians. Carex itilldenarii.
Carex foUicnluta. Carex laxijlora patulifolia. Carex spartianioides.
Carex sqiiarrosa. Carex albnrsina. Carex interior.
Carex iorta. Carex digUalis. Carex reiroftexa.
Carex (njnandra. Carex picta. Carex cephulophora.
Carex virescens. Carex mgromarginata. Carex scoparia.
Species held in common with the Northern States, extending to the
Central Pine belt in the Louisianian area:
Carex (jranidaris. Carex laxiflora. Carex hromoides.
Extending throughout the State :
Carex bit innescens. Carex stipata. Carex leptalca.
( arex liirida. Carex festitcacea. Carex tribiiloides tnrhata.
Carex hirsnta. Carex rosea radiata. Carex viuhkiibergii.
Carex steriUs. Carex learenworthii. Carex styloflexa.
Southern forms most frequent in the Louisianian area and sparingly
met with in the adjacent regions of the Carolinian area, north to the
Ohio Valley:
Carex grandis. Carex haileyi. Carex caroliniana.
Carex frankii. Carex amphihola. Carex oblita.
Carex debilis pubera. Carex sfriatula. Carex triceps.
Southern species confiued to the Louisianian area and west to Texas:
Carex loiiisianica. Carex verrucosa. Carex texends.
Carex elliottii. Carex oxylepis. Carex muhlenbergii xalapen-
Carex foUictilata anstralis. Carex cherokeensis. sis,
Carex turgescens. Carex debilis prolixa.
Carex flacvosperma . Carex florldana.
Species confined to the coast and extending north to New England:
Carex atlaniica. Carex alboluteseeiis. Carex alaia.
Species also in foreign lands:
Mexico:
Carex stipata. Carex muhlenbergii xahqiensis. Carex f est ucacea.
Carex muhlenbergii. Carex sterilis. Carex rulpinoidea.
Japan: Carex stipata.
Europe : Carex bromoides.
ARECACEAE (PALMAE). Palms.
SABAL Adaus. Fam. Nat. 2 : 495. 1763. Palmktto.
Six species, of tropical aud sul)tropical America. North America, 2.
Sabal minus (Jacq.) Pers. Syn. 1:399. 1805.
Dwarf Palmetto. Blue Palmetto.
Corypha minor Jacq. Hort. Vind. 3 :S. 1776. Not Blauco. 1837.
C. pumila Walt. Fl. Car. 119. 1788.
Chamaerops acaulis Micbx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 207. 1803.
Sabal adansoniGuerseut, Bull. Soc. Phil. 3 : 206, t. S5. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 430. Chap. Fl. 438.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
424 TLANT I.IFK (U'" ALAI5AMA.
Ai-ahama: roiitral Piii(> l)flt in tlio. Coast i)laiii. Rich wooded hottoiim. Jiiue;
fri'<incnt. Coinimm south of the Central I'iiu- Itelt.
Ecouoniic uses: The leaves valuable lor luaidiny.
I'vpe locality: ''lu Carolina."
Herl). Ceol. Surv. lloib. Mohr.
SERENOA ]5enth. A: Hook.Ccn. ri.3:!l-'ri. 1883.
A single species, Southern Atlantic States.
Serenoaseriiilata(Michx.) Beuth. & Hook. Cm. PI. 3 :926. 1883. Saw Palmktto.
( InimaiTopa neiritlatn Miclix. Fl. I5or. Am. 1 : 200. 1803.
1.11. Sk. 1:131. Chap. Fl. 138; ed. 3, 4(12.
I.oui.Hianiau area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Ai.AHAM.v: Coast plain. Sandy (hit piuis barrens, on the islands and all over the
Coast ]ilain. June; frecpient. Shrub.
Economic uses: The ripe drujies arc used medicinally; the liber of the stems is
used in ])la(e of hair in jdaster; brushes are made from the roots, and tannin is
extracteil from the leaves.
Tyjie locality: " llab. in maritimis Carolinae et Georgiae.''
Herb. Ccol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
RHAPIDOPHYLLUM 1 1. Wendl. &. Drude, Bot. Zeit. 34 : 803. 1876.
One species. Southeastern North America.
Rhapidophyllum hystrix 11. Wendl. & Drude, Bot. Zeit. 34 : 803. 1876.
Blue Palmktto.
Chamacrops hyslrix Fraser; Pursh, Fl. 1:240. 1814.
Chai>. F1.438; ed. 3. 463.
Caroliuiau and Louisianian areas. South Carolina, Florida.
Alabama : Southern edge of Metamorphic hills. Low shady woods. Lee County,
Auburn (Earle iS' Tracy, 1899). Only locality known in the State.
Type locality : "Near the town of Savannah, Georgia."
ARACEAE. Arum Family.
ACORUS L.Sp. PI. 1:324. 17.".3.
Two species, temperate regions, Europe, Asia; North America, 1.
Acorus calamus L. Sp. PI. 1:324. 1753. Sweet Flag. Calamus.
Ell. Sk. 1:403. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 551. Chap. Fl. 442.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Canada to Saskatchewan and through the
I'nited States east of the Mississippi River, west to Nebraska and Kansas.
EuitOPK.
Alab.\ma : Scattered over the State. Border of swamps. Mobile and Montgomery
counties. Perennial.
Economic uses: The root forms the "sweet tlag root" or "Calamus" of the U.S.
Pharmacopti'ia.
Type locality : " llab. in Europae " fossis paludosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ORONTIUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 321. 1753.
Single afiuatic species. Atlantic North America.
Orontium aquaticum L. Sp. PI. 1 :324. 1753. Golden Club.
Ell. Sk. 1:404. (;ray, Man. ed. 6, 551. Chap. Fl. 442.
Alleghenian to Lonsianiau area. Southern Massachusetts to Florida, west to east-
ern Texas and southern Missouri.
Alabama: Over the State. In still-flowing water; ponds. Clay County, Shin-
bone Valley, 1,000 feet. Cullman County. Mobile County, February 15. Common.
Perennial.
Tyjtc locality: "Hah. in Virginiae, Cauadae jialudibus scaturiginibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ARUM FAMILY. 425
PELTANDRA Eaf. Journ. Phys. 89 : 103. 1819.
Two species, ptiludial perennials. Southeastern North America.
Peltandra sagittifolia (Miclix.) Morong, Mem. Terr. Club, 5 : 102. 1894.
White Arrow- Arum. Wild Calla Lily.
Calla sar/itti folia Michs. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 187. 1803.
Calladium qlaucum Ell. Sk. 2 : 631. 1821-24.
Peltandra alba Raf. New. Fl. N. Am. 1 : 88. 1836.
Xanlliosoma sar/ittifolia Chap. Fl. 441. 1860. Not Schult.
Ell. Sk. I.e. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 550. Chap. Fl. 441; ed. 3, 465.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, along the Gulf coast to Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast region. Boggy borders of pine-barren streams. Mobile and
Baldwin counties. Flowers in June. Spadix white, fruit scarlet. July to August;
not rare.
Type locality: " Hab. in paludosis Georgiae et Floridae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Peltandra virgiiiica (L.) Kunth, En um. 3:43. 1841. Green Arum.
Ai'iim rirginicum L. Sp. PL 2 : 966. 1753.
Peltandra midulata Raf. Journ. Phys. 89 : 103. 1819.
Calla virglnica Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 187. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 630. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 550. Chap. Fl. 440.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario; New England, west to Michigan;
lower Ohio Valley, south to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Low muddy
places. Most abundant near the coast. Mobile County. Tuscaloosa County {E.A.
Smith), Flowers in April ; green. Common.
The whole plant is acrid.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ARISAEMA Mart. Flora, 14 : 459. 1831.
About 50 species, perennials, of temperate and subtropical regions. Eastern Asia,
North America. Atlantic North America, 2.
Arisaema quinatum Schott, Syn. Aroid. 28. 1856.
Arum quinatum Nutt. Gen. 2 : 222. 1818.
Arum pohjmorphum Buckl. Am. Journ. Sci. 45 : 173. 1843.
Arisaema lyohimorphum Chap. Fl. 440. 1860.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 629. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 464.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina, Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Upper division Coast Pine belt. Rich wooded
hillsides. Winston County, Colliers Creek, altitude 1,300 feet. Clarke County, Choc-
taw Corner, altitude 250 feet. Flowers April, May. Spathe white. Infrequent.
Distinguished from Arum triphfiUiim by the quiuate or 8ubqninat3 second leaf, by
the acute, rather slender (not inflated), spathe, and by the slender spadix tapering to
the obtuse (not clavate) apex.
Type locality : "In Georgia; — Br. Baldwi/n."
Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2 : 239. 1843. Indian Turnip.
Arum tri2}hyllum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 965. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 629. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 549. Chap. Fl. 440.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia and Ontario; New England, west
to Minnesota, south to the Ohio Valley, Florida, and Louisiana.
Alabama: Over the State. Rich wooded hillsides, copses. Winston County, 1,500
feet. Clay, Cullman, Tuscaloosa, Clarke, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. April, May ;
not common.
The plant with leaves of 5 segments from the mountains of Winston County is
found too closely connected with the type by forms from Clarke County, with
the lateralleaflets more or less deeply two-])arted, to be considered distinct.
Economic uses: The root, known as "Indian turnip," is used medicinally.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia, Brasilia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
4t?(t I'l.ANl' 1.11 I. or AJ.AHAMA.
Aiisaema diacontiunul-.) Stiiott, Mrlot. 1:17. 1H:{2. DitAiiuN-itooT.
.hum tliitiiinliiint 1,. Sp. l'1.2:Hr)l. ITHM.
i:il. .Sk.2:(;L".t. <iniy, Man. td. C, r.lil. Chaj). Fl. '140. Coulter, ( oiii r. N:it. llcilt.
2 : I.M.
Allojihoiiian to Loui«iani:m area. Ontario; New EM;ilaml, west to .MimicHota,
soutli toOliio Valley; Florida to oaHtorn TexaH.
Al.AHAM.v: Moiiiitaiii region to Lower Pino bilt. Kieli copses. Cullman C'onnty.
'riUHiMlousa ('(umty {E. J. Smith). Clarke County, Ciioctaw Corner. April; uot
fre<iiniit.
I'ype locality: '" lial>. in America."
Herb. (ieol. Snrv. ll.rli. Mohr.
LEMNACEAE. Duckweed Family.
SPIRODELA S.hleid. l.inna.a. 13:;i!tl. I.SL'it. Duckwkkd.
A sinj^ie species, of teniixrate rej;ious.
Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Sibleid. Linn.iea, 13::>'.>1. 1839.
f.nitiia jiolifi-liha L. Sp. PI. 2 : 970. 17.".3.
Ell. .Sk. 2:r)18. Gray, Man.ed. 6, 552. Cliap. Fl. 113. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 153.
EiROPi;, SiBKKiA, Asia. Aistralia, Maueika, Noktii and South America,
\Vi:sT Lndie.s to Central .\meuica.
liorcal rejfion to Louisiauiau area. Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
TliroujjliDut the Atlantic Eastern States, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alaijama: All over the State. Stagnant waters. Mobile County ; frequent.
Type locality: " llab. in Europae paludibus, lossis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LEMNA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 970. 1753.
Six species, of temperate and warmer regions. Floating, almost cosmopolitan,
plants.
Lemiia minor L. Sp. PI. 2 : 970. 1753.
Ei'ROi'E, Africa, Australia, North America, West Indies to South America.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. All over the continent to north latitude 58-.
Alabama: Over the State in pools, stagnant water; common everywhere. Mobile
County; F»'bruary, March.
Type locality : "Hab. in Europae aquis quietis."
Herli. Mohr.'
Lemna trisuica L. Sp. PL 2 : 970. 1753. Star Duckwked.
Gray, Man. ed. 0, 552. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 4.53.
Distribution as wide as that of the last.
Europe.
Alabama: Over the State. In stagnant water. Mobile County. March.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae sub aquis pigris puris."
Herb. Mohr.
MAYACACEAE. Mayaca Family.
MAYACA Aubl.Pl.Guian. 1:42. 1775.
Seven species, tropical and subtropical aciuatics, America. Atlantic North Amer-
ica, southein, 1 species.
Mayaca aubleti Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 26. 1803. Mosslike Mayaca.
Mat/acajluviatilis Aubl. PI. Guian. 1 : 42. 1775.
M. 'mwhauxii Schott & Endl. Melet. 1 : 24. 1832.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 50. Gray, Man. ed. 6, .538. Chap. Fl. 499. Griseb. Fl. IJrit. W. Ind. .526.
We.st Indies, Mexico, Guiana to P>razil.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to the coast. Shallow ponds, springy places,
wetbanks, pine-barren streams. EnlaulaCounty (A'. A. Smith). Clarke, Washington,
Mobile, and Baldwin coniiti<'S. Flowers lilac, .June to July; abundant. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. a Carolina ad Floridam."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
YELLOW-FA'ED GRASSES. 427
XYRIDACEAE. Yellow-eyed Grass Family.
XYRIS L. Sp. PI. 1 : 42. 1753.'
About 50 species, mostly of the tropical and subtropical zone. Perennials, chiefly
iu America, Australia, Africa. North America, 14.
Xyris ambigua Beyr. in Kuuth, Euum. 4 : 13. 1843.
Beykich's Ykllow-eyed Grass.
Xyris stricta Chap. Fl. 500. 1860.
X rJiombipetala Sauv. Fl. Cub. 160. 1868.
Chap. Fl. 500.
CUIJA,
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to eastern Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Sandy wet borders of piue-barren
streams, ponds, ditches. Washington County, Yellowpine. Escambia, Mobile, and
Baldwin counties. Flowers yellow, .July, August; fre(|uent.
Type locality: "Georgia, ad ripas ijaludum."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Xyris flexuosa Muhl. Cat. 5. 1813. Bulbous Yellow-eyed Grass.
Xip-is biilbosa Kunth, Eiium. 4 : 11. 1843.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 51. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 537. Chap. Fl. 500. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 442.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario and New England west to Minnesota,
south to New Jersey, Florida, Texas, Arkansas, and southern Missouri.
Alabama: Mountain region to the Coast plain. ^Vet sandy soil. Lee County,
Auburn {Baker i^- Earle). IJekalb County, De Soto Falls. Cullman Couuty, 800 fei t
altitude. Chilton County (£. A.Sinith). Washington County, Yellowpine. Autauga
and Mobile counties. July, August; frequent.
Type locality : " Georgia, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Xyris elliottii Chap. Fl. 500. 1860. Elliott's Yellow-eyed Grass.
Chap. Fl. 1. c.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast Pine belt. Coast plain. Sandy swamps. Clarke County, Choc-
taw Corner. Monroe County, Claiborne. Escambia, Mobile, and Baldwin counties.
July to October ; common.
Type locality : "Wet grassy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Xyris communis Kunth, Enum. 4 : 12. 1843. Common Yellow-eyed Grass.
Xyris diformis Chap. Fl. 500. 1860.
X. (nimnoptera Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 223. 1866.
X. laj-i folia Mart. Flora, 24, Beibl. 2 : 53. 1841.
Chap. Fl. I.e.
Cuba, West Indiks to Brazil, Argentina.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. Maryland to Florida and western Louisiana.
Alabam.a.: Lower hills to Coast plain. Damp grassy banks, etc. Dekalb Couuty,
Valley Head. I^ee County (-/. I). Smith). Mobile Countj'. July ; infrequent.
Type locality : "Cajenna (Desf.), Caracas (E. Otto).
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Xyris serotina Chap. Fl. 500. 1860. Late-klowehixg Yellow-eyed Grass.
Louisianian area. W^estern Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Shallow pine-barren ponds. Mobile County, Kelly's jtond.
October; rare.
Type locality: "Pine-barren swamps, west Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Xyris caroliuiana Walt. Fl. Car. 69. 1788.
Xyris elata Chap. Fl. 501. 1860.
Gray, ^Nlau. ed. 6, 537. Chap. Fl. 501. 1860.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. New England, New York, south to Florida and
the Gulf States, to western Louisiana.
' Heinrich Ries, Review of the North American species of Xyris, Bull. Terr. Club,
vol. 19, pp. 35 to 43. 1892.
428 I'LANT Ml-K <M'" AI-AMAMA.
Ai.AHAMA : Tliroii^lioul till' ( cntral mid ('oast Pino belts. Sprinjiy ])lacoH in woods.
Li'i' County, Anhiun (Ikiler ,SEarh). Clarke, Monroe, and Wa.sliingtou counties.
.Inly ; not rare.
Typt' locality : "South Caroliu.a.
Iiorl>. (leol. Surv. llorh. Mohr.
Xyris iridifolia Chap. I"l. 501. 1860, S\\<)KI>-i.kai Yki.i.ow -kykd Gilass.
Cliap. Fl.l.o. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2: 112.
l.ouiHianian area. I'lorida, west to Houtheastern Texas (lirazos River).
Ai-amama: Mountain rej^ion, Metainorpliic hills, Central Prairie rejjion to Coast
jilain. Low wet jiine bairens. border swainjis. Leo County, Anlnirn ( lidlitr iS' ICarle).
Wilcox County (>'. />'. Ituvklei)). Wa8bin;;tou County, Yell<)W])ino. Mobile County.
.Inly.
Ty]»e locality: "Shallow iiou<l8, Apalachicola, Fla."
Herb. Getd. Snry. Herb. Mohr.
Xyris fimbriata Kll.Sk.l:52. 1!^16. Fijin(;ici) Yki.i.ow-eykd (Jkass.
Gray, Man. ed. (>, 573. Chap. FL 501.
Carolinian and Louisiani.in area. Southern New .lersey, \ir;i;iiiia. South Carolina
to Florida, west to Missis.sippi and Louisiana.
Ai.AitA.MA: Lower Pine rof^iou. Coast j)lain. Low weti)ine barrens. Mobile County,
Kelly's jtond, Spriiif^hill. Sejitember; not frequent.
Type locality: "Sent from Georjjia by Dr. Baldwin."
HVrb. Mohr."
Xyris torta Smith in Kees, Cycl. no. 11. 1819.
Xyris conocephala Sauy. Fl. Cub. 159. 1868.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 537. Chap. Fl. .537.
CruA.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas, Arkansas.
Alauam.a: Mountain region, Mctamorphic hills. Central Pine belt to the coast.
Lee County, Auburn {Baker cj- Earle). Washington and Mobile counties. June;
common.
Type locality : "Gathered in North America by Kalm."
Herb. ( Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Xyris torta pallescens var. nov. Pale T\viSTEn Xyris.
Slender, 8 to 10 inches high, glaucous, leaves narrow, linear, /^ inch wide, very
tortuous, greenish-brown at the base; llowering heads more conical and acute than
in the type, greenish, Howers white.
Louisianian area. Western Florida.
Aiaiiama: Littoral belt. Drifting sands, shore of Perdido Bay. Mobile County,
Dauphin Island. June; infreciuent.
Type locality: First observed on Santa Rosa Island, Florida. July 4, 1874.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Xyris baldwiniana Schult. Mant. 1:351. 1822. Baldwin's Yellow-eyki> Guass.
Xyris June a Bald. ; Ell. Sk. 1 : 53. 1816. Not R. Br.
A', ienuifolia Chap. Fl. 502, 1860.
X. setacea Chap. Su]>pl. 6.58. 1880.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 502. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 442.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, and west to Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Borders of pine-barren ponds. Washington
County, Fairfort. Mobile County, Chastangs Bluff. September; not rare.
Type locality : "Grows in danap situations in the pine barrens near St. Mary's
LGa.]."
Herb. Geol Surv. Herb. .Mohr.
ERIOCAULACEAE. Pipewort Family.
ERIOCAULON L. Sp. PI. 1:87. 17.53.
About 110 species, perennials, of subtropical and tropical regions of Asia, Africa,
and Australia, South and North America. North America 3, two of them south-
eastern, one extending north to New England and to southwestern Europe.
Eriocaulou decangulare L. Sp. PI. 1 : 87. 17.53. Ten-angled Pipewort.
Ell. Sk. 2:565. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 567. Chap. Fl. 503. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:459.
SPA.FISH MOSS. 429
Cuba.
Caroliniau and Louisiauian areas. Coast of New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Shallow pine-barren swamps. Mobile
County. .July to October; abundant.
Type locality : " Hab. in Americae septentrionalis paludibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eriocaulon compressum Lam. Encycl. 3 : 276. 1789. Flattened Pipewort.
Eriocaulon qnaphalodes Micbx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 165. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 565. Gray, Man. ed. 6. ,567. Chap. Fl. 503.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Boggy swamps, muddy ditches iu
the pine barrens. Abundant in the Coast plain. May to October.
Type locality : " Cette plante croit dans la Caroline mcridionale."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LACHNOCAULON Kuuth, Enum. 3 : 497. 1841.
Four species, southeastern North America. Perennials.
Lachnocaulon anceps (Walt.) Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 18 : 360. 1891.
Hairy Pipewort.
Eriocaulon anceps Walt. Fl. Car. 83. 1788.
E. villosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 166. 1803.
Lachnocaulon michauxii Knnth, Enum. 3 : 497. 1841.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 566. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 567. Chap. Fl. .504.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Sandy close soil. SouthernVirginia to Florida,
west to Mississippi.
Alabama: Throughout the Coast Pine belt. Most frequent in the Coast plain.
Washington County, Vellowpine. Mobile and Baldwin counties. March to .June.
Flowers white. Common,
Type locality: " South Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lachnocaulon glabrum Koernicke, Linnaea, 27 : 568. 1854. Smooth Pipewort.
Chap. Fl. 504.
Louisianian area. Florida.
Alabama: Littoral belt. Sandy shore of West Fowl River. Only locality.
April 20. 1868. Rare.
Type locality : "America borealis: Florida attul. Cabanis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DUPATYA Veil. Fl. Flum. 35, no. 42. 1825.
(Paepalanthus Mart. Nov. Act. Caes. 18 : 13. 1833-18.35.)
About 215 species, South America; mostly Brazil. Perennials.
Dupatya flavidula (Michx.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : 745. 1891. Yellow Dupatia.
Eriocaulon jiavidnlnm Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 166. 1803.
Paepalantlius fiavidulus Kunth, Enum. 3 : 532. 1841.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 566. Chap. Fl. 503.
Caroliniau and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Littoral legion. Damp sandy pine barrens. Baldwin County, Jose-
phine, in wet sand forming dense tufts. Flowers yellowish, appearing in Juno
and July. Infrequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Her1>. Mohr.
BROMELIACEAE.
TILL ANDSIA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 286. 17.53.
About 120 species, perennials. Epiphytes, mostly in subtropical and tropical
America; southeastern North America, 1.
Tillandsia usneoides L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 ; 411. 1762. Moss. Spanish Moss.
Ell. Sk. 1 : .379. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 511. Chap. Fl. 472. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 426. Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 598.
A:M) plant likk <»k at.ai?ama.
AVkst Indik.s. Mkxico to I'KrdlAY, ClIII.K.
('.irorniiiiii and LoiiisianiMii anas. Soiitlicastcrn X'irfiinia In Florida, went to
NOiitlnTii Texas.
Ai.ahama: Central i'iin' lu-lt, to tlic coast. I>aiiip liaiiks, on trees. ,\iita«iKa
mnt.v to .Moltiie Conuty, alluvial ilistrirts; most almndaiit. FioworH blue, June.
Ty|)i' locality: " llal>. in Virginiac, .laniaic.ie, lirasiliar arborihus."
('
Herb. tJeol. Surv. Herb. Mohi
COMMELINACEAE.
COMMELINA L. Sp. I'l. 1 : 10. 17r.:{.
About S>< species, warmer rejjions of Asia, .Mrica, Australia, America. Atlantic
Nortli America. 5.
Commelina communis L. Sp. ri. 1: 10. 1753. Asiatic ok Common Day-klowkr.
Coiiintilhin riilqaria Sclimidel. Iron. Pi. 159, /. /'/, //. 17G2.
C. irilldiuorii Kuntb, Eniim. 4:37. 1843.
Cb.ip. PI. 1!»7. in part. ? Britt. &. Prown, 111. PI. 1 : 370.
Asia.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Adventi^c; and naturalized. Soutbi-rn New
York and New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana.
Ai.aiiama: Lower bills to Coast plain. Cultivated and waste ground. Jefferson
County, Jonesboro (E. A. Smith). Mobile County. July to October; a garden weed.
Annual. ^
Type locality: "Hab. in America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Commelina nudiflora L. 8p. PI. 1 : 41. 1753. Creeimxo Day-flower.
Commelina communis ^Ya\t.FL Car. GH. 1788. Not L.
C. carorniiana Walt. 1. c.
C. cayeniieuxw h. C. Rich. Act. N. Soc. Nat. Hist. Par. 1 : 106. 1792.
('. arjraria Kunth, Enum. 4 : 38. 1843.
Pll.Sk. 1:48. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 538. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:443. Griseb.
PI. I'.rit. W. Ind. 524. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 524.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil, Canary Islands, Galapagos, Tropical
Africa.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Delaware to Florida, west to Texas and
Missouri.
Alah.\ma : Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Cultivated ground. A common gar-
den weed. Mobile. September to November. Flowers blue. Annual. ?
Type locality: "Hab. in India."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Commelina erecta 1j. 8p. PI. 1:41. 1753. Slender Day-flower.
Ell. Sk. 1:4S, in part. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 539. Chap. Fl. 497. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 443.
Mexico to Brazil, Peru.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower hills to Coast plain. Light exposed soil,
grassy banks, jiastures. Mobile County. Lee County, Auburn. August, Septem-
ber. Flowers blue. Perennial.
Type locality : ''Hab. in Virginia.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Commelina virginica L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 61. 1762. Virginia 1 )a v-flower.
Commelina <u)ffiif<ti folia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 24. 1803,
Gray, Man. ed. tJ, .5'39. Chap. Fl. 497.
Bahamas, Paraguay.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Southern New York to Michigan and Nebraska,
south to Florida.
L
Alap-ama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Tuscaloosa County (E. A. Smith).
ee County. Auburn (F. S. Earlc). Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PICKEREL WEED FAMILY. 431
Commelina hirtella Vabl, Eiinm. 2 : 166. 1806. Hirtellois Co:mmf,lina.
Commelina JonqifoUa Michs. FL Bor. Am. 1 : 23. 1803.
C. electa Gray," Man. ed. 5, 546. 1867. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 49. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 538. Chap. Fl. 498.
Mexico, Brazil, Peru.
Carolinian area. Pennsylvania and New .Jersey to Florida; Ohio Valley -west to
Missouri.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Damp banks. Lee County, Auburn
{Baker i^' Earl e). Cullman and ilobile counties. August; not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in nmbrosis sylvarum Virginiae et Carolinae. Eicliard."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TRADESCANTIA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 288. 1753.'
Thirty-two species, perennials, temperate and tropical America. North America
about 12.
Tradescantia reflexa Eaf. New Fl. pt. 2, 87. 1836. Common Spiderwoht.
Tradescantia eanaUcuJata Raf. Atl. Journ. 150. 1832. ?
Allegheuian to Louisianian area. Wisconsin (Lapbam) and Minnesota; Soutb
Carolina to Florida, west to Texas, Indian Territory, and Arizona.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. IMetamorpbic hills. Shaded copses,
grassy banks in light loamy soil. Lee County, Auburn (Earle .('■ Underwood).
Mobile County. Abundant in cultivated and abandoned ground and on waysides.
Flowers cerulean blue, anthers golden-yellow. Marcii, April. Fruit ripe in May
and June. Common.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Tradescantia hirsuticaulis Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 233. 1897.
Hirsute- stem.med Spiderwort.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida to western Louisiana {Carpenter).
Alabama : Central Prairie region. Coast plain. Open dry hillsides, in sandy soil.
Montgomery and Mobile counties. April to June; not frequent.
Type locality : " Sandy places, Georgia to Florida; occurs at 400 meters on Stone
Mountain."
Herb. Mohr.
Tradescantia montana Shuttl. ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 377. 1896.
Mountain Spiderwort.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia to Soutb Carolina.
Alaba.ma: Metamorphic and Lower hills. Tuscaloosa County (£. J. /Smfi/*). Lee
County, Auburn {Baler 4'- Earle). Flowers May; rare.
Type locality (Small): North Carolina, 7^H(7eL
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel Weed Family.
PONTEDERIA L. Sp. PI. 1 :288. 1753.
Twenty-three spejies, warmer regions, mostly American. North America, 1.
Pontederia cordata L. Sp. PI. 1 : 288. 1753. Wampee Pickerel-weed.
Ell. Sk. 1 : ,382. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 536. Chap. Fl. 496. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 441.
Mexico and Central America to Argentina.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia and Ontario to Saskatchewan;
throughout the Eastern United States and west to Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Ponds, marshes, and borders of streams. Mobile
County. April to .Inly ; common.
Tyi>e locality : " Hab. in Virginiae aquosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
' John K. Small, Tradescantia in the Southern States, Bull. Torr. Club, vol. 24, pp.
228 to 236. 1897.
4;>2 TLA NT MFK oF A LA 15 AM A.
HETER ANTHER A Kill/, <V l'a\ . lien. IM. Kl. Tor. ot Chil. 9. 17HI. WatkkStar-
tii;A-s. iSciioi.i.KitA Sclircl*. f:rii.785. 178J. Not Hotli. 1788. )
Nine spocii's, :ii|iiati<', jx-n'imial, wanner n';;;i<)iis nf Aiiii-rica.
Heteraiithera diibia (.)ac«i. ) Morons, M«ni. Torr. Club, 5 : 10r>. 1894.
GOI.DKN-II.OW KUKl) Watkr Stah.
Conninliiui diihia .Lirq. ni>». Rot. 3 : 0, /. .75. 1768.
I.rptanthng iiriiiiiiiiviiH Miclix. I"L Hoi. Am. 1: 'J."i, t. ■'>,/. ;?. 1803.
J I ttt ran thrill iiramiiien ValiL Kimiii. 2 :t."). ]80(!.
Scliiillfia giiimiina (Jrav, >Liii..">ll. 184S.
(Jray. Maii.cd. G, 5;iG. Chap. 1-1. 4!t7. Coulter, ("out r. Nat. IL-rb. 2 : 441. Wats. Hot,
Calir.'2:178.
d'HA.
Allefilienian to Loiiisianiaii area. Nova Scotia, Ontario; New Kiiyiand west to
Ohio and Minnesota, south to Florida, aii<l west to Texas and Arkansas.
Ai.ahama: Tennessee Valley to the seashore. Siiijjfiish streams, under water.
Lauderdale County. Tennessee R'wi't (PJ. A. Siiiilh). .Mobile and IJaiiiwin ronnties,
in the riverdeltaaiid ii|i]ier ])art of M(diile liay ; abundant. June. Flowers yellow.
Typi' locality : " ILiud jirociil a moutibus in rivnlo Jacobi dicto.'
Herb. < ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Heteranthera reniformis Ruiz & Pav. Prodr. Fl. Per. 1 : 43. 1798. Mud Plantain.
Ltplaiithiis roiiformia Miehx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 25. 1803.
Gray, Man. eiL(), .-)3ti. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 524. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 590.
Wkst Indie.s, Mkxico io Ak(;entixa, Paraguay, Peru.
Carolinian to Lonisianian area. New York, Illinois, and eastern Kansas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Mobile County, muddy ditches. July. Flowers pale
blue. Not frefjuent.
Type locality: " Hab. in Provincia Cercado, in paludibus et stagnatis Lurin,
Limae, Surco, Miraflores, Maj^dalena et Lurigancho.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
JUNCACEAE. Rush Family.
JUNCUS L. Sp. PL 1:325. 1753. Rush.
One hundred and seventy-six species, cosmopolitan. North America, 60; North
Atlantic States, 30 to 35; Southern, 20. Chiefly perennials.
Juncus effusus L. Sp. PI. 1 : 326. 1753. Soft Rush.
Ell. Sk. 1:405. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 540. Chap. Fl. 493. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb
2 : 447. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 206.
KuROPK, A.siA, Africa, America, Australia, Ni:\v Zealand.
Canadian zone to Lonisianian area. Newfoundland, Quebec, and Ontario to the
Pacific; from Vancouver's Island to California; throughout the Eastern States to
Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Common in low damp places. June.
Type locality : "Hab. in Europae uligiuosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Juncus roemerianus Scheele, Linnaea, 22 : 348. 1849. Salt Rush.
./«»ici/8 ma>i/imHS Chap. FL 493. 1860. Not Lam.
Chap. Fl. 1. c. ; ed. 3, .520. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 447.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Seashore of New Jersey to Florida, west to
Texas.
Alabama: Littoral region. Salt and brackish swamps, covering the large salt
marshes, overflowed by the tide. Mobile and Baldwin counties. July. Abundant.
Type locality : "Galveston Lslaiid auf feuchtem Muschelsand: Roemer."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Juncus bufonius fasciculatus Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. ed. 2, 845. 1843.
Southern Europe.
Lonisianian area. Southeastern States.
Alabama: Coast plain. Damp sandy soil. Mobile County; not frequent. May;
annual.
RUSHES. 433
Diflfers from the type by the low habit of growth (rarely 2 iuches high), habitat,
and. Southern distribution.
Type locality : " Haec varietas iu planitie Rhenana occurrit, (zwischeu Maintz
unci Worms.)"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Juncus tenui-s Willd. Sp. PI. 2 : 214. 1799. Slender Rush.
Juncus bicornis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 191. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 406. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 542. Chap. P^l. 493. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :
446. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 207. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 581 .
Western Europe, West Indies, Mexico, South America.
Hudsonian zone to Louisiauian area. Nova Scotia, Hudson Bay, Ontario, west to
Vancouver Island, Oregon, California; from New England to the Gulf, west to
Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Sandy wet soil, ditches. Mobile County. May to
June; abundant.
The reduced form, 4 to 8 inches high, with the flowers in close clusters (J. congestus
Engelm.) prevails in the Coast plain in close damp soil.
Type locality : " Hab. in America boreali."
Herb. Mohr.
Juncus dichotomus Ell. Sk. 1 : 406. 1817. Forked Rush.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, .542. Chap. Fl. 493. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 446.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. New Jersey to Florida, west to eastern Texas.
Alabama: Coast Piue belt. Sandy borders of ditches, ponds. Mobile and Bald-
win counties. Most common near the coast. May, June.
Type locality : " In wet pastures and close, stiif soils [South Carolina and Georgia] ;
very common."
Herb. Mohr.
Juncus setaceus Rostk. Monogr. June. 13, i. l,f. 2. 1801. Awl-leaved Rush.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 405. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 541. Chap. Fl. 493. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 446.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Southern Virginia and North Carolina to East
Tennessee, Louisiana, eastern Texas, and Missouri.
Alabama: Mountain region, Metamorphic hills. Central Pine belt to Coast plain.
Shaded swamps. Lee County, Auburn {Baker <S' I'^arle,^\\). Tuscaloosa County.
Autauga County, Prattville {E. A. Smith). Mobile County. June. Flowers red-
dish brown. Not frequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Juncus marginatus Rostk. Monogr. June. 38. 1801. Grass-leaf Rush.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 542. Chap. Fl. 495.
Northern Mexico.
AUeghenian to Louisiauian area. Ontario, New England west to Michigan and
Missouri and south to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama : Tennessee A'alley to Coast plain. Grassy swales, border of ditches.
Cullman, Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, Washington, Mobile, and Baldwin counties.
May ; common.
Type locality : '•' Hab. in Pensylvania."
Herb. Mohr.
Juncus marginatus aristulatus (Michx.) Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 8 : 123. 1893.
Juncus arisfitlatiis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 192. 1803.
,/. bifloriis Ell. Sk. 1 :407. 1817.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 542. Chap. Fl. 495. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 450.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. New Jersey and Delaware to Florida, west to
eastern Texas.
Alabama : Mountain region to Coast plain. Shaded damp banks pine-barren
streams. Lee County, Auburn (Baker <)'■ Earle, 510). ilobile County. Baldwin
County, Fly Creek. .June; frequent.
A form with weak slender nodding stems, the 3 or 4 flowered heads in a compact
panicle. In shallow miry ponds. Mobile County, Springhill.
Type locality : " Hab. in Georgia et Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
15894—28
.\:\.\ PLANT I,n-K OK AI.AHAMA.
Jiuicus lepena Miclix. I'l. Hor. Am. 1 : 191. 1803. CuKKPiNt; liu.sii.
CphuloxiiH ilnlnndla l)vi!iv..]tmrn. Hot. 1:321, /.J. 1808.
KM. Sk. i: 108. (Jray, MiiH.ed. ti, .541. Chap. Kl. 196; e<l. 3, rc':i. Coulter, Coiitr.
Nat. lliMl.. 2: l.'.O.
ClUA.
Carolinian ami liOiiisiaiiiaii areas. North ('aroliiia to Floriila, west to TcxaH an<l
Ark.'insaa.
Ai.viiama: Coa.st iilain. Mudtly <litrhos and Itonhas of swiunps. Moliilo Comity.
Tyjie lorality: "' Mali, in Carolina ot (;t'or;,'ia."
llVrh. Ceol. Siirv. Herb. Molir
Jiuicus torieyi C>.villc. Hull. lorr. Clnlt. 22 ::!03. 189").
LAKliK-llKAKKK KlSll.
,/iiiiiiis iiodi'Hiis var. m<<iii(fphaliin Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2 : 3'J(>. 1813.
./. im'iianphahiH Wood, i?ol. ed. 'J, 7 M. 18t!l. Not (Jiirtis. 183r).
(;rav, Man. <d. O,;".!;"). Coulter, Contr. Nat. Her)). 2 : 118. Wata. Hot. Calif. 2 : 208.
HritCA l?ro\vn,lll. I"l. 1 : 392.
.Mir^henian to liOiii.siauian area. < Mitario west to Saskatchewan ; New England
to .Miuni'sota, wtist to Colorado, California. Orejjon south to Mississippi and Texas.
Ai.auama: Mountain rrgion, Central prairies, and Coast plain. Open prairies
and i)ino forests. I, co County, Auburn (/>«/.<>•.)• Earle). Montgomery Comity. Mobile
County. L.ingd(Mrs Station. .July; uot frecinent.
Tyjio locality not asrertaiiicd; Wood's locality: " liorders of strcims and lakes,
New York to Wisc(Misiu, south to I'Morida.''
Herb. Gcol. Surv. Herb. .Mohr.
Juucus brachycarpus Engelm. Traus. Acad. St. Louis 2 : 467. 1868.
SlIORT-KKt'ITED RUSII.
Grav, Man. ed. 6, .544. Chap. Fl. <d. 3, 521. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 448.
Hritt.\V Hrown, Ill.Fl. 1: 393.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Southern Ontario, Kentucky, and Missouri,
south to Tenm-ssee, Mississipjii, and Texas.
Alaisa.ma: Central Prairie region. Open grassy places. Montgomery County.
.July ; not ire(|uent.
Tyjie locality : " In the Mississippi Valley from central Ohio, Michigan, and Illi-
nois to Missouri I Kentucky, .Missi8sip])i, Louisiana, and Texas; also, if the locality
is correctly rcjiortcd, near Charleston, S. C.
Herb. Mohr. Herb. Geol. Surv.
Juncus polycephalus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 192. 1803. Many-headkd Rush.
.htnrus nodomis jmliiccpliahis Pcrs. Syn. 1 : 384. 1805.
./. HcirpoidiH \ iu. poli/cephal us fovmn minor Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 4(58.
1868.
J.etuiehnanui Huchenau, Krit. Verz. .June. 67. 1880.
Ell. Sk. 1: 109. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 545. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 447. Ikitt.
& Brown. 111. Fl.l:3!t3.
Louisiiinian area. Soutliern \ iricinia? and North Carolina to Florida, west to
Texas.
Ar.AiiAMA: Lower Pine region and Coast plain. Border of pine-barren swamps,
l)rooks. and ditches. Washington County, Yellowpiue. Baldwin and Mobile
counties. .Inly, October; fre(|uent.
Type locality: " Hab. in Georgia et Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herlt. Mohr.
Juucus scirpoides Lam. Encycl. 3: 267. 1789. Prickly-headed Rush.
.Junius poli/fephalux tcnuifoliun Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 193. 1803.
,/. e<liinatu8 Ell. Sk. 1:410. Not .Muhl.
,/. ?n«r»os/e»ion J. Gay ; La Hari)e, .Monogr. .lunc. 140. 1825.
./. ncirpoidex var. tnarronttmou Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2 ; 467. 1868.
J. scirpoides (If nuiu us Buchenau, Mouogr. .June. 323. 1890.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 4i0. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 545. Chap. Fl. 494. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 448.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. New England to Florida, west to Texas and
Arkansas.
Alakama: Central Pine region to Coast plain. Miry places, ditches. Tuscaloosa
County (A'. A. Smith). Bibb, Washington, and Mobile counties. .June, July; common.
Type locality : " Cette plante croit dans la Caroline meridiouale, d'ou elle a ote rap-
porti'e par M. Fraser."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
RUSHES. 435
Juncus canadensis J. Gay; La Harpe, Monogr. .Tuuc. 134. 1825. Canada Rush.
Juucii)^ canadensis longicaudatus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2 : 474. 186S.
Allegheniau aud Carolinian areas. New Brunswick, Ontario; New England west
to Minnesota, south to Ohio, eastern Tennessee, and Arkansas.
Alab.\aia; Mountain region. Metamorphic hills. Lee Coiintyj Auburn (/•'. ,S.
Earle). October; infrequent.
Type locality : •' Hab. in Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Juncus trigonocarpus Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 308. 18.")5.
Triangula i:-FKiTiTED Rush.
Juncus caudatiis Chap. Fl. 495. 1860.
Louisianian area. Florida to Mississippi.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. I'ine-barren bogs. Escambia County, Wallace.
Washington County, Yellowpine. Mobile County, Grandbay. September, October;
not infrequent.
Type locality : " Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Juncus elliottii Chap. Fl. 494. 1860. Elliott's Rrsii.
Juncus acnininalns KU. Hli. 1:409. 1817. Not Michx.
Louisianian area. Coast of North Carolina to Florida and eastern Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Damp pine barrens, springy places,
ditches. Washington County, Yellowpine. Mobile County. Most common in the
coast i)lain. April, May.
Type locality : " Bogs and ditches, Florida to North Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Juncus elliottii polyanthenius var. uov. Elliott's Many-flowered Rush.
Mr. Coville tirst pointed out this remarkable form as a possible variety of ./. elli-
ottii, from which it is at once distinguished by the robust h;ibit of growth and the
large inflorescence, resembling in this respect J. robustns. Stem 2 to 2.1 feet high;
leaves from 10 to 15 inches long, flat, long- acuminate; branches of the laternl and
terminal panicle erect, spreading, having the very numerous (100 to 200) 4 to 6 flow-
ered heads on very short or longer branchlets, by intergrading forms insensibly pass-
ing into the type.
Louisianian area.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low pine barrens, border ditches and swamps. Baldwin
County, Point Clear. Mobile County, with the type. Fre([uent.
Type locality : Mobile.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Juncus acuminatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 192. Sharp-fruited Rush.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 544. Chap. Fl. 494. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 449.
Mexico.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Ontario; New England (Mount
Desert Island) to Tennessee and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Mountain region. Tuscaloosa County (Dr. E. A.
Smith). Lee County, Auburn (F. .S. /ifoZe). Rare.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina inferiore."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Juncus acuminatus debilis (Gray) Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2 : 463. 1868.
Weak Rush.
Juncus dchilis Grav, Man. 506. 1848.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, .^44. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, .521.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New .Jersey to South Carolina, west to Louisi-
ana, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Alabama: Mountain region. Central Pine belt. Lee County, Auburn (/iaker<S-
Earlc). Tuscaloosa County. St. Clair County, flat woods in ojien miry or exsic-
cated ground. Mobile County, Spriughill, springy places. May, June.
Type locality: "Wet swamps, common southward and westward."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Juncus diffusissimus Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862 : 9. 1862. Diffuse Rush.
Juncus acuminatus var. difl'usissimus Engelm. Trans. St. I^ouis Acad. 2 : 466. 1868.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 521. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herl). 2 : 449.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Tennessee, west to Kansas; Alabama to I.,oui-
siana, Arkansas, and eastern Texas.
4;^<> PLANT MKK <>K AI,Air\MA.
Ai.aiiama: Lower l'in<' region. Coast plain ; wet sandy placiH, sliallow ditches.
Mohiic l.'onnty- May, .Inne; not rare,
'ryjio locality : "Northwestern Texas."'
Herb. Cieol. .Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
JUNCOIDES A<lans. Fain. i'l. 2: 17. lHV.i.
(Liv.ii.A nC. Fl. Fr. 3:i:.H. \X0:>.)
loiiy .speeies, of loniperale rej^ions, mostly Knn>i)ean. Nortli Anierie;i, Iti.
Juucoides campestre (L.) Knntze, Kev. (ien. i'l. 2:71'-'. ISiU.
Co.MMi I.N \\ <i()I) 1,'rsii.
.lunciia ctniiprxtris L. Sj). PI. 1:329. 1753.
I.ii:iila ctimpislriH \K\ Fl. Fr. 3: 1151. 180.5.
Ell. Sk. 1:41(». (Jray, Man.ed. (i, 516. Chaj). Fl. litS. Conlter, Conti. Nat. Herb.
2 : 151 . Wats. Kot. Call f. 2 : 203.
Kritoi'K. Asia. Noijtii Afkica, Nkw Zealand.
Horcal re{,non to Lonisianian area. From (jireeulaud to Alaska. All over Kastern
North America to California.
Ai,a»ama: All over the State. Dry iiills. Mobile Connty. April; Ir6<|ueut.
Perennial.
Type locality : " llab. in Knropae pascuis siccioribus.'
I leili. ( .eol. Snrv. 1 lerb. Mohr.
LILIACEAE. Lily Family.'
TOFIELDIA lliul.s. Fl. Angl. 2: l.")7. 1778. False Asi'nf)i>KL.
Fonrteeu species, nn>stly of colder temperate region.s. Nortli America, thi- AndeB,
Asia.
Tofieldia racemosa ( Walt. ) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. 55. 1888.
Melanthiiim rartiitoxnm Walt. Fl. Car. 126. 1788.
Nartlnrium piihcus Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1 : 209. 1803.
Tofieldic puhisceiis Pers. 8vn. 1 : 399. 1805.
Ell. Sk. 1: 421. Gray, Man. ed. (>, 532. Chap. Fl. 492.
Lonisianian area. New .Jersey, North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
ALAitAMA : Central I'ine belt to Coast ])laiu. Damp pine Ijarrens, borders of ponds
and swamps. .Inly; fre(|nent. Flowers white. Perennial.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CHAMAELIRIUM Willd. Mag. Nat. Fr. Berl. 2:18. 1808.
One species, percuuial; North America.
Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray, ISIan. 503. 1818. Devil's Bit.
Verulnnn luteum L. 8p. I'l. 2 : 1011. 1753.
Melaiilhiinn dioicum Walt. Fl. Car. 126. 1788.
ChamurHriiim caioHninnum Willd. Mag. Nat. Fr. Berl. 2 : 19. 1808.
UeloiiiaH dinicd Pnrsli, Fl. Am. .^ept. 243. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 423. ( Jray, Man. ed. 6, 532. Chap. Fl. 191.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Ontario, southern New England to Michigan,
western New York, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, South Atlantic and Gulf States to
Louisiana.
Alahama: Over the State. Drj- open woods; most frequent in the pine barrens.
May, .Inne; common. Flowers whiti-.
Economic uses : The root, calleil "starwort," or "unicorn root," i.s used medicinally.
Type locality : "Hab. in \ irginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
" S. Watson, Revision of the North American Liliaceae, Proc. Am. Acad., vol. 14,
pp. 213 to 288, 1879.
LILY FAMILY. 437
CHROSPERMA Raf. Neogeu. 3. 1825.
(Amianthium Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 4 : 121. 1837.)
One species, perennial ; South Atlantic Nortb America.
Chrosperma muscaetoxicuni (Walt.) Kuiitze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 708. 1891.
Fly Poison.
Alelanthium muscaeioxicum Walt. Fl. Car. 125. 1788.
Heloiiias erylhrosperma Michs. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 :212. 1803.
Amianihium muKcaetoxicinn Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 4 : 122. 1837.
Ell. Sk. 1:421. Gray, Man. ed.'G, 535. Chap. Fl. 490.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana and
Arkansas.
Alabama: Coosa Valley and Central Pine belt to Lower Pine region. Chilton
County. Washington County, Yellowpine. Cliirke, Baldwin, and Mobile counties.
April, May; frecjuent. Root poisonous.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ZYGADENUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 213. 1803.
Nine species, perennials. Mexico, North America, 8.
Zygadeniis angustifolius (Michx.) Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14 : 280. 1879.
Narrow-leaf Zygadenus.
Eeloniai^ angustifoUa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 212. 1803.
Amianthium anqusfifolium Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 4 : 124. 1837.
Ell. Sk. 1:421.' Chap. Fl. 490.
Lonisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower Coast Pine belt. Shady copses. Clarke County, Choctaw Cor-
ner. Mobile County, Fowl River Station, Cottagehill. April, May. Flowers
sordid white. Rare.
Type locality: " Hab. in herbosis fruticetis syivarnm humidis Carolinae infe-
rioris."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
Zygadenus glaberrimus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 214, t. ',?. 1803.
Largr-flowered Zygadenus.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 420. Chap. Fl. 488.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, west to
Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Grassy pine barrens. Washington
County, Yellowpine. Mobile and Baldwin counties. June, July; not rare.
Type locality : ''Hab. in herbosis, humidis, Carolinae inferioris."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Zygadenus leimanthoides (Gray) Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 280. 1879.
Mountain Zygadenus.
Amianthium leiinanthoides Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 4: 125. 1837.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 535. Chap. Fl. 489; ed. 3, 51G.
Carolinian area. From New Jersey along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Swampy places. Rare.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Biltmore.
STENANTHIUM Kunth, Enum 4: 180. 1843.
Five species, perennials, northern Asia, Mexico. North America, 4.
Stenanthium granaineuni (Ker-Gawl.) Moroug, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 5 : 110. 1894.
Grassleaf Stenanthium.
Helonias graminea Ker-Gawl. Bot. Mag. t. 1599. 1814.
Veratrum angustifolinm Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 242. 1814.
Stenanthium angtistifolium Kunth, Enum. 4 : 190. 1843.
Ell. Sk. 1 :423. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 534. Chap. FL 489.
Carolinian area. Virginia and Kentucky to North Carolina and Georgia ; Arkansas.
4;')S I'LANT LIKK oK A LA 15AM A.
Ai.aija.ma: ("culnil I'ino lu'll. (Jrassy damp li.inUs. Chilton County, Vorheiia
Station ( K. .(. Sitiith ). Hart'.
Tyi"' locality : " Nativ*^ of North America."
Il«>r1t. (!col. Siirv. Ilci 1>. Mohr.
MELANTHIUM h. Sp. I'!. 1 : :W!t. 17.".:?.
Three BuocicH, itiMcnniais. Atlantic North Aiiieri< a.
Melantliium virginicum !.. Sp. ri. l:33it. 1753. I'.i.Nt ii Fi.ou i:i!.
M. Iiiihl<iaiiiiim i>esr. in Lain. Encycl. 4 : !.'.">. 17tt7.
I'.Il. SU. 1: llx. tiray. Man.c(l.(i."r.33. Chap. I'l. 1H«.
.\l!c«ihi-iiian and LnniHianian areas. New Kngland to MiiUK.sota and MiHHomi;
Soiitlicni Atlantic and (Jiilf States to TexaH.
.\i.aiiama: Over the State. Shaded swampy hankH. Cnllmaii County, H()0 feet
altitude. I'allapoo.sa County. Kscamhia County, Flomaton. Mobile Coimty.
July. Auf^ust. FlowcrH white. Not rare.
'rV]ie locality : "Hah. in \ iijiiiiia.'
ll'erh. Geol. s^l^v. llcrh. Mohr.
UVULARIA L.Si..ri. 1:301. 17r>3.
Four species, jteronnials. Atlantic North America.
Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith, Kxot. Hot. 1 : H9, t. .7/. 1804-05.
Lakoe-floweisek Mrli.wout.
Ell. Sk. 1:391. (iray, Man. ed. tJ, .5liS. Chap. Fl. 487.
Alle»'heniaiiand Carolinian areas. From New Brunswick and Ontario to Minnesota,
Iowa; New Enj^land to the Oiiio N'alley and south along the mountains to eastern
Tennessee and Georgia.
.Xi.aha.ma: Mountain region. Rich shady woods. Madison County, Montesano,
l.."iOO feet. Tuscaloosa County. April. Flowers dingy yellow. Rare.
'ry]>e locality: "Received from North America.''
Herli. Cieol. Surv. Ilerh. Mohr.
Uvularia perfoliata L. Sj). I'l. 1:304. 1753. Peui'oi.iatk Ukllwojjt.
/ rularia prrfoUata minor Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 199. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:390. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 527. Chap. Fl. 487. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 439.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Range as in the last.
Ai.ai'.ama: Mountains and Lower hills. Rich wooded hillsides. Lee County,
Auburn {I'xikcr <r lUirlv). Winston and Cullman counties. 'I'allapoosa County,
Dadeville. Clarke County, Choctaw Corner. April. Flowers yellowish. Not rare.
TyjKj locality : "Hab. in \irginia, Canada."
lierb. Mohr. ♦
Uvularia puberula Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1 : 199. 1803. Mountain HKi.iAvoitr.
Oahisia puberula Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14 : 269. 1879.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 391. (iray, Man. ed. (!. 528. Chap. Fl. (87.
Carolinian area. Mountains of Virginia to Tennessee, North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich woods. .Madison County, .Montesano, 1,500
feet. May; rare.
Ty]»e locality: "Hab. in altissimis montilius Car<dii)ac.'
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sp. PI. 1 : 305. 1753. Oakk.s's Bellwokt.
(tnkesia .scssiliforia Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14 : 269. 1879.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 392. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 528. Chap. Fl. 487.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario;
New England to Iowa, Minnesota, and Nebraska; Ohio Valley, Missouri, and Kan-
sas; New York south to Florida.
.\i.ai5ama: Miiuntain region, l^ower hills. In shady rich woods. Cullman
County. Tuscaloosa County {IC. A. Smith). Lee County, Auburn {liaker tS- Earle).
.\pril ; rare.
Type lof-ality : " Hab. in Canada halm.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LILY FAMILY. 439
ALLIUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 294. 1758.
About 250 species, perennial; Euroi)e, extratropical Asia, North Africa, Mexico,
South America. Nortb America, about 30 to 35. Southern States, 5.
Allium canadense L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1195. 1753. Wild Garlic.
Ell. Sk. 1:385. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 522. Chap. Fl. 482. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 433.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario, New England to Minnesota and
Nebraska, south throughout the Eastern States, west to central Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: From the Tennessee Valley to the coast. Damj) banks and cultivated
ground. Franklin County, Russellville. Cullman County. Tuscaloosa, Dallas, and
Mobile counties. In some localities becoming a vile weed. April. Flowers pink.
Type locality : "Hab. in Canada. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Allium mutabile Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 195. 1803. Wild Onion.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 386. Chap. Fl. 482. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 433.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas, New
Mexico, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Damp grassy places, prairies. Tus-
caloosa County. Dallas County, Unioutown. Montgomery and Mobile counties.
May. Flowers pink. Frequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Georgiae meridionalibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Allium vineale L. Sp. PI. 1 : 299. 17.53. Wild Onion, Wild Gaiilic.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 522.
Europe.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Naturalized from New England to South
Carolina.
Alabama : Of late adventive. Lee County, Auburn {F. S. Earle). March, 1896. A
vile weed.
Type locality : " Hab. in Germania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
NOTHOSCORDUM Kunth, Enuni. 4 : 4.57. 1843.
Ten si^ecies, perennials, tropical America to Chile. China, 1 ; North America, 1.
Nothoscordum bivalve (L. ) Britton in Britt. A Brown. 111. Fl. 1:415. 1896.
Yellow False Garlu'.
Ormlhogahim Mralve L. Sp. PI. 1 : 306. 1753.
Jlliiim ornithogaloides Walt. Fl. Car. 121. 1788.
A. striattim Jacq. Coll. Suppl. 51. 1796.
Nothoscordum striattim Kunth, Enum. 4:495. 1843.
Ell.Sk 1:384. Gray, Man. ed. 6,522. Chap. Fl. 482. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 434. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 581.
West Indies, Mexico to Chile.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. From Southern Virginia to Florida and the
Gulf, west to Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, and Nebraska?
Alabama : Over the State.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LILIUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 303. 17.53.
Lilium canadense L.Sp. PI. 1:303. 1753. Nodding Lily.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 388. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 529. Chap. Fl. 484.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and
Ontario; New England west to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Missouri, south along the
mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Credited to the State in Britton & Brown, Illustrated Flora.
Type locality: "Hab. in Canada."
Lilium carolinianum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 197. 1803. Southern Spottkd Lily.
fjlinm mnrtafion Walt. Fl. Car. 123. 1788. Not L.
L. michanxii Poir, Encycl. 3 : 457. 1803.
440 PLANT LIKK <>K A I, A MAMA.
L. Hiiperhuiii \m\ curorDtuutuiu Cluiii. l''l. ISI. ISllO.
Ell.Sk.l::{SS. Chai). Fl. 1X1.
Carolinian and I.onisianian arras. North Carolina to Florida, witst to MiHsisHijtpi,
Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Ai.ahama: .Mountain region to Lower Fine belt. Dry woodH. Cullnian Couut.v.
Shelby ( oiinty ( /■>'. A. Smith). Mobile County. Flowers orange vermilion willi .small
brown H)>ot8. .Inly; not rare.
Type locality : " Hab. in herbosis buinidis Caroliuae inferioris."
Herb. (ieol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lilium catesbaei Walt. Fl. Car. 12.3. 17SS. CATKsitYs Lii.v.
Kll.Sk.l:;{S7. (;ray, Man. 6(1.6,529. Chaj). Fl. 181.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North (!aroliua to Florida, west to MisHissip])!
and southern Missouri.
Al.Al».\M.\ : Coast ])lain. Low wet jiinr barrens. Mobile and Halilwin eoiiuties.
Flowers searlct, with oijitige. -inly; uot rare.
Typo locality : "'South Caiidina."
Herb. Mohr.
ERYTHRONIUM L. Sp. PI. ItSOf). 17.")3.
Seven species, perennials, north temperate zone, Japan. North America, 5. Atlantic
States, 2.
Erythrouium americanuni Ker-(;awl. Hot. Mag. 27 : ^ ///.?. 180X.
Yellow Addeh's Toncuk.
Erythroniiim dens-cania Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 198. 1803. Not I>.
Fll. Sk. 1 : :W9. Cray, Man. ed. 6, r.28. Chap. Fl. 484.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia aiul Ontario; New England west
to Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas; Now York to the Ohio Valley; south to mid-
dle Florida.
Alabama: Lower hills. Rich shaded banks. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith).
March to April. Flowers yellow, 8i>otted brown. Kare.
Tyjie locality of E. denn vanis ^Iichx. : " Hab. in frigidioribus Americae septentri-
onalis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. 1 lerb. Mohr.
QUAMASIA Kaf. Am. Month. Mag. 2 : 20;"). 1818.
(Camassia Lindl. P.ot. Keg. t. 14S(). 1832.)
Four species, perennials, North American. Eastern 1, Pacilic 3.
Quamasia esculenta (Ker-Gawl.) Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 11 : 65. 1897.
Wild Hyacinth.
Scilla esculenta Ker-Gawl. Bot. Mag. 38 : t. 1574. 1813.
Phalanf/ium pxcH/enfHW Nutt. ; Ker-Gawl. Bot. Mag. 38: /./'?•/. 1813. As svuonym.
L<'nio/)-^.s /i.'/oei;i(/(()ia Kaf. Fl. Tellnr. 3:. ')1. 1836.
Camassia fraseri Torr. Pai\ K. Kep. 2 [i)t. 4] : 176. 185.">.
Scilla fraseri Gray. Man. <ul. 2, 469. 18,56.
(,>uam'asia hijacinihiua Britton in Britt. »fe Brown, 111. Fl. 1 : 423. 1896.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 523. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 656. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 435.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario; Pennsylvania to Minnesota and
through the Ohio Valley to Missouri, south along the lower mountains to Georgia.
Alauama: Prairie regioii. Kich copses. Sumter County, Livingston {E. A.
Smith). Flowers lilac. A])ril ; infrequent.
Ty])e locality : According to F. V. Coville, op. cit., the type specimens j.robably
came from near St. Louis. .Mo.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
YUCCA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 319. 1753.
About 1 dozen si)e(ies. of warmer and temperate Mexico, Central America, and
North America; arid plains of the Lower Sonoran area to the Pacific. East of the
Mi8sis8ip[>i Kiver 2 species.
Yucca aloifolia L. Sp. PI. 1 : 319. 1753. Spanish 1 )a(;ger.
Ell. Sk. 1 :401. Chap. Fl. 485. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Tnd. ,5X2.
Mexico, West Indies.
Louisianian area. North Carolina along tht; coast to Florida and Louisiana.
LILY FAMILY. 441
Alabama: Coaat Pine belt. Dry sandy bauks and openinj^s, most frequent near
the coast. Clarke County, Snggsville (Dr. Dennji). Washington, Mobile, and Bald-
win counties. Common ; 10 to 20 feet high. June, July. Flowers white, fetid; fruit-
ing spaiingly in October and November.
Type locality: "Hab. in Jamaica, Vera Cruz."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Yucca filamentosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 319. 1753. Beau Grass.
El]. Sk. 1:400. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 524. Chap. Fl. 485.
Carolinian and liOuisianian areas. Maryland, soutliern Virginia along the coast
to Florida, and throughout the eastern Gulf .States.
Alabama: From the Tennessee Valley to the coast. Dry sandy or rocky woods.
Cullman County, 800 feet. Tuscaloosa County. Clarke County, Choctaw Corner.
Choctaw County, Bladon. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers white. .June;
common. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Mohr.
VAGNERA Adans. Fani. PI. 2 : 496. 1763. False Solomon's Seal.
(Smilacina Desf. Ann. Mus. Par. 9 : 51. 1807.)
About 11 species, perennials, mountains of tropical America ;ind Mexico. North
America, 5. Japan.
Vagnera raceniosa (L.) Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 114. 1894.
ConvaUaria racemosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 315. 1753.
Smilacina racemosa Desf. Ann. Mus. Par. 9 : 51. 1807.
Ell. Sk. 1:395. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 525. Chap. Fl. 481.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia and Ontario to Saskatchewan;
New England throughout the Atlantic States to South Carolina and Mississipj)!.
Alabama: From the Tennessee Valley to Upper division of Coast Pine belt. Rich
woods. Lawrence County. Winston County, Colliers Creek, 1,.500 feet (T. M.
Peters). Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith). Lee County, Auburn (Baker <i'- Earle).
Clarke County. Flowers, April, May ; white. May, June; not rare.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DISPORUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1:331. 1812.
(Prosartes Don, Ann. Nat. Hist. 4 : 341. 1840. ;
Twelve species, perennials. East Asia, North America, mountains of tropical
America. North America, 7.
Disporum lanuginosuni (Michx.) Nichols, Diet. Gard. 1:485. 1884.
Streptopus lanuginosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:201. 1803.
Prosartes lanuqinosa Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. 18 : 532. 1841.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 527. Chap. Fl. 487.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario; western New York along the moun-
tains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich shaded woods. Dekalb County, Lookout
Mountain, 1,500 feet. Madisou Countj', Montesano, 1,500 feet. April; not fre-
quent.
Type locality : " Hab. iu altis montibus Carolinae meridionalis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
POLYGON ATUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 54. 1763.
Twenty species, perennials, temperate northern hemisphere. .Japan. North
America, 4.
Polygonatum biflorvim (Walt.) Ell. Sk. 1: 393. 1817. Small Solomon's Seal.
ConvaUaria Uflora Walt. Fl. Car. 122. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 393. (Jray, Man. ed. 6, 525. Chap. Fl. 481.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova hScofcia, New Brunswick, and Ontario;
New England west to Minnesota and Nebraska; Ohio Valley to Missouri and Kan-
sas; along the lower mountains south to Geor<iia.
442 I'LAXT LIKE OF ALA1?AM.\.
Ai.aiiama: Moiinlaiii rc^j^ion aiid Lower liills. liitrli hIijuUmI IiillsidtH, honlt^s (if
woods. Ler County, Aiilmrn { Jiuker <>• Karle). 'I'liscaloosii (^miity ( /''. -'■ Smith).
('ulliuitii County. April, May. Flowers ^iit'onisli.
ryjie loeulity: South Carolina.
!lerb.(J«ol Snrv. ILrb. Molir.
Polygonatum commiitatum (Koeni. A .Scbulf.) Uietr. ; Otto iV Dietr. (Jartenz.
3 : L'-li. IHir). Lak<;k Soi.oMON'fs Skai,.
Cunralliirid rominiitatit Kneni. iV .Seliultz. SvHt. Veg. 7: 1(371. 1830.
I'uUiiiitiiatiiin iiiiiaiitriim Dietr.; Otto A: 1 )ietr. Carteuz. 1835: 222. 18,'i5.
(Jriiy. Man. etl.tl, ."C't. ('lia)>. Fl. Siipj)!. C'ti;; ed. :<, 507.
Canadian /one to Carolinian area. Western Ontario to .Saskateliowan; New
Kn^land went to Minnesota, sontli to the Ohio \'alley, Missouri, and TeiineHsee, and
alon^ the nioiintaina to (ieory;ia.
.Vi.ai'.ama: Mountain n-jrion. Shaded hillaides. Dekalb County, near snuiniit of
Lookout Mountain, l.SOO feet. Flowers jjreeuish. May; rare.
Kcononiif uses : The rhi/uuias of both species, as " Solomon's seal," are used uiedie-
iniilly, mostly in domestic i)ractice.
Tyjie locality : '"Ad speeimeu in lleili. cli .Martins a D". Sehweinit/. in I'ennsyl-
vania lectum."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Ilerli. Molir.
MEDEOLA L. Sp. Pl.l::{:{9. 1753.
One species, perennial; Atlantic North Anieric.i.
Medeola virginiana T.,. Sp. IM. 1: 339. 1753. Indian Ct'cumber.
Kll. Sk. 1: 12."). (;ray, Man. ed. 6, 530. Chap. Fl. 479.
Alle;;lienian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick, Ontario, New England, to
middle Florida and eastern Louisiana.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley to the Lower Pine belt Shady woods. Franklin
and Cullman counties. Tuscaloosa County ( E. A. .S'mi</()' Hale and Gallion counties.
Escambia County, Flomaton. May; not infrequent. Perennial.
TyjMj locality : '• Hab. in \irginia."
Herb. Ge(d. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
TRILLIUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 339. 1753.
Fourteen or l."> sjiecies, perennials, tempcuate North America. One to .Japan and
Himalayas.
Tnllium sessile L. Sj). PI. 1 : .S40. 17.')3. Wake-rohix.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 42ti. Cray, Man. ed. (J. 530. Chap. Fl. 477
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Pennsylvania, west to Minnesota; Ohio \ alley
to Missouri ; south from New .Jersey to Georgia, along the mountains.
Alabama: Lowtr hills. Shady woods. Tuscaloosa County (A'. J. iSm/tft). Flowers
maroon jiurple. March; not Ireciuent.
Type lr)cality: '■ llat>. in Virginia, Carolina."
Herb. (;eo]. Snrv. Heib. Mohr.
Trillium underwoodii Small, Bull. Turr. Clul), 24 : 174. 1897.
rNi)Ki{ wood's Wake-robin.
Carolinian and LouisiaTiian areas. Tennessee, South Carolina, middle Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower Pine region. Kich woods. Mobile County,
Chastangs BlulT. Lee County, Auburn ( I'nderwood .J'- Earle). Flowers greenish.
March; iufre(|uent.
Type locality: '■ In woods and fields. North Carolina to Tennessee, south to F^lor-
ida and Alabama."
Herb. ( ;eoI. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Trillium viride Beek, Am. .Jouru. Sci. 11 : 178. 182(5.
Trillium iirid<f<C('ns Nntt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 5 : 1.55, 1837.
T. neHuih var. unttallii Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14 : 273. 1879.
Stem rough-pubescent, at least at the top; leaves oliloug-ovate or broadly ovate,
acutish or somewhat obtuse, blotched, short-.attenuate at the base; .sei)als lanceolate
or liue.ir-lanci'olate; petals clawed, linear, acute, longer than the sepals, greenish
purple ; stamens one-third tin; length of the petals ; tilaments shorter than the anthers.
Carolinian area. Tennessee, Missouri, and Arkansas.
LILY FAMILY. 443
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich shady woods. Blount County, Waruock Moun-
tain, 1,500 feet altitude. April, May; infrequent.
Type locality (Beck, Bot. U. S.): "Shiidy woods. Mi8s[ouri].'
Trillium erectum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 340. 1753. Ill-scented Wake-kobin.
rrilUiim 2)e)i(luhim Willd. Neue Schrift. 3 : 421. 1801.
T. rhomhoideum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 215. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:427. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 530. Chap. Fl. 478.
East Siberia, Japan.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia and Ontario; from New England,
throughout the Ohio Valley, to Missouri, south along the mountains to (Jeorgia.
Alabama: Lower hills. Woods. .Jefferson County. Flowers white. April; in-
frequent.
Economic uses: The rhizomas of this, T. sessile and T. cernuuin, are indiscriminately
collected for medicinal use under the name of birth-root. Used by the aborigines,
and now iu eclectic i)ractice.
Type locality : "Hab. iu Virginia.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Trillium stylosum Nutt. Gen. 1 : 239. 1818. Catesby's Wake-kobin.
Trillium cateshaei Ell. Sk. 1 : 429, aud T. nervosum Ell. 1. c.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 479.
Carolinian area. Mountains of Carolina and Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich shaded banks. Dekalb County, Mentoue, 1,600
feet. Auburn County {F. S. Earle).
Type locality: " Upper Carolina and Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Trillium recurvatum lanceolatum Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14 : 273. 1879.
Trillium lanceolatum Bovkin, name only, iu Herb. Torr.
Chap. Fl. Supid. 656; ed"^. 3, 505.
Carolinian area. Georgia.
Alabama: Ascribed to this State by Chapman, Flora, 1. c.
Type locality : " Georgia and Alabama."
Trillium cernuum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 339. 1753. Nodding Trillium.
Ell. Sk. 1:428. Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 531. Chap. Fl. 478.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario; New
England south to New Jersey along the mouutaius to Georgia.
Alabama: Ijower hills. Tuscaloosa County (A". J. <Smi?/i). Flowers March, April.
Rare. Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ALETRIS L. Sp. PI. 1:319. 17.53.
Two species, perennials. Eastern Asia, North America. Atlantic America, 2.
Aletris farinosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 319. 1753. White Star Grass.
Aletris alba Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 189. 1803.
Ell. Sk 1:398. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 513. Chap. Fl. 470.
Allegheniau to Louisianian area. Ontario and New England west to Minnesota,
from New York south to Florida, west to Arkansas and Missouri.
Alabama : Central Pine belt to the Coast plain. Damp light soil, prairies, borders
of swamps; most frequent iu the pine barrens. Autauga County. Prattville. Chil-
ton, Washington, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. Flowers white. May, June;
fre([uent.
Economic uses: The root, as " colic root," is used medicinally.
Type locality: " Hal), in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aletris aurea Walt. Fl. Car. 121. 1788. Golden Star Grass.
Ell. Sk. 1:399. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 513. Chap. Fl. 470. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:426.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Pine barrens. New .lersey along the coast to
Florida, west to eastern Texas.
Alabama: Coast Pine belt to the Coast plain. Low damp pine l)ai"rens. Wash-
Ill PLANT LI IK OK A LA HA MA.
iiiK'toii Coimty. Yfllo\v|.iin',. Clarkr Comity, 'rh<>iii;iH\ ill.-. I'.iildwin iiiul Mobile
roiintit's. Kliiwcis vfllow. .Iiiim to Aiif;ii8t ; ttmiiiKm.
Typr Idiality: South ('.•imliiia.
Uerh. <;i'ol. Snrv. Ilerli. Molir.
STEMONACEAE.
CROOMIA I'nrr. : Turr. A (ir. Kl. N. A. 1 : ti()M. 1840.
Two 8]>eci«'H, iKicniiial. Sonflitiii .lapaii. soiitlieaHtern NOrtli Aiiuiiia.
Croomia pauciflora Ton . ; Ton. A: Gray, Kl. N. Am. 1 : (it;:}. 1810. CitooMiA,
iiimaiinielos piiiirillord Niitt. .loiini. .\(a<l. I'liila. 7:11. 1834. ( f )
Chap. Kl. 180.
Loui.siauian aroa. (a-ori^ia. iiiiddli' I'loiida.
Al-AJiA.M.v : Lower hillw. Sliadt-il hanks. Tuscaloosa ('oiinty (A'. A. -Smith).
Flowers maroon jmrpli'. .Manli. Aiiril ; loral, rare.
Typo Ideality : "A8]>alaj,M. middle Florida, on tlic Apalachicohi LMver iimlfir the
shade ol Torni/ii Ui.rifoHa, Mr. Croom! Dr. Chapman!"
Herb. Mobr.
SMILACEAE. Smilax Family.
SMILAX L. Sp. 1'1.2:1028. 17.53. Greknbrikr.'
About 200 species. Tropieal and warmer temperate America; few in .Japan.
North Ameriea, 17. I'erennials: mostly sliriil>by climbers.
Smilax herbacea L. Sp. 1*1. 2 : 10.30. 1753. Cai:i£I(»n Fi.owkh.
Smilax pidvcruhma Miehx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:2.38. 1803.
CopronmanlhuH herhacciis Kuntli, Enutn. 5:26.5. 18r)0.
Smilax pedinuiilaris .Muhl. ; Wilid. Sp. PI. 4 : 780. 1800.
Ciiprflxmanlhim 2ndu)uiilariii Kuuth, Enum. 5 :264. 1850.
Ell. Sk. 2: 702. Grav, Man. ed. 0, .520. Chap. Fl. 477. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:432.
.Japan.
Allej;heuian and Carolinian areas. New Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba, and Sas-
katchewan; New En<rland to Minnesota and Nebraska; Ohio Valley to Missouri;
from New York south to Tennessee and western Louisiana {Hale), eastern Texas, and
Arkansas.
ia: Mountain region. Dry copses. Wiuston County, Colliers Creek i
lot
Axabama: Mountain region. Dry copses. Wiuston County, Colliers Creek (T.
M. Peters). Tuscaloosa County (£../. 5mi7/i). Flowers green, ill-scented. May; not
common. Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginia, Marylaudia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Smilax ecirrhata (Phigelni. ) Wats, in Gray. Man. ed. 0, 520. 1890.
Carrion Flower.
CoprosnianthuK herbacea var. ecirrhata Eugelm. ; Kuuth. Enum. 5:266. 1850.
Smilax hcrhaiea var. ecirrhata Gray ; DC. Mouogr. Phan. 1 : 52. 1878.
S. herbacea Ell. Sk. 2 : 702. 1X21-24.
Copronmanlhiis herbaceiis Kuuth. Enum. 5 : 261. 1850.
Gray, Man. ed. 6. .520. Cliap. Fl. ed. 3, .504.
AUegheniau and Carolinian areas. \'irginia west to Michigan and Missouri, south
to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower hills. Shady copses, rich woods. Lee
County, Auburn (/>'. AVir/e). Cullman County. Tuscaloosa County ( A'. J. <5mi//0.
April, May. Flowers with odor of carrion. Not infrequent.
Ty])e locality not separately given.
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Smilax glauca Walt. Fl. Car. 245. 1788. Sarsaparilla. Glaucous Greenbrier.
Ell. Sk. 2: 697. Gray, Man. ed. 6, .520. Chap. Fl. 476. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 432.
Mexico.
AUegheniau and Carolinian areas. Southern New England to Florida, west to
Texas, Arkansas, and southern Missouri.
' Thomas Morong, The Smilaceae of North and Central America, Bull. Torr. Club,
vol. 21, pp. 419 to 443. 1894.
LILY FAMILY. 445
Alabama: From the Tennessee Valley to the Coast plain. Most frequent in the
Central and Coast Pine belt. Damp thickets, banks of streams. Lee County,
Auburn. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith). Washington County {Dr. Dcnin/). Hale
County, Big Prairie Creek. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Frequent. Climbing
over bushes and small trees. Flowers in May; sweet-scented. Fruit in October
and November; black.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
Smilax rotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1030. 1753. Low Bamboo-hrier.
Smilax caduca L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1030. 1753. Not Ell.
S. quadrangul(itaWn](\.S]).P\.^:~lo. 1806.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 700. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 520. Chap. Fl. 477. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 432.
Mexico, West Indies, Central America.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New England, west to Minnesota, Colorado,
Arkansas, and Mis.souri, south to New Jersey, Virginia, and Tennessee, and along the
mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower hills. Woods, damp places. Lee County,
Auburn (Baker t)- Earle). Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain, 1,800 feet. Winston
and Tuscaloosa counties. The form with four-angled stem (var. quadrangular is auct.)
prevailing. April, May; not rare.
Type locality: "Hab. in Canada. Kalm.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Smilax pseudo-china L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1031. 1753. False Ciiixa-root.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 700. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 521. Chap. Fl. 475.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Ltmisiaumu areas, District of Columbia and West
Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and Nebraska.
Alabama : Mountain region. Metamurphic hills to the Coast Pine belt. Damp
thickets. Lee County, Auburn {Baker <)'■ Earle). Washington County, Suggsville
{Dr. Denny). Mobile County. Flowers, April; fruit, October. Berries, black; not
frequent.
Economic uses: The tuberous rhizoma is used in domestic medicine.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia, Jamaica."
Herb. Mohr.
Smilax bona-nox L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1030. 1753. Bamb<k)-bhier.
Smilax hastafa Willd. Sp. PL 4 : 782. 1806.
5. toHHfoides Gray, Man. 485. 1848. Not L.
S. hederaefoUa Kuuth, Enum. 5 : 209. 1850. Not Mill.
Ell. Sk. 2:696. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 520. Chap. Fl. 475. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2:432.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Southern New England to Florida, west to
Texas, Arkansas, southern Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas.
Alabama: All over the State. Most frequent in the pine barren swamps of the
Coast Pine belt. Cherokee, Cullman. Montgomery, Clarke, Mobile, and Baldwin
counties. Flowers, April, May ; fruit, October. Berries, black. Frequent. Shrub.
Foliage in lower districts persistent; in low, damp situations, climbing high; the
old branches, with broad, flat si)ines, frequently scurfy from tufts of short, stellate
hairs. In dry, rocky soil, low, bushy, trailing on the ground, the leaves halberd or
fiddle shaped, their "margin and midrib bristly. The various forms presented by
this highly variable species, described under various names, are inseparable, almost
insensibly blending.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Smilax auriculata Walt. Fl. Car. 245. lli<x. Sand I!amboo-brier.
Smilax ovata Ell. Sk. 2 : 698. 1821-24. Not Pursh.
S. beyrichii Kunth, Enum. 5:207. 1850.
Ell. i. c. Chap. Fl. 476.
Louisianian area. North Carolina along the coast to Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Littoral region ; in loose sand. Mobile County, foot of
Springhill, climbing trees 15 feet high. Baldwin County, on the sandy bay shore,
bushy, trailing. April, May; flowers fragrant; fruit matures in October; black.
Not rare.
Walter's description applies well to our plant, and agrees also perfectly with
Chapman's description ; for these reasons Walter's name is maintained.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
4 4(> PLANT LIl'K OK A BAHAMA.
Smilax laiuifolia L. Sp. I'l. 2 : KCU). nns. IUv-i.k.m I5.\mih»<».
Kll.Sk. 2 :(■.!•;». (Jniy. Man.t^il.ti, iVJl. Cliai). I'l '"•'•
Cuniliiiiaii iiimI l.oiiiHiaiiiaii areas. Soiitlicrn N. w .lcrs«\v to I lorida, west to
Louisiana aixl ArkaiisaH.
Ai.ahama: Central riiu- bflt to Coast i)laiM. \\ Ooiled swamps, most fre<|iu'iit in
alluvial soil. Tiisciiloosa ("onnty (A*. /'. .\erii(s ,\- /l(/m<///). Monlnomery, W'asli-
iiij;tcin. ( laike. Moliile, ami Haldwin coniitieH. j'lowerain .May; Iriiit matures second
year, Novemlu-r. Itfccmlxr ; black, ("oinmon.
A stout vine with lon;j hranclies, climliiun ovrr trees.
Tvpo locality: "liah.in Vir;iiuia, Carolina.'
llVrli. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Smilax piimila Walt. l"l. Car. 211. 17HH. DwAiti Smii.ax.
Smilox piihna Michx. Kl. Hor. Am. 2 : U'lW. WVA.
Kll.Sk. 2 :(■)!•!•. Chap. I'l. ITti.
Louisiauiaii area. South ('aiolina. I'ioi'iila. Louisiana, and eastern 'r«!xas (Cass
County).
Aiai-.ama: Melaniorphic hills. Coast I'iue bell. Sha<iy banks in ])iiie woods.
Lee County, Auliurn (/'. N. KttrU). Clarke County (lh\ Deuin/K Kscanibia County,
Wilson's .st.iticm. Mobih^ County. Sprinj^hill. May; I'ruit ( (ctolier, November;
scarlit. Plants with white limies have been observed. l'r(!(|uent.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. (Jeol. Snrv. Herb. Mobr.
Smilax waiter! I'ursh, Fl. Am. Sept. l:l'l'J. isM. Coicai. S.mii,a.\.
.S)//,7,(j- c((rfHc« Kll.Sk. 2: 70L 1K21. Not L.
Kll.Sk. l.c (iray. Man.ed.6. .^JO. Chap. n.47(i.
Carolinian and Lcmi.sjanian areas. New .lers(!y, Vir<^inia, and Tennessee; south-
ern Atlantic and (iulf States to Louisiana,
Ai.auama: Coast I'ine belt. Coast plain. Wooded swani]»s. Clarke County, Sugjfs-
ville (/>r. /^^nii//). Mobile and Maldwin counties. May. I'ruit ripe October, Nov-
ember; berries scarlet, ]»ersistent over wintei", matures the second year. Frei|uent.
Type locality : "In the lower .sandy countries of Virginia and Carolina, on river
sides."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. M(djr.
Smilax lanceolata L. Sp. I'l. 2 : 1031. 17.")3. Swekt-.sckntko Smilax.
Smilaj- orntd I'ursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 2l!1. 1811.
Ell.Sk.2:fiiis. (irav, Man.ed.ti, oL'l. Chap. FL 476. Coulter, Conlr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 43:5.
Candinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia, North Carolina to Florida,
west to eastern Texas.
Alahama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Rich borders of woods and
shaded swamps. I'ike County, I'roy. Montgomery and Mobile counties. Flowers,
May..Iune; fruit nuitures the second year in the fall; red.
An elegant evergreen vine with nuiny long slender branches. Much u.sed for
decorations in winter.
Type locality : "llab.in N'irginia."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
HAEMODORACEAE. Bloodwort Family.
GYROTHECA Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1 : :V27. \XV2.
(Lai ii.NA.NTiiKS KU. Sk. 1 : 47. 1817.)
One species, ])erennial, Atlantic North America. Southern.
Gyrotheca capitata (Walt.) Morong, Bull. Torr. Club. 20: 172. 1S93. Rkd Root.
AnonijmuH ((i]>it<ita Walt. Fl. Car. (19. 17S8.
Hcrititrti i/mtlini Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:21. 180:>.
(iiirotheca tiurlnria Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1:327. 1812.
La<lin(iiitli(n thictoria EU. Sk. 1: AT. 181(J.
(iray, Man. ed. (!, 512. Chap. Fl, 469.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Rhode Island, New .Jensey to Florida, west to
Missi8sipi>i.
AMAEYLLIS FAMILY. 447
Alabama: Coast Pine belt. Low dauii) pine barrens. Mobile and Baldwin coun-
ties. AVashiujiton County, Yellowpine. August, .September. Flowers yellowish,
rhizoma bloody red. Frequent.
. .Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amaryllis Family.
ATAMOSCO Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : .57. 1763.
(Zepiiykanthes Herb^pp. Bot. Reg. 3(i. 1821. )
Abont 30 species, perennials, mostly Mexican and South American. South Africa,
warmer North America 1.
Atamosco atamasco (L.) Greene, Pittonia, 3 : 187. 1897. Atamasco Lily.
Amaryllis atamasco L. Sp. PI. 1 : 292. 17.53.
Ell. Sk. 1:384. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 516. Chap. Fl. 466.
Carolinian and Louisiauiau areas. Pennsylvania, Virginia, south to Fh)rida, west
to Louisiana.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Grassy damp copses. Mont-
gomery County. Autauga County, Prattville {E. A. Smith). Mobile County. March,
April. Flowers white, rose-tinted. Not common.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HYMENOCALLIS Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1 : 338. 1812.
About 20 species, paludial, perennials. West Indies, Mexico to Brazil. North
America. South Atlantic States 7.
Hymenocallis occidentalis (Le Conte) Kunth, Enum. 5 : 856. 1850.
Pancratium carolinianuin L. Sp. PI. 1 : 291. 1753. ?
P. occidentale Le Conte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 146. 1830-1836.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, 516. Chap. Fl. 467.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Illinois, Missouri, North Carolina,
Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Deeply snaded swamps. Cullman
County. Autauga County, Prattville {E. A. Smith). Mobile County, alluvial forests.
May, June. Flowers white, fragrant. Not rare.
Type locality : "This species is found in the western parts of the State of Georgia
and in Tennessee and Kentucky."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hymenocallis rotatum (Ker-Gawl.) Kunth, Enum. 5:679. 18.50. Spider Lily.
Pancratium mexicannm L. Sp. PI. 1 : 290. 1753.
/'.jo/a/M»i Ker-Gawl. Bot. Mag. 21: ^.A.V. 1805.
Chap. Fl. 467.
Mexico.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Open grassy marshes. Mobile County, river swamps.
Baldwin County, Stockton. April, May. Flowers white, sweet-scented. Irequent.
Type locality of Pancratium mexicannm: Hab. in Mexico," Of P. rotatum: "A
native of Carolina."
Herb. Mohr.
Hymenocallis coronarium (Le Conte) Kunth, Enum. 5 : 855. 1850.
Pancratium coronarium Le Conte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 145, t. 4, f. 7 to 0. 1830-36.
Chap. Fl. 467.
Louisianian area. Georgia, South Carolina.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Tuscaloosa County (-E. A. Smith). Wet rocks in
Warrior River.
Type locality: "In Savannah River at the rapids, a few miles above Augusta, where
it covers the rocky islets. I have also seen it in the Congaree River at Columbia, in
South Carolina."
Herb. Geol, Surv. Herb, Mohr.
44S PLANT MFK <)K ALAHAMA.
CRINUM I.. Sp. ri. 2: ML'. \",-A.
Altoiit tU) sjiecifs. pfrfiiuials. \V<st Imli.s. South AiiuTica, Nortli Aincricii. South
Athiiitic States, 1.
Criiium aniericauum 1.. Sp. I'l. 1 : L'i'L'. \"'>'A.
Chap. Fl. 468. Coulter, ('out r. \:il. l\vr\,. 2 : \M) h.
Mexico, Ciba.
LouiBianian area. Florida to Louisiana, <'.i.sti'rM /V'xas, and Ai'kanaas.
Ai.akama: Coast jdain. Optii luarsheH ami rivi-r s\vanij»s. Mobile and Baldwin
counties. May to .July. Flowers white, fragrant ; atitheis i)Ufi>le. Frei|uent.
Type locality : " Hah. in Auurriea."
Herb. CeoL Surv. Ilcih. .Mohr.
AGAVE L. Sji. I'l. 1 : :V2:i. 17r.S. A:MKia(AN Ai-OK.
About 100 species, perennials, mostly Mexican. Cnited .States IL mostly soutb-
westeru continental and on the Pacific slope (Lower Sonoran area). Atlantic States, 1.
Agave virgiuica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 323. 1753. Falsk Alok. Thick-lea vei> Snake Root.
Ell. Sk. 1:402. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 516. Chap. Fl. 468. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :
429.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Maryland, Virginia, southern Indiana, Missouri ;
throughout the South Atlantic and Gulf States west to the Rio Graude in Texas.
Ai.ahama : ()v«T the State. Dry rocky and sandy soil, open woods. Most frequent
in the mountains. Lawrence County, Moultou. Cullman, Tuscaloosa, Montgomery,
Washington, Mobile, and Haldwiii counties. .July.
Type locality : " liab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HYPOXIS 1-. Syst. ed. 10, 2 : 986. 1759.
Fifty species; tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, trojiical and Atlantic Ameri(;a.
United States, 3.
Hypoxis hlrsuta (L.) Coville, Mem. Torr. Club. 5 : 118. 1894. Stak Guass.
Ontithot/alum hirsHtnm L. Sp. I'l. 1 : 306. 1753.
Hypoxis cnvtd L. Syst. ed. 10, 2 : 986. 1759.
Ell. Sk. 1:396. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 517. Chap. Fl. 468. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 • 429.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Assiniboia, Ontario ; throughout the Atlantic
States west to Texas, Arkansas, and eastern Kansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Open grassy woods. Prairies; common everywhere.
Flowers yellow. March to .July.
Tyjie locality : "Hali. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Siiiv. Herb. Mohr.
Hypoxis rigida Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 495.
Louisianian area. W'-stern Florida.
Alabama : Lower Pine region, near the coast. Dry |>ine barrens. Mol>ile County,
Springhill (/•'. 11'. Hush.) August. Rare.
Type locality : " Low jiine barren.s, near the coast. West Florida."
Herb. Mohr.
LOPHIOLA Ker-(;aw]. Hot, Mag. 40: /. L',9i:. 1814.
One species. North America. Soutli Atlantic States.
Lophiola americana (Pursh) Coville, Mem. Torr. Hot. c;iub, 5: lis, 1894.
ConoslifUii amtricdua Pursli. Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 224, t. 6. 1X1 1.
Lophiola atirea Ker Gawl. Hot. Mag. t. 1,596. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 1:403. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 512. Chap. Fl. 470.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New .Jersey, along the coast to Florida, west
to Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower Pine l)elt. Coast plain. Boggy pine-barren swamps. Escambia
County, Flomaton. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers in June, July ; yellow.
Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: " In boggy soil, on the pine barrens of New Jersey and Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
lEIS FAMILY. 449
DIOSCOREACEAE. Yam Family.
DIOSCOREA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1032. 1753.
About 150 species, perennial climbers, of tlie wanner ])art;s of the globe, largely
American. Japan.
Dioscorea villosa L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1033. 1753. Wild Yam.
Ell. Sk. 2:704. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 517. Chap. Fl. 474. Coulter, Coutr. Nat.
Herb. 2:430.
Alleghenian to Louisiauiau area. Southern Ontario, southern New England;
throughout tlie Atlantic States to Florida and Texas.
Alakama: All over the State, in damp woods. Cullman, Tuscaloosa, Jackson,
Clarke and Mobile counties. jSIay; frequent.
Economic uses : The root, under the name of "wild yam root," is used nouofticially
in medicine.
Type locality : "Hah. in Virginia, Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr
IRIDACEAE. Iris Family.
IRIS L. Sp. PL 1 : 38. 1753.
Near 100 species, perennials, warmer and temperate zones of the Northern Hemi-
sphere. North America, 20. Japan.
Iris versicolor L. Sp. PL 1:39. 1753. Blue Flaii,
EIL Sk. 1:45. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 513. Chap. FL 472,
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Ontario, Manitoba, New
England west to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Throughout the State. Marshes, ponds. Montgomery, Mobile, and
lialdwin counti. s. Flowers azure. April.
Economic uses: The rhizoma, under the name of "blue flag root" is used medic-
inally.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia, Marilandia, Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Iris hexagona Walt. Fl. Car. 66. 1788. Southern Blue Flag.
Iris virqinica Michx. FL Bor. Am. 1 : 22. 1803.
Ell. Sk." 1 : 46. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 500. Britt. &, Br. 111. Fl. 1 : 448,/. 1070.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Texas and Louisiana to Florida and South
Carolina; Missouri, Kentucky (Britton & Brown).
Alabama: Coast plain in the tide-water region. Open deep marshes. Mobile
County, estuary of Mobile River and adjacent marshes, with Iris versicolor, Ciciita
maculata, etc.
Flowers April. Outer perianth deep cerulean blue with an orange-yellow, sparsely
hairy crest, inner pale azure. One and one-half to 3 feet high. Abundant.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Iris verna L. Sp. PL 1 : 39. 1753. Dwarf Ikis.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 514. Chap. Fl. 473.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. AVestern Pennsylvania, Kentucky south from
Virginia to Georgia.
Alabama: Coast Pine belt. Dry pine ridges. Washington County, Yellowpiue.
Escambia County, Flomaton. Monroe County. Baldwin County, Stockton. Mobile
County, Springhill. March, April. Flowers pale azure. Frequent.
Economic uses : Planted for ornament.
Type locality : " Hah. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Iris cristata Ait. Hort. Kew. 1 : 70. 1789. Crested Iris.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 44. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 514. Chap. FL 473.
Carolinian area. Maryland, Virginia to Iowa, south to North (Jaiolina, and along
the mountains to Georgia.
Alaha.ma: Mountain region to Lower hills. Damp, shady banks. Winston County,
CoUifrs Creek, 1,500 feet. Cullman County. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith).
Flowers pale blue. April, May ; not frefiuent.
Economic uses: Ornamental plant, grown in borders.
Type locality: "Native of North America.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
15894 29
450 I'l.ANI' MKK OF ALAMAMA.
GEMMINGIA I'lilir. I'.iimii. I'l. llorl. Ilrlinst. 17ri<).
(1!i:lam. ANi>.\ Adaiis. I'aiii. I'l. 2 :<;(). 17(i:?.)
(r.MCKAN I IMS K('r-(J:nvl. in Koeii. A SiniH, Aim. Hot. 1 : -111. 1S()5.)
Gemmiugia chinensis ( L. ) Kuntze, K'ov. (icn. I'l. 2 :7(tl. 1S!M.
/.(Id c/ii/K-HxiN 1-. Sj). I'l. 1 : :{l>. IT."):?.
rardaiilliitx chinennin Ker-(Ja\vl. in Ktxm. A: Sims, Ann. Itnt. 1 : L'lti. |K()5.
nclamcinihi chinensis (L.) DC. Ked. Lil. 3: ^ /.'/. 1S07.
(iray. Man. id. (!, 515.
("arolinian an-a. liitrixluccd from China, natiiralizeil. Mar\ land, Missouri, South
Atlantic Stat»?s.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast Pine hclt. HoadHides, waste jdaces. .Jackson
County, Scottsboro. Jefferson County. Choctaw County, Bladon. Flowers oranj^e,
8j»ott<d with crimson. .Inly; not common.
Type locality: "Ilah.in India."
Herb. Geol Snrv. Herb. Molir.
SISYRINCHIUM L. Sp. I'l. 2 :;»54. 17.">S.' Umk-kykd Crass.
I'eronnial herbs, about DO species, all American. From the Atlantic coast to
southern Chile. Mexico to South America (mostly tro])ical ), about 50 species; I'nited
States and llritish North America. 40; Kasteru United States and Canada, 11 or IL!;
Southern States to Texas, IS; Western, 10.
Sisyrinchium gramiuoides HicknoU. Bull. Torr. Clul). 23 : 133, t. .^6S.
Stout Bluk-kykd (;kas.s.
Sisi/rinchiinn (/raminfum Curti.s, Rot. Mag. /. 464. 1799. Not Lam.
S. anccps Wats, in Cray, Man. ed. (i. 515. 1800. Not Cavanilles.
S. hermudianiim of American authors, not Linnaeus.
Carolinian area. New .Jersey to Flnriila. west to southern Indiana.
Alabama: Lower Pineregiou. Coast plain. In grassy pine woods. Moliile County,
Flowers cerulean blue. April, May; not rare.
Tyjie locality of <S'. gramineiim Curtis: "'A native of Virginia.''
Herb. Gcol. Siirv. Herb. Mohr.
Sisyrinchium coryinbosum Kicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 26 : 218. 1899.
From 1 to Ik feet high from an ascending rootstock crowded with coarse (not
fibrinous) rootlets. Stem llat, narrowly wing-margined, smooth-edged ; inflorescence
fastigiate, subcorymbosely branched above; branches 3 to 6 inches long; leaves
rigid, erect, often surpassing the first internode of the stem, slightly ciliolate toward
the acute apex; lowest bracteal leaf erect; bracts nearly equal, acute, carinate
at the base with hyaline edges; flowers numerous, sky-blue, on slender pedicels
exceeding the bracts. April, May.
Readily distinguished by its branches, subcorymbosc^ inflorescence, and long, stiff,
erect leaves.
Louisianian area. Eastern Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Damp, grassy banks. Mobile ('ounty, frecjuent. "Speci-
mens from Mobile present apparently a reduced form of the type, more slender and
less branched, with elongated bracteal leaf."
Type locality : ''Florida: ' Fine barrens near .Jacksonville,' A. H. Curtiss. * ^ *
Alab.'ima: Mobile, Dr. Chas. Mohr.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sisyrinchium carolinianum Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club. 26 : 221. 1899.
In loose tufts, fibrous-coated at the base, from an astxnding or erect rootstock
with ( lustered and coa>sely fibrous roots. Stem erect, slender, with two or three
nofles, about one-eighth inch wide, broadly margined with serrulate edges; leaves
freciuently much shorter than the stem, rather thin, erect, i to :t inch wide, distinctly
serrulate; nodes of the stem with 2 or 3 long peduncles subtended by a foliaceous
bracteal leaf; bracts subequal, attenuate toward the apex or obtuse, mucronulate;
flowers 3 to 8 on slightly exserted pedicels, violet blue. April.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Western North Carolina, South Carolina, and
from Georgia to Mississippi.
' E. P. Bicknell, The blue-eyed grasses of the Eastern United States, Boll. Torr.
lub, vol. 2.3, p)). 130 to 136. 1896. Same author, Studies in Sisyrinchium, op. cit., vol.
: »>„ -JIT +« -^'Ji 1WUU
CI
26, pp. 217 to 231. 1899.
BLUE-EYED GRASSES. 451
Alabama: Metamorpliic hills. Lee County {Baker <('■ Earle). Mobile Conntv,
April, 1899 (Earle).
Specimens from Mobile and Mississippi "are aberrant and may represent yet
another species. "
Type locality: "Western North Carolina and central South Carolina to Georgia,
Alabama, and Mississippi."
Type in Herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
Sisyrinchium scoparium Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 26 : 227. 1899.
From 6 to 20 inches bigh, in close tufts from a fibrillous base and a contracted
rootstock with coarse librous roots. Stem, like the leaves, very narrow and smooth ;
the striate wing margins roughish on the edges above; leaves erect, very slender,
generally shorter than the stems ; inflorescence somewhat llabellately short-brauclied
from the two (sometimes one) nodes bearing one or two slender, short peduncles;
bracteal leaf long, slender; bracts strongly striate, acuminate, subequal, tips finally
spreading; flowers G to 11, violet blue. April.
Louisianian area. Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast ]tlain. Mobile County, March (/i'arZp).
Type locality: "Coast of Mississippi. Biloxi, April 27, 1S98, C. F. Baker."
Sisyrinchium fuscatum Bull. Torr. Club, 26 : 225. 1899.
In tufts 8 to 20 inches high, from rather stout rootstocks with clnstering fibrous
roots. Stem long, slender, erect, narrow, the edges of the narrow wing minutely
denticulate; leaves narrow, slender, shorter than the stem, firm, acute or subterete
at the apex, bracteal leaves short, attenuated above, surp;isse<l by the two closely
approximate, erect, slender peduncles 1 to 2 inches long; bracts almost equal,
striate, cuspidate, acuminate; flowers 3 to 8 on more or less exserted erect pedicels.
April.
Louisianian area.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Mobile and Escambia counties, April {C. F. Baker).
Type locality : " Western Florida to Mississippi."
Herb. Biol. Surv., Auburn.
Sisyrinchium rosulatum Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 26 : 228. 1899.
Prostrate or ascending, from rosulate tufts; roots short-branched, woody, with
fibrillous rootlets. In the smaller tufts stem short, from under I to \l inches
long; in stouter plants from 6 to 8 inches long, slender, subterete, narrowly mar-
gined with serrulate edges; basal leaves from 1 to 3 inches long, narrow, the
broadened base hyaline-margined, more or less attenuate toward the acute apex,
denticulate-serrulate; stem leaves much shorter than the peduncles, flat-sheathing;
peduncles slender, 1 to 4 inches long, the outer bracts more attenuate and some-
what larger; flowers of a reddish purple or wine color. April.
Louisianian area. South Carolina.
Alabama : Dry open places, borders of paths and pastures,
"Very distinct from any of our Eastern North American species, having its affin-
ity with certain South American forms, and a Central American and Mexican
species."
TyiJe locality: "Dry open places in sandy soil, coast of South Carolina and
Alabama."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. Atlant. .louru. 17. 1832.
Bicknell, UuU. Torr. Club, 26 : 34(5.
Glaucous or glaucescent; stem from 8 to 18 inches high, leaves about half the
length of the stem, ,V to ^ inch wide, acute, smooth edged or serrulate above;
stem flat, wings thin, usually broader than the stem proper, smooth or serrulate on
the edges; spathe terminal, single with unequal bracts, the primordial 1 to 2h
inches long, more than twice as long as the inner bract, foliaceous, attenuate, and
mostly acute; flowers often as many as nine in the spathe, petals white to pale
violet; capsule globose, depressed, seed umbilicate pitted. (Condensed from
Bicknell.)
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. From Kentucky to Indiana, Michigan, Illinois,
and Missouri; south to Tennessee, North Carolina, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower hills. Tuscaloosa. Connty (Dr. E. A, Smith). Rare.
Type locality (Bicknell) : West Kentucky.
Herb. Geol. Surv.
452 ri-ANT LIl-'K OK ALABAMA.
BURMANNIACEAE. Burmannia Family.
BURMANNIA I,. Sp. I'l. 1 : JS?. 1753.
I'woiity s|(c(i(VH, mostly ill tiopiinl n-^^ions of Ixilli licimisplmnsH. Soiitheustorn
Nortli Aiiit'ric.i, L'. Tiny, aliimst leiitless, H:ipioi>hyti<; imnuiiis.
Burmannia biflora I.. Sp. I'l. 1:1.'S7. 17r)3. Two-fi.owkkki. I?i kmannia.
TriptcrtUa rnvruUa Nul f. (ini. 1 :2l'. IHIS.
KM. Sk. 1:4:!. Crav. Man. o<l. (;,1!I7. Chii|i. I'l. I.'.l. Coiiltor, (Oiitr. Nat. Her)).
2 : 422.
Wkst Indies.
Carolinian and l.onisianian areas. 8oiiMuiii \ir;,nnia to Flmida, wost t() «)astiTn
Texas.
Ai.AitAMA: I.dwrr I'inc ri';^ion. Coast jilain. I'eaty soil ol" jiinc haircns. Mol>iie
County. Sprin^iiill. llowers lavcmlcr liiiu-. October, November.
Type lorality : '' Ihib. in \ir<;iuiae iialiidosis."'
Herb. (ieol. .Surv. Herb. Molir.
Burmannia capitata Mart. Nov. (Jen. et Sp. 1: 12. 182J. Capita pk ]U;rman.nia.
I'oqi'lla iopihttd (iniclin, Syst. 107. 1791.
Triplcrtlla cupitata Michx. Vl. Bor. Am 1 : 1<J, /. 3. 1803.
Ell. .Sk. 1 : 43. Cb.ap. Fl. 152. Criseb. Fi. Brit. W. Ind. 60H.
Wicsr Indies, Cayenne, Buazil.
Lonisianiau area. From I'lorida to Nortli Carolina, west to Lt>nisianai.
Alabama : Coast ]tlain. IJoj^jjy pine barrens. Mobile and Bablwin comities.
Flowers lavender blue. October, Noxembei'; fre(|nent.
Type locality. " llab. in udis Caroliuae etiam(|ue Cayennae.'
Herb. (jeol. Siuv. Herb. Molir.
APTERIA Xntt. Jonrn. Acad. Phila. 7 : 6-1, t. !>. 1834.
Tliree species, saiuopbytes, of tropical and subtroiiical Anniica.
Apteria setacea Nutt. .Jonrn. Acad. Pliila. 7:64, ^ o. 1834. Lilac Aitkkia.
A pterin lilacina .Miers, Trans. Linu. Soc 18: 141. 1811.
Chai.. Fl. 452.
West Indies to tkopicai, Bra/il.
I>oulsianian area. I'lorida to Georgia, west to Louisiana.
Alaram.\: Coast ])Iaia. ^baded banks amon<>- decayed leaves. Mobile County,
Bayou LaBatre. Baldwin County, Stockton. Flowers, like tbe wbole plant, tinged
with lilac. .July to September; not fie<|nent. Perennial.
Clearly subsisting on decomitosing vegetable matter. Tbe rootlets of the numerous
contorted stems have never been found in organic connection with the roots of the
surrounding herbaccons or woody plants.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
ORCHIDACEAE. Orchis Family.
CYPRIPEDIUM L. Sp. I'l. 2:!t:.l. 17.53.
About 50 s))e<ieB, jierennials, Kurope. Asia, tcmjxrate Mexico, Central America.
North America, 12.
Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. Diet. ed. 8, no. 3. 17(i8. LAR<iE Lady's Si.iri-Ki;.
Ci/pripediitm caJcrohm ft L. Sp. PI. 2 : 951. 1753.
C. pnheHceriH Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 1 13. 1805.
Ell. Sk. 2:. 508. Gray. Man ed. 6. 511 Chap. Fl. 464.
Canadian /.one to Carolinian ana. Nova Scotia, New F.riinswick, Quebec, and
Ontario to the Rocky Mountains; New England, west to .Minnesota, Nebraska, and
Colorado; throughout the Eastern States, south along the mountains to (jeorgia.
Ai.auama: Mountain region to I'ppcr division of Coast Pine belt. Rich woods,
Madison County, Montesauo. Clarke County, Choctaw Corner. Flowers dingy yel-
low. April; infie(j^uent.
ORCHIS FAMILY. 453
Economic uses: The rliizome with the rootlets, nuder the name of "nervine root,"
is nsed medicinally.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 1 : 77. 179L
Smaller Yellow Lady's Slipper.
Cypripedium calceolus Micbx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : IGl. 1803. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 507. Gray, Man. ed. (i, 51L Chap. Fl. 464.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Xewfonudland and Ontario to Saskatchewan
and Ivocky Mountains; New England, west to Minnesota; through the Atlantic
States to Mississippi and Arkansas.
Alaisama: Mountain region. Open woods and copses. Clay County, Elders, 1,000
feet. Madison County, Montesano. I_)ekalb County, Lookout Mountain, 1,600 feet.
Cullman County. Flowers yellow, fragrant. jMay; not freciuent.
Economic uses: The root is used like that of the last under the same name.
Type locality: "Sponte nascentem in Virginia legit H. Marshall."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cypripedium acaule Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 303. 1789.
Pi:rple Lady's Slippei;. Moccasin Flower.
Ci/pripeditim humile Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 1 : 79. 1791.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 509. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 511. Chap. Fl. 464.
Boreal region (Hudsonian zone) to the Carolinian area. Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia and Ontario and to the arctic circle; throughout the continent cast of the Mis-
sissippi Kiver as I'ar south as the District of Columbia and along the mountains to
North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Shady woods, in boggy damp places. Cullman
County, Beaver's Mill, in boggy woods, 700 feet altitude. Dekalb County, Lookout
Mountain, damp banks of Little River. Perianth white with ])urple lip. May;
infrequent.
Type locality : "Native of North America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ORCHIS L. Sp. PI. 2:939. 17.53. Orchis.
About 80 species, mostly of temperate Europe and Asia. North Africa. North
America, 3.
Orchis spectabilis L. Sp. PL 2: 943. 1753. Showy Orchis.
Orchis hiimilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 155. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 487. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 506. Chap. Fl. 4.58.
AUeghenian and Carolinian areas. New Brunswick and Ontario; New England
west to Minnesota, Dakota, and Nebraska, south to the Ohio Valley, Missouri, and
Arkansas, and along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich woods. Madison County, Montesano, 1,500
feet. Flowers rose red. May; rare.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginnt. D. Gronovius."
Herb. Geol. Sur\ . Herb. Mohr.
HABENARIA Willd. Sp. PI. 4:44. 1805.
(Platanthera Rich. Ann. Mus. Par. 4 : 48. 1808.)
Four hundred and fifty to 500 species, perennials, widely distributed over tem-
perate and warmer regions, chietly Asia, Europe, America. North America, 35 to
40 species; Eastern North America, 20.
Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. Syst. 3 : 689. 1826.
Small Green Wood Orchis.
Orchis clavellata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 155. 1803.
O. tridentata Willd. Sp. PL 4 : 41. 1805.
Habenaria Iridentata Hook. Exot. Fl. 2 : t. 81. 1825.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 486. Gray, \Lan. ed. 6, 506. Chap. Fl. 459.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario ; New England
west to Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas; southern New .Jersey to western Morida
and ]Missis8ipi)i.
Alabama: Metamorphic hills. Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Shaded boggy
woods. Lee County, Auburn (F. S. Earle). Tuscaloosa County, Vance's Station.
Montgomery County, Pentulalla Creek. Escambia County, W^ilson's Station. Mon-
•t'l-l J'l.ANT I.IKK <»K AI.AHAMA.
roo (i.iint.v. (lail.onir. Mi.l.il- ;iii<l l'.:ililwiii .oiinties. Ilowers wliii... .Inly,
All^llHt; iKMIIIrllt.
Ivj"' I'xiiliiv : ••Hall, in Carolina."
nVili. Molir ■
Habeiiaiia nivea iNnil.i .><j.nn«. Sysi. 3 : cs't. ISLMi. Snow v-wiii 1 1: (>it« iiis.
ihchin nirea Nntt. (J.-n. 2 : 1H.H. \MH.
Kll. Sk. 2 : »xr». <;ray, Man. otl. (i. .".07. Cliap. 11. »;".!•.
Louisianiiui aroa. Sontli Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Al.vBama: Lowir Coiu<t TiiM- Ixlt. (iniSHy pino barrens. W ashin^'ton County.
Il«'alin« SnrinjjH. Ksc.unlda Cftiinty, Kloinaion. Moliih? ami Baldwin countits.
Flowi-rs wliite. .Iiilv, .\n<iUHt; not iiirrri|iicnl.
rv|>e lorality : -'HVtwixt Saint Marvs .iiid S.itill.i 1,'iv.T, wuhI I'lorida."
H.-rh. .Mohr."
Habenaria flava ( L. t <;rav, Am. .lonrn. ><i. 38 : ::<•?<. l^l".
Smaii. I' ai.k-<;i;|.:i n <tn(iiis.
Orrhh tiava 1.. Sp. I'l. 2 : '.M'_'. 17.".:5.
tl. rin'sons Willd. Sp. ri.4::!7. \W',.
Habeiiurin rinm i im Spniiji. Syst. 3 : (JSS. \H'2G.
(Jray. Man. cd. <>, .'.07. Cli.ip. i'l. I.5!t.
All»-K'li«niiiii and Carolinian area.**. Ontario: .\r\v Kn^laml west to MinmMota,
Oliio to Arkansas and Tennessee.
Ai.amama: Monutain re^iion. .Mrtainoridiir liills. Lee County. Anlnirn ( /•'. .s'.
Karlf ,\ I ndeiHixiil). .Inne; r.ire.
Tvpe locality: '■ llali. in \ ir;iinia."
llerli. (;eid. Sur\ . Herh. Molir.
Habeuaria integra (Nntt. ) Sprenj;. Syst. 3 : 689. 1820.
Smai.i. Soi tiii:k.n Vki.i.ow (ii;tiii.s.
Ordiin hitefira Xiitf. (Jen. 2 : 188. 1818.
(hliiinadinid tUun Lindl.(;en. A .^p. Oicb. 27il. 1835.
Eil. Sk. 2 : 18.'.. Gray. .Man. ed.il. r.Ot;. Chap. Fl. 549. Hritt. & Br. 111. Fl. 1 : 163.
Carolinian ami Lonisianian areas. New York, west to Louisiana.
Alahama: Monntains to the Coa.st j)lain. Low damp i)ine woods. Kandolpli
Connty, I'inetncky. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith). Wasliinjjtou County, Ydjow-
pine. Baldwin and Mobile counties. Flowers deep orautie. .July, August; widely
<lisi»erseil over the State. Infreijuent.
Tyj)e lo<'ality : '• lu the swamps oT New .Jersey."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Habenaria cristata (Michx.) K. Br. in .Vit. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5 : 194. 1813.
OrchiH iristdtd Miclix. I'l. Bor. Am. 2 : 15(5. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 183. (iray. Man. ed. 6, 508. Chap. Fl. 460.
Candinian and Lonisianian areas. Southern New .Jersey to Florida, west to
Louisiana and southern .Missouri.
Ai.ama.ma: Mountain region to Coast plain. Damp woods, light soil. Clay County,
•Shinlione Valley, l.CKMI feet altitude. Cullman County. 800 feet. Autauga County
( E. J. Smilh). Washington County. Yello\vj)ine. Mobile County, Springhill, 220 feet,
shadeil springy banks. I'lowers orange. August; not rare.
Tyjte locality: " llab. in sylvis Carolinae."'
Herb. (jeol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Habeuaria ciliaiis (L. i !>. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew.ed.2, 5: 194. 1813.
YELLOW-FRIX(iKI) OkcIIIS.
Orrhis riliavh L. .Sj). I'l. 2 : 939. 17.53.
Kll. Sk. 2 : 4K3. (;ray. Man. ed. 6, .509. Chap. Fl. 460.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Ontario, New England. Ohio X'alley, Florida,
Louisiana, and .Vrkansas.
Alaha.ma : Over the State. Boggy mearlows. Lauderdale County. Clay County,
2.0(¥) feet. Cullman, Tuscaloosa, .Montgomery, Choctaw, Washington, (Jlarke. Bald-
win, and Mobile counties. Flowers orange-yellow. .June to August; common.
Type locality : " llab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Habenaria blephariglottis ( Willd. ) Torr. Comp. 317. 1826.
WllITK-FRINGEl) OrCIIIS.
Orchil hJrpharinlolti'i Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 9. 1805.
O. ciliaris var. alha Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 1.56. 1803. Not O. alha Lam 1778.
Iliihrnaria ciliaris var. hhphariqlottis Chap. Fl. 460. 1860.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 183. Gray, Man. ed.' 0, 509. Chap. Fl. 1. c.
OECHIS FAMILY 455
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario; New England,
New York, southern Michigan, Ohio, south from New Jersey to Florida, west to
Louisiana.
Alabama : Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Swampy shaded banks. Elmore
CouDty (E. A. S7nilh). Tuscaloosa County. Mobile County, Grand Bay, Whistler.
Flowers white. July; not conimou.
Type locality : " Hab. in Pennsylvania.''
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Habeuaria blephariglottis holopetala (Lindl.) Gray, Man. ed. 5, 502. 1867.
riatanthera holopetala Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 291. 1835.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 509.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Newfoundland, (Jntario, and New York.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Tnaciiloosa County (E. A. Smifli); rare.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Habenaria lacera (Michx. ) R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1 : 312. 1816. Ragged Orchis.
Orchis lacera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 156. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2:484. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 509. Chap Fl. 460.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario; New
England west to Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas, south from New Jersey to South
Carolina.
Alabama : Central Pine belt. Autauga County {E. A. Smith). Lee County, Auburn
{Underwood 4- Earle). Flowers yellowish white. August; rare.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Habenaria peramoena Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 38 : 310. 1840.
Fringeless Purple Orchis.
Orchis incisa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 589. 1814. Not Willd.
O. fissa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 589. 1814. Not Willd.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 510. Chap. Fl. 461.
AUeghenian and Carolinian areas. Mountains of North Carolina to Pennsylvania
and New Jersey.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. Low damp meadows. Lauderdale County {J. H.
Prnition). Barrens near the Tennessee and Alabama State line. Flowers July 4,
1896.
Type locality of Orchis incisa Pursh: " In low meadows : New York to Virginia."
Of 0. fissa Pursh: "In mountain meadows: Pennsylvania to Virginia."
Herij. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Habenaria quinqueseta (Michx.). Michaux's Orchis.
Orchis quinqueseta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 155. 1803.
Habenaria michuaxii Nutt. Gen. 2 : 189. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 489. Chap. Fl. 461 ; ed. 3, 487.
Louisianian area. South Carolina and Florida to western Louisiana (Hale).
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith); scarce.
Type locality : " Hab. in Candina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Habenaria repens Nutt. Gen. PI. 2 : 190. 1818. Creeping Orchis.
Ell. Sk. 2:489. Chap. Fl. 461.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi and Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Border of swamps and ditches. Baldwin County. Point
Clear. Flowers green. October.
Tyjie locality : " On the margins of ponds near Savannah, in Georgia and in Caro-
lina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
POGONIA Juss. Gen. PI. 65. 1789.
Forty-three species, mostly of warmer regions. Eastern North America, 5. Japan.
Perennials.
Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker-Gawl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. 2 : t. 14S. 1816.
Snake-mouth.
Arethusa ophioglossoides L. Sp. PI. 2 : 951. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2:495. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 505. Chap. Fl. 4.57.
y
4JA\ \'\..\ST \AVV OK ALABAMA.
.IaI'AX.
Canadian /Diiu to Luuisiauian area. Xcwroiindlaud. (^iicIht. and Onlario; Nfw
Enjiland west to Miunesola. Honth to Florida and Louisiana.
Ai.ahama: All o\ or the State. Hogs and pine-hancn Hwanips. Lawri-nec. Cull-
man. MoMtgoniery, .Vutauga. Wilcox, Clarke, Washington. Mohilc. and Kaldwin
counties. Flowers i)alo purplish. A])ril, May. Freciuent.
Type locality : " Hal>. in Virginia. ( 'iinada.''
Herli. (ieol. Snrv. Horh. Molir.
Pogonia divaricata ( L. ) Ix. I5r. in Ait. llort. K(^w. cd. 1.'. 5 : 203. 1 -(LS.
SrRKAKIMi ]'(Ki()NI A.
Arelliiisa diraiicdla L. Sp. 1'1.2:9.")1. 17.53.
KM. .Sk. 2 : J'-'fi. Gray, Man. ed. 0, oO."). Chap. Fl. -158.
Carolinian and Loiiisianian areas. From the Sontli Atlantic and Kaslcrn ( Julf
States north to eastern Tennessee and New .Icrsey.
Ai.ai»ama: Central I'ine helt to Coast plain. T.orders of juinds. springy ])la<u's;
most fre<|nent in t!iolowpine harreusof the Coast plain. Fseandda County. I'usca-
loosa County ( i:. .1. Smilh^ .Mol>ile and Baldwin counties. Flowers licsh-eolor.
.\pril. -May; iVeipieut with the last.
Typo locality : " llab. in Anunicae horealis paludosis. "
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Pogonia verticillata (Willd.) Xutt. (ien. 2 : 192. 1818. Wiiori.kd 1'<).;<)Nia.
.Irethum rerticilluta Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 81. 180.5.
Fll. Sk. 2 : 4(17. ( iray. Man. ed. 6, 50."). Cha].. Fl. 458.
Alleghenian and Louisianian areas, Ontario; New England, Eastern States we.st
to Michigan, Ohio N'alley to the Gnlf States; from Florida to western Louisiana.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Shady woods. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith).
March ; rare.
Type locality: llab. in Pensylvania, Marylandia,
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
GYROSTACHYS Pers. Syu. 2 : 511. 1,S07.
(Spiuantiiks L.C.Rich. Mem. Mus. r.ir.4:42. 1818.)
Fifty or more species, perennials, widely distributed over waruuT and temperate
regions. .la])an, Europe. Atlantic' America, 10 to 12.
Gyrostachys cernua ( L. ) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 664. 1891.
DuooPiNG Ladiks' Tresses.
Ophrijs cernua L. Sp. PI. 2 : 94G. 1753
Spiranthes cernua L. C. Rich. Orchid. .K\x\\. 37. 1817.
Ell. Sk. 2: 492. Gray, Man. ed. 6, .502. Chap. Fl. 462. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 424.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Nova Scotia to Ontario; New England, west
to Minnesota, Nebraska. Missouri, and Arkansas, south through the Ohio Valley to
South Atlantic and (iulf States.
Alabama: 0\er the State. Low prairies and damj) pine barrens. Cullman. Tus-
caloosa, Escambia. Mobile, and Baldwin counties. Flowers white. October, Novem-
ber; fre<iuent.
Type locality: " Hal), in Virginia. Canada.''
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Gyrostachys gracilis (Bigelow) Kuntze. Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : 664. 1891.
Slender Ladiks' Tkkssks.
Xeottia firacilis Bigelow, Fl. Bost. ed. 2 : 322. 1824,
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 503. Chap. Fl. 462. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 424.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Ontario to
Lake Winnipeg and Mackenzie River; New England west to Minnesota, south to
Texas and Florida.
Alabama: All over the State. Most frequent in dry pine barrens. Cullman,
Chilton, Washington, Clarke, Choctaw, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. Flowers
white. April to .June; frerinent.
Type locality : "In dry hilly woods [near Boston]."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
ORCHIS FAMILY. 457
Gyrostachys praecox (Walt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : 663. 1891.
Early Ladiks' Tkksses.
Limodorum praecox ^yalt. Fl. Car. 221. 1788.
Neottia ioriilis Willd. Sp. PI. 4:74. 1805.
Spirantlies praecox Gray, Man. ed. 6, 503. 1890.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 491. Gray, Man. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 462.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Atlantic and Gulf States, west to
Louisiana, north from Florida to southern Massachusetts.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast i>lain. Damp sandy pine barrens. Mobile,
Baldwin, Clarke, Washington, and Tuscaloosa, counties. Flowers white. May;
frefiuent.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Sur\'. Herb. Mohr.
Gyrostachys odorata (Nutt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : 664. 1891.
Sweet-scented Ladies' Tresses.
Xeottia odorata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7 : 98. 1834.
Sptranthes odorata Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 467. 1840.
Chap. Fl. 462.
Louisianian area. Northwestern Louisiana to western Florida, north to North
Carolina.
Alabama : Coast plain. Wet alluvial banks, ilobile County, alluvial forests on
the Alabama River, I'ierces Landing. Flowers white, fragrant. October. Not
frequent.
Type locality: "Along tlio borders of the Neuse River, at Newbern, in North Caro-
lina, on the wet and muddy shores."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gyrostachys brevifolia (Chap.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : 664. 1891.
SllORT-LEAVED LaDIES' TrESSES.
Spiranthes hreri folia Chap. F1.462.
Chap. Fl. 1. c.
Louisianian area. Alabama to western Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low grassy pine Ijarrens. Mobile County, Bayou Coden.
November, 1869. Flowers white. October, November. Very scarce.
Type locality: '' *;)pen grassy swamps in the pine barrens, Apalachicola, Fla."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PERAMIUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1 : 301. 1812.
(Goodyera R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5 : 197. 1813.)
Twenty-five species, perennials, north temperate regions to tropical Asia. New
Caledonia, Europe, Siberia. North America, 3.
Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacMillan, Metasp. Minn. Val. 172. 1892.
Downy Rattlesnake Plantain.
Neottia pubescens Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 76. 1805.
Goodi/era iJitbexoens R. Hr. iu Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5 : 198. 1813.
Ell. i<k. 2:491. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 503. Chap. Fl. 463.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario; New England west to Minnesota,
south to Georgia and Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region Upper division Coast Pine belt. Shady woods
Winston County ( T. M. Peters). Clarke County, Choctaw Corner (^. A. Smith).
Flowers white. .Tuly, August; iiifreiiuent.
Type locality : " Hab. a Canada ad Floridam.''
Herb. Geol. Surv.
ACHROANTHES Raf. Med. Rep. ser. 2, 5 : 3.52. 1808.
(MicitosTYLis Nutt. Gen. 2 : 196. 1818.)
About 70 species, temperate North Hemisphere, tropical Asia and America. North
America, 2 or 3.
Achroanthes unifolia (Michx. j Raf. Med. Rep. ser. 2. 5 : 352. 1808.
Green Addersmouth.
Malaxis unifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 157. 180 \
Micrnstylis ophioglossoides Nutt. Gen. 2 : 196. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2:503. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 498. Chap. Fl. 453.
458 IM.ANT LIFK OK ALABAMA.
Canadian /one to Lonisianian aroa. Newibnndland. Ontario. Manitoba; Now Eng-
land west to MinncBota, south to Florida. l.oiiiHiana, and ArkansaH.
Ai.aiia.ma: Mountain r(';,Mon to Coast plain. Low shady woods. L.e County,
Auhurn ( /". >. lutrle). Tuscaloosa County (K. A. Smilli). Makhvin County, Stock-
ton. FlowoiH wliite. .Inly, August ; ran-.
Tyi'i' locality: "llab. in unihrosis sylvaruni, a Carolina .id Floridaui."
llVrl.. (u'ol. .^urv. II. il). Mnhr.
LEPTORCHIS Tiionars. Nou\ . Hull. So.-. IMiilnm. :!1 1. 1808.
{1,11-AlMS L. C. Hii'li. M(Mn. .Mns. Par. 4: K?. 1X18.)
Near 1(1(1 species, of temperate and warmer regions. .Jajian. North AnK^rir-a, 2.
Leptorchis liliifolia (L.) Kuntze, Kev. Gen. I'l. 2 : tiTl. 1891.
O/ihriix liliil'olid L. Sp. ri. 2 : iMti. 175:5.
Lil,ari:< liliit't'lid L. C. Kicli. Lindl. Hot. Reg. 11 : /. SSfJ. 1825,
i:il. Sk.2:503, Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 499. Chaj). Fl. ir)4.
J A TAN.
Alleghenian and Lonsianian areas. New England west to Miunesota. Ohio Valley
to Missouri, south to New .Jersey, Carolina, and (leorgia.
Ai.auama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Shaded copses in ricli rocky soil.
Franklin County, Russellville. Lee County, Auburn (Hither .»'• Karle). Flowers,
wliite. .June; intre(|uent.
Type locality: " llab. in Virgiuiae, Canadae. Sueciae paludibus."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Leptorchis loeselii (L.) MacMillau, Metasp. Minn. \ al. 173. 1892. Fen Okcims.
Ophn/s loeselii L. Sp. PI. 2 : 947. 1753.
Lijmrin loeselii L. C. Rich. Lindl. Bot. Reg. 11 : /. SSii!. 1825.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 499.
EuROi'K, Asia.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec,
west to Saskatchewan and Minnesota, south to New .Jersey and Maryland, west to
southern Illinois and Missouri.
Ai.ahama: Mountain region. Metamorphic hills. Lee County, Auburn (/iaAer <J-
Earle). 800 feet altitude. May; rare.
Type locality: '' Hab. iu Sueciae, Borussiae paludibus.''
CORALLORHIZA R. Br. in Ait. Ilort. Kew.ed.2, 5:209. 1813.
Twelve species, pale almost leafless ])arasites, temperate regions, Enrojie, Asia,
Mexico. North America, 7.
Corallorhiza odontorhiza ( Willd. ) Nutt. Gen. 2 : 197. 1818.
Smali.-T'Lowered Cora I.- hoot.
Cymbidium odontorhizon Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 110. 1805.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 505. fJray, Man. ed. (5, 500. Chap. Fl. 4.54.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Southern New England, west to Michigan;
Ohio \alley to Missouri; New .Fersey, south to middle I'lorida, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alahama: Mountain region. Lower hills. Shadj' woods about the roots of trees.
Cullman County, Holmes Gap. Tuscaloosa County, March (E. A. Smith). August;
not fre<|ueut.
Type locality: "Hab. in Canada, Nova Anglia, Pensylvania, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad, Journ. Acad. Phila. 6 : 145. 1820.
Wister's Coral-koot.
Britt. & Br. HI. Fl. 1 : 478.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Massachusetts to Ohio. Florida, and Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. In woods. Tuscaloosa County {E. A, Smith).
August; local, rare.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
OROHIS FAMILY. 459
TIPULARIA Xutt. r;<-n. 2 : 195. 1818.
Single species, perennial, from solid bulbs. Atlantic North America, Japan.
Tipularia unifolia (Muhl. ) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 51. 1888.
Crane-fly Orchis.
Limodonim nvifoliiim Muhl. Cat. 81. 1813.
Tipularia discolor Nutt. Geu. 2 : 195. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 502. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 409. Chap. FI. 456.
AUeghenian to Lonisianian area. Southern New England, west to ^Michigan,
south to New .Jersey, North Carolina, and Georgia, west to western Louisiana and
Arkansas.
Alauama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Rich shady woods. Winston County,
Colliers Creek, 1,500 feet altitude, wooded hillsides. Tuscaloosa County, Vances
Station (E. A. Smith). Mobile County, Bayou La Batre, rich hummock on Little
River. Flowers yellowish green. June; infrequent, local.
Type locality : "Nova Caesarea — Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LIMODORUM L. Sp. PL 2 :950. 17.53.
(Calopogon R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 5 : L'04. 1813. )
Four species, perennials, Atlantic North America.
Limodorum tuberosum L. Sp. PL 2 : 950. 17.53. Grass-pink.
Calopoijon pulchellua R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5 : 204. 1813.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 499. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 505. Chap. Fl. 456. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
425.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Ontario,
New Englan<l west to Minnesota, soutli to Florida and western Texas (Rio Grande).
Alabama: All over the State. Springy places, most frequent in boggy pine bar-
rens. Flowers rose-color. April to June. The most beautiful of our orchids ; fre-
quent.
Type locality: "Hab. in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Limodorum pallidum (Chap.) Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 23. 1897.
Pale-flowkred Calopogon.
Calopogon pallidus Chap. FL 457. 1860.
Chap. Fl. 1. c.
Louisiauian area. Western Florida to North Carolina, west to the Red River,
Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region and Coast plain. Bogs in pine barrens. Mobile
County, Grand Bay, Citrouelle. Baldwin County. Escambia County. Flomaton.
Washington County, Yellowpine. Flowers white to pale pink. May, June; not rare.
Scape 12 to 20 inches high from a small tuber, with 4, rarely 6, iiowers in the loose
raceme.
Type locality: "Wet pine barrens, west Florida, near the coast, to North Caro-
lina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Limodorum parviflorum (Lindl.) Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22 : 158. 1895.
Small-flowered Calopogon.
Calopogon parviflorus Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 424. 1840.
Calopoqon pidchellus var. graminifolius Ell. Sk. 2 : 499. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 457.
Louisianian area. From North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana (Red
River).
Alabama: Lower Pine region near the coast. Grassy pine ridges. Mobile County,
Mount Vernon, Grand Bay. Flowers pale pink. March, April; not frequent.
Stem 10 to 12 inches high from a thick tuberous root, connected with one or two
horizontal tubers 4 to 6 lines long.
Type locality uot ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Limodorum multiflorum (Lindl.)Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 23. 1897.
Many-flowered Calopogon.
Calopogon mnltiflorus Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 425. 1840.
Chap. Fl. 157.
Louisiauiau area. Florida and Alabama.
iCO I'l-AXT LIKK OF ALABAMA.
Ai.ahama: Coftst i)l:»in. Fl.it diimp i>iin- bivrreiis. MoMlc County, Fowl Kivor
Still ioti. FlowiTs (ioejt rii«o piirplo. April; rare.
Tvi>»< Imality not aHicrlaiiKd.
llVrb. (k«ol. .»inr\ . Ii<rl>. Molir.
PONTHIEVA K. Hr. in Ait. llorl. Kow. <•(!. 1', 5 : 1!'!'. IHKi.
'IVii HjKiiios, waiiin-r A rica. ."^oiitiu-aslirii Ani<rir;i. 1.
Ponthieva raceinosa ^\\ alt. i Ma.\v-i i.owkkkm 1'ontiiikva.
Irilhiisa ravrmos,, Wall. II. Car. 222. 1788.
n,,lniis piihrni Miclix. Fl. I'.or. Am. 2 : l.'.H. ISO!?.
I'onlhiirn iiUituUihim M. Kr. in Ait. Ilort. Kiw. cil. 2. 5 : 2<HI. ISl!!.
Craniiliix miiltiilinu Nntt. ( Jen. 2 : 1!M. 1!S1X.
Kll. .-;k. 2: l!«. Chap. Fl.od.H. IM. Griseb. Fl. I'.rit. W. hKl.tJXs.
W'K.sr Indiks, Mkxuo. 1m iai»ok.
Liniisianian area. Florida, North Carolina.
Ai.ahama: Lower hills to Upper divi.siou Coast I'inu ln-li. Rich shady woods.
Talladfjjfa County. Adins Mill (E. .t. Smilli \. Clarke County, Suf,'gaville {Ih: Denny).
May. .June; local an<l rare. Perennial.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. (Jcol. Surv. Herb. Mohr. •
HEXALECTRIS IJaf. Neogen. I. 1825.
A nionotypical saprophyte. Eastern North America.
Hexalectris aphyllus ( Xult. ) (iray, Man. ed. ft, .".01. 1890.
nielia aphiiUa Nutt. (ieu. 2 : 191. 1818.
llesah'ctnH .s^iiiamosuH Kaf. Fl. Tell. 4 : -18. 1836.
Ell. Sk. 2 : .">01. ttray. Man. ed. (i, .")01. Chap. Fl. ir.li.
N()KTiiei;n MicxK'o.
Louisianian to Carolinian area. Florida to North Caridina, Kentucky, Missouri,
Arkansas, and Texas.
Ai.auama: Mountain region to Lower hills. Shaded copses, rich hillsides. Clay
County, .Shinbout; \'alley, 800 feet. Cullman County. Hilib County, Centcrville.
Tuscaloosa County, ^'ances Station (E. A. Smith). Flowers light brown ])urpli8h,
with purple veins. .July. August ; not frequent. Never observed in the low country.
Type locality : "In Carolina and Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
APLECTRUM Nutt. (ien. 2 : 197. 1818.
One species, temperate Nortli America.
Aplectrum spicatum (Walt.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. PI. N. V. 51. 1881.
Arethii.sa xpirata Walt. Fl. Car. 222. 178><.
Cymhidium lii/eiiiah' Willd. Sp. PI. 4:107. 1805.
ApUrlrum Injcmair Nutt. (Jen. 2 : 198. 1818.
Coralli>rlii:d hi/emale Hart. Fl. N. A. 2:. 52. 1822.
Ell. Sk. 2 : .505. Gray, Man. ed. 6, .500. Chap. Fl. 4.55.
Canadian /one to Carolinian area. Ontario to Saskatchewan; New England west
to Michigan, Minnesota; Ohio Valley south to Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Lawrence County, Big Nancy (T. Jf. I'etern). Per-
ennial.
Has of late not been observed in the State.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Her I). Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
EPIDENDRUM L. Sp. PI. 2:952. 17.53.
About 400 species, mostly tropical America. Southeastern North America, 5,
Epidendrum conopseum R. Br. iu Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5:219. 1813.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Alabama and Mississippi.
Ai.aija.ma: Coast plain. Epiphytii- on large magnolias and live oaks in dense
damp woods on baniinocks. Mobile County." Baldwin County. Blakely. Flowers
green, fragrant. July; not rare. Perennial.
Type locality : " Native of Florida. Mr. William ISartram."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
WALNUT FAMILY. 461
Subclass DICOTYLEDONES.
Series ^VRCHICHIjAMYDEAE (Choripetalous and apetalous orders).
SAURURACEAE. Lizard's-tail Family.
SAURURUS L. Sp. PI. 1 : 341. 1753.
One species, Atlantic North America.
Saururus cernuus L. Sp. PI. 1:341. 1753. Lizard's Tail.
EH. Sk. 1:432. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 446. Chap. FL 398.
Allegheuian to Lonisianian area. New Enghmd west to Missouri, south to the
Gulf. From Florida to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Swamps and muddy banks. Flowers Avhite. June to
August: common. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Marilandia, Virginia."
Herb. Mohr.
JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family.
JUGL ANS L. Sp. PI. 2 : 997. 1753.
About 7 species, temperate regions of the North Hemisphere. North America, 4.
Deciduous trees.
Juglans nigra L. Sp. PI. 2 : 997. 1753. Black Walxtt.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 622. Grav. Man. ed. 6, 467. Chap. Fl. 419. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 412. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 7 : 212, t. 333.
Allegheuian to Louisianianarea. Southern Ontario; New England west to Minne-
sota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas; south to western Florida and western
Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley, to the upper part of the Coast Pine belt. Scattered
in rich bottom lands; spreading southward along the banks of the larger rivers.
Becoming scarce, and almost completely exhausted in the Central Prairie region,
where it was once most freijuentlv founcl.
Economic uses : Important for its highly valuable timber.
Type locality : "Hab, in Virginia, Maiilandia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Juglans cinerea L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1415. 1763. Butternut. White Walnut.
Ell. Sk. 2 :622. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 467. Chap. Fl. 419. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 7: 118,
t. 332.
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. Ontario, New Brunswick; New England west
to Minnesota, south from Delaware along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich woods. Winston County, Colliers Creek.
Limestone County (E. A. Smith). May; fruit ripe in October. Onlj^ known from a
few localities.
Economic uses : Of little importance as a timber tree. The inner bark of the root,
butternut bark — Juglans, U. S. Pliarmacopieia — is used medicinally.
Type locality: "Hab. in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HICORI A Raf. Med. Rep. ser. 2, 5 : 352. 1808. Hickory.
f Cakya Nutt. Gen. 2 : 221. 1818. )
Ten species; AtlauticNorth America. 9; Mexico, 1 ; Southern States, 8. J)<'ciiliious
trees.
Hicoria pecan (Marsh.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club. 15 : 282. 1888. Pecan NuT.
Jiiglann 2>ecan Marsh. Arb. Am. 69. 1785.
J, olivaeformia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 192. 1803.
Cari/a oJivaeformis Nutt. Gen. 2 : 221. 1818.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 468. Chap. Fl. 418. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 410. Sargent,
Silv. N. A. 7 ; 137, t. 333.
\{V2 TL^VNT LIFE OF ALAUAWA.
NoKTIIKltN Mr.xico.
Caroliiii.iii and Liiuisiiiiiian area. Iowa, sontliein IlIinniK, soiillnvestcni ToxaH,
Intlian Territory, norllieni Mexico; Koutli' IVoiii 8oiithirii MlBHouri to TexaH ;iinl
central Mississippi.
Ai..\n.vMA: Central Prairie region. K'ich woodlands. Male County, (iallion. Dal-
las County, Uniontown. Marengo County, DeuiopolLs. I'udoubtedly iudigenouH.
Kxtt'nsiv<dy enltivated near the coast.
K<()n()nii(r uses: Naliialdc nut-tree. Its timber also valuable.
Type locality: ••This tree is said to grow plenty in the neighborhood of the
Illinois Iv'ivcr, and other i)arls to the westward.
Herb. (Jeid. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Hicoria ovata (Mill.i Hritton. Hull. Torr. Clnb, L'83. 18X8.
ScALY-iJAKK Hickory. SnKi.L-nAHK Hickohy.
JiK/lauK orata Mill. Gard. Diet. <'d. 8, no. 6. ITtW.
Ctin/a alba Nutt. (Jen. 2 : 221. 1818.
i:iI.".Sk.2:<)24. (iray, Man. ed. (5, 4(i8. Chaji. Fl. 418. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 4 10. Sargent. Silv. N. .\. 7 : l."i3, /. IdC, 147.
Allegheiiiau to l.ouisiaiiian area. Valley of SI. Lawrence River; New Kngland
west to Minnesota; troni eastern Kansas to eastern Texas, and through Louisiana
and Mississippi to western Florida.
.\i.ai5ama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region to Up]ier division of the Coast
Pine belt. Rich woods.
Type locality not ascertained.
Hicoria alba (L.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15 : 283. 1888.
WllITE-IIKART HlCKOUY. MOCKKKNM'T.
.IttglauK alba L. Sp. PI. 2 : 997. 1753.
./. iomenlosa haul. Eucjc\. 4:504. 1797.
Caiya lomrniosa Nutt.'Oen. 2 :221. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 :625. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 468. Cha]). Fl. 119. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herl).
2:411. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 7 : 161, 1. 150, 151.
Allegheiiiau to Louisianian area. Ontario; New England west to eastern Kansas,
south to eastern Texas, and from Massachusetts to Cape Canaveral, Fla.
Ai.aka.ma: Over the State. Flowers April, May; fruit matures October, Novem-
ber. Frc(|ueut in damp and dry soil.
Economic uses: Scarcely less valuable than the last for timber and for fuel.
Tyi»e locality: " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. ^lohr.
Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:284. 1888. Pkixlt Hickory.
Jufilans (jJahra Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 5.
Carya porriiia Niitt. (ieu. 2 : 222. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 627. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 469. Cha]). Fl. 419; ed. 3, 442. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 411. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 7 : 165.
Allegheiiiau to Louisianian area. Ontario (shores of Lake Erie) ; southern Maine,
west to eastern Kansas; south to peninsular Florida, Louisiana, and eastern Texas
(Nueces Valley).
Alabama: Over the State. One of the most frequent deciduous trees of the
uplands. Flowers in April; fruit matures October, November. Nut somewhat
bitter.
Fconoiuic uses: Large timber tree of minor value; excellent for fuel.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hicoria villosa (Sargent) Ashe, Bull. Torr. Club. 24 : 481. 1897. Hoary Pigni'T.
Hicoria (jhtbru villosa Sargent, Silv. N. A. 7 : 167. 1895.
//. jKilVuht Ashe, Notes on Hickories. 189(). lu part.
(Jaroliniau area. Delaware and Virginia to North Carolina and Georgia.
Ai.AHA.MA : Lower hills to Upper division of Coast Pine belt. Dekalb County,
Mentone. Madison County, Montesano. .leffersoii and Tuscaloosa counties. Henry
County, Abbeville. Flowers in April; fruit ripe in October. The most frequent of
upland hickories throughout the niouutaiu region and lower hills on poor sandy or
rocky ridges.
Tree of medium size, scarcely over 40 feet, the trunk 15 to 18 inches in diameter,
with a lirm, thick, roughish bark; sterile (lowers ju-oduced from the base of the
youngest shoot; buds small, ovate or oval, pointed, somewhat stipitate, the terminal
of 6 to 9, the lateral of 5 to 7. imbricated scales; leaves with 7 to 9 leaflets, covered
on their lower surface with silvery peltate scales, as also the peduncles, bracts, calyx
HICKOEIES. 463
lobes, and bud scales; leaflets, petioles, and branchlets clothed with a soft villous
pubescence, noticed particularly durinjij the earlier part of the season. Fruit varia-
ble in size and form, from almost globular to slijihtly pear-shajjed, usually subglo-
bose. Husk rather thin, between i'., and ^ inch thick, with the sutures slightly or
prominently riblied, splitting to or nearly to the base, scarcely mucronate at the top
and pointed at the base. Thick walled.
Type locality (Sargent): "Missonri, neighborhood of Allenton."
Economic uses: Valuable for its timber.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hicoria caroliiiae-septeutrionalis Ashe, Notes on Hickories. 1896.
SOUTHEKK SHACiBAKK HiCKOKY.
Britt. &. Br. 111. Fl. 3:511.
Carolinian area. Delaware to Georgia and Tennessee.
ALABAiMA : Tennessee Valley. Mountain regiou. Rich upland forests of hard
woods. Morgan County, Falkville. Cullman County. Frequent in the coves of the
Tenuessee Valley.
Economic uses: Timber valuiil)le, equal lo that of the white hickory (H. orata) of
the l)ottom land, with which it has been heretofore confounded. Nuts with a large,
sweetj fine-flavored kernel.
Type locality not ascertained.
Hicoria myristicaeformis (Michx.)Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15 :284. 1888.
Nutmeg Hickory.
Juf/lans myristicaeformis Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 211. 1810.
Gary a myristicaeformis Nutt. Gen. 2 : 222. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2:628. Chap. Fl. 419. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:411. Sargent, Silv.
N. A. 7 : 145, 1. 143, 143.
Northern Mexico.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to central Mississijjpi, southern Arkansas, and
southwestern Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Rich uplands and second bottoms. Marengo
County, Demopolis. Hale County, Gallion. Dallas County, Uniontown. Prowers
in April ; fruit ripe iu November. Local.
Economic uses : Large timber tree. Excellent fuel.
Type locality (Michx. trans. ) : Near Charleston, ''in the parish of Goose Creek."
Herb. Mohr.
Hicoria mimma (Marsh.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15 : 284. 1888. Bitternut.
Jnglan-s alia minima Marsh. Arb. Am. 68. 1785.
J. minima Borkh. Forst. Bot. 1 : 760. 1800.
Carya amara Nutt. Gen. 2 : 222. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 626. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 469. Chap. Fl. 419. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 411. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 7 : 141, t. 340, 341.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario, Quebec, New England, west to Minne-
sota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and Indian Territory, south to western Flor-
ida and Mississippi to the valley of the Trinity, Texas.
Alabama: Lower hills and Central Prairie region. Most frequent in the hills of
the lower Warrior and Cahaba coal basin; rarely over medium size. Montgomery
County, bottoms of Alabama River. Flowers in April ; fruit ripe in October.
Ecouomic uses: Of little value except for fuel.
Type locality : North America.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hicoria aquatic a (Michx.) Britton, ISuU. Torr. Club. 15 : 284. 1888.
Water Hickory. Bitter Pix an.
JuqJans aqiiatic(( Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 1 : 182, /. •'. 1810.
Carya aqiiatica Nutt. Gen. 2 : 222. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2: 627. Chap. Fl. 419. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:411. Sargent, Silv.
N. A. 7 : 149, /. 144, 145.
Louisianian to Carolinian area. From eastern Texas (Brazos River) to Mississippi
and Florida (Cape Malabar), north to North Carolina, southwestern Tennessee, and
southern Arkansas.
Alabama: Alluvial regiou. River banks subject to frequent overflow. Baldwin
County, near Stockton. Mobile and Montgomery counties. Flowers in May; fruit
ripe in October; bitter. Not common.
Economic uses: Of little importance.
Type locality (Michx. trans.): "Conflned to the Southern States ' ' iu
swamps, and ditches which surround the rice fields.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
4(54 PLANT LIFE OK ALABAMA.
MYRICACEAE. Wax-Myrtle Family.
MYRICA I.. S].. IM. 2: 1(»-M. IT."):?.
Thirty to 35 8i»«cie8, tro«'s mid shrubs, of wainier and cooler teiii))<i!itr lefjioiiH of
i:iir<ti)t>.' Asia. Atrit-a. Nortli America. United .Slates, 6.
Myrica cerifera I.. Sp. IM. 2: lOL'l. 17.".:^.
Soi'TiiKRN Wax Mykti.k. C'anih.k Ukkky.
Mt/riia reriftni v.ir. nrhoreacens Michx. Kl. IJor. Am. 2:2l'S. IHO'A.
Kll. ."^k. 2 :"(hS. Chap. Fl. 42(>; cd. H, 150. Sar{,aM.t, Silv. N. A. 9 : S7, /. -/•'.''.
Caroliiiiaii and l.oiiisiaiiian anas. Florida tliroii-rli tlie .Maritime Fine licit ; aloii;?
the coast to Muryhind, west to the .'^^abine \alloy, northeastern Texas (Cass Comity,
Mohr\, and southern Arkansas.
Ai,ai5AMa: Central Frairie ref^ion to the seacoast. Sandy and iilluvial swamps.
Most (recinent and in j^reatest jierfection in the coast rejijion, reaihinj; :{0 to 10 feet
in lni;:ht and over 12 inches in diameter. A slirn.b in the njijier districts. Mobile,
r.aldwin, Fseambia. Clarke, and Montgomery counties. Flowers in February; fruit
rijie in October. Common.
Kconomic uses: The berries yield wax.
Tyiie locality: " Ilab. in Candina, Virginia, Pensylvania."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Myrica pumila (Michx. i Small, liull. Torr. Club, 23: 12(). 1893.
DWAIiK Wa.x Myrti.k.
Mi/rica cerifera var. ])iimila Michx. Fl. l'>or. Am. 2 : 22S. 1803.
Chap. Fl. 427.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi.
Ai.a15AMa: Mountain region to Coast plain. In open |)ine woods. Dry sandy soil.
Cullman County, 800 lect. Autauga County, Kingston. Most frequent on sandy
ridges in the Lower Pine region. Mol)ile and IJaldwiu eotmties. Scarcely over a foot
high. Flowers in March ; fruit ripe in October, si/e of a i)in head, profuse. Common ;
strictly distinct, extending in the interior much farther north than the la.st.
Type locality: ''Hah. in aridis, a Carolina ad Floridam."
Herb. Mohr.
Myrica carolinensis Mill. Card. Diet. ed. 8, no. 3. 1868.
Hayberry. Candle Bkiuiy.
Mi/rica orifcra var. media Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:228. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 :(;78. (iray, Man. cd. 6, 170, in part. Chap. Fl. 427; ed. 3, 450.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. In the coast legicni. Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick. New England to Florida, west to eastern Louisiana.
Ai.ai5A.ma: Coast i)lain. Swampy borders of pine-barren streams and sandy
swamps. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers in March; Iruit ripe October,
No\ ember. Not rare.
Rarely over 8 or 10 feet high, foliage partially persistent over winter, leaves and
bark highly aromatic, pungent.
Economic uses: The bark of the root, a.s "bayberry bark,'" is used medicinally.
Type locality : '' Hab. a Nova Anglia ad Floridam, in udis et juxta rivniis.''
Herb. Mohr.
Myrica inodora Bartram, Travels, 405. 1791. Bai: i i.a.ms Wax Myrtle.
Chap. Fl. 427. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 9:91,460.
Louisianian area. Florida to South Carolina west to Mississippi (Pearl Kiver
Valley).
Alabama: Coast plain. Swam])S along pine-barren streams. Mobile County,
Springhill, Whistler. Baldwin County, Stockton. Flowers Fel)ruary, March; fruit
ripe Se])tember, October Tree 15 to 25 feet high, diameter 3 inches; mostly
shrubby.
Economic uses: The bcrrii^s, called " candle berries,' yield wax.
Type locality: ''Taensa Bhrft" on the Mobile River, August 5, 1776.
Herb. Mohr.
SALICACAE. Willow Family.
POPULUS L. Sp. PI. 2:1034. 17.53. Poplar. Cottonwood.
About 20 species, temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. North America, 9;
Atlantic States 5 or 6.
WILLOW FAMILY. 465
Populus deltoides Marsh. Arb. Am. 106. 1785,
Carolina Poplar. Big Cottonwood.
Populus carolinensis Moench. Verz. PL 81. 1785.
P. monilifera Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 406. 1789.
P. anqufata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 407. 1789.
P. angulosa Michs. FL Bor. Am. 2 : 243. 1803.
EH. Sk. 2:711. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 487. Chap. FL 431. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2 : 420. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 9 : 179, t. 404, 495.
AUeghenian to Louisiauian area. Ontario west to the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains ; New England west to Minnesota, Colorado, and Nevada, south to Florida
and western Texas.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley to the coast. Most frequent in alluvial swamps on
the lower Alabama and Tombigbee riveis.
Economic uses: A timber tree.
Type locality : North America.
Herb. Mohr.
Populus heterophylla L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1034. 1753.
Swamp Cottonwood. Black Cottonwood.
Ell. Sk. 2:712. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 487. Chap. Fl. 431. Sargent, Silv. N. A.
9 : 163, t. iS9.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Southern New England, Ohio Valley, Tennes-
see, Missouri, to Florida and western Louisiana.
Alabama : Chiefly bottoms, margins of swampy forests. Montgomery and Clarke
counties. Mobile County, Mount Vernon. Baldwin County, Stockton. Flowers
middle of February.
Economic uses : Timber tree.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Mohr.
Populus alba L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1034. 1753. Silver-leaf Poplar.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 486. Chap. Fl. 431.
Introduced and escaped from cultivation through the State. Mobile County.
Tyi^e locality: "Hab. in Europa temperatiori."
SALIX L. Sp. PL 2 : 1015. 1753. Willow.
One hundred and sixty species, cooler and temperate zones of Northern Hemi-
sphere. Trees and shrubs.
Salix nigra Marsh. Arb. Am. 139. 1785. Black Willow.
Saltx caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 226. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 670. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 480. Chap. Fl. 430. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 419. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 83. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 9 : 103, /, 46:?.
AUeghenian and Carolinian areas. Throughout eastern North America to Florida,
and west to Texas, Nebraska, Colorado, Arizona, and California.
Alabama: All over the State. Wet banks of streams, lakes, ponds. Flowers in
April.
Economic uses: Of some value for its wood. The bark, as "black willow bark,"
is used medicinally.
Type locality : North America.
Herb. Mohr.
Salix wardi Bebb, Gard. & For. 8 : 363. 1895. Ward's Willow.
Salix nifjra var. wardi Bebb in Ward, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 22 : 114. 1881.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 481. Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 1 : 49.5, /. 1174.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. District of Columbia west to Missouri, south
to western Florida and Indian Territory.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. So far only known from Lauderdale County in the
river hills on gravelly banks of streams.
Type locality: "First met with among the rocks on the river bottom adjacent to
the Chain Bridge and Little Falls [Potomac River, D. C.]."
Herb. Mohr.
Salix cordata Muhl. ; Willd. Neue Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin 4:236, t. 6, f. 3.
1803. Heart-leaf Willow.
AUeghenian to Louisiauian area. New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to
Virginia, west to Missouri, Colorado, and California.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Low banks of water courses. Butler County,
15894 30
4(i6 VLANT LIFE OK ALABAMA.
liimks of Muscle Croek. Slinil) alxmt S foot liij;h. <iul\ loiiilit.v kiiDwn in tho
Stato ("ollectod May !(>, IS'.W.
rvjn' locality: i'ciiiisyl vaiiia f
liorl). (ieol. Surv. Ilcrl). Mohr.
Salixhumilis Marsh. Arb. Am. 110. 178."). I'iiaiuik Wii iow.
^'rt/ix loiKiiroxtrls Michx. V\. Hon Am. 2 : 2L'(;. 1H(I3.
Kll.Sk.2:ti(;!t. (iray. .Maii.c(l.(!, \x:i. Ciiap. Fl. i:!().
Allc^'lleluau and Ciuoliiiian areas. Nova .Scotia, Ontario, Now Knj;land. Now .Icr-
8oy, and alon;^ tht» nioiintaitis to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Nehraska.
Al.\h.\.ma: Tennessee \'allcy. In tlie harrcus, Hat yraveily ground. Laudordalo
County. Shrub li or t feet liijili.
Type locality not epecitically j^iven.
Herb. Mohr.
BETULACEAE. Birch Family.
CARPINUS L. Sj). l'I.2:liilS. 17.")S.
i'welvo species, teuipeiatc regions of Europe, Asia, North .Vmerica. North .\nuM-
ica and Mexico, 1. Small deciduous trees.
Carpiiius caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 236. 178S. Iiionwood. Hoknukam.
('ai})i»ii>< americaiKi Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:201. 1803.
Kll. Sk. 2 :618. (Irav, Man. ed. 6, 474. Chap. Fl. 425. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:413. Sargent, Silv.N. A. 8:42, <. 447.
AUeghenian to Louisiauian area. Ontario to Georgian Bay; New England west
to Minuesota and eastern Kansas, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and through the
Gulf States to eastern Texas and southern Arkansas.
Alabama: All over the State. In low rich woods. Connnon throughout. IMow-
ers in May; fruit ripe in October. A tree below medium si/.e.
Economic uses: The wood valual)k' for minor jtvirposes.
Typo locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
OSTRYA Scop. Fl.Carn. 114. 1760.
Two species, Southern Europe. .Japan, 1; Mexico and North Auu-rica, 1.
Deciduous trees.
Ostrya virginiaiia(Mill.) Willd. Sp. ri 4:46J). 180."). Hop Hokxhka.m. Iuonwood.
Carpinim virt/iniaiia Mill. Card. Diet. ed. 8, no. 4. 1768.
Ostrya americava Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:202. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2:618. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 474. Chap. Fl. 426. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 414. Sargent, Silv. .\. A. 9 : :34, /. 4/J.
Mexico, Guatkmala.
AUeghenian and Louisiauian areas. Ontario throughout the Atlantic States to
Tamj)a Bay, Florida, west to eastern Texas, Arkansas, Indian Territory, and eastern
Kansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Upper division of Coast I'ine belt in calcareous
soil. Lauderdale and Montgomery counties. Flowers Ajiril, May.
Economic uses: The wood is useful.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CORYLUS L. Sp. n. 2 : 998. 1753. Hazelnut.
Seven species, temperate Europe, Asia. North America, 2. Shrubs.
Corylus rostrata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3:364. 1789. Beaked Ha/.el.vut.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 612. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 474. Chap. Fl. 425.
AUeghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and
Ontario to Saskatchewan, British Columbia to I'acific coast; New England west to
Minnesota, Colorado to the Pacific, Washington; south from New .Jersey to upper
Carolina and Gecirgia.
Alabama : Mountain region. Lower hills. Shrub 3 to 4 feet high, most fre(|uei)t
in the Metamorpliic hills. Clay, Tallapoo.sa, and Randolph counties. Tuscaloosa
County (K. A. S)nith).l Flowers in March; fruit ripe September, October.
Economic uses: The nuts are edible.
BIECH FAMILY. 467
Type locality : " Native of North America."
Herb. Geol. Siirv. Herb. Molir.
Corylus americana Walt. Fl. Car. 236. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 611. Gray, Man. cd. 6, 474. Chap. Fl. 425.
AUeghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario to Assiuiboia; New England west to
Minnesota, Dakota, Nebraska, and Arkansas, south to New .Jersey, upper district of
Carolina and Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Coosa Valley, dry woods. Claiborne County,
(E. A. Smith). Lauderdale County, river hills. Flowers in March; fruit ripe
September, October. Not frequent.
Economic uses: The nuts are edible.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BETULA L. Sp. PL 2 : 982. 1753. Bikch.
Aboxit 30 8i>ecies, boreal and temperate zones of Northern Hemisphere, Europe and
Asia. North America, 11. Deciduous trees.
Betula lenta L. Sp. PI. 2 : 983. 1753. Cherry Birch. Mountain Mahogany.
Betitla ejceha Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 337. 1789.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 617. Gray, Man. ed. 6:471. Chap. Fl. 428. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 9: 50,
t. 447.
Canadian zone, AUeghenian and Carolinian areas, Newfoundland, Ontario; New
England to northern Delaware, south along the mountains 3,000 to 5,000 feet to
Georgia.
Alabama : Mountain region. Kocky ridges of greatest elevation. Clay County,
Chehawhaw Range, 2,400 feet; shrubby, scarcely over 4 feet high. Winston
County, rooky banks Sipsey fork, 1,600 feet; tree of medium size. Very riire.
Economic uses: On its extreme southern limit of no importance, being of stunted
growth.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Betula nigra L. Sp. PI. 2 : 982. 1753. Black Birch.
Bctida rubra Michx. f. Hist. Arl). Am. 2 : 142. 1812.
Ell. Sk. 2: 616. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 472. Chap. Fl. 428. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 413. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 9 : 61, t. 452.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. New England, west to Minnesota, Nebraska,
aud eas'^ern Kansas, south to New .Jersey, Florida, and the Gulf States, west to
Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Of largest dimensions and most fre(iuent on river
banks (if Ihe Lower hills, as for exiiniple, on the Mulberry Fork of the Warrior
River in lilount C'onnty, and Marriotts Creek in Cullman County.
Economic uses: Timber tree of lesser value.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, C;inada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ALNUS Gaertn. Fruct. 2 : .54, t. 90. 1791. Alder.
Fourteen 8i>ecies, cooler and temperate regions. Europe, Asia, South America,
South Africa. Extratropical South America. North America, 8 species. Deciduous
trees.
Aliius rugosa (Du Roi) Koch, Dendrol. 2 : 635. 1872.
Iktida ahum rugosa Du Roi. Harbk. 1 : 112. 1771.
Ahuis acrridaia Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 336. 1805.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 567. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 473. Chap. Fl. 429. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:413.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. New England west to Michigan, south to Flor-
ida and the Gulf States, west to eastern Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Throughout the State. Low banks of streams, common. Flowers in
February.
Economic uses: The bark, known as "alder bark," is nsed as a dyestutf, aud in
domestic medicine.
Type locality oi A. mrrnlata: " Hab. a I'ensylvania ad Carolinam."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
468 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
FAGACEAE. Beech Family.
FAGUS 1>. Sp. J'1.2:lt!»7. IToo. Hek< ii.
Four species, tlecidiious trees. Europe and temperate North Animica.
FagUB americana (Mnench.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 370. 1826. American Beech.
FiKjuK aiunhatid {hilifoliti) Mtioiich. Haiisv. 5 : 162. 1770.
/•'. m/ Ira tied (itroimiiiaa Marsh. Arh. Am. 4"). ITS").
/•'. frrriuiiiKu Ait. llort. Kcw. 3 : 'M2. 17S}t.
Kli.Sk."2:()13. Uray, Man. ed. (>, ISO. Chai>. Fl. 425. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 4 IH Sar^ient. Silv. N. A. 9 : 27, t. 114. 180.5.
Alh'jiliouian to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Ontario to
Geor;j;iaii liay ; New Kiighiiid, tlirouj^h the Atlantic and (iulf States; Wisconsin,
south to valley of Trinity River, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama: All over the Stale. Rich woods. Comin(»n on the hammock lands of
the coast. BaMwin County, Stockton. Mobile County.
Economic uses: Timber tree.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Ueol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CASTANEA Adans. Fam. I'l. 2 : 37.5. 17H3. Chestnut.
Three species, deciduous trees, temperate Europe and North America.
Castanea deiitata (Marsh.) Borkh. Forst. Dot. 1:741. 1800. American Chestnut.
Fu</ii8 canlaiira tlvntata Marsh. Arh. Am. 4(5. 1785.
Cantanea rcuca aniericaiia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 193. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2: till. Grav, Mau. ed. 6:479. Chap. Fl. 424. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 9: 11,
t. 440, 441. 1896.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Southern Ontario, New England,
west to southern Michigan, southern Illinois, from Delaware along the mountains to
South Carolina and Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region to Lower hills. Tuscaloosa County, most frequent on
the rocky ridges of the table-lands, above an ebn'ation of 800 feet. Cullman, Dekalli,
Morgan, and Winston counties. Flowers in May; fruit ripe in October. Frequent.
South of the hill country at present almost extinct. In the mountains, the region
of its best development, young trees of thrifty growth are scarcely met with.
Economic uses: Imi)ortant timber and nut tree.
Type locality : North America.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. (iard. Diet. ed. 8, no.2. 1768. Chinquapin.
laqus pumila L. Sp. PI. 2 : 998. 1753.
Eli. Sk. 2: 615. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 479. Chap. Fl. 424. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herl).
2 : 418. Saigent. Silv. \. A. 9 : 15, t. 442, 443.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Pennsylvania to Florida, west to
eastern Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, southern Indiana, and eastern Tennessee.
Alabama: From the Tennessee A'alley to the Gulf. Dry open woods, copses.
Flowers white. May; fruit ripe in Septeml)er and October. A small tree, often
shrubby ; frecjuent.
Eeonoujic uses: The nuts are edible.
Type locality: "Hali. in America septeutrionali.'
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
QUERCUS L. Sp. PI. 2 : 994. 1753. Oak.'
About 2.50 species, widely distributed through the Northern Hemisphere. Europe,
Asia, Mexico, North America, 40; South Atlantic North America, 24; Pacific, 13;
Middle States, New England, 10. Deciduous and evergreen trees; moie rarely
shrubby.
Quercus alba L. Sp. PI. 2 : 996. 17.53. White Oak. Ridge White Oak.
Kll. Sk.2:607. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 475. Chap. Fl. 423. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:414. Sargent. Silv. N. A. 8 : 16, t. .356, 357.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Quebec, Ontario; New England west to Minne-
sota, Nebraska, eastern Kansas, south to the St. .lohns River and Tampa Bay, and
from Florida to eastern Texas.
'Charles S. Sargent, Silva of North America, vol. 8.. 1895.
OAKS. 469
Alabama: Throughout the State. In rich woodlands. Flowers in April; fruit
ripe iu October. Most frequent, and attaining greatest perfection, in the rich ter-
races above the alluvial bottoms and iu similar situations lu the valleys and coves
of the upper Alabama and Tombigbee rivers and their tributaries. .South of the
Central Prairie region of little importance.
Economic uses: One of the most valuable of our hard wood timber trees. The
bark is the "white oak bark, Qucrcus alba," of the United States Pharmacopoeia.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus minor (Marsh.) Sargent, Gard. & For. 2 : 171. 1889. Post Oak.
QuercHS alba minor Marsh. Arb. Am. 120. 1785.
Q. stellata Wangenh. Am. 78, t. G,f. 15. 1787.
Q. obtusiloba Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. no. 1, 1. 1. ISOl.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 606. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 475. Chap. 11. 423. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 414. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 8 : 37, t. SGS, 309.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Ontario, southern ^ew England to
eastern Nebraska and Kansas, south to Florida and west t(j central Texas.
Alabama: All over tbe State. Iu the uplands of the Tennessee Valley with a
richer clay soil a good sized timber tree. Most frequent in the open woods of the
Central Prairie region. In the Upper d. vision of the Coast Pine belt of a more sturdy
growth, inferior in size in the poorer soils of the Warrior table-lands, the lower hills,
and the pine barrens. Flowers in April; fruit ripe in October.
Economic uses : Valuable timber tree.
Type locality : North America.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus lyrata Walt. Fl. Car. 235. 1788. Ovekcup Oak.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 607. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 475. Chap. Fl. 423. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 414. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 8 : 47, t. 374.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. North Carolina along the coast to Florida, west
to the lower Brazos. Texas, southern Arkansas, and southern Missouri.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to the Mobile River. Of best development and
most frequently met with in the swampy alluvial bottoms of the Alabama River in
the center of the State. Much reduced in size near the coast. Montgomery County,
80 to 90 feet high, 2^ feet diameter. Mobile County, Battles Creek, small tree.
Economic uses: Valuable timber tree.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus prinus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 995. 1753.
Mountain Oak. Tax-bark Oak. Chestnut Oak.
Quercus prinus monticola Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. no. 5, /. 7. 1801.
Q. moutana Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 440. 1805.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 609. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 476. Chap. Fl. 424. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 8 : 51,
t. 357, 376.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Southern Ontario, southern New England, New
York, New Jersey, south throughout the Alleghenian Mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mount tin region. Rocky woods and hillsides. Of large dimensions
and most frequent on the table-lands above 800 feet. Stunted, scarcely reaching
medium size, on rocky and gravellj^ ridges in the Coosa Valley. Cullman and Mor-
gan counties. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain ridges. Winston, Marshall, Cle-
burne, and Talladega counties. Calhoun County, about Anniston, 800 feet, of low
growth.
Economic uses: Valuable timber tree; most important for tan bark.
Type locality: "Hab. iu .\merica boreali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Sargent, Gard. & For. 8:93. 1895.
Yellow Chestnut Oak. Chinquapin Oak (in Alabama).
(Juereus prinus acuminata Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. no. 5, t. S. 1801.
Q. castanea Willd. Neue Schrift. 3 : 391. 1807. Not Nee.
(J. muhlenbergii Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 3 : 391. 1877.
Ell. Sk. 2:610. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 476. Chap. Fl. 424. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:415. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 8:55, /. 577.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New England (Vermont), northern New York,
Ohio Valley west to Missouri, south to New Jersey and along the mountains to
northern Alabama, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley and Mountain region to Lower hills. Lawrence
4Tn PLANT LIKE «>K ALABAMA.
("onnty. 151;: Nancy. M()r;;;in. Mjulisoii. and l^nndin-dal.- rountieH. Hi)>l> ('(niiity,
Tionnis.' Not fri'(|uont. I'r.tVr.s a ( alcan'ons soil.
Kconoinic nsos: Oflittlo ini]i(>itanic.
Tyiic locality not asccrtainctl. Locality in Mi<:lix. I'L: •• Ihil). m niontii.ns Allr-
gliunia."
Hurl). (m'oI. Snrv. Heili. Molir.
Quercus michauxii Nntt. (Jen. 2 : 215. 1818. Cow Oak. Haskkt ( )ak.
(,>»«•»•(•«« jiiiniis var. iiii<li<iii.iii Chap. Fl. 42L 18(>0.
KU. Sk. 2:G(»!». (Jniv, Man. ed. ti. 170. Chap. I'^l. 121. Conltn-, Conn. Nat. llcrh.
2:411. Sargent. Silv. N. A.8:(i7. f.W-'
Carolinian ami Lonisianian areas. Delaware to Floiitla, Honthern liKliaiia, Mis-
Konri. Thnnighout llie (inlf States to Texas and .\rkansas.
Ai.AnA.MA: Tliroii^ilioiit tho State. In rich linttoni lands. sMliJect only to <)cca-
sioinil ovcillovv. Most trc.|n<nt ami of largest dimensions in the Tennessee Valley,
on tiie Alabama ami Tomhighee rivers and their larger trihntaries north of the
lower Coast I'ine belt. Rare in the I'ino n-gion and in the Coast i)lain. Mobile
Conntv. Havon La Batre.
Feououiic nses: Of great importance as the nH)8t abnndant source of white oak
timber.
Typ<- locality: '•lndigen<m8 to alluvial lands, from the Delaware to St. Marys in
west Florida."
Herli. (moI. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus brevilobata (Torr.) Sargent, Card. & For. 8 : 93. 1895.
Tkxan Wiiitk Oak. Pin Oak. IJastakd Oak.
Quercus obtusifolia var. hreiilohatn Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 206. 1858.
Quercus duraiidii Hnckl. I'roc. Phila. Acad. 1860 : 445. 1861.
Chap. Fla. ed. :!, 447. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:415. Sargent. Silv. X. A.
8:71,:»1.
Candinian and Lonisianian areas. (Jeorgia to Alabanni, c(Uitral Mississij)])!, and
western Texas.
Ai.ahama : Mountain region to Central Prairie region. On rich calcan^ons ridges.
BlonntCounty, valley of Mnllierry Fork; Warmick Mountain, (JOOfeet. Bil)bConnty,
Pratt's Ferry' {K. A. Smilli). Most tre(iuent ami of best development in the Prairie
region, between the Alabama and Tomldgbee river.s. Hale County, (iallion. Dall.-ts
County, I'niontown. Wilcox County (liucklcy). Freiiueutly 80 feet high and 2 feet
in diameter.
Economic uses: of some value for its timber and for fuel.
Type locality : '-.Mountain gorges near Howards S])rings, western Texas ( nii/i'low)."
Herb. (;eol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus virginiaiia Mill. Diet. ed. 8, no. IC. 1768. Livk Oak.
Queri'un semiurrirens Walt. F'l. Car. 231. 1788.
Q. riroin Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 :3.")t). 1789.
Ell.Sk.2:r.!l5. Gray, Man. ed. (J. 477. Chap. Fl. 421. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 416. Sargent, Silv.N. A. 8 : 99. 395.
CuiiA, NoRTiir.KN' Mk.xico, Costa Rica.
Lonisianian area. Coast of the South Atlantic and (Jnlf States, fi(un southern
Virginni to 'J'exas.
Alauama : Coast ])lain, and adjacent pine hills; scarcely seen north of latitude 31 .
Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers middle of April; fruit rijie, October,
November.
Econondc uses: Valuable for its timber. The bark is used in tanning.
Tj'pe locality not ascertaint^d.
Herb. (Jeol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus virginiana maritima (Michx.) Sargent, Silv. N. A. 8 : 100. 1895.
Quercus plieJlos inaritinia Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. no. 7, t. ]■'>,/. ■>■ 1801.
y. w«»i/(m(( Willd. S)!. P1.4:424. 1X05.
Q. rircn^ viaritiuta Chap. Fl. 421. 1860.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 5!I6. Chap. Fl. 1. c.
Louis'anian area. South Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Littoral region. Drifting sands near the 8<^a8horo. Mobile County,
Navy Cove.
Type locality: "Hab. iu Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
OAKS. 471
Quercus texana liuckl. I'roc. Acad. Phila. 1860 : 444. 1861.
Tk.vax Oak. Southern Red Oak. Spotted Oak.
SaiK-ent, Gard. & For. 7 : 81 ; Silv. N. A. 8 : 129. Coulter, Contr. Nat Herb. 2 : 416.
Carol iniau and Louisiauian areas. From the Gulf and Southern Atlantic States to
Teunessee, western Keutucky, southern Indiana, southern Illinois, Iowa, southern
Missouri, Arkansas, and the Colorado Valley iu Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to the coast In rich low woods. Morgan County,
Falkville. Cullman County. Monroe County, Claiborne. Clarke County, Choctaw
Corner. Mobile County, Pierce's Lauding. Baldwin County, Stockton.
Econoniic uses : Important timber tree. The bark, under name of "red-oak bark,"
is used medicinally.
T\pe locality : Texas.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus coccinea Mueuch. Hausv. 5 : 254. 1770. Scarlet Oak.
Quercus rubra /i L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1414. 1763,
Ell. 8k. 2 : 602. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 477. Chap. Fl. 422. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 8 : 133,
t. 412.
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. Southern Delaware to Tennessee, along the
mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry uplands, sandy and rocky soil. Table-land of
Warrior Kiver; freciuent. Highlands of Coosa Valley rarely below 800 feet. Law-
rence, Winston, Dekalb, Cullman, and Etowah counties.
Economic uses: Of little value except for fencing and fuel.
Type locality uot ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus rubra L. Sp. PI. 2:996. 1753. Red Oak.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 602. Grav, Man. ed. 6. 477. Chap. Fl. 422. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:416.
AUegheniau and Carolinian areas. Canada to Georgia and Mississippi. ?
Alab.\ma: Mountain region. Dekalb County, frequent on Lookout Mountain.
Jefferson County, Red Mountain, near Birmingham (Sargent).
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Carolina. '
Economic uses: Timber tree of moderate value. The bark is the "red oak bark,"
Quercus rubra, of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia.
Quercus velutina Lam. Encycl. 1: 721. 1783. Black Oak. Quercitron Oak.
Quercus discolor A\t. Movi. Keyf. 3 ■.'So%. 1789.
Q. tinctoria Bartram, Travels, 37. 1791. Name only.
Q. tinctoria Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. no. 13, t. 25. 1801.
Q. coccinea var. tinctoria Gray, Man. ed. 5, 4.")4. 1868.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 601. Grav, Man', ed. 6, 477. Chap. Fl. 422. Sargent. Silv. N. A. 8 : 37,
t. 415, 416.
AUegheniau to Lonisianian area. Southern Ontario, Minnesota, soutliern Maine,
south to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Alabama : From the Tennessee Valley over the mountains to the Upper division
of the Coast Pine belt. In the Lower Pine I'egion of stunted growth. Flowers
April; fruit ripe in October. Frequent on the table-lands.
Economic uses : Timber tree. Bark used in tanning and for dvestuff — " quercitron
bark."
Type locality: "On le dit originaire de I'Ameriqne septentrionale."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus cateabaei Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. no. 17, t. 29,30. 1801.
Turkey Oak. Barren Oak. Forked-leaf Black .Jack.
Ell. Sk. 2:603. Chap. Fl. 422. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 8: 143, <. 477.
Louisiauian area. Coast of North Carolina, south to Cape Malabar, Florida, and
west to Louisiana (east of the Mississippi).
Alabama: Central Pino belt to the coast. On sterile sandy pine ridges. Au-
tauga County, Kingston, and throughout the Coast Pine belt. Flowers March ; fruit
ripe in October. Small tree. Abundant in sandy iiine barrens.
Economic uses: For fuel.
Type locality uot ascertained. Locality in Michx. Fl. : " Hab. in Marylandia, Vir-
ginia, et Carolina.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
472 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
Quercus digitata (Marsh.) Sudworth, Card. A For. 5:98. 1802.
Si'AMSii Oak. Kki> Oak (in iiortliom Alaliani.i ).
(t>Hercu8 tiifira d'ujitata Marsh. Arli. Am. 12L \lXv>.
y. CH»ie«/(/ Waufieiih. N. Am. llol/art. 78, /. fi, f. H. 1787.
Q. fah'uta Michx. Hist. Oh<n. Am. no. 16, t. ;AS'. 1801.
Ell*. Sk. 2 : TiOl. Gray, Man. ed. 6,47S. Chap. Fl. 422. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:117. Sargent, Silv.N. A. 8:117, /. I.'n.
Carolinian ami Lonisianian areas. From the valley of the Brazos, Texas, thronRh
tln' Cnlf and .\tlantic Southern States west to Tennessee, Arkansas, Missouri, and
north to N«'\v Jersey.
Ai.ahama: Thn)M<^liont the Stato, excepting tlie highest summits, 1o thi- coast.
Of larjicst size in tiie lieiich lands of the Tennessee Valley and in rich bottoms. .Most
common, but ot inferior ((uality, on the nplauds. Mobile County. Flowers Man-h
and April; fruit ripe in (ictober.
Economie uses: Valuable timber tree. The bark nsed for lauuing.
Type locality : North America.
Herb. Ceol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus pagodaefolia (Ell.) Ashe, Bot.Gaz. 24:37."). 1897. Spanish Oak.
(Juer(ii>< faUiita viir.jxKJodae/olia Ell. Sk. 2 : 605. 1821-24.
Carolinian and Louisiauiau areas. Georgia to North Carolina, west to Louisiana
and Arkansas.
Alabama : Central Prairie region to the Tennessee Valley. I )amp alluvial forests.
Morgan County, Falkville. Hale County.
To this species have been somewhat dubiously referred the forms (littering more
or less in their foliage from the tyjiical (J. ditjitdta of the uplands and eontined to the
rich damp forests of the valleys.
Tree of large size, 90 to 100 feet high and from 2 to S feet and over in diameter.
Economic uses: Fine timber tree.
Type locality: ''This tree 1 first noticed on the banks of the Roanoke iu North
Carolina, along the road from Petersburg to Raleigh. 1 have since seen it near
Granby, S. C'
Quercus maiylaudica Muench. Hausv. 5 : 2i53. 1770. Black J.\(K.
Quercus nigra Wangenh. N. Am. Holzart. 133. 1781.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 600. Gray. Man. ed. 6. 478. Chap. Fl. 421. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 :417. Sargent. Silv. \. A. 8 : 861, t. 4;^6, 427.
Alleglieniauf to Lonisianian area. Long Island, New York; west from northern
Ohio to Minnesota, eastern Kansas, Indian Territory; south from New .lersey to
Florida, through the Gulf States to the Nueces Valley, Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Mobile County, April; common.
Economic uses: For fuel.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus nigra L. Sp. PI. 2 : 995. 1753. "Water Oak.
Qiierc'iH nigra aijnaiica Lam. Encvcl. 1: 721. 1783.
Q. aqnatha Walt. Fl. Car. 234. 1788.
Kll. Sk. 2 :599. (iray, Man. ed. 6. 478. Chap. Fl. 421. Conlter, Contr. Xat. Herb.
2 : 417. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 8 : 165, t. 428.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. From the Colorado Valley, Texas to Florida;
north to Delaware, southwestern Tennessee, and southern Missouri.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley to the coast. Low rich woods and sandy pine-barren
swamps. Clay County, Talladega Creek, 1,000 feet. Cullman County, 800 feet.
Morgan County, Falkville. Madison and every county south. Flowers March;
fruit ripe in Octolier, November. Common.
Economic nses: Timber tree. A common shade tree.
Type locality : '' Hab. in America septentrionali."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus laurifolia Michx. Hi.st. Chen. Am. no. 10, /. 17. 1801.
Laurel Oak. "Water Oak.
Quercus phellon laurifolia Chap. Fl. 420. 1860.
Ell. Sk. 2:597. Chap. FL 420. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 8 : 169, <. -^55.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Eastern (iiilf States to Florida (Mosquito
Inlet). North along the Atlantic coast to the Dismal Swamp in Virginia.
OAKS. 473
Alabama: Central Pine belt to the Coast plain. Low rich woods. In great per-
fection in the Central Prairie belt and Coast plain. Frequent.
Economic uses: Little valued for the timber, most esteemed as an evergreen
shade tree.
Type locality not ascertained. Locality of Michx. Fl. : " Hal>. in Carolina uieri-
dionali et Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus phellos L. Sp. PL 2 : 994. 1753. Willow Oak.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 593. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 479. Chap. Fl. 420. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 417. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 8 : 179, t. 433.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Staten Island, New York, along the coast to
northeastern, Florida and the central parts of the Gulf States to the Sabine Valley,
Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Central Pine belt. In the bottom lands, borders
of swamps. Most frequent in the coves of the Tennessee basin in low woods of a
cold damp soil. Morgan County, Falkville, 600 feet. Franklin Connty, Russellville.
Tuscaloosa County. Farther south rare.
Economic uses: Timber tree.
Type locality : " Hab. in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus myrtifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 424. 1805. Seaside Scri'b Oak.
Quercus phellos var. arenaria Chap. Fl. 420. 1860.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 597. Chap. Fl. 420, ed. 3, 145. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 8 : 123, t. 408.
Louisianian area. Coast from South Carolina to Florida, west to Alabama.
Alabama: Littoral region. Scarcely over 6 to 8 feet high, covering th(- drifting
sands of the seacoast and islands. Baldwin County, Fish River, Navy Cove, Per-
dido Bay.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina."'
Herb. Geol. Sur^'. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus brevifolia (Lam.) Sargent, Silv. N. A. 8 : 171, t 431. 1893.
Upland Willow Oak. Blue Jack.
Quercus phellos brevifolia Lam. Encycl. 1 : 722. 1783.
Q. humilis Walt. Fl.Car. 234. 1788.
Q. cinerea Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. no. 8, 1. 146. 1801.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 594. Chap. Fl. 421. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 417.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. (Uilf States west to the Brazos Galley. Texas.
From Florida (Cape Malabar) along the coast to North Carolina.
Alabam.\: Lower hills. Central and Coast Pine belt. Common in the dry sandy
pine barrens. Walker County, South Lowell.
Economic uses: Valuable for fuel.
Type' locality : "II croit dans un terroir sec et maigre"' [in North America].
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus imbricaria Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. no. 9, t. 15,16. 1801. Shingle Oak.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 598. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 478. Chap. Fl. 420. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 8 : 175,
432.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Western Pennsylvania through the Ohio Val-
ley to southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, southern Nebraska, southern Kansas,
and Missouri, south to Virginia and Tennessee, and along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Coosa Valley. Etowah County, about 600 feet altitude, near Gadsden.
One single tree at the present known.
Type locality not ascertained. Locality in Michx. Fl. : "Hab. in montibus Alle-
ghanis."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Quercus heterophylla Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 2:87, t. 16. 1813. Bartram Oak.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:417.
Believed to be a hybrid of Q. phellos and velufina or rubra or coccinea.
Carolinian area. Sparsely diffused and local from Staten Island to Delaware,
North Carolina, northern Alabama, and northeastern Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. In low woods. Morgan Connty, Falkville, about
600 feet. Associated with willow, black, and Texas oak. Onlv localitv known in
the State.
Type (Michx. trans.) localitv: "On the banks of the Schuylkill River, four miles
from Philadelphia.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
474 ri.ANl' I-IKK <'K .\L.\15A.MA.
ULMACEAE. Elm Family.
ULMUS I .. >].. I'l. 1 : L'J."-. !":.:{. Elm.
Sixlion Hjioiio-, ot" t(>iii])(r,il<' n^rion ol'Nortli lloiiiiapbun; aixl in th<^ inoimtaiiiN ol"
tlu' Iropii's. l>ici<iii(>iiM tict'H.
nimus americana L. Sp. Tl. 1 : 22Ci. 17."iS. Wiirri: Klm.
r,ll..^k.l:;U:{. (Jrav, .Miin-nd. (i. 4fiL'. ('li:ip. I'l. I If., ('..iilt.r. ( Oiitr. Nat. I l<rl.. 2 :
IOC. Sal ;ieiit. Silv. .\.".\. 7 : i'.i. t. .1/1.
Catiiulian /.mw to l.oiiiHiaiiian area. Ontario to SaHk.-itciiowan, r)S latitmle;
Ntnv Kn;;laiul west to KaiiHUs, Nebraska, Dakota, .\rkaiisas, and thr lieadwaterH
of MisHonri Kivor. Houth tiiroii;,'li tin- Oliio N'alley ami the South Atlantic and (hilf
St.Hto.sto I'iorida. Texa.s, and Aikansas.
.\i.Aii.\M.v : .Ml oNirtlio .state. In rich woods. Nowhcn- ahnndant. TuscalooHa
and t'lillinan counties. .IcUer.son Connty. Hirinin;ihaai. Montj^onit-ry and Mobile
counties. l'Io\v««is in loin nary; I'ruit ripe in May.
Economic nses: Tinibci and ornamental tree. l"rc(|ncntly planted for shade.
'I"y)ii- liicalit V : " Mab. in \ irt^iuia. "
Mcrl.. (;col..Siirv. Herb. Mohr.
Ulmus alata Micbx. El. Am. Hor. 1:173. 1803. Wamoo. Wingki> Elm.
Ell. Sk. 1:3:U. (Jray, Man. ed. (j, 4(52. Cliap. Kl. 117. Conlter, Oontr. Nat. Herb.
2:Hm;. Sar-cnt.Silv.N. a. 7:.">1. ^ ■?/.?
Carolini.m and I.onisianian .ircas. .Sontliern Virginia, middle Tcnm'ssec, southern
Indiana. Missouri, Arkans.i.s. Indian Territory, scuith and west from North Carolina
to Florida. Alabama, ami the valley of the Trinity Hiver in Texas.
Alah.vma : < )ver the State. Low woods, banks of streams. Lauderdale, (Pullman,
and .\utan;,'a counties. Baldwin County. Stockton. Of largest development in the
low forests of the Central prairies. Forty to (iO feet high, 12 to 18 inches in diameter.
Economic uses: Timber tree.
Tv]ie locality: " Hab. in v irginia ct Carolina inferiore."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Ulmus fiilva Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 172. 1803. Slippruy Elm. Rki> Elm.
I'lmiiHpiihesccns Walt. Fl. Car. 112. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 1:333. (Jray, Man. ed. 6, 462. Chap. Fl. 416. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2: km;. Sargent. Silv. N. A. 7:.")3, I..U/.5.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Quebec, Ontario; New England, west to
Minnesota. Neliraska, eastern Kansas, and Missouri; south to western Floriila and
the (Julf Stat<-8, to the valley of San Antonio Kiver, Texas.
Alaha.ma: Rich bottoms. (Jullman County. .lacksou County, Steveus(m. t Mont-
gomery County. Autauga County, banks of Alabama Kiver. Flowers in February;
fruit ripe in April. Not frefjuent. Not ol).served south of Montgomery.
Economic uses: ( )f little im))ortance for its timber. The bark is the "slippery elm
bark, " or " I'lmus," of the I '. .s. I'liarniacoixeia.
'Vy\ie locality: " Hab. in (.'auada, Vermont. (.'onne<ticut, montibus AUeghanis, etc.
frigid. America- regiouiims."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ulmus serotinn Sargent, liot. fiaz. 27: 92. 1899.
f7»iH« rrjr^m<»«rt (h.ip. Fl. ed. 2, t;i!i. 1SN7. Same, ed. 3, 440. 1897.
A stately tree, trunk :(() 1 o 40 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. ' "Leaves oblong-
obovate, acnmin.itc. variously oblique at the base, coanselv and doublvcreiuite-.serrate
glabrous and lustrous above. ])ubcrulous belo.v on the jyrominent liiiiirib and veins;
flowers perfect, autumnal, racemose, long-i)e(licellate; calvx six-parted, its divisions
oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex; ovary sessile, narrowed at the base, hirsute;
8amara,s stipulate, oblong-elliptical, deeply two-parted at the apex, ciliate on the
margins; seed obovate, raphe consiiicnous."
Carolinian area. North Carolina, French IJroad R'wbr (Rugel, 18i2). Tennessee,
limestone ridges near Na.shville (Ga«iH.7er). (Jeorgia, near Rnmo ( ISounton): also
planted in the streets (,s'(/>v/(«/).
Ai.aka.ma: Mountain region. Limestone ridges, Madison County.
There_can be n<. doubt that the large tr.-es with bark-winged branchlets met with
m the forests ot the Cretaceous plain of the Central Prairie belt when observed in
flower and triiit will lie found to belong to this late-blooming elm
Type locality not speciUcally given. Specimens cited from points alreadv men-
tioned. "'
MULBEKRY FAMILY. 475
PLANERA Gmel. J^yst. PI. 1:150. 1791. Planer Tree.
Monotypical North American deciduous iKiuatic tree.
Plauera aquatica (Walt.) Gmel. Syst. PI. 1 : 150. 1791.
Anonymos aquatica Walt. Fl. Car. 230. 1788.
Planera qmeUni Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 248. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 584. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 463. Chap. Fl. 417. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:407. Sargent, Silv.'N. A. 7:61, 316.
Caroliuiaa and Louisianiaa areas. From the Trinity Valley, Texas, southern
Arkansas to southern Alabama and western Florida along the Atlantic coast to North
Carolina (Cape Fear River). Western Tennessee, southern Illinois (Gray, Man.).
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Densely shaded river banks almost
perpetually overtlowed. Montgomery County. Clarke County, Lisbon. Mobile
County, Mount Vernon (Davis Lake). Flowers February; fruit ripe early in April,
not rare. A low tree 20 to 30 feet high, scarcely over 1 foot in diameter.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CELTIS L. S]). PI. 2 : 1044. 1753. Nettle Tree.
Fifty to 60 species, temperate and warmer regions. North America, 5 or 6. United
States and Canada, 2 or 3. Deciduous trees, more rarely shrubs.
Celtis mississippiensis Bosc, Eucycl. Agr. 7: 577. 1S22.
Southern Hackberry. Sugarberry.
Celtis laevigata Willd. Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 81. 1811.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 463. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:407. Sargent, Silv. N. A.
7:71, /. 318.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Frequent all over the Gulf and South Atlantic
States to middle Tennessee, southern Illinois, south western Kentucky, west to central
Texas, Arkansas, Indian Territory, and southern Kansas.
Alabama: From the Tennessee Valley to the coast plain, excepting the valleys of
the highest level in the mountain region. In rich woods. Of largest size and most
fre(iuent in the bottom lauds of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers and their larger
tributaries. Lauderdale and Florence counties. Cullman County, Marriotts
Creek. Tuscaloosa, Montgomery and Mobile counties. Baldwin County, Stockton.
Frequent.
Economic uses: Valuable timber tree.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Celtis occideutalis L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1044. 1753. Sugarberry. Hackberry.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 463. Chap. Fl. 417. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herl). 2:407.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New England to Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska,
and Colorado, south to Texas, and from ^e\y Jersey to Tennessee and Georgia.
Alabama: Metamorphic hills. Rocky banks. Clay County {Baker ij- Earle).
At its southern limit a tree of about medium size.
Type locality: ''Hab in Virginia."
Celtis occidentalis pumila (Pursh) Gray, Man. ed. 2, 397. 1856.
Scrubby Sugarberry.
Celtis pumila Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1:200. 1814.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 463. Chap. Fl. 417.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Maryland to western Florida, Texas, and
southern Arkansas.
Alabama: Prairie region. Upper division Coast Pine belt. Dry rocky banks and
hillsides. Hale County, bald prairies, (iallion. Straggling shrub, rarely over 10
feet high. Flowers April ; fruit ripe September, purplish black.
Type locality : "On the banks of rivers: Maryland and Virginia."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MORACEAE. Mulberry Family.
TOXYLON Raf. Am. Month. Mag.^: 118. 1817. Boks d'arc.
(Maclura Nutt. Gen. 2 : 233. 1818.)
Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2 : 118. 1817. Osac.e Orange.
Maclura aurantiaca Nutt. Gen. 2 : 234. 1818.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 464. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 408. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 7 : 89,
1. 122, 123,
-|7<'» ri,ANT LIFK (»K ALAKAMA.
Caioliiiiaii and I,i)iiiHi:iniaii aroaH. NorthweBtorii and central Texas and soutliorn
Aikansjui
Ai.AiiAMv: Introduced fruni tlic Southwost, and frefiuently cnltivatod for hedyos.
Not rarely naturali/.id alioiit liuld« and dwellinjis, chiolly in the Prairie regiou.
Flowers in April. Fruit ripe in ( >ctol»er.
Keonoinic useB: \'alualile for the wood; hedge pluut.
Type locality not a«certained.
Herb. Ueol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BROUSSONETIA L'llerit. ; Vent. laid. 3 : r.iT. 1799.
Two xpecios, China, Japan. Trees.
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) ^■ent. 'J'abl. SiTilX. 17!t9. I'ai'ki: Mii.Hr:Ri:Y.
Morits ixipuri/rni L. Sp. i'l. 2 : 98(5. XTt'.i.
Introduced tVoni Japan. Fre<|nently cnltivated in the Southern 8tat«'H a.s a shade
tree; not int're(|Ucntly of spontaneous j^rowth, and dillicult to eradicate.
Ai.ai»ama: Mobile and Montf^omery couutieB.
Tyjie locality : " Hal), in Japouia.''
Herb. Geol. 8urv. Herb. Mohr.
MORUS L. Sp. ri. 986. 1753. Miliseury.
Ten species, temperate Northern Hemisjdiere. tropical mountains. United States
and Canada, 2. Deciduous trees.
Moms rubra L. Sp. Pi. 2 : 986. 1753. K'ki> M ilbkrrv.
Ell. Sk. 2 :.")74. (irav, Man. ed. 6, 164. Chap. Fl. 415. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 408. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 7 : 79, /. SSO.
Allefxlienian to Louisianian area. Southern Ontario; New Enjiland, west to Dakota,
Nebraska, and Kansas, south to the Gulf States ; from Florida to Texas and Arkansas.
Ai.aijama: Throughout the State, in low rich woods, to the delta of Mobile River.
Baldwin County, Stockton. Mobile County, Mount N'ernon. Flowers March ; fruit
ripe in ,Iuly. Not common.
A large tree in the up])er division of the State.
Economic uses: Timber tree. The berries are edible.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Morus alba L. Sp. PI. 2 : 986. 1753. Wiiitk Mt'i.nERRY.
Kll. Sk.2:574. Gray, Man. ed. ti. 464. Chap. Fl. 415; ed. .3, 438.
Introduced from Europe, occasionally sjioutaneous around dwellings. .Mobile
County.
Kcouomic uses: The form known as Morns miilticaulin was at one time largely cul-
tivated for silkworms.
Type locality: "Hab. in China."
CANNABIS L. .<p. PI. 2 : 1027. 1783.
Annual. East India, Europe.
Cannabis sativa L. Si). PI. 2 : 1027. 1753. Hemp.
(iray. Man. ed. 6, 463.
Karely adventive on ballast. Mobile (\)unty.
Type locality : "Hab. in India."
Herb. (ieol. Surv.
HDMULUS L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1028. 17.5.3. Hop.
Two species, temperate regions of the globe, .lapan. North America, 1. Peren-
nial climbing herbs.
Hamulus lupulus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1028. 1753. Common Hop Plant.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 695. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 4&^. Chap. Fl. 414.
Europe.
Alleghcnian and Carolinian areas. Ontario to Manitoba and British Columbia,
New England and throughout the Eastern States.
Alabama: Hills, borders of woods near dwellings. Scarcely indigenous. Cull-
man County. Flowers greenish ; July, August.
NETTLE FAMILY. 477
Economic uses: Here and there cultivated for its strobules used in making yeast
and for medicinal purposes. "Humulus." United States Pharmacopcjeia.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae sepibus et ad radices montium."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
URTICACEAE. Nettle Family.
URTICA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 98.3. 1753. Nettle.
From 30 to 40 species, mostly in colder and cooler temperate regions. America
about 30 species, North America 10, Eastern States 2, exclusive of naturalized species.
Herbs.
Urtica gracilis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 341. 1789. Common American Nettle.
C'rtica procera Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 353. 1805.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 571. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 465. Chap. Fl. 412. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 408.
Hudsonian zone to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Ontario,
north to Mackenzie River, west to the base of the Kocky Mountains, New England
west to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Florida, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alahama: Over the State to the coast. Border of swamj)s, waste places. Mobile
County.
July, August; common. Perennial.
Type locality : '' Native of Hudson's Bay."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Urtica dioica L. Sp. PI. 2 :984. 1753. Large Stinging Nettle.
Ell. Sk. 2:571. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 465. Chap. Fl. 412. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 408.
Introduced from Europe; naturalized throughout the continent from Canada to
Mexico.
Alabama: Over the State. Waste places. Lawrence County, Moulton. Mobile
County, ballast ground. July, August; not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae ruderatis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Urtica urens L. Sp. PI. 2 : 984. 1753. Smaller Stinging Nettle.
Ell. Sk. 2 :570. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 465. Chap. Fl. 412. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb,
2 : 408.
Adventive from Europe, naturalized from Canada to Mexico.
Alabama : Autauga County, Prattville (E. A. Smith), Mobile County, ballast
heaps. July, August; rare. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae cultis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Urtica chamaedroides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 113. 1814. Purplish Nettle.
I'rtica purpurastens Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 5 : 169. 1837.
Ell. Sk. 2:570. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 465. Chap. Fl. 412. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 408.
Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas, Kentucky to the Gulf States.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Tuscaloosa County (J5. J. .Smi</i) ; rare. Annual.
Type locality: "On the islands of Georgia: St. Simons, &c."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
URTICASTRUM Fabr. Euum. 204. 1759.
(Laportea Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. 498. 1826,)
About 2 species, iu tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, Mexico. Temperate North
America, 1.
Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : 635. 1891. Wood Nettle.
Irtiea divaricaia and U. canadensis L. Sp. PI. 2:985. 1753.
Laportea canadensis Gaud. Bot. Vov. Freyc. 498. 1826.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 573. Gray, Man. ed. 6,465. Chap. Fl. 413.
Allegheniau and Louisianian areas. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and
Ontario to Saskatchewan Valley; New England throughout the Eastern States to
Florida, west to Louisiana.
47S PLANT LIIK <»K AI.AItAMA.
Ai.ahama: Ov«m tlir Stiilr. Moist i iili lliickrtN mill \v Is. i'lowors .Inly,
AiimiHt ; coiiiiuon.
TviK' li« alily ; " i!al>. in \ irjiinia, ('an:i<lii."
llerb. (.ifol. Surv. Heil». Molii.
ADICEA U'al. Ann. Nal. 17!i. \xi:>. Ci.kak Wkkd.
I I'll.K.v l.inill. ('..il. /. /. ISL'l. I
One bnnilr<'(I and twiMitv-livr ,sj)ccicH, mostly in tin' IropicH. 'rcni|icrat(< North
AnnTica.
Adicea pumila ( K. I h'af. ; roir. Fl. N. V. 2 :22:i. Assynonyni. isi:;. K'icii Wkk.m.
I'rtira /iiimiht L. Sp. I'l. 2:!»HI. ITf.S.
Piled imiiiiln (Irav, Man. ed. 1, i:>7. ISIH.
i:il. Sk. 2 ::")(;!». r.iAy, .Man. cd. G.UW. ('li;ip. Fl. IIM.
Allff^hrnian ami (;arolinian areas. New Hi iin.swick and Ontario; Now Kn;,dand,
west to MiuUL'sota, Nebraska, and Kansas, south to New Jersey, (ieorj^ia. and nortiiern
Alabama.
Ai.ahama: Mountain rejjion. Rich ilanij) woods. Madison County, Montesano.
Lee County, Auburn (/•'. A. Earle). Cullm.in County. Walkei- County ( A'. J. Smith).
Not common.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Adicea microphylla herniarioides (.Sw.) Kunt/c K'ev. (Jen. PL 2 : ti22. 18!tl.
I rticu heniiurwidin Sw. \ot. Akad. Mandl. Slockh. 8:64. 1787.
niia heniitirioides Lindl. Coll. Bot sub t. 4. 1.S21.
Piled miiropliylld herniarioides Wedd. iu DC. Prodr. 16. pt. 1 : lOti. LStil).
Lonisianian area.
Alauama: Mobile. Escaped from cull ivation. Light, shaded liroiind. -Inly,
August.
Ty])e locality (Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ): "Hab. supra saxa iu rivulis et lluviis Domiu-
gensiiuis.'
Herb. Geol. ."^urv. Herb. Mohr.
BOEHMERIA .Jac(i..Stirp. Ani.21(), I. J.',7. 1763.
About 4.5 species, mostly tropical and subtropical, but extending to extratropieal
North America and .Fajian. North America, 1.
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Willd. Sp. PL 4 : 840. 1809. Falsk Nktti k.
UrlicariilimlriifiL,. Sp. PL 1396. 1753.
r. capitdia Willd. Sj). PL 4 : 363. 1809.
Ell. Sk. 2:.')68. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 466. Chap. IT. 414. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 409. Griseb. Fl. Brit. \V. Ind. 160.
West India Islands, Mkxico to Augenti.\a.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Ontario; New England west to iSlinnesola,
aouth to Florida and through the Gulf States to Texas, Arkans.i.s, and Missouri.
Alabama. Throughout the State. Damp thickets and woods. July, August;
frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in .lamaica, Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. 499. 1826. Ramik Plani.
I'rtica nirm L, Sp. PL 2 : 98.5. 1753.
In the 8f)uthern part of the State found here and there as an escape Irom cultiva-
tion Perennial.
Boehmeria 'etutcissima (Hoxlt.) (laud., cultivated with the above, also occurs.
Economic uses: \'aluable liber plant.
Type locality: "Hab. in Chiuae muris."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
PARIETARIA L. Sj). PI. 2 : 1052. 1753. PKLr.noKY.
Eight species, mostly of temi)erate regions. North America, 2.
Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PL 4 : 955. 1805.
Hll.Sk. 2:.57.5. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 466. Chap. FL 413. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 409.
SANDALWOOD FAMILY. 479
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario to Britisli Columbia; southern New
England throughout the Atlantic States west to Colorado and Nevada, south along
the mountains to Georgia.
Ai.ABA.MA : Mountain region. Shaded rocky copse.s, woods, on limestone rocks.
Madisou County, Montesano, 1,200 feet. May; rare. Annual.
Type locality: ''Hab. in Pensylvauia."
Herb. Oeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Parietaria officinalis erecta (Mert. *& Koch) Weddell, Monogr. Urt. 507. 1856.
rarieiaria erecta Mert. & Koch, Deutschl. Fl. 1 : 825. 1823.
Adventive with ballast from Mediterranean Europe. Mobile County, 1891.
Annual.
Herb. Mohr.
LORANTHACEAE. Mistletoe Family.
PHORADENDRON Nutt. .Journ. Acad. Phila. ser. 2, 1 : 185. 1847-1850.
About 80 species, tropical, subtropical, and warmer temperate America. United
States, i or 5 species. Shrult, parasitical on trees.
Phoradendron flavesceiis (Pursh) Nutt. ; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 383. 1856.
Viscum tidrenceus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 114. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 677. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 450. Chap. Fl. 397.
Carolinian and Lou isianian areas. From Florida to Texas and Arkansas; north to
New Jersey, west to southern Illinois; southern Mipsouri.
Alabama: Throughout. Parasitic on various hard-wood trees. In the Central
Prairies and southward. Most frequent on the water oak. Flowers in February
and March. Fruit ripe October, November ; berries white. Common.
Economic uses: The young twigs and leaves are used medicinally.
Type locality : " [North America.] Parasitic on oaks and other trees; rare."
Herb. Geol, Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SANTALACEAE. Sandalwood Family.
COMANDRA Niitt. Gen. 1 : 157. 1818.
Four species, perennial herbs. Europe. North America, 3.
Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Gen. 1: 157. 1818.
Thesium nmheUatum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 208. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1:311. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 450. Chap. FL 396; ed. 3, 417. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 385.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Ontario to Manitoba and the Rocky Mountains ;
New England southward along the mountains to Georgia, west to Missouri, Arkansas,
and Te.xas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Warrior table-land. Rocky copses, dry open places.
Morgan County, June, 1899. Jackson County, Sand Mountain, near Starkey Creek.
Flowers greenish white. Perennial; jiarasitic on the roots of trees. Infrequent.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginiae, Pensylvaniae pascuis siccis. Kalm."
Herb. Biltmore.
NESTRONIA Raf. New Fl. 3 : 12. 1836.
(Darbya Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2, 1:388. 1846.)
One species, southern Atlantic North America. Low shrub.
Nestronia umbellulata Raf. New Fl. 3 : 13. 1836.
Darhya umJiellulala Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2, 1 : 388. 1846.
Chap. Fl. 396.
Carolinian area. North Carolina, central Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Warrior table-land, 800 feet. Shaded hillsides.
Cullman County. Lee County, near Auburn. Rocky shaded banks, not rare ( Baker .y-
Earle). Flowers greenish. Only male plants have been met with in the State.
May, rare.
Type locality: "Near Milledgeville, Ga.," Dr. Boykin, and at Macon, Prof. Darby:
also at Lincoln, N. C, Mr. M. A. Curtis.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
America,
480 TLANT MI'K <>K ALABAMA.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birthwort Family.
ARISTOIiOCHIA I,. Sp. J'l. 2 : IttiO. 17r..S.
Alxint 170 specif.-, mostly tropical, of the Norllnrii Hemisphere. Nortli
7; easloni Inited States, ;{. Climbing peieiiiiial herbs or shrubs.
Aristolochia serpentaria L. Sp. PI. 2:it61. 17.")^. Virginia Snakkroot.
Ell. 8k. 2:.M1. (iray, Man. ed. ti. 115. Chap. Kl. STl', in i):irt.
Carolinian and honisianian areas. I'rom the eastern (inlf States and I'lorida north
and west to Connecticnt, the Ohio Valley, .Missouri, and Arkansas.
Ai..vhama: Tennessee ^'alley to Lower Pine re;;ion. Dry open woods. Lee County,
Auburn ( /". .S'. Karle). Autauga County, Prattv'il]c( A'. A. Smilh). Washington, Clarke,
Mobile, and Haldwin counties. Flowers maroon purple. ^lay ; not frequent.
Perennial.
Economic uses: The root, known as \'irginia suakeroot, is the " Serpentaria" of
the I'nited States l'harinaco]Ki'ia.
Tv)ie luralilv: "Ilab.in Virginia."
Herb. Mohr."
Aristolocliia nashli Kearney, r?ull. Torr. ( 'lub, 21 : 485. 1894.
Nakkow-lkaf ViR(iiNiA Snakkroot.
Stem mostly simple, erect, slender, Hexuose from a short rootstock with numerous
crowded librons roots; leaves from linear-lanceolate to oltloug-lanceolate, ol)tuse at
the apex, narrowly sagittate to auriculate at the basi', short-petioled; peduiules 1
to 3 near the base of the stem, one-tlowered, slender, pubescent above; capsule vil-
lous, e8])ecially njxm the ribs.
Louisianian to Carolinian area. Florida.
Alabama: Lower Pine region, Mountain region. Open dry woods. Mobile County ;
not rare in sandy rolling pine woods. Cullman County. .lackson County, on Sand
Mountain {lioi/ntou) in light soil. Flowers in May Not infrecptent.
Readily distinguished Irom A. serpentaria by the narrow, short- petioled leaves.
Type locality: ''Collected at Lake Ella, Fla., in I8i»4, by Mr. George ^'. Nash."
Aristolochia sagittata Mnhl. ; Duchartre in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 1:434. 1864. As
synonym.
Aristolochia hastata Nutt. Gen. 2 : 200. 1X18. Not H. U. K. 1817.
Ell. Sk. 2: 512.
Carolinian area. South Carolina.
Alahama : Lower hills and mountain region. Dry open woods. Cullman County.
Type locality not specifically given.
Aristolochia macrophylla Lam. Encycl. 1: 255. 1783. Lakge-leavku Pitk Vine.
Aristolochia sipho L'ller. Stirp. Nov. 13. 1784.
Ell. Sk. 2:510. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 454. Chaj.. Fl. 372,
AUeghenian and Carolinian areas. Pennsylvania west to Missouri and Minnesota,
south along the mountains to Tennessee, North Carolina, and (Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Winston County (T. M. Peters). Woody climber;
not collected of late.
Type locality : "Cette plante crolt natnrellement dans I'Amcrique septentrionale,
and vraisemblament dans la X'irginie."
Aristolochia tomentosa Sims, Bot. Mag. 1. 1360. 1811. Hoary Pipk A'ine.
Ell. Sk. 2:511. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 445. Chap. Fl. 372.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Mountains of North Carolina to Florida, cen-
tral Tenne.ssec, north and west to southern Illinois, soul hern Missouri, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Lower hills. Central Pine lielt to Upper division of Coast Pine belt;
river banks. Hlount County, Mulberry River. Tu.scaloosa and Bibb counties.
Clarke County. Suggsville (/>/■. ZJoini/). Flowers greenish brown; .June. Climbing
over bushes and small trees; not rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "Native of North America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ASARUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 442. 1753.
Thirteen species, temperate regions Northern Hemisphere. Europe. Japan, 7.
North America, 4. Low perennials.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 481
Asarum virginicum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 442. 1753. Wild Ginger. Colic Root.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 532. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 445. Chap. Fl. 371.
AUesheniaii and Caroliuiaa areas. Virginia along the inouutaina to North Caro-
lina, Georgia, and eastern Tennessee.
Alabama: Mountain region to Lower hills. Rich shaded, copses and hillsides.
TiiscsbloosaConnty (E. A. iSinith). Flowers maroon ; March, April; rare.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, terra Mariana, Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molu'.
Asarum macranthum (Shuttlew. ) Small, Mem. Torr. Clnb, 5 : 136. 1894.
Large-flowered Wild Ginger.
Asarum virginicum var. grandijiorum Michs. ; Duchartre in DC. Prodr. 15 : 426. 1864.
Asarum grandijiorum Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 4 : 150. 1894. Not Klotzsch.
Homotropa macranthum Shuttlew.; Small & Heller, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: 11. 1892.
As synonym.
Carolinian area. West Virginia to northern Alabama.
Alabama: Higher mountain ranges. Rocky shaded banks, Dekalb County. On
Lookout Mountain, near Mentone 1,800 to 2,000 feet. June 3. Only locality known
in the State. Flowers purple brown; bright-spotted inside.
Type locality : "Collected by Rugel in 1841 on the Broad River, N. C."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Asarum arifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 279. 1803. SouTFIER^^ Wild Ginijer.
Ell. Sk. 1:.532. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 445. Chap. Fl. 371.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. West Virginia and eastern Tennessee to the
low country of the Atlantic and Gulf States, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. (Joast plain. Rich shaded hillsides. Tuscaloosa,
Clarke, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. Flowers maroon. March; common.
Economic uses: The root of the several species is used medicinally under the
names of "wild ginger" and "colic root."
Type locality: "Hab. in umbrosis sylvis Carolinae inferioris."
Herb. Mohr.
POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family.
ERIOGONUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 246. 1803.
About 100 species, almost exclusively coniined to the Sonoran area from Texas to
the Pacific. Southeastern Atlantic States, 2. Herbs, chiedy perennial.
Erigonum tomentosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 246. 1803. Downy Eriogoxum.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 465. Chap. Fl. 392.
Louisianian area. South Carolina, Georgia, western Florida.
Alabama : Upper division of Coast Pine belt. Dry sandy pine ridges in the
so-called wire-grass counties. Henry County, Ablteyville. Dale County, Ozark.
Geneva County {E. A. Smith). Flowers white. August to October; not rare.
Type locality: "Hab. in aridissimis, piaetis Carolinae et Georgiae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
RUMEX L.Sp. PI. 1:333. 1753. Dock.'
About 100 species, cosmopolitan in the Northern Hemisphere. North America, 20.
Eastern States and adjoining Provinces of Canada, 9. Herbs mostly perennial.
Rumex acetosella L. Sp. PI. 1 : .338. 1753. Sand Sorrel.
Ell. Sk. 1:415. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 439. Chap. Fl. 386. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 379.
Europe.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Naturalized over the continent.
Alabama: Over the State. In light sandy soil, waste places, worn-out fields.
Flowers reddish. April, May. An abundant and troublesome weed. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Europae pascuis et arvis arenosis."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
' William Trelease, The species of Rumex north of Mexico, Report Mo. Bot. Gard.i
vol. 3, pp. 74 to 95. 1892.
15894 31
482 PLANT LIFK OF ALA HAM A.
Rumex hastatulus lialdwin in KIL Sk. 1: lit;. 1H17. Knukimann's Sokuki,.
liiime.r cniiilmininii Moiss. in !)(.'. Prodr. 14 MiL 1H5H.
(Irav, Maii.tMl.d. \:i\l ("bap. FL IWtl. Coulter. Contr. Nat. HitIi. 2 : H7!l.
Caroiiuiau and LmiiHiaiiian ureaH. Soiithoastcru New York and New .Jersey to
Florida, west to Texan and .Vrkansas,
Alabama: Central I'rairie n-fjion to Coast i)lain. Dry sandy Noil. Montgomery,
Perry, and Marion countieH. Baldwin County, Point Clear. Not rrc<|uent. Annual.
Type loeality : "Arid cultivatt'd land in the south ot<jleorgia and east Florida."
Herb. (itoL Sur\ . Herb. Molir.
Rumex altissimus Wood. Classbook, 177. ia55. Palk 1k»ck.
h'ttmcs britaniiiniH Meiss. in DC. Prodr. 14 : 17. ISfifi. Not L. 17.53.
(Jrav, Man.cd. (i. i:i8. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : .380.
Alloshfuian and Carolinian areas. Massachusetts west to Dakota, Nebraska, and
Kansius, south frmu Now .Jersey to Florida and Texas.
Ai.aha.ma: C-'entral I'ranie region to Coast plain. Deep marshes, muddy borders of
streams, ditches. Autauya County, Prattville. Moliileand Hald win counties. May,
June; conunon.
Type locality: "Marshy prairies and borders of streams, Indiana! "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rumex verticillatus L. Sp. PL 1 : 334. 1753. Swamp Dock.
Ell. .sk. 1:413. inter i?.6ri<annicH«. Gray, Man. ed. <i. 438. Chap. Fl. 385. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:380.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Quebec, Ontario; New England west to Min-
nesota, south from Missouri to Texas, south from New York to Florida and Louisiana.
Alaija.ma: Deep open swamps, ditches. Most freciucut in the Coast i)laiu. Two
and one-half to 3 feet high. Flowers April, May.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rumex crispus L. Sp. PL 1 : 335. 1753. Cuklem Dock. Yellow Dock,
ElLSk. 1:414. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 438. Chap. FI. 385. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb,
2 : 379.
Introduced from Europe, wide.spread over the continent from the Atlantic to the
Pacific slope, and from Canada to the (inlf.
Alabama: Over the State. Damp grassy places, waste and cultivated ground.
May, .June; common everywhere.
Economic uses: The root is the "yellow dock " or " Rumex" of the United States
Pharmacopo'ia.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae suculentis."
Herb. Gcol. Surv. Herb. M( hr.
Rumex britannicus L. Sp. PL 1 : 334. 17-53. Great Water Dock.
Rumex orbiculatns Gray, Man, ed. 5, 420. 1867.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 438.
Mexico.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario; New
England west to Michigan, Iowa, Minnesota, Dakota, Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois,
south to New .Jersey and Georgia.
Alabama : Mobile County, river swamjjs. .July; rare.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr. *
Rumex sanguineus L. Sp. PL 1 : 3o4. 1753.
Ell. Sk 1: 413 Gray, Man. ed. 6, 438.
The form with greenish veins (var. riritZis Smith in Trelease, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 3:
90. 1892).
EtltOPE.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas.
Alabama: Tuscaloosa County (E. A. >^mith). Sparingly naturalized.
Type locality : "Hab. in Mrginia." (But ])robably native in Europe.)
lierb. Mohr.
Rumex pulcher L. Sp. PL 1 : 336. 17.53. Sleni>er Dock.
Ell. Sk. 1:413. Chap. Fl. 386.
Meditekijaxean Euroi>e.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 483
Alabama: Adventive. Coast plain. Fully naturalized. Roadsides, ditches, bor-
ders of swamps about ^lobile. May. Becoming a common wayside weed. Peren-
nial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Gallia, Italia, Veronae."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Runiex conglonieratus Murr. Prodr. Fl. Goett. 52. 1770.
Fugitive from Europe with ballast.
Alab.\ma: Mobile, ballast heaps, October, 1893; rare.
Typo locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rumex cuneifolius Cauipdera, Monogr. Rumex, 66, 95. 1819. Wedge-leaf Dock.
Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2 : 159.
Perennial. Stem 12 to 18 inches long, assnrgent, simple or branched from the
base, roughish; leaves thickish, oblong-ovate, obtuse, cuneate at the base, crenately
denticulate; flowering branches nearly leafless: flowers almost sessile, in dense
whorls; valves, scarcely' over 1 line long, crenulate, with 3 callosities.
Argentina, Montevideo, Chile, Sottii Africa.
Louisianian area. Adventive in ballast from Buenos Ayres, and firmly established
in western Florida (Pensacola).
Alabama: Dry sandy places. Mobile County, near and on ballast heaps. Flowers
in June; fruit ripe in August.
First observed in 1891. Spreading along the river banks. 1895.
Type locality: "Hab. in Buenos Ayres."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rumex obtusifolius L. Sp. PL 1 : 335. 1753. Bitter Dock.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, 438. Chap. Fl. 385. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 381.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Introduced from Europe. Naturalized over the
North American continent.
Alabama: All over the State, in cultivated and waste grounds; a coarse and
troublesome weed. May.
Economic uses : The root is used indiscriminately with the yellow dock for medicine.
Type locality : '"Hab. in Germania, Helvetia, Gallia, Anglia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rumex obtusifolius X crispus. This hybrid has been collected in St. Clair
County, near Ashville. Sei>tember. On roadsides.
POLYGONUM L. Sp. PL 1: 359. 1753.'
About 150 species, cosmopolitan, mostly northern. North America and Mexico,
about 50 species. Atlantic North America, 21. Ours all herbs.
Polygonum aviculare L. Sp. PI. 1 : 362. 1753. Wayside Knotweed.
Ell. Sk. 1:453. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 439. Chap. FL 390.
Cosmopolitan in the temperate regions. Europe, Asia, North Africa, Mexico, South
America.
Boreal zones to Louisianian area. Over the North American continent; most fre-
quent east of the Rocky Mountains.
Alabama: Over the State. Roadsides, waste places, everywhere in the interior.
May to October. Rare near the coast. Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae cultis ruderatis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygonum erectum L. Sp. PL 1 : 363. 1753. Erect Door Weed.
Poh/ffonitm aricnlure vav. erectum Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1:174. 1788. Grav, Man.
ed. 6,440. Chap. Fl. 390. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 375. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 11.
Europe.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario; New England south to New .Jersey and
Georgia.
Alabama: Central Pine belt and Central Prairie region. In yards, waste places.
Tuscaloosa County (.E. -L -Smi</i). Dallas Countv,Uniontown. Montgomery County.
June; not common. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in Philadelphia, enata ex seminibus D. Kalmii."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
'.John K. Small, A preliminarv list of American species of Polvgonum, Bull. Torr.
Club, 19:35L 1892.
484 PLANT LIFE OV ALAHAMA.
Polygonum tenue Michx. 11. Am. Hoi . 1 : L'HS. J«()3.
Oriiv. M;in. I'll. <;, 110.
Alh-jiluMiiim and Caioliniiin areas. From Ontario to tlio racilic (soawt; New Kdjij-
land south to Now .Jersey, alouj? the moiintains to (ieorgia, ami west to Arizona and
California.
Ai.AiiAM.v: Mountain region. KxjioHed rocky Boil. Dekalb County, Mentone.
September. Frecpient on Lookout Mountain.
Tyite locality: ''Hah. in Canada. "
Polygonum maritimum L. Sp. PI. 1:361. 1753.
I'olililoiiiitH ariculdre var. Uttorale Chap. Fl. 390.
Ell! "Sk. 1: 453. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 439.
KlKDI'E.
Canadian zone to l,<Miisi;inian area. Seacoast I'rom Nova 8eotia to f}ef)rf;ia and
Alabama.
Ai.ahama: Mobile County, banks of Alabama River, near the shipping. To all
ai)pearan(e adventive with ballast. Angust, September. Perennial.
Type locality: "llab. Monspelii, in Italia, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Hcrlt. Mohr.
Polygonum beUardi All. Fl. Ped. 2 : 207. 1785.
Britt. \ Hr. 111. Fl. 1:5(32.
Soi TiiKU.v Ei'iJOPE, Wkstern Asia.
Louisianian area.
Ai.ahama: Adventive with ballast. Mobile, 1884, and September. 1893. Stems
numerous from the .same root; prostrate, rigid, over 2 feet long, forming large
patches. Annual.
Type locality: "In arvis inter Bussolino e Bardassan [Piedmont]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygonum lapathifolium L. Sp. PI. 1 : .360. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 440. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 376.
Alahama: Naturalized about Mobile. June; rare. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Gallia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygonum incarnatum Ell. Sk. 1 : 456. 1817.
I'oJyqonnm JapaUiifoJinm incarnatum Gray, Man. ed. 6, 440. 1890,
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray, Man. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 388. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 376.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario. British
Columbia, Vancouver's Island; from Vermont and western New York west to
Nebraska, and throughout the Ohio Valley to Missouri, Arkansas, and Colorado,
south to Florida and eastern Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Low cultivated ground, damp places. Cullman,
Montgomery, and Mobile counties. Flowers flesh color. September, October; fre-
quent. Annual.
Tyi»e locality : "Ditcht^s and shallow i)ond8 [South Carolina and Georgia]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygonum penusylvanicum L. Sp. I'l. 1 : 362. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1:4.57. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 440. Chap. Fl. 388. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 376.
Northern Mexico.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick and Ontario; New England
west to Dakota, Nebraska, and California, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Low damp places, ditches. Montgomery and Mobile
counties. Flowers rose color. .Fuly to September; frequent. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in Pensylvania. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygonum portoricense Bertero, Meiss. in DC. Prodr. 14 : 121. 1856.
Dense-flowered Persicaria.
Polygonum devsiflorum Meiss. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5 : 13. 1855. Not Blume.
Chap. Fl. 388. Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 1:.556, /. 13.?;2. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. l6l
(as I'olygoniim ylabnim Willd.).
West Indies to Bka/.h., Eastkrx Asia.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Florida, eastern Texas, southeastern Missouri.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 485
Alabama : Coast plain. Shaded swamps. Mobile County, swampy alluvial for-
est on the old telegraph road, copious. Hale County, Greensboro. Flowers bright
pink. October. Annual.
Type locality : West Indies.
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygonum persicaria L. Sp. PI. 1 : 361. 1753. Lady's Thumb.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 441. Chap. Fl. 389. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :377.
Introduced from Europe. Extensively naturalized all over the continent.
Alabama : Over the State. Ditches, low places. Most frequent in the Central
Prairiebelt. Tuscaloosa County (jK. J. /Smit/*)- Dallas County, Uniontown. Mobile
County, ballast ground. Flowers greenish white. June to October; not common
Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae cultis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygonum setaceum Baldwin ; Ell. Sk. 1 : 455. 1817. Bristly Persicauia.
Chap. Fl. 389. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 377.
Louisiauiau area. Georgia to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Prairie belt. Ditches, borders of ponds. Montgomery County.
Lee County, Auburn {Baker 4'- Earle). Flowers white. October; rare. Annual.
Type locality : " In clayey soils, Savannah ; St. Marys, Ga. Baldwin."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 239. 1803.
Mild Water Pepper.
Polyqonum mite Pers. Syn. 1 : 440. 1805.
Ell. Sk. 1:4.56. Grav, Man.ed.6, 441. Chap. Fl. 389. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 377.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick, Ontario ; New England, west
to Nebraska; south to Florida, Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Alabama : All over the State, border of swamps, shallow ponds, ditches. Most
abundant from the Central Pine belt to the coast. Montgomery, Escambia, and
Mobile counties. Flowers white. July to October; abundant. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygonum punctatum Ell. Sk. 1 : 455. 1817. Smart Weed. Water Pepper.
/'oZ^g^oJu/m rtwe H. B. K. Nov. Gen. 2 : 179. 1817. Not Lam.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 442. Chap. Fl. 389. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 377.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 161.
Alleghenian and Louisianian areas. Ontario; New England west to Dakota and
Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Wet places. Flowers white. July to October; com-
mon. Perennial.
Type locality: "In ditches and shallow ponds [South Carolina and Georgia]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygonum hydropiper L. Sp. PL 1 : 361. 1753. Water Pepper.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 441. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 377.
Europe.
Alleghenian and Louisianian areas. Throughout the continent. Mostly natural-
ized from Europe
Alabama: Low wet places. Dallas County, Uniontown. June; rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae subhumidis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygonum opelousanum Riddell ; Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 19 : 354. 1892.
Opelousas Persicaria.
I'olyf/onum opelousanum Riddell, Cat. Fl. Lud. in N. Orl. Med. & Surg. .Jouru. 1852.
Name onlj%
Britt. «fc Br. 111. Fl. 1 : 559.
Mexico.
Louisianian area. Louisiana and Texas.
Alabama : Coast plain. Muddy border of ponds. Mobile County, foot of Spring-
hill. Flowers white. May, 1897; copious. Lee County, Auburn (F. -S. 7i'ar/e). Not
rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "Louisiana: Low prairies near Opelousas (Carpenter, 26)."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
48r> PLANT LIFK OF AI^AMAMA.
Polygonum viiginianum I.. Sp. I '1. l::i(i(i. 17.".;!. Viijcima K notwkkk.
Kll.Sk.l: ir.l. (ir.iy.Maii.rd.i;. IIL'. Cliiip. Kl. .'{!»•».
Alli>,'lu'iiiau 1() l.oiiisiaiiian area. Ontario, soiitlnrii Now I'.n^naiid, west to
Nclinuika, soutli to Florida. Louisiana, Aikaiisas. and MiwHouri.
Ai.ABAM.v: From the Tenncsst-e Valley to tlie Coast i)laiu. Danij) woods and copHCH.
Hottoiiis. Landfidale County. Franklin ("onuty. K'nHselh illc. Cuilinan and Tal-
lade^^a ctmnties. Chilton Comity ( E. A. Smith). Montj^^oniery, Clarkr, EHcambiu, and
Mobile tonnties. Fiuwcrs f^reon. July to September; lic(iuent. Percuuial.
Typi- loiality : ' llab. in Virjiinia."
lliTb. (Jeol. Snrv. Herb. Molir.
Polygonum sagittatum L. Si>. I'l. 1 : 3()H. IToS. Arrow -i.kaved Tkak-ihitmb.
Kll. Sk. 1: l.">S. (ir.iv, Man. ed. 6, 142. Chap. Fl. :i!HI. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 378.
A.'^iA, Smr.KiA.
Canadian /one to Louisianian area. Newlonndland, Illinois, Ontario. New Eng-
land, wi'st to Dakota, Nebraska, Ohio VaUcy, Missouri, and Kansas, south to Florida
and Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Central Prairie belt. Low danij) thickets. Clay
County. Autauga County, I'rattville {E. A. Smith). Dallas County, Uuiontown.
Lee(.'ounty. Auburn. Annual.
Type loiality : '• Hab. in Airginiae, Marilandiae niatlidis."'
Herb. (Jeol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygonum convolvulus L. Sp. PI. 1:364. 1753. Black Bind Weed.
Ell.sk. 1:459. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 442. Chap. Fl. 3!t(). Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 378.
EiROPE, Mexico.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario, west to tlie Pacilic, most probably
introduced; New England, throughout the Eastern States to the (!u If, Texas, and
Mexico.
Alabama: Coast plain. Waste jilaces. Mobile County on ballast. .lune to
August; frequent. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae agris."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygonum cristatum Engelm. &. Or. Bost. .Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 259. 1847.
( ' LIM BI N< ; F A LSE BUCKWHEAT.
Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 378.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Georgia, Indian Territory, and Texas.
Ai.aha:ma: Over the State. In thickets and cultivated ground, climbing over
bushes. Cullman, Bibb, Montgomery, and Mobile counties. A pernicious bindweed.
Thti Hjieeimeus from Alal.ama so far observed, referred to P. dumetorum and i'. scan-
(leiiM, belong to this species.
Type locality : "Margins of woods, Arc. near Industry [Texas]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
THYSANELLA Gray, 15ost. .lourn. Nat. Hist. 5 : 24. 1845.
One species. Southern Atlantic North America.
Thysanella fimbriata (Ell.) Gray, Bost. .lourn. Nat. Hist. 5 : 24. 1845.
Fringed Thysanella.
PoJi/goniim fimbriatiim Ell. Sk. 1 : 583. 1817.
Ell." i.e. Chap. Fl. 391.
Louisianian area, (ieorgia, Florida.
Alabama: I'pper division Coast Pine belt. Arid sandy ridges. Geneva County
{E. A. Smith). Flowers white. September; rare. Annual.
Tyyje locality : "Grows on the poorest pine barrens, on tlie high ridges between the
Flint and Chattahooehie rivers, along what is termed the Federal road."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
POLYGONELL A Michx. Fl. I'.or. Am. 2 : 240. 1803.
Seven species, herbs or shrubs. Southeastern North America, 6.
Polygonella polygama (Vent.) Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 231. 1847.
OcToBEK Flower.
rohiqonum pohiqamiim Vent. .lard. Cels. 665. 1800.
Poiijoonella par'iifolia Miehx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 241 . 1803.
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 487
Ell. Sk. 1 : 458. Chap. Fl. 386.
Loulsianian area. Coast of North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Littoral region. Loose sands. Baldwin County, Fish River Bay, shore
of Perdido Bay. Flowers white to pink. October, November; not frequent.
Shrubby.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. 8urv. Herl>. Mohr.
Polygonella gracilis (Nutt.) Meiss. iu DC. Prodr. 14 : 80. 1856.
Slender Jointweed.
Polygonum qracile Nutt. Gen. 1 : 255. 1818.
Chap. Fl. 387.
Louisianian area. On the coast of South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Littoral region. Drifting saatts. Baldwin County, Point Clear.
Annual.
Type locality : "In Georgia? Dr. Baldwyn."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygonella americana (Fisch. & Mey.) Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 141. 1894.
AMEKICAN .lOINTWEED.
(ionopyrum americanum Fisch. & Mey., Mem. Acad. St. Petersl). ser. 6, 4 : 144. 1840.
Polygonella ericoides Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Joui-n. Nat. Hist. 5 : 230. 1845.
P. meiosiieriaua Schuttlew. ; Meiss. in DC. Prodr. 14 : 81. 1856.
Chap. Fi. 387.
Carolinian area. Georgia, southwestern Texas (Riddell), Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Limestone hills. Blount County, Warnock Moun-
tain, about 1,000 feet altitude {Miss Mary Mohr). Jackson County, Pisgah. Flowers
rose color. August; rare. Perennial.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BRUNNICHIA Banks ; Gaertn. Fruct. 1 : 213, t. 45, f. 2. 1788.
One species, perennial climber, southern Atlantic North America.
Brunnichia cirrhosa Banks ; Gaertn. Fruct. 1 : 214, t. 45. 1788.
Ladies' Ear Drops.
Itajania ovata Walt. Fl. Car. 247. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 1:521. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 444. Chap. Fl. 392.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Gulf coast and southern Atlantic slope to cen-
tral Tennessee, southern Illinois, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to the coast! banks of streams^ common. Central
Prairie region. Lauderdale County, Florence, banks of Tennessee River. Hale,
Dallas, Montgomery, and Mobile counties. Flowers greenish white. July, August.
Type locality: " Hab. in Bahama."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosefoot Family.
CHENOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 218. 1753. Goosefoot. Pigweed.
About 50 species, almost cosmopolitan, including some of the most common weeds,
numbers of them naturalized in America. About 8 species native in North America.
Chenopodium album L. Sp. Pl. 1 : 219. 17.53. Lamb's Quarters.
Ell. Sk. 1:330. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 432. Chap. FL 376. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 367. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 46.
Common weed, introduced from Europe, naturalized over the continent.
Alabama : Throughout the State. In cultivated and waste places. Mobile County,
frequent on the sea beach. July. August. Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in agris Europae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chenopodium glaucum L. Sp. PI. 1:220. 1753. Oak-lea vkd Goosefoot.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 432.
Introduced from Europe. Naturalized in New York and New Jersey.
Alabama; Near dwellings. Baldwin County, Blakely. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. ad Europae fimeta."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
488 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
Chenopodhim berlandieri Moq. Cbenop. Enum. 23. 1840.
Hkrlandikk's Goosefoot.
Coulter, f'oniT. Nat. Herb. 2 : 3»)7.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. fcjontlKTn Missouri to Texas and Florida.
Alabama: Littoral ref^iou. Damp gravelly beach. West Fowl River and outly-
ing islands. .Inly. 3 to 1 IV-et high. Annual.
Typo lofality : " Circa Mexico. Berlaudier 1906."
Herb. (Jcol. Sur\ . llorb. Mohr.
Chenopodium murale I.. 8p. Tl. 1 : 219. 1753. Nettle-leaved Gco.sefoot.
Ell. Sk. l:3l.';t. (Jray, Man. od. t), 432. Chap. Fl. 37G. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 3()7. Wats. Bot. CaJif. 2 : 4li.
El KiiPK. NuiMii Ai RUA, West Indies, and Brazil.
AlUgbeniaii to LoHisianian area. Southern New England west to Michigan and
Missouri, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama : Coast plain. Waste places. Mobile, near the shipping and on ballast.
July to Sei)teniber; not rare. Annual.
Type locality: '• Hab. in Europae luuris aggeribnsque."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chenopodium vulvaria L. Sp. PI. 1 : 220. 1753. Ill-scented Goosefoot.
SOl'THERN ElKOriC.
Alabama: Coast plain. Adventive on ballast. Mobile County. .July, August.
Annual.
Fetid annual weed; observed in 188(5, and each succeeding year.
Type locality: " Hab. in Eurojiae cultis oleraceis."
Chenopodium anthelminticum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 220. 1753. Wormseed.
Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anOirlviinticum Cray, Man. ed. 5, 408. 1867.
Ell. Sic. 1:331. Gray, Man. ed. G, 433. Chap. Fl. 377. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 368.
West India Islands. Mexico to Argentina.
Over the North American continent.
Alabama: Over the State, excepting the higher mountain ranges. Koadsides.
waste jilaces. .July to September; a common weed. Annual.
Kcuiiomic uses: The seeds, "American wormseed," Chenopodium United States
Pharmacopii-ia, are used medicinally.
Type locality: "Hab. in Pensylvania, Bonaria."
Herb. Cieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Sp. PI. 1 : 219. 17.53. Mexican Tea.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 330. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 433.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Probably introduced from tropical .Vmerica
and naturalized in all warmer parts of the globe.
Alabama: Coast plain. Mobile County, gardens, waste i)lace8. .Inly, August.
Annual.
Economic uses: The seeds are used like those of the above.
Type locality: "Hab. in Mexico, Lusitania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chenopodium botrys L. Sp. PI. 1 : 219. 1753. Jerusalem Oak.
Ell. Sk. 1:330. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 433. Chap. Fl. 376. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 368.
Introduced from southern Europe, all over temperate and warmer North America.
Alabama: Over the State. Waste ground, near dwellings. Tuscaloosa County.
Mobile Cfiuiity, ballast. July, August. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Europae australis arenosis."
Herb. Geo). Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chenopodium rubrum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 218. 1753. Coast Elite.
Blitum Hia/ i<ini«ni Nutt. Gen. Add. 1818.
B. rubrum Reich. Fl. Germ. Exsic. 582. 1832.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 432. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : .367.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, < )ntario ; New England west to
British Columbia, California; New Jersey west to Kansas, Indian Territory, Colo-
rado, and California.
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 489
Alabama: Waste places. Adveutive with ballast. Mobile, wharf. June, 1893.
Amioal.
Type locality : " Hab. iu Europae cultis, ruderatis.
Herb. Geo]. Suiv.
ROUBIEVA Moq.Ann.Sci.Nat. 8er.2, 1:292. 1834.
One species, South America.
Roubieva multifida (L.) Moij. Ann. Set. Nat. ser. 2, 1:293, <. ^(9. 1834.
CUTLEAF GOOSEFOOT.
Chenopodium mulUfidum L. Sp. PI. 1 :220. 1753.
South Amekica, Sicily (naturalized).
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Adventive along the seashore from New Jersey
to western Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Mobile County. June, July; a frequent ballast weed;
perennial. Observed since 18S7.
Type locality : " Hab. in Bonaria."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ATRIPLEX L. Sp. PI. 2 : 10.52. 1753. Orache.
About 120 species. Cosmopolitan, mostly in maritime regions and alkaline plains
of the interior. North America, 40.
Atriplex arenaria Nntt. Gen. 1 : 198. 1818. Sand Orache.
Obione arenaria Moq. Chenop. Enum. 71. 1840.
Ell. Sk. 2: 578. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 434. Chap. Fl. 377.
Mexico, Brazil.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. From the shores of southern New England to
Florida, west to Mississippi.
Alabama : Littoral region. Sandy beaches, subject to occasional overflow by the
tide. Mol)ile County, West Fowl River. July; not rare. Annual.
Type locality: "On the sandy seacoast of New Jersey."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Atriplex hastata L. Sp. PI. 2: 1053. 1753. Halberd-leaf Orache.
Atriplex patula var. hastata (iray, Man. ed. 5, 409. 1867.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 434. Chap. Fl'. 377.
Allegheniau and Louisianian areas. New Brunswick, Ontario, lake shore, south
along the seashore to Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Mobile. To ;ill appearance adventive with ballast. July.
Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Europa frigidiori."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DONDIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 261. 1763.
Sueda Forsk. Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 69, t. ISO. 1775.
Six species, warmer regions North Hemisphere, mostly North American.
Dondia linearis (Ell.). Tall Sea-blite.
Salmla linearis Ell. Sk. 1 : 332. 1817.
Sneda Hiiearif< Moq. Chenop. Enum. 130. 1840.
Chenopodium niaritimum Walt. Fl. Car. 111. 1788. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 406.
Cuba.
Louisianian area. Seacoast from South Carolina to I'lorida.
Alabama : Littoral region. Sandy low beach. Mobile County, West Fowl River.
July ; not frequent. Animal.
Type locality (Elliott) : '"Grows along the margin of the ocean [South Carolina
and Georgia]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SALICORNIA L. Sp.Pl.l:3. 1753.
Eight species, seashores of the Old and New World.
WH) PLANT LIKE OF ALABAMA.
Salicoriiia bigelovii Toll. liol. .Mt'\. Uouiid. Siirv. 1S4. 1859.
HiGKLoW's fJLAKSWOHT.
Saliroriiia miicroiKilii \U<Xi-\ifw.\\. I'.ost. cd. L', '_'. 1S21. Not Lag. 1H17.
(May. Mini. <(1. tl. i:!l. Coulter, Coiitr. Nat. llerlt. 2 : :{70.
.Ml.'^ln'iiiaii to l.oiiisiiiiiian aroa. Nova Scotia on the coast to New Eiifrlaud,
.-oiitli to I'loiitla and Texa.s.
.\i.AitA.MA: Littoral reuion. Saline niurslies on the seashore. Mobile ('ounty,
West l\)wl River. Cat Island. .Inly, Augnst; not rare. AnnnaL
Tyjte locality: '"On the lioadi at Hia/os Santiago, May; Scliott."
Ilcrl). (ieol. Snrv. Ilerh. Molir.
Salicoriiia ambigua Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:2. 180:5. Shiu'buy Sa.mpiiike.
i:il. Sk. 1:1. 1S17. Uray, Man. ed. G, 435. Chap. Fl. 378. (;onlter, Contr. Nat.
Il.rl). 2::{7().
t ai olinian and Louisianian areas. On the seashore from Massachusetts to Florida,
west to Texas; Pacific coast from Vancouver's Island to California.
Ai.aha.ma: Littoral region. Wet sands and shallow salt marshes. Mobile County,
Dauphin Island, West Fowl River. .July, August; fre<iueiit. PerenniaL
Tvi>e locality . "' Ilab. in Carolinae scirpctis maritimis."
Herb Geol Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
SALSOLA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 222. 1753. Saltwort.
About 40 species, temperate regions North Hemisphere. Mostly on salty plains
of the interior.
Salsola kali L. Sp. PI. 1:222. 1753. Co.mmon Saltwort.
.s'u/so/a caroluiiana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:174. 1803.
Eli. Sk. 1 : 331. Gray, Man. ed. 6 : 435. Chap. Fl. 378.
KuitOl'K.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick; New
England south to Florida and Mississi])])^
Ai.auama: Littoral region. Loose sands (Ui the coast. Baldwin County, east
shore Mobile Bay ; not rare. Annual.
Type locality: '' Hab. in Europae litoribus maris."'
Herb. Ceol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
AMARANTHACEAE. Amaranth Family.
AMARANTHUS L. Sp. IT. 2 : !t89. 1753.
About 50 species, warm temperate and tropical regions of the globe. Many
cosmopolitan weeds. North America, t^ truly indigenous, and an e([ual number
introduced in cultivated grounds.
Amaianthus retroflexus L. Sp. PI. 2:991. 1753. Green Amaranth.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 428. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : .3.58.
South America, Europe.
All over the continent. Cultivated ground, waste places, chiefly Northern.
Alabama : Over the State. In cultivated ami waste ground. Mobile County.
August, September; not frequent. A coarse weed. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Pensylvania. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Amaranthus hybridus L. Sp. IT. 2 : 990. 1753. Pioweed.
. / inaranthns hypochondriacHS L. Sp. PI. 2 : 991. 1753.
A. chloroxtach'yn Willd. Amaranth. 34, 1. 10, f. 19. 1790.
A. chlorostaclnjs vai'. hi/hridua Grav, Man. ed. (5, 428. 1890.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, 428. Chap. Fl. 380. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 358.
All over tro])ical and temperate America.
Alaua-Ma: Over the State. Introduced in cultivated ground, waste places.
Variable; common weed. .July to October. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herl). Mohr.
Amaranthus spinosus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 991. 17.53. Spiny Pigweed.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 428. Chap. Fl. 380. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 359.
Eastern North America from New York to the (Julf, Texas, and Arkansas. Intro-
dticed from tropical America.
AMAEANTH FAMILY. 491
Alabama: Ovei- the State. Cultivated ground. July to October. Abundant.
A most troublesome weed. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Indiis."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mobr.
Amaranthus graecizans L. Sp. PL 2 : 990. 1753. Tumbleweed.
Ainaranthus albus L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1404. 1763.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 428. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 3.59. Chap. Fl. 380.
Mediterranean region of Europe, Mexico.
AUegheniiui to Louisianian area. Ontario to British Columbia ; southern New
England and New York to Pennsylvania, thence to Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Found only on ballast. Mobile County. J aly, August; rare. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. 8nr\ . Herb. Mohr.
Amaranthus deflexus L. Mant. 2 : 29.5. 1771. Low Amaranth.
Emolus detiexus Raf. Fl. Tell. 3 : 42. 1836.
Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 1 : 590. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 400.
Brazil, Peru, Southern Europe, Afrua.
Alabama: Adventive on ballast. Mobile County. September, 1891. Annual.
Also observed in Pensacola, Fla.
Type locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Amaranthus muricatus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2 : 276. 1849.
Muricate Amaranth.
Peru, Brazil.
Alabama: Fugitive from Snuth America, on ballast. Mobile County. Septem-
ber, 1891. Annual.
Type locality: " Prope Mendoza (Gillies!) et Buenos-Ayres (Tweedie!)."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SCLEROPUS Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1835.
One 8])ecies, West Indies, Florida.
Scleropus crassipes (Schlecht.) Moq.in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2 : 271. 1849.
Amaranth-like Scleropus.
Amaranthus crassipes Schlecht. Linnaea, 6 : 757. 1831.
Scleroi)us amarantoides Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1835.
Chap. Fl. 381. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 68.
West Indies, Mexico, PepvU.
Louisianian area. Southern Florida.
Alabama : Fugitive on ballast. Mobile County. October, 1892, 1893. Annual.
Type locality: "In locis pahidosis ad rivulos insulao Sti. Thomae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ACNIDA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1027. 1753.
Four or 5 species, North America, West Indies. Coarse paludial herbs.
Acnida caunabina L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1027. 1753. Water Hemp.
Ell. Sk. 2: 694. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 429. Chap. Fl. 381.
Alleglienian to Louisianian area. Southern New England, alongthe coast to Florida,
Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Margin of brackish marshes. Mobile County, month of
Dog River, One-mile Creek, 5 to 6 feet high, October 8, 1896. Not frequent. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia paludibus salsis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ALTERNANTHERA R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. TToll. 417. 1810.
A vaguely limited genus of about 16 species, of the subtropical and tropical zones.
Southeastern Atlantic North America, 4.
Alternanthera polygonoides R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Hoi. 417. 1827.
(iompJu-ena 2}oJi/tio)wides L. Sp. PI. 1 : 225. 1753.
Telaiithera pohiqonoides Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2: 363. 1849.
Chap. Fl. 383. " Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. lud. 67.
4U2 PLANT LIFE <>K ALABAMA.
Wkst Inhies. Mkxico to Akc.rntina.
Lonisiiiiiian area. Coast of Sontli Carolina to soiitluMii Florida.
Ai.AUAM.v : A(lvontiv«<oti ballast. Mobile Coiiuty, Soptcrnber, l>iH6 to 18!»."i. I'eroii-
ni.-il.
Tyjio locality : "In .Vmi-ricra littoribiis niari.s.''
Horb. Cieol. .Siirv . Herb. Mohr.
Alternaiithera pungeiis 1 1. B. K. Nov. Gen. &. Sp. 2 : 206. 1817.
IVIantliira pinK/ius Mo(|. in DC. Prodr. 13, ]tt. li:;{71. 1H4!).
Jlliriiiiiitlicra acln/ntnthn \ ar. Iriaiitliii Mart. V\. Bras. 5. jit. 1 : 183, /. .55. ISoo.
.\i..\iiama: Fu).jitive from the West Indies on ballast luiajja. Mobile County.
AuL'nst to < )(tober. F1ow<th white; ptT<'nnial. < ibserved for a series of years nntil
destroyed.
Type locality : " Crescit in ripa ( )rino<i proi)e nohileni cataractaui May)tureu8ium."
Herb. Geol. .Snrv. Herb. Mobr.
Alternanthera repens (L.) Knutze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 :53»!. 1891. Forty K.not.
Aclnp-dnthrH repens L. Sjt. I'l. 1 : 225. 1753.
AUernttnthera aehifianthu K. Br. Fl. Nov. Holl. 413. 1810.
lllecehnun arhyraniha Walt. Fl. Car. 103. 1788.
Kll. Sk. 1:309. Chap. F1.382. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 07. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2: 361.
In most of the warmer regions of the globe.
Wkst Imhes to Akokntina, Southeun Etrope, A.sia.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Dry exposed places near dwellings. Mobile, pavements
and sidewalks, streets of the city. Flowers white. August to November. Peren-
nial.
Economic uses : The herb is used domestically as a medicine.
Type locality : " Hab. in Turcomannia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TELANTHERA R. Br. in Tuckey, Congo Exp. 177. 1818.
About .56 species, littoral plants; perennials. West Indies to Brazil.
Telauthera pMloxeroides acutifolia Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, ])t. 2:363. 1849.
Mart. I'l. Bras. 5, pt. 1 : t. .;/, /. 11.
Stem slender. 2 or 3 feet long, decumbent, rooting in the mud; lower jiart sub-
mersed, upper jiart ascending; round, hollow, ilcshy, pubescent in lines and at the
iiiternodes, else smooth like the opposite, oblong-lanceolate, slightly acuminate
leaves which are attenuated at the base into a short, broad, pubescent ])etiole.
Flowers white in roundish he.ids, borne near the apex of the stems on a stout ])edun-
de shorter than the leaves. The scarious bracts ovate, cuspidate, shorter than the
5-carinate, 3-nerved, acute, glabrous sepals.
WK.ST Indies, Brazil.
Alabama: Stagnating tide-water streams. Mobile County. One-mile Creek, near
its month, tilling comidetely the bed of the creek. Flowers white. September, 1897.
Ad\ entive.
Type locality: "In Brasilia prope S. Paul eivitatem, * * *^ circa Bahiam
" ', prope Buenos- Ayres."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ACHYRANTHES L. Sp. PI. 1 : 204. 17.53.
Tropical .and subtropical regions.
Achyraxithes aspera obtusifolia (Lam.) Griseb. Fl. Brit. "W. Ind. 62. 1864.
Aehyranthes ohtusi folia Lam. Encycl. 1:545. 1783.
West Indies, United States, Ea.st Indies.
.Alabama: Fugitive from the neighboring tropics. Mobile County, ballast
grounds. Ferennial.
Type locality: "Cette ])lante crolt naturellement dans I'Inde."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CELOSIA L. Sp. PI. 1:205. 1753.
About 35 species, tropical zone.
Celosia margaritacea L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1:297. 1762.
Fugitive from the tropics, on ballast. Mol>ile County. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in America. "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
FOUE O CLOCK FAMILY. 493
FROELICHIA Moeiicb, Meth. 50. 1794.
Ten species, in warmer regions. America, United States to BrazlL
Froelichia floridana (Nutt.) Moq. in DC. Frodr. 13, pt. 2:420. 1849.
Florida Froklichia.
Oplothecafioridana Nutt. Geu. 2 : 79. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2: 155. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 430. Chap. Fl. 384. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:363.
West Indies, Mexico.
Allegheniau to Louisianiau area. Wisconsin and southern Minnesota to Nebraska
aud Colorado; Illiuois south to Georgia and Florida, thence west to Texas and
Arkansas.
Alabama : Littoral region. Dry sands. Baldwin County, eastern shore of Mobile
Bay. June, July ; not frequent. Annual.
Type locality : "On the banks of the Altamaha River. Baldwyn."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BATIDACEAE. Batis Family.
BATIS P. Br. Hist. Jam. 1:356. 1756.
A single species, a frutescent halophyte of the warmer jiarts of America.
Batis marltima L. Syst. ed. 10, 1380. 1759. Batis.
Chap. Fl. 411. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 61.
West Indies, Mexico to Venezuela.
Louisianian area. Western Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Littoral region. Saline marshes. Mobile County, shores of Mississippi
Sound and outlying islands. July; not infre{|iieut. Shrub.
Type locality not ascertained, probably West Indian.
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
PHYTOLACCACEAE. Pokeweed Family.
PHYTOLACCA L. Sp. PI. 1:441. 1753. Pokebekky. Pokeweed.
About 11 species, widely diffused over the Old World and America. Perennial
herbs.
Phytolacca decaudra L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1 : 631. 1762. Common Pokebbrry.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 530. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 436. Chap. Fl. 375. Coulter, Contr. Nat Herb.
2 : 372.
Southern Europe (introduced).
Allejfhenian and Louisiauian areas. Ontario and New England west to Minne-
sota, south to Florida, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Border of woods, fiidds, copses, in fertile soil. Tus-
caloosa, Cullman, Montgomery, aud Mobile couutics. Flowers rose-piuk, Julj^ to
October; berries purplish black, September, October. Frecjueut.
Economic uses: The root is the "pokeroot,"' " I 'hytolaccae radix," and the berries,
the "pokeberry," " Phytolaccae fructus," of the United States Pharmacopoeia.
Type locality : "Hab. in \irginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
NYCTAGINACEAE. Four o'clock Family.
ALLIONIA Loed. Iter. Ilisp. 181. 175<s.
Oxybaphus L'Her. ; Willd. Sp. PL 1:105. 1797.
About 10 species, perennial. North America to Mexico.
Alliojiia albida Walt. Fl. Car. 84. 1788. Pale LTmbrellawort.
Oxijbaphus albida Chois. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2:434. 1849.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 187. Chap. Fl. 373 ; ed. 3, 393. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 352.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, Mississippi, Texas, Arkansas, and
Tennessee,
4<)4 PLANT TJFK OF ALAl^AMA,
Alabama: ('.'ntriil rriiirio re^rion. Dry hills. Moiitjionicry Comity, rinwrrs
whito or i>ale pink. July to Seiitoiubcr; local ;m(l rare, ronsiinial.
Typi' locality : "South ('an)liiia."
H'fih. (ieol. Stirv. llerh. Mohr.
Allioiiia nyctagiuea Miclix. Fl. Mor. Am. 1: 100. 1S03.
UKAKI-I.KAK llMltKKI.I.AWoltr.
()j-yhiipliiiM niictagimiiH Sweet, Ilort. Hrit. 11.'!'. 18:'0.
Urav. Man. .•(l. (?, IL'S. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 614; ed. :?, 'MX Coullcr, ("oulr. Nat.
Il.Tl). 2 ::<")!.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Mauitoha to northern Saskatchuwjin ; Min-
ue.'»ota, WiNconsin, Nebraska, Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas, anil western Texas.
Alaha.ma: .Mountain region. Tennessee liasin. Kocky dry copses, bonier of
woods. Madison County, .Montesano, about 1,000 feet. Flowers puridish red. May,
Jnue; rare. IVreuuial.
Stem 8inii)le, 12 to 1.5 inches high, from a stout cylin(lric;il rootsloc-U.
Tyi)e locality: "Hab. ad ripas lluniiuis Tennasade."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BOERHAVIA L. (ion. I'l. ed. 5, 4. 17.53.
About 20 species, annuals, tropical and subtropical zones. North America, 11);
western Texas, 15; South Atlantic States, 3.
Boerhavia erecta L. Sp. PI. 1 : 3. 17i53. Ekec t P.okkiian ia.
Ell. Sk. 1:41. Chap.Fl.373. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 356. Griseb. Fl. Hrit.
W. Ind. 69.
WE.ST Inoiks, Mexico, Galapaco.s Islands.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to ('oast plain. Dry cultivated and wii;.ie
places, about dwellings. Flowers pale red. July to October ; common. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Vera Cruce."'
Herb. (ieol. Surv.
Boerhavia hirsuta Willd. I'hyt. no. 3. 1794. Haiky lioEUiiAVi.x.
Chap. Fl. 373. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 356. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 69.
West Indies, Mexico to Guiana, Galapagos Islands.
Louisianian area. Southern Florida. Southwestern I'exas.
Alabama: Fugitive from the tropics. ()n ballast ground. Mobile County, Sep-
tember, 1X93.
Type locality (Willd. Sp. PL): "Hab. in siccis arenosis Jamaicae."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
AIZOACEAE. Figwort Family.
MOLLUGO L. Sp. PL 1 : 89. 1753. Indian Ciiickweed.
About 1 dozen species, in warmer parts of the globe.
Mollugo verticillata L. Sp. PL 1 : 89. 1753. Cakpetwked.
Ell. Sk. 1:183. (irav, Man. ed. 6, 198. Chap. Fl. 48. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 138. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 56.
West Indies, Mexico to Argentina.
Naturalized and widely dittused through tempernte and warmer North .Vmerica.
From Ontario to the Columbia River, .south to the (iulf and southern California.
Alabama: All over the State. In cultivated and waste ground. .June to October.
Common. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Africa, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SESUVIUM L. Syst. ed. 10, 1058. 1759.
Four species of the seacoast and inland saline places in warm region.s. North
America, 2 or 3 species.
Sesuvium portulacastrum Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 10.58. 1759. Larger Sea Pitiislaxe.
Ell. Sk. 1 : .5.55. Chap. Fl. 44. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 137. Wats. Bot. Calif.
1:251. Griseb. FL Brit. W. Ind. 57.
Widely distributed on the seacoasts of tropical and subtropical regions.
PUKSLANE FAMILY. 495
Asia, Africa, West Indies to Argentina.
Loiiisianiau area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas and California.
Alabama : Sandy sea beaches exposed to the waves. Mobile County, Sand Island.
Flowers red. December; not common. Perennial.
The prostrate and ascending stems, many from the same rootstock, and from 8 to
12 inches long, cover large patches.
Type locality (L. Sp. PI. ed. 2) : " Hab. in Indiae maritimis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sesuviuiii revolutifolium Ortega, Hort. Matrit. 19. 1800.
Sesuvium sessile Pers. Syn. 2 :39. 1805.
S. portulamstrum DC. Hist. PI. Grass, t. 9.
S. portulacasirum var. subsessile Gray, PI. Wright. 1: 13. 1853.
South America; North America, alkali plains of western Texas to southeastern
California.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast, Mobile County, September, 1892. Annual.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sesuvium maritimum ( Walt. ) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. Fl. N. Y. 20. 1888. Sea Purslane.
Pharnaceum maritimum Walt. Fl. Car. 117. 1788.
Sesuvium pentandrum Ell. Sk. 1 : 556. 1817.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 198. Chap. Fl. 44.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Seacoast from Long Island to Florida, west
to Mississippi.
Alabama: Littoral region. Saline pools on sandy beaches. Mobile County, Dau-
phin Island. Flowers greenish white. August; not frequent. Annual?
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PORTULACACEAE. Purslane Family.
PORTULACA L.Sp. PL 1:445. 1753.
About 16 species, of warmer temperate and tropical regions, chiefly American.
North America, 10; west of the Mississippi, 5; Eastern Atlantic States, 2.
Portulaca oleracea L. Sp. PI. 1 : 445. 1753. Common Purslane.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 534. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 90. Chap. Fl. 44. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 74.
Cosmopolitan. Widely and abundantly diffused in temperate regions. Doubt-
fully indigenous in the Atlantic region of North America. Naturalized from southern
Ontario to the Gulf and across the continent.
Alabama: (Jver the State. In cultivated ground. Flowers yellow; May to Sep-
tem1)er. Ripens its seeds to the close of the season. Common everywhere. Annual.
Type locality: " Hal), in Europa australi, India, Insula Ascensionis, America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Portulaca pilosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 44.5. 1753. Red-flowering Purslane.
Grav, Man. ed. 6, 91. Chap. Fl. 44. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 32. Wats. Bot.
Calif.'l : 74. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 57.
West Indies, Mexico to Peru, Brazil.
Louisianian area. From Texas to Florida and North Carolina; also California.
Alabama: Lower Pine region to Central Pine belt. Dry sandy places. Mobile
County, Grand Bay, about dwellings. Autauga County, Prattville {E. A. Smith)
Flowers .July, August. Annual.
Apparently introduced from the tropics.
Type locality : " Hab. in America meridional!."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TALINUM Adans. Fam. PL 2 : 245. 1763.
Fifteen species, warmer parts America, West Indies to Brazil. I'nited States, 8;
Southern States, 1.
Talinum teretifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 :365. 1814. Purple Talinum.
ElLSk. 1:535. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 91. Chap. Fl. 44.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Southeastern New York; Pennsylvania south
to North Carolina and Georgia, northwest from Indiana to Minnesota, Nebraska,
Arkansas, and Colorado.
A\){] PLANT LIFE OF ALAHAMA.
Alabama: Moniitaiii rojjion. OnexixiscdrnckH. Clay ("oniitj', Baldrork, 2,200 feet.
ruUinan County, S()0 fort ( MixHix Emihj and Mnrii Mohr). Hlomit Comity. Warnock
MoimtaiiiM. 1,(X)() iVot. WalkerCouuty, Clear Cnt^k Falls. I'loweis rose purple, .Inly;
not tVei|iHMit, local. Fereuuial.
Tyjn' locality : "< )ii smiiiy rocks: I tola\v;iro and \'ir<;inia.'
Horb. (u'ol. fcjurv. ilorb. Slohr.
CLAYTONIA L. Sp. I'i. 1 : 2(i4. 1753.
• About 20 Hjtf^cies. perennials, boreal and teniper.ito regions, chietly we8i^,ern Nortli
America. Atlantic United .States, 2.
Claytoiiia virgiuica L.Sp. I'l. 1:204. 17."i:?. Vikcinian Spring Ba'auty.
Kll.sk. l::>Ot). Gray. Man. ed.t>,!»L Chap. Fl. 44.
Canadian /one to Carolinian area Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Ontario t.o
Saskatchewan and Alaska; New F.njiland west to Minnesota and Nebraska, south
thronjrhout the Ohio Valley, west to Missouri and Arkansas, and from Virginia along
the mountains to Ge<irgia.
Ai.aha.ma: Mountain region. Tennessee basin. In rich copses and open woods.
Lawrence County. Moulton. Jackson County, Scottsboro. Flowers white or pale
rose. April, May; rare.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ALSINACEAE. Pink Family.
AGROSTEMMA L. Sp. I'l. 1 : VAb. 17.53.
Agrostemma githago L. Sp. PI. 1 : 43.5. 1753. Corn-cockle.
Gray, Man.ed.6, X5. Chap. Fl. 52.
Introduced from Kuro])e with grain. Canada throughout the Eastern Atlantic and
Gulf States, sparingly diffused southward.
Alabama: Over the State. Road.sides, borders of fields. Tuscaloosa County.
MobileConnty, ballast ground. Flowers purple. .June, July; uotfrequent. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. inter Europae segetes."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SILENE L.Sp. PI. 1:416. 17.53.
Three hundred and more species, temperate regions Northern Hemisphere; most
frei|uent in the Old World. Europ<>, 150 species. North America, about 30; of these
neaily one-third advi'utive from Europe. Western North America 16, Atlantic
States about 15, indigenous 9.
Sileue stellata (L.) Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 3 : 84. 1811. Starry Campion.
Cucuhalus stdlatus L. Sp. PI. 1 : 414. 17.53.
Ell. Sk. 1.-514. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 84. Chap. P^l. 51.
Alleghcnian and Cantlinian areas. Rhode Island west to Minnesota, Colorado, and
Utah, south to the Ohio Valley and Arkansas, and along the mountains to Georgia.
Alaba.ma: Mountain region to Central Pine belt. Rich shaded banks. Clay
County, Emoiy's Gap, 1,600 feet. Cullman County, 800 feet. Bibb County. Tusca-
loosa County, 400 feet {E. A. Smith). Flowers white. July, August; not common.
Perennial.
Tyj)e locality : "Hab. in Virgini.i, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb, Mohr.
Sileue ovata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 316. 1816. Sottiikun Ca:\ii'Ion.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 517. Chap. Fl. .51. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 190.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Mountains of North Carolina to Georgia.
Alabama : Mountain region. Central Prairie region. Dry sandy banks. Mont-
gomery County, ravines on Chincpiapin HiU. Cullman County (Miss M. Mohr).
Flowers white. August; rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "In the western part of Georgia and Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Silene rotundifolia Nutt. Gen. 1: 288. 1818. RouND-LKAVKn Campion,
(iray, Man. ed. 6, 84. Chap. Fl. 51.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Kentucky ; Tennessee, (Cumberland Mountains.
Alaba.ma: Mountain region. Shady rocks. Winston County, Colliers Creek, 1,500
PINK FAMILY. 497
feet. Dekalb County, Lookout Monntain, near Mentone, 1,600 feet. Flowers scarlet.
July; infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " In the State of Ohio and Tennessee, on the moist ledges of rocks."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Silene caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 142. 1788. Wild Pink.
Silene pennsi/Ivanica Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 272. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 515. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 84. Chap. Fl. 51.
Carolinian area. Eastern New England to New Jersey, West Virginia, Ohio, and
Tennessee, and along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rocky l>ank8 and hillsides. Cullman County (ifisses
Mohr). Flowers white to pale pink. April; rare. Perennial.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Silene virginica L. Sp. PI. 1:419. 1753. Fire Pink. Catchfly.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 516, in part. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 84. Chap. Fl. 51.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southwestern Ontario ; western New York, west
to Minnesota, south to thi^ Ohio Valley, west to Missouri and Arkansas, and from
New Jersey to western Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountainregion to Upperdivision of Coast Pine belt.
Open woods. Cullman, Tuscaloosa, and Montgomery counties. Clarke County, Choc-
taw Corner. Flowers crimson. April to June; frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Silene regia Sims, Bot. Mag. 41 : t. 17J-i. 1815. Royal Catchfly.
Gray, Man. ed. 6,84. Chap. Fl. 5L
Carolinian area. Prairies Ohio, Kentucky, southern Missouri.
Alabama : Lower hills. Upper division Coast Pine belt. Open woods. Bibb
County, Pratt's Ferry. Butler County (£. A. Smith). Wilcox County, prairies (S. B.
Buckley). Flowers deep starlet. Perennial.
Type locality : "Native of North-America. Found by Mr. Nuttall, * * * in
the environs of St. Louis, on the Mississippi; from whose seeds our plant was
raised."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Silene antirrhinaL. Sp. PI. 1:419. 1753. Snapdragon Catchfly.
Ell. Sk. 1:517. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 84. Chap. Fl. 52. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 29. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 63.
Alleghenian and Louisianian areas. From Canada to Florida and Tennessee, west
to Colorado ; British Columbia.
Alabama: Over the State. Cultivated ground, roadsides. Mobile County. Flowers
white. April ; frequent. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Silene anglica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 416. 1753.
Silene f/aUica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 417. 1753.
Introduced.
Alabama: Fugitive from Europe. Ballast ground, Mobile County. Not frequent.
Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Anglia, Gallia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SAPONARIA L. Sp. PL 1:408. 1753.
Saponaria officinalis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 408. 1753. Soapwort.
Ell. Sk. 1:514. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 83. Chap. Fl. 52.
Naturalized from Europe. Nova Scotia, Ontario, and throughout the Atlantic
States.
Alabama: Adventive all over the State. Most frequent in central and upper dis-
tricts. Roadsides, borders of fields and gardens. Clay, Cullman, Autauga, and
Mobile counties. Flowers pink, frequently double. July, August. Perennial.
Economic uses: The root, called "soap root," is used medicinally.
Type locality : "Hab. in Luropa media."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
15894 32
498 PLANT l.IKK OF ALABAMA.
VACCARIA Mc.lic. Thil. Hot. !:!»«. ITSit.
Vaccaiia vaccaria (L.) lUittoii in Hritt. A, Hr. III. 1'1.2: IH. 1X!)7. Cowhekb.
Sdjjonariu lavcaria 1^. Sp. PL 1 : 109. 1753.
lavcdria vulnaris Host. FL Aust. 1 : 518. 1827.
Cray. ^Lm. eiL C, 8S.
Atlvi'utive froiu lOiirope. OccaHioiially nut with in (JaiiiuLi and throughout the
Atlantic States, and in Ccdorad*).
Alak.vma: Mobile County, cultivated ground. !• lowers May, Juno; piuk. Rare.
Annual.
Ty))<' locality : " Hah. inter scgetes Galliae, Gerniauiae."
Herb, tieol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
SAGINA L. .Sp. I'l. 1: 1:^8. 1753. I'karlwokt.
About lli species, temperate regions of Kuropi^ and North America.
Sagiiia decumbens (Ell.) Torr. ife Gray, FL N. A. 1 : 177. 1838.
Spirgida deriimhcns Ell. Sk. 1 : 523. 1817.
Gray, Man. ed. tJ, 8!t. Chap. FL 48; ed. 3, 41.
Carolinian and Ijouisianian areas. New York west to southern Illinois .ind Mis-
Bouri, south to North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and southern Arkansas.
Ai.aisama: Mountain region. Central Pine belt. Pastures, roadsides. Cullman
County. Tuscaloos;i County (/t'. J. -Smi//!). Flowers Ai>ril; rare. Annual.
Type locality: " (irows iu ticlds and pastures [South Carolina and Georgia]."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sagiua decumbens smithii ((Jray) Wats. Bibl. Index, 105. 1878.
Sai/iiia siihiilata sinitliii (>rav. Man. cd. 5, 95. 18()7.
Gray, Man. ed. 0, 89. 1890. '
Candiniau and Louisiauiau areas. Coast of New Jersey to Florida, west to
Mississippi.
Ai-AHAMA: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. In dry sandy soil. Barren
lields, roadsides. Montgomery and Mobile counties. Flowers March, April; very
eomnion. Annual.
The plants exauuned from the lower countries of Georgia, Florida, and Mississippi
belong to this variety. From the remark of Elliott, " Seeds roughish under a
strong microscope," it appears that some of the plants under his type belong to this
variety.
Type locality: "Near Philadelphia, in waste ground, and sandy fields, &c., Soiners
Point, N.J."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CERASTIUM L.Sp. PL 1:437. 17.53.
Fifty to 60 species of the temperate regions Northern ]lemis))bere. North Amer-
ica, 9.
Cerastium longipedunculatum Muhl.Cat. 46. 1813. Nodding Chickweed.
(JerastiniH nnlnns KuL Prec. Decouv. 36. 1814.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 88. Chap. FL 50.
Mexico.
Hudsonian zone to Carolinian area. Nova Scotia and Ontario to Hudsons Bay. Brit-
ish Columbia, and Vancouver; New England west to Minnesota, Nebraska, the
Kocky Mountains, and Washington, south to Ohio, Tennessee, and North Carolina.
Alabama : Lower hills. Tuscaloosa County (i^. ^. jSmi</i). Flowers white. May;
rare. Annual.
Type locality: "Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cerastium viscosum L. Sp. PL 1 : 437. 17.53. Mouse-eau Chickweed.
Cera»tiiim (jlomeratinn Thuill. FL Paris, ed. 2, 226. 1796.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 88. Chap. FL 50.
Europe.
Widely spread over North America from Canada to the Gulf. Most probably
introduced.
PINK FAMILY. 499
Alabama: Over the State. Roadsides, pastures, in dry ground. Mobile County.
Flowers February, March; common. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. iu Europae pratis macileutis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Europe.
Cerastium vulgatum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : (i27. 1762. LargkrMousk-ear Chickweed.
Cerastinm iriviaU Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1 : 433. 1821.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 88. Chap. Fl. 50. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 29.
Naturalized from Europe. Distribution of the last, less fre(|uent.
Alabama : All over the State. In gardens, borders of fields, grass plots. Flowers
white. March, April; less common than the above. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Scaniae et Europae australioris pratis, areis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Her)>. Mohr.
ALSINE L. Sp. PI. 1:272. 1753.
(Stellaria L. Sp. PI. 1:421. 1753.)
About 75 species, temperate regions Northern Hemisphere.
Alsine media L. Sp. PI. 1:272. 17.53. Common Chickweed,
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 86. Chap. Fl. 50.
Europe.
Throughout the continent ; introduced.
Alabama: Abundant on cultivated ground and in damp waste places. One of the
most common of our winter annuals.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae cultis.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Alsine pubera (Michx.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club. 4: 107. 1893.
Soft Hairy Starwort.
Stellaria puheraMXchs.. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:273. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:517. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 87. Chap. Fl. 50.
Carolinian area.
Alabama: Rich woods, in the hills. Tuscaloosa County. May, .June; not fre-
quent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in montibns sylvaticis Carolinae st-ptentrionalis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Alsine pubera tennesseensis var. nov.
Perennial, from a slender, creeping rootstock, stem ascending, 6 to 8 inches high,
snioothish; leaves broadly ovate \ inch wide, sessile or i)etiolulate, calyx lobes more
or lessobtuse or acutish, almost as long as the petals.
Readily distinguished from the type by the foliage of rich dark green, broader
leaves, and stouter habit of growth.
Carolinian area. Kentucky.
Alabama: Rich shaded banks. Tuscumbia County, shaded rocky shelves, bluffs
of the Tennessee River near Sheffield. Madison County, Montesano ( lUtker .y- Earle).
Dr. J. Small finds our plant identical with specimens collected in Kentucky by
Dr. Short.
Intermediate forms from the knobs in Southern Indiana connect it with the type.
(Mohr.)
Type locality: The stations mentioned above.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ARENARIA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 423. 17.53.
(Alsine Wahl. Fl. Suppl. 127. 1812. Not L.)
About 150 species, widely distributed over the globe, mostly in cool temperate,
alpine, and arctic regions. North America, 30. Southern United States, 5.
Arenaria stricta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 274. 1803. • Michaux's Sandwort.
Arenaria michaaxii Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 23 : 287. 1867.
EU.Sk. 1:521. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 85. Chap. Fl. 49. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:30.
Canadian zone to (Jarolinian area.
Ontario to Lake Superior and Saskatchewan; New England west to Michigan,
500 rT>ANT IJKE OK ALABAMA.
WiscoiiHiii, south frtim Honthcni New Voik and New .IcrHty iiloiij; tlm iiKiuiitiiiiis to
(itM)r|;ia; moiintains of Koiitliwfstcru ToxaH.
Alabama: Moiiiitaiu icfjioii at greatest elcvatioiiH. On lockg. WinHton ('oiinly
{T. M. l't(riM). Flowers wliito. .luiio, .Inly. I'crennial.
Type locality : '• Halt, in rniiilms Xo\ ao Angliao, Canadac"
Herb. (ieol. Snrv. Herb. .Mohr.
Areuaria patula Miclix. Fl. Hor. Am. 1 : 2TA. 18(W. I'nciiKVt'i^ Sani>\vokt.
Ariiuuhi pUcluri Nutt. ; Torr. A- CJrav, Fl. N. A. 1 : ISO. WAX.
(iray, Man. vd. 6. SC. Chap. Fl. 19.
Caroliniau area. Southern \'ir<jinia. west to southern lllinoiH, southcru Missouri,
i\n<l Arkauaas. south to North Carolina, Tennessee, and soutlnvestcru Texas. (Riddell,
in herb.)
Ai.amama: Mountain region. Tennessee basin. Lawrence County. Madison
County, lluntsville. .lackson County. Scottsboro. Fretiuent on exposed limestone
rocks. Occasionally on river hanks in the lower country. Sumter County, Esjies
Station {K. A. Sniiili). Baldwin (Niunty, Point Clear, adventive from the upper
country on drilted rubbish on the bay shore. Flowers white. May. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in rupibiis circa Knoxville.'"
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Arenaria brevifolia Nutt. ; Torr. A, Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 180. 1838.
Siionri.KAK Sanowokt.
Chap. Fl. 49.
Carolinian area. Mountains of Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Exposed sandstone rocks. Dekalb County, summit
of Lookout Mountain, 2,000 feet. Flowers white. June; rare. Annual.
Type locality: "On rocks, Georgia, Nutiall!"
Herb.,Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Areuaria serpyllifolia L. Sp. PI. 1 : 423. 1753. Thymklkak Sandwort.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 518. Gray, Man. ed. 0, 85. Chap. Fl. 49.
EUHOI'K.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Fhigland along
the mountains to Georgia. Natui-alized. f
Alabama: Mountain region. On dry or damj) rocky places, to all appearances
indigenous. Madison County, Montesano, about 1,000 feet. Jackson County, Scotts-
boro. Flowers white. May; not infreciuent. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in Europae sylvis glareosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Areuaria lanuginosa Rohrb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 14, jit. 2 : 274, /. 63. 1872.
Spreading Stakwokt.
Spcrgnlasfrnm lanitginosnm Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 275. 1803.
Areuaria diffusa Ell. Sk. 1 : 519. 1817.
Siellaria lanuginosa Torr. &, Gray, IT. N. Am. 1 : 187. 1838.
Ell. Sk. I.e. Chap. Fl. 49.
Mexico, Central America to Argentina.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida, west to Mi.S8i8si]>pi.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Coast plain. Shady copses, thickets in dry soil.
Franklin County, Kussellville. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Most frequent near
the coast. Perennial.
Type locality not ascertained ; Michaux's locality : " Hab. in meridionalibus Amer-
icae septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SPERGULA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 440. 1753.
Two or three species of temperate l^urope and Asia. Widely naturalized weeds
in iields.
Spergula arveusis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 440. 175^. Corn Spurry.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 523. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 90. Chap. Fl. 48.
Europe.
Naturalized from Canada to the Gulf and sparingly on the Pacific coast.
Alabama: Coast plain. Abundant in sandy low fields, pastures. Mobile County.
Flowers white. March. Annual.
Economic uses: Useful for fodder; valuable for early pasture.
Type locality : "Hab. in Europae agris.''
Heib. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PINK FAMILY. 501
TISSA Adans. Farn. PI. 2 : 507. 1763.
(Spergularia Pers. Syn. 1 : 504. 1805. )
Altoiit 20 species. Seacoast and saline inland stations of temjierate regions,
Northern Hemisphere. North America, 6.
Tissa marina (L.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 16 : 127. 1889. Sand Spurrv.
Arenaria rubra var. marina L. Sp. PI. 1 : 423. 1753.
Spergularia salina PresI, Fl. Cech. 95. 1819.
Buda marina Dumort. Fl. Belg. 110. 1827.
Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 89. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 71. 1876. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 30.
1891.
Europe, Mexico to Brazil.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, seashore ; saline
plains west to the Rocky Mountains, British Columbia, and California ; New England
along the seashore to I'loridii, west to Texas.
Alabama : Littoral region. Brackish sands. Mobile County, West Fowl River.
Fruit purplish. May. Seeds with rough projections, scarcely margined. Rare.
Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in litoribus marinis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Tissa rubra (L.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 16 : 127. 1889. Pink Sand Spukry.
Arenaria rubra L. Sp. PI. 1 : 423. 1753.
Spergularia rubra Presl, Fl. Cech. 93. 1819.
Buda rubra Dumort. Fl. Belg. 110. 1827.
Chap. Fl. 48. Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 89.
Europe.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Nova Scoti.^, New Brunswick; New England
south to Virginia and Florida.
Alabama: Adventive on ballast. Mobile County, found once. Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae arenosis collibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
STIPULICIDA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 26. 1803.
A single species, southern United States.
Stipulicida setacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 26, f. 6. 1803. Tiny Stipulicida.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 51. Chap. Fl. 47.
Louisianian area. North Cai'olina, Florida, west to Mississippi.
Alabama: Littoral region, Central Pine belt. Baldwin County, drifting sands.
Eastern shore of Mobile Bay. Autauga County, Prattville, gravelly banks of streams.
April to .Tune; not rare. Annual.
Type locality: ''Hab. in sabulosis aridis Carolinae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
POLYCARPON L. Syst. ed. 10, 881. 1759.
Sis species, warmer and temperate regions of both hemisjiheres.
Polycarpoii tetraphylluni L. f. Suppl. 116. 1781.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 182. Chap. Fl. 48.
Southern Europe.
Louisianian area. Cosmopolitan in warmei- regions. Introduced into South Caro-
lina and Georgia.
Alabama: Coast plain. Sandy exposed soil. Mobile County, on ballast ground,
and iu waste places along the river front. Annual.
Type locality (Willd. Sp. PI.) : " Hab. in Italiae, Istriae, G. Narbonensis vineis.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PARONYCHIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 272. 1763. Wiiitlow-wort.
About 40 species, iu warmer regions of the Northern Hemisphere. North America,
9 or 10. Southern States, 5.
r)()2 ri-ANT LIFK OK ALABAMA.
Paronychia baldw^inii (Ton. A. day* ('h:ii>. V\. Hi. IstlO.
1?.\I.I>\\ INS Will I low -\V(ll! I.
Ani/rhia hnldirinii Torr, & ( Jrav. II. N. Ain. 1 : ITJ. IH-W.
Cliiip. Kl.l..'.; tMl.:{,:{!l7.
I.oiiisiauiun Hi'««:i. \\°i>Bt«M'ii I'loridu.
AiAii.\M.v : Litlonil njjion. Sandy soil. Haldwiii Connty. Ki.sli l»'iver Itay.
I'lowcrs in SciitcniluT and Ortohor; ran'. Animal to liicimial.
ry|H' locality: " llorida, /ialiliriti! West Florida. Mr. Wuic! Middle Florida, l>v.
llfib. (M'ol.Surv. IUtIi. Molii.
SIPHONYCHIA Torr. \ (Jray. Fl. N. Am. 1 : IT'J. ISIW.
I'oiir species, soacoast ol'soiithcrn Atlantic Aimrica.
Siphonychia erecta Cha]). Fl. I". ISGO. L.\K(ii:K \ViiiTi.f)\v-\voRT.
Chap. Fl. I.e.; ed. 3. 3!»7.
Loni.sianian area. C'oa.st ol" western Florida to Missis.si|tpi.
.\i.aii.\ma: Littoral re;;ion. Drifting sands of the seashore. Baldwin Connty.
Mobile County. Panphin Island. Flowers white. .Inly, August ; not rare. Perennial.
Tyi>e loiality : ''Sands along the west coast of Florida.'-
Il'erl). Geol. Siirv. llerh. Mohr.
Siphonychia diffusa Chap. Fl. 17. 18fi0. Low Wiirn.ow-wonr.
Chap. Fl. I.e.; ed. 3, 3it8.
Louisiaiiian area. Florida.
Ai.AitAMA: Littoral region. Dry sandy shores. Ualdwin Connty, IJayon La Launch.
Flowers white. Karo. Annnal.
Type locality: " Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida."
Herb. (leol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ANYCHIA Michx. FL Bor. Am. 1 : 112. 1803. Fokkkd Cmick-vkki).
Two species, Atlantic America.
Anychia dichotoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 112. 1803.
Jni/chiit raiiadensh Ell. 8k. 1:307. 1817. Not Qiteria cattadenais L.
Gray. Man. ed. (!. 4L'(i. Chap. Fl. 4(3.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Now England we.st to Missouri, south to
Tennessee and upper districts of North Carolina, thence to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region and Lower hills. Exposed sandy or gravelly hill-
sides. Clay Connty, shaded shelves of rocks; abnndant. Chebawhaw Monntain,
2,400 feet. Dekalb County. Lookont Monntain, 2,000 feet. Calhoun County, near
Annistou. 700 feet. September; not infre(inent. I'ereiinial.
Type locality : "Ilab. in collibus calcariis Pensylvauiae snperioris et Kentucky."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HERNIARIA L.
About 15 species, perennials, of the Mediterranean region.
Heruiaria iucana Lam. Encycl. 3 : 12L 178!l.
SorrnKUN EinurK.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile County. ,Iune; rarely observed. Per-
ennial.
Type locality : "Dauphin(5 * '" ' proche le Bonrg-dOisans."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
POLYCARPAEA Lam. .lourn. Hist. Nat. Par. 2 : 8, «. 25. 17f12.
(MoLLiA Willd. Hort. Berol. 11, 1. 11. 1806.)
About 30 species; shrubby; warmer regions of the Old World.
Polycarpaea alsinefolia (Spreng.).
MolUa alsinefolia Spreng. Syst. 1 : 79.5. 1825.
Southern Europe.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile County. .June. Perennial.
Type locality : ''Sicilia.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
WATER LILY FAMILY. 503
NYMPHAEACEAE. Water LUy Family.
NELUMBO Adaiis. Fam. PI. 2 : 76. 1763. Sacred Beax.
Two species, temperate and tiopual Americii.
Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. Syii. 2 :92. 180"). Xrlumbo. Watkr Chinquapin.
Xehnnhium hiteum Willd. Sp. PI. 2 : 1259. 1799.
Ell. Sk. 2:67. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 55. Chap. Fl. 18. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 11. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 75.
Wkst Indies.
Alleghanian to Lonisianian area. Ontario ; New England west to Minnesota, south
to Illinois, Missouri, Tennessefe, Arkansas, and Florida, and to the Rio Grande, Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie belt to Coast plain. In deep still-flowing water.
Montgomery County. Geneva County (Ys. A. I'Smith). Mobile County, in the delta.
Flowers yellow. May, June. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginiae, Carolinae, Floridae flnviis. "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Economic uses: The farinaceous tubers and the seeds are edil)le. Ornamental
aquatic.
Nelumbo nuciperum Gaertn. Fruct. 1 : 72. 1788. Sacred lily.
N. upecioaum Willd. Sp. PI. 2 : 12.58. 1799.
For a few years past onltivated in a few places, this plant of eastern Asia has
made its appearance spontaneously in Kelly's pond, beyond the western suburbs of
Mobile, growing vigorously and producing its flowers perfectly. June 18, 1897.
Perennial.
CABOMBA Aubl. PI. Guian. 1:321. 1775.
Three species, of warmer America. Atlantic North America, 1.
Cabomba caroliniana Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 4:47. 1837. Carolinian Cabomba.
Cabomha anhleti Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:206. 1803. In part.
ElLSk. 1:416. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 55. Chap. Fl. 19. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 11. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1, pt. 1 : 74.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Southern Illinois, western Tennessee, from
North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Coast plain. In stagnant and still-flowing water.
Flowers white. May, June; not infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality of C. anhleti Michx. : "Hab. in aquosis Carolinae et Georgiae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr. ^
BRASENIA Schreb. Gen. PI. 372. 1789. Water Shield.
(IlYDHOi'ELTis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 324. 1803.)
Brasenia purpurea (Michx. ) Casp. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 3, pt. 2 : 6. 1890.
Purple Water Shield.
Hydropellis purpurea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 :324, t. 29. 1803.
Menyantheif peltala Thunb. Nov. Act. Upsal. 7 : 142. 1815.
Brasenia peltata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 389. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 2:66. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 55. Chap. Fl. 19. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. I, pt. 1 :74.
Asia, Afkica, Australia, Cuba.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario; New England to
Minnesota, south to the Gulf, Texas, and Arkansas, west to California and Wash-
ington.
Alabama : Throughout the State. In still water, ponds, ditches. Flowers maroon
purple. May to July; frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in acjuis tranquillis Carolinae inferioris et Provinciae Ten-
nass^e."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
r)()4 TLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
CASTALIA Salisl.. ill Kofii. A 8iiiis. Aim. I'.ol. 2 : 71. 1805. I'ond ].ii,y.
'riiirty-two 8pi'fi«>8, toiiiperalo regions, Northern Ilemisphore. North Aniorica, fi.
Kastcni States and Canada, S.
Castalia odorata thrvand.) Woodv. iVt Wood in liecs, Cycl. 6: no. 1. IHOtJ.
SWKKT-SCKNTKU WaTKU l.ILY.
\iimi>haea alha Michx. V\. Bor. Am. 1 : 311. 18(«. Xot 1..
y. odorata Dryand. iu Ail. Ilort. Kew. 2 : 227. 1789.
Cantalia pudUa SiiUnh.ut Kocn. iV Sims, Ann. Hot. 2 : 72. 1805.
Kll. Sk. 2 : 7. (Jray, Man. i-d. G. 55. Chap. Fl. 19. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 76.
Canadian zono lo Lonisianian area. Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario; Eastern United
States to tlie (Jull", Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Ai.AHAMA : Over the State. Still waters, ponds, ditches; common. Flowers white,
fragrant. Ajiri] to .lune. Pen'nnial.
Tyjte locality (Ait. llort. Kew. cd. 2): "Native of North America ami the east of
Siberia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Castalia odorata rosea (Pnrsh) IJritton. Rosk-coi.okkd Watkk I.ii.y.
yi/mfihaea odnrata var. rosea I'ursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : ;3()9. 1810.
Distribution that of the type.
Ai.amama: Coast plain. Ponds. Mobile County, Springhill. Flowers rose-tinted.
April. May ; rare.
Tyjie locality: " In ponds and .slow-flowing waters: Canada to Carolina."
Herb. Gcol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
NYMPHAEA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 510. 1753.
(NUPHAK Sibth. tt Smith, Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1 : 391. 1806. )
Three or 4 species, mostly of the north temperate zone.
Nymphaea adveua Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 226. 1789.
Yellow Pond Lily. Spatter Dock.
Xnphar adrena R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 3 : 295. 1811.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 8. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 56. Chap. Fl. 20. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 12.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 77.
Canadian zone to Lonisianian area. Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba
to British Columbia; Eastern United States to the Kocky Mountains.
Alabama: Over the State. Stagnant and still-llowing water. Flowers bright
yellow. June, July.
Type locality : '* Native of North America."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Nymphaea sagittifolia Walt. Fl. Car. 155. 1788. Southern Yellow Pond Lily.
Xui)har saf/itUfoUa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 370. 1814.
Ell. Sk.2:"8. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 56. Chap. Fl. 20. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 78.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Southern Illinois, southern Indiana and North
Carolina to I'lorida. west to southern Mississippi.
Alabama : Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Still-flowing water. Most frequent
in the Coast region. Tuscaloosa County (E. A. Smith). Montgomery, Mobile, .and
Baldwin counties. Flowers lemon-yellow. June, July; not rare.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CERATOPHYLLACEAE. Hornwort Family.
CERATOPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 2 : 992. 17.53.
A few species, perhaps forms of one, temperate regions.
Ceratophyllum demersum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 992. 1753. Hornwort.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 488. Chap. FL 398. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 420. Wats. Bot.
Calif. 2 : 78.
Europe, Siberia to Japan.
AUeghenian to Lonisianian area. Ontario; New England to the Gulf; across the
continent to Nevada and California.
Alabama: Over the State. In stagnant water. Abundant. Mobile County.
Type locality: " Ilab. in Enropae fossis majoribus sub aqua."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 505
MAGNOLIACEAE. Magnolia family.
MAGNOLIA L. Sp. PL 1 : 535. 1753.
Tweuty-oue species, warmer temperate to tropical rej'ions of eastern Asia; Mexico.
Atlantic North America, 7.
Magnolia foetida (L. ) Sargent, Silv. N. A. 1 : 3, 1. 1, 2. Magnolia.
Magnolia rirginiana var. foetida L. Sp. PI. 1 :536. 1753.
Magnolia qrandiflora L. Syst. Nat. eel. 10, 2 : 1082. 1759.
Ell. Sk. 2:36. Chap. Fl. 13. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1, pt. 1 : 59.
Louisiauian area. Atlantic coast region from Cape Fear River, North Carolina,
south to Mosquito Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, west along the coastal plain of the
Gulf States to eastern Texas and southern Arkansas south of latitude 32^ 30'.
Alabama: Coast plain to northern limit of Central Prairie region from Russell
County on the Alabama and Georgia State line to Autauga County, Prattville, and to
Sumter County. Cuba, on the Alabama and Mississippi State line. In deep light
loamy soil rich in humus, not subject to overflow. Tree 70 to 100 feet high and from
2 to 3 feet in diameter. Flowers white, heavily fragrant. April to .June; frequent.
Economic uses : Timber tree. Successfully cultivated for ornaiuent in the Tennes-
see Valley and in the Mountain region to an elevation of 800 feet. Cullman County.
The bark is used medicinally.
Type locality : '" Hab. inVirginia, Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Magnolia virginiana L. Sp. PI. 1 : 535. 1753.
White Bay. Sweet Bay. Beaver Tree.
Magnolia virqiniana var. glauca L. Sp. PI. 1 : 535. 1753.
M. glauca L.'Sp. PI. ed. 2,"l : 755. 1763.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 37. Gray, Man. ed. 0, 49. Chap. Fl. 13. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 1 : 5, t. 3.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 59.
Alleghenian to Louisiauian area. Massachusetts (Cape Ann) along the coast to
BayBiscayne and Tampa, Fla. ] through the Gulf States to southwestern Arkansas,
and to Trinity River in Texas.
Alabama: Lower hills. Central Pine belt to the coast. Extreme northern station,
Etowah County, Ballplay. Lamar County, Vernon. Tuscaloosa County. Most fre-
quent in thesandy swamps of the Coast Pine belt. Tree 60 to 70 feet high. Flowers
white, fragrant. May, June.
Economic uses. Of some value for its wood. The l>ark is used medicinally under
the name of " white bay bark."
Ty]>e locality: " Hab. in Virginia, Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Magnolia acuminata L. Sp. PL ed. 2. 1 : 756. 1763. Cucumber Tree.
EIL Sk. 2 : 37. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 49. Chap. Fl. 14. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 1 : 7, t. 4, 5.
Gray, Syn. FL N. A. i; pt. 1 : 61.
Carolinian and Louisiauian area. Western New York to southern Illinois; south-
ern Pennsylvania and West Virginia to Mississippi and southwestern Arkansas. In
mountainous districts mostly.
Alabama : Most frequent in the Mountain region. More rarely in the Coast plain.
Rich wooded hillsides. Madison County, Montesano, 1,200 feet. Cullman County,
800 feet. Lamar County, Vernon. Pike, Troy, Wilcox, and Clarke counties. Bald-
win County, Stockton, extreme southern station. Flowers white or greenish white.
April. Fruit ripe in September.
Economic uses : Timber tree.
Type locality : " Hab. in Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Magnolia acuminata cordata (Michx.) Sargent, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 3, 32 : 473. 1886.
Yellow-flowerrd Magnolia.
Magnolia cordata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 328. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : .38. Chap. Fl. 14. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 61.
Carolinian area. Middle Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region, Winston County. Abundant in a secluded valley on
a tributary of Sipsey Fork, 1,200 feet. Flowers greenish-yellow to lemon-vellow,
end of April (April 26, 1880). Only locality known in the State. Tree 60 to' 70 feet
high, 18 to 20 inches in diameter.
506 PLANT LTFE OF ALA15AMA.
'Vy]n^ lociility : " Ilal>. in collilms .ipiiciH Carolinac siijxirioriH ct (iooifjiiie."
Herb. Cool. Siirv. Hrrli. Molir.
Magnolia tripetala L. Sp. PI. oil. 2,1: 756. 1762. Elkwoom. Umiujki.i.a Tkee.
Maiinol'ui iimhrclhi Lam. ICncvcl. 3 : 673. 1783.
EIL Sk.2:3s. (Jiay. Maii.c('l.(i, l!». Sai-^eiit. Silv. N. A. 1: 13, /. .9, W. Chap. PL 13.
('aruliiiiaii ;iii<l Loui.siaiiiaii areas. SoutheastiTii Peiinsylvauia, south along the
inonntaiiis to (ieoii^ia ami iiortiieastcru Mi88iBsi]>iii.
Ai.ahama: Mountain io<!;ioi) to Ui)i)cr division (loast Pino belt. Kich hillHides.
Winston County. Autauga County, I'rattvillo. Clarke County {Ji. A. SDiitk).
Small tree. Flowers white, May, June; not frequent.
Peonomic uses: An ornamental tree.
Type loeality: " llab. in Ciuoliiui, rarius in A'irginia."
Herb. (!eol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Magnolia fraseri Walt. PI. Car. 15!). 1788. Pkaskk'.s MAtiNoi.iA.
MaqnoVm aitricniata Lam. Pncycl. 3 : 673. 1783.
Ell." Sk. 2:3!l. (Jrav. Man. ed. 6, 50. Chap. PI. 14. .Sargent, Silv. N. A. 1 : 19, /. 7/,
7,'. Gray. Syn. PI. 1, jlt. 1 : 60.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Prom Virginia along the mountains to Ala
bania and Pearl River N'alley. Mississip])!.
Ai.auama: Central Pine belt, U)>i)er division Coast Pine belt. Chilton County,
Knighfs Perry. Clarke County, Suggsville {Dr. Denny). Butler County, Mon-
terey {/-J. A. Siiiitli). Flowers white, June; infrequent.
A slender tree 25 to 30 feet high.
Type loeality: .South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. .Snr\ . Herb. Mohr.
Magnolia macrophylla Miehx. PI. Por. Am. 1 : 327. 1803.
Large-leaf Cucumber Tree.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 40. Gray, Man. cd. 6, 49. Chap. PI. 14. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 1 : 11, /. 7.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Southeastern Kentucky, North Carolina to
western Florida, and the (Julf States to the Mississip])! Iviver.
Alabama: .Mountain region to the coast. Rich woods on hillsides and in ravines.
Most fre(|aent and of best development in the valleys of the mountain region and
among the hills in the up))er (li\ ision of the Coast Pine belt, where trees were
observeil 16 to 30 inches in diameter. Rare in the Lower division of the Pine bolt.
Winston, Cullman, Clarke, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. Flowers April, May.
Economic n.ses: Ornamental.
Type locality: "Hab. in regiouibus occidentalibus fluvio Tenuassee tr.ajectis.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. .Mohr.
LIRIODENDRON L. Sj.. PI. 1 : 535. 17.53.
A single si^ecies of Pastern North America.
Liriodendron tulipifera L. Sp. PI. 1 : 535. 1753. TiLii' Tree. Yellow Poplar.
Ell. Sk. 2:40. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 50. Chap. Fl. 14. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 1 : 19,
t. IS, II. Gray, Syn. PI. \. A. 1, pt. 1:61.
Allegheuian to Louisianiau area. Southern New Fhigland west to southern Mich-
igan, southward to Florida and to the Gulf States. East of the Mississippi to
latitude 31^. Outlying region, southern Missouri and southeastern Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Lower Pine belt. Of greatest develoiiment in the
Tennessee Valley. Less iieciuent in the rich lands above overflow in the Central
Prairie region and Ppper division of the Coast Pine belt. Flowers April, May.
Large tree, 100 to 120 ft^et high, 2 to 4 feet and over in diameter.
Economic uses: First class timber tree. The bark, "yellow-poplar bark," is used
mediciiuilly.
Type locality: "Hab. in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ILLICIUM L. Syst. ed. 10, 2 : 1050. 1759.
Four species; China and .Japan, 2. South Atlantic North America, 2.
Illicium floridanum Ellis, Phil. Trans. 60 : 524, 1. 12. 1770. Florida Star Anise.
Chap. PI. 13. (;ray,^ Syn. PI. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 59.
Louisiauian area. F^'lorida to Louisiana.
Alab.vma : Central Pine belt to the coast. Rich low woods. Most frequent iu the
CUSTAED APPLE FAMILY. 507
Coast Pine belt in the semi-swampy woods bordering pine-barren streams. Mobile,
Baldwin, Monroe, Clarke, Washington, Montgomery, Hale, and Tuscaloosa counties.
Lamar County, Vernon. Flowers maroon, March, April. Shrub 6 to 8 feet high.
Ill-scented.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SCHIZANDRA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:218. 180.S.
Three or 4 species, woody climbers, warmer regions of Asia. South Atlantic
North America, 1.
Schizandra coccinea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 219, /. 47. 1803.
SCARLET-FRriTED SCHIZANDRA. WiLD SaRSAPARILLA.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 582. Chap. Fl. 13. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1 , pt. 1 : 58.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, western Louisiana (Red River,
Jos. Hale).
Alabama: Central Prairie region. In rich woods, bottoms. Marengo County,
Luther's Store. Flowers deep crimson, .lune. Berries scarlet. Ripe August, Sep-
tember. Rare.
A climbing shrub, stem 20 to 25 feet long.
Economic uses: Tlie aromatic stem, called "wild sarsaparilla," is used like sassa-
fras as a domestic remedy.
Tyi»e locality: "Hab. in iimbrosis Carolinae et Georgiae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ANONACEAE. Custard Apple Family.
ASIMINA Adans. Fam. PI. 2:365. 1763.'
About 7 species, trees and sluubs of warmer America. Atlantic North America 6,
chiefly Southern.
Asitnina triloba (L.) Dunal, Monogr. Anon. 83. 1817. Papaw.
Anona iriloha L. Sp. PI. .537. 1753.
Uvaria irUoha Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 45. 1838.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 42. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 50. Chap. Fl. 15. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 1 : 23, 1. 15, 16.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 63.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario, western New York, and central Penn-
sylvania, west to Michigan, southeastern Nebraska, and Kansas, south throughout
the Ohio ^'alle\' to the pine belt of the South Atlantic and Gulf States, and west
to eastern Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley to the Upper division of the Coast Pine belt. Rich-
woods. Montgomery County. Autauga County, Prattville (southern limit). Com-
mon throughout the Mountain region. Flowers brown. March, April; fruit yel-
low, pulpy, edible. August, September; frequent.
Small tree, 10 to 15 feet high.
Economic uses : The fruit is edible.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal, Monogr. Anon. 82, t.9. 1817.
Small-flowered Papaw.
OrcMdocarpnm parviforiim Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 329. 1803.
Uraria jjarviflora Torr. & Grav, Fl. N. A. 1 : 45. 1838.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 41. Chap. Fl. 15. Gray, Syn. Fl. N A. 1, pt. 1 : 63.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas.
Alabama : Lower Mountain region to Coast plain. Most frequent throughout the
Lower Pine belt. In sandy dry open woods. Lee County, Auburn (Baker <f Earle).
Cullman, Tuscaloosa, and Clarke counties. Wilcox County (^»cA;/e)/). Washiugtou,
Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers greenish purple, April; fruit August, Sep-
tember; common.
Shrub 2 to 4 feet high.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina et Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
' Geo. Nash, Revision of the Genus Asimina in North America, Bull. Torr. Club,
vol. 23, pp. 234 to 241. 1896.
508 1M,.\NT LIKK OK ALA15AMA.
Asiinina pygmaea (KiirtrnnO (!ray. Mot. (Ja/.. 11: KU. 1X86. Not Dunal. 1817.
Low ASIMINA.
Aiioua pyqmafa ISartriiiii, TiunoIh. IS. /. /. 17!tl.
Kll.Sk.2:J.S. Cha)). Fl. !.■).
LoiiiHianiaii aroa. (ioorjjia and I'lorida.
Ai.aiiama: I'jijtcr (livisidii of Coast I'iiK- Ix-lt. \^;\.\v>(UnMi\y (K. A. Smith). I'lowers
wliitt', .\iii;ii8t; rare.
'I\]i(' locality: " Hah. in Carolina ot Florida."
Herb. ( ;»'(>!. Siirv. Herb. Molir.
Saud billauuar " the ferry on St. Illi« aboiit Hixty niilos Honth of tho Altaniaha."
RANUNCULACEAE. Crowfoot Family.
HYDRASTIS L. SvMt. ed. 10, in88. lYnft.
Two spocicH. Atlanfic North Anirrica, Japan. Perennial hcrl»H.
Hydrastis canadensis L. Sp. I'l. cd. 2, 1: 784. 1762.
Ykli.owkoot. Yki.i.ow Pcccoon.
<;ray. Man.od.6, 4S. Chap. Fl. 11. (iray, Syn. Fl. X.A. 1. pt. 1 : 56.
Allej^hmian and Carolinian areas. Southwestern Ontario, New York to WisconBin,
Iowa, Missouri, Ark.insas. and the Ohio \' alley, sonth along the monntains to (Jeorgia.
Alahama: Tennessee ^'alley to the Coast Pine belt. Rich shady woods. Cullman
County. Chilton County, Knight's Ferry. Flowers greenish white, April ; rare.
I'lTcnnial.
Fcononiic uses: The root is the "golden seal" or " Hydrastis" of the T. S. Phar-
macoiKeia.
Type locality: " Hab. in Canadae aquis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ISOPYRUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 557. 17.53.
Seven species, temperate zones North Hemisphere. Europe, eastern Asia. Peren-
nial herljs.
laopyrum biternatum (Raf. ) Torr. *fc Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 660. 1840.
Mountain Wind Flowkr.
Enemion biternatum Raf. .lourn. Phys. 91 : 70. 1820.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 44. Chap. Fl. 9. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 40.
AUeghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario, southwestern Virginia to Minnesota,
south to North Carolina.
Alabama: Tennessee A'alley to Lower hills. Rich shady woods and banks. Lauder-
dale County, Florence, bluffs of the Tennessee River. Tuscaloosa and Ciilliiian
counties. Flowers white, February, March. Not infrcijnent; perennial.
Type locality : Kentucky {Shu)-lj.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ZANTHORHIZA LMIer. Stirp. Nov. 79. 1784.
One species, Atlantic North America. A low shrub.
Zanthorhiza apiifolia L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 79, t. 34. 1784. Siiht'b Ykli.owroot.
P:il.Sk. 1:377. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 48. Cha]). Fl. 11. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : .56.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. Allegheny Mountains, from southwestern New
York to Florida. Kentucky, and Tennessee.
Alabama : Tt iinessee Valley to Lower Pine region, most frequent in the mountains.
Shaded banks of brooks. Clay County, waterfall near Pulpit Rock, 2,200 feet. Cull-
man. Madison. Tuscaloosa, Clarke, Choctaw, and Mobile counties.
Shrul) ^ to 1 foot high.
Economic uses: The root, known as ''yellow root," is used medicinally .and as a
dye.
Type locality : " Hab. in Georgia. Bartram. Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ACTAEA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 504. 17.53.
Two species, temperate regions Northern Hemisphere. Europe, Atlantic North
America.
CROWFOOT FAMILY. 509
Actaea alba (L.) Mill. Card. Diet, ed.8, no. 2. 1768. White Baxebkrry.
Aetata spicata var. alha L. Sp. PI. 1 : 504. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 15. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 48. Chap. Fl. 11. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 55.
Allegheniaii and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia and Ontario, west to British
Columbia; southern New England, Ohio Valley to Arkansas, along the mountains to
South Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region to Central Pine belt. Lee County, xVuburn {Baker <f
Earle). Cullman County. Madison County, Montesauo. Tuscaloosa County ("/;;. J.
Smith). Flowers white, April; berries white, ripe in July ; infrequent. I'ereunial.
Tj^pe locality : " Hab. in nemoribus Americae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CIMICIFUGA L. Amoen. Acad. 8 : 193. 1774. Bugbane.
About 10 species. Eastern Europe, Asia, North America, 3.
Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. Gen. 2 : 15. 1818. Black C'ohosh.
Actaea racemosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 504. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 16. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 47. Chap. Fl. 11. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 54.
Allegheuian to Carolinian area. Southern Ontario, southwestern New England,
west to Wisconsin, south along the mountains to Georgia, Arkansas, central Missouri.
Alabama: Tennessee A'alley. Coosa Hills. Mountain region. Rich open woods,
chiefly in calcareous soil. Blount County, Blount Springs. Dekalb County, Valley-
head, 1,000 feet {E. A. Smith). St. Clair and Tallapoosa counties. Flowers white,
June; fruit ripe in July ; frequent. Perennial.
Economic uses: The root is the *' black suakeroof or "Cimicifuga" of the United
States Pharmacopo'ia.
Tyi)e locality : " Hab. in Florida, Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AQUILEGIA L. Sp. Pi. 1 : 533. 1753.
About 50 species described. Temperate regions Northern Hemisphere. North
America about 14.
Aquilegia canadensis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 533. 1753. Wild Columbine.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 20. Gray, Man, ed. 6, 46. Chap. Fl. 9. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 44.
Mexico.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Quebec and Ontario west to Manitoba, Sas-
katchewan, and the Rocky Mountains. New England to Nebraska and Dakota,
south along the mountains to western Florida.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. Prairie region. Rocky woods. Lauderdale County,
blufts Tennessee River {M.C. Jf'ilsoii). Autauga County, I'rattville (E. A. Smith).
Flowers coral-red, June; not l're(iuent.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb, Mohr.
DELPHINIUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 530. 1753.
Abotit 120 species described. Herbs. Temperate and mountainous regions of the
Northern Hemisphere. North America 25, Atlantic 4. Ours perennial.
Delphinium carolinianuna Walt. Fl. Car. 155. 1788. Azure Larkspur.
Delphinum azuretim Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 314. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2:18. Gray. Man. ed. 6,46. Chap. Fl. 10. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
1 : 46. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 9.
Mexico.
Canadian zone to Carolinian areas. Manitoba, Saskatchewan ; Wyoming, Nebraska,
Missouri, and western Illinois; south from North Carolina to western Florida, west
to Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee valley to Central Prairie region. Open copses. Lawrence
County, Moulton. Bibb County, Tionus. Dallas, Montgomery, Autauga counties.
Lee County, Auburn (7>V/Aer cf-^ar/e, 18). Flowers azure. April, May; not rare. Per-
ennial. Most fre(iuent in the limestone valleys and central prairies.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Delphinium urceolatum Jacq. Coll. 1: ^53. 1786. Tall Larkspur.
Delphinium exaltatum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 244. 1789.
EU. Sk, 2 : 19. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 46. Chap. Fl. 10. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 46.
.MO I'hANT LIKK OK ALAMAMA.
Allf^'heiiiiiii, (aroliniaii, iuiil LDiiisianian .'ire;iH. Miniiosota, Nibraska, MisHdiui,
ami tfiitral i iliio to Nmili ( 'arnlina and aloii;; tlic imumtaiiiH to Soiitli Carolina.
Al.AhAM.v: Tcnnt'ssce A'ulli'y t<> Central I'rairie n^yion. IWirdcr of wockIh, rich
(■i>|i8e8. l.awrtMii-o Ci»unt.\ , Moulton. K.illas Coiiuty; Marion Junction. Flowers
))nr)ilisli blnr. .lunc; inlVoi|iient. Perennial.
rvp<" lorality not ascertained.
Ucrli. (uMil. .^urv. llerh. Molir.
Delphinium tiicorue Miilix. I'l. J5or. Am. 1 : ;>1 1. 180:>. Dwakk Laicksimk.
Kll. Sk. 2 : IS. ( jray. Man. ed. (>, 4(i. Cliap. V\. 10. (Sray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 15.
Allcjilienian and Carolinian area.s. Minnesota; Ohio Valley to Missouri, Arkanaas;
Pennsylvania south alonj; the mount.iins to Georgia.
Ai.amama: Tennessee Valley. Lower hills. Rich open woods, dam]) clay soil.
Lauderdale County, I'lorenee (.1/. ('. If'ilsoii). IJibb County, Scottville (i,\ J. .S'»Hi</i).
Flowers jiale blue (in si)e<imens from Florence white). April; rare. PorenDiaL
Type locality: ''Hab. in altissiniis moutibus Carolinae."
iferb. tJeol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
ACONITUM !.. Sp. I'l. 1 : r>:{2. 1758.
.sixty sjiocies, temperate and mountain regions Northern llenusphere. North
America. 5. Perennial herbs.
Acouituni uncinatum L. 8p. PL ed. 2, 1 : 750. 1762. Wii.D Monkshood.
F:I1. Sk. 2 : 20. ( Jray. Man. ed. ♦>, 47. Chai). Fl. 10. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : .53.
Carolinian area. Wisconsin; southern New York to Penn.sylvauia, District of
Columbia, south along the mountains to South Carolina.
Ai-ahama: Mountain region. Dekalb County, Mentone. Hlount County, Mur-
l)hree8 Valley (A'. J. Smith). Flowers dark blue, September; rare.
Type locality: " Hab. in Philadelphia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ANEMONE L. Sp. PI. 1 : 5r>8. 17.53.'
About 90 species, including Pulsatilla and Hepatica, all of temjierate regions or
mountains in the tropics. Europe, Asia. Three species in the Southern Hemisphere,
South .Vfrica, Australia. North America, 20.
Perennial herbs.
Auemone quinquefolia L. Sp. PI. 1 : 541. 1753. Ameisican Wind Fi.ovvkk.
Aininiinv niiiiorosa var. qninqnifolia Gray, Man. ed. 6, 38. 1890.
A. nanorosa auct. Am.
Ell. Sk. 2 : .53. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 38. Chap. Fl. 1. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 13.
SiBKKIA, AmURI.ANI).
Boreal region to Carolinian area. Hudson liay to Alaska ; Kocky Mountains to
California; New England to Minnesota, south through the Ohio Valley; New York
to South Carolina.
Alaba.ma : Mountain region to Lower hills, copses, border of woods. Madison
County, Huntsville. Cullman and Tuscaloosa counties. Flowers white. April; not
rare.
Ty])e locality: "Hab. in Virginia. Canada. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Rurv. Herb. Mohr.
Auemone decapetala Ard. Animad. Spec. Alt. 24, /. IJ. 176-1. Southkkn Ank.mone.
AncmntK tiilohuta .1 uss. Ann. Mus. Par. 3 : 248, t. 21, f. -1. 1804.
A. helerophyUa Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 12. 1838. As synonym.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :8, in part. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 10.
Mexico. SomiEHN Brazii., Argentina.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. West to northwestern Louisiana, Arkansas, and
Texas, north to the Great Plains.
Alaua.ma : Central Prairie region. Wilcox County (S. Ji. BucMeij). Auburn County
{I'ndtruuod iS- J^arle). Tuscaloosa County (A\ J, ^7tti</i). Flowers pale blue. May;
rare.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
' N. L. Britton, The American species of the genus Anemone, and the genera which
have been referred to it, Aunals of the N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 6, pp. 215 to 238. 1891.
CROWFOOT FAMILY. 511
Anemone caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 157. 1788. Praikie Anemone.
Ell. Sk. 2 : So. Gray, Mau. ed. 6. 37. Chap. Fl. 4. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 11.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 8, in pari.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Illinois to Nebraska and Dakota; south from
North Carolina to upper Georgia, Avestern Louisiana, and Texas.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. Lower hills. Open woods. Lauderdale County,
Florence (M. C. (Tilson). Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith). Flowers purplish to
white. March, April ; not frefjuent.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Anemone virginiana L. Sp. PI. 1 : 540. 1753. Virginian Anemone.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 54. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 37. Chap. Fl. 5. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 11.
AUegheuian and Carolinian areas. New Brunswick; Manitoba, northwest to lati-
tude 55° through the Rocky Mountains to Vancouver; New England; Ohio Valley
to Kansas; from New York along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region to Lower hills. Kocky woods and copses. Lee County,
Auburn {Baker 4" Earle). Madison County, Montesano, 1,500 feet. Cullman County.
St. Clair County, Coosa Hills, 700 feet. Tuscaloosa County {E, A. Smith). Flowers
white. April, May; not rare.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HEPATICA Scop. Fl. Carn. 567. 1760. Liverwort.
Three species, north temperate regions. Perennial herbs.
Hepatica hepatica (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. .559. 1880-83. Liverwort.
Anemone hepatica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 538. 1753.
Hepatica triloba Chaix. in Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 1 : 336. 1786.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 55. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 38. Chap. Fl. 5.
Europe, Siberia, China, .Japan.
Boreal region to Louisianian area. Hudson Strait, Alaska; New Brunswick, west
to Winnipeg; Ohio Valley, south to western Florida.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Upper division Coast Pine belt. Shady hillsides
and woods. Cullman County. Lauderdale County, Florence. Tuscaloosa County.
Clarke County {Dr. Denny). Flowers white or purplish, March; not frequent.
Perennial.
Econoujic uses: The herb, known as " liverwort," or " Hepatica," is used medic-
inally.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae nemoribus lapidosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SYNDE3MON Hortmg. Flora, 15, pt. 2, Intell. Bl. No. 4 : 34. 1832.
(Anemonella Spach, Hist. Veg. 7 : 239. 1839.)
One species, Atlantic States.
Syndesmon thalictroides (L. ) Hoffmg. Fl. 15, pt. 2. Intell. Bl. No. 4 : 34. 1832.
Rue Anemone.
Anemone thalictroides L. Sp. PI. 1 : 542. 1753.
Thalictrum anemonoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 322. 1803.
Anemonella thalictroides Spach, Hist. Veg. 7 : 240. 1839.
Ell. Sk. 2: 52. Gray, Man. ed. fi, 39. Chap. Fl. 6.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley, Mountain region to Lower hills. Open copses and
woods. Lauderdale, Lawrence, Winston, Cullman, Tuscaloosa, and St. Clair counties.
Flowers white; April, May. Not rare. Perennial.
Type locality: ''Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
.'il2 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
CLEMATIS L.Sp.1'1. 1:543. 1753.
Over 150 specit-H (leH<ribcd, perennials, uiimtly iliinbers, inhabilin;jj t<imporat<' and
tropical rcfiioiis. Enroi)e 8 8p«'cie8, Unitcid States and Canada 20, with 5 Htrictly
defined varieties.
Clematis virginiaua L. Amoen. Acad. 4 :275. 17511. \'IUGIN liowKH.
F,11..^U.2: 14. (iray, Man.ed.U. 35. Chap. F1.4. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 4.
AUi-nheiiiaii (d Loiiisiaiiian area. Nova Scotia and Ontario to Lake Wiunepeg;
New KM;,'land west to Nelnaska, south to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkauaas.
.Vl..\i!AMA : Mountain region to Ui>]ier liivision Coast I'iue belt. Kit;li banks. Wins-
ton County. CalliouM County {K. J. tSmilli). Lee County, Auburn ( /■'. S. Kurli).
Tuscaloosa and .Miuiroe counties. Flowers white, fragrant, .July, August; Iruit in
October. Clinibei'.
Tyjie locality : "llab. iu I'cusylvania.''
Herb. (icol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Clematis catesbyaua Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 73(). 1816. Catksbv's Ci.kmatis.
Fll. Sk. 2 : 44. Chap. Fl. 4. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 4.
Carolinian area. South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: r])p(T division Coast Pine belt. Dry copses, borders ot woods. Clarke
County, Suggsvillo {Dr. Denny). Flowers white, August; fruit ripe in October.
Climber.
Type locality: "In South Carolina. Catesby."
I lerb. ( Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Clematis viorna L. Sp. PL 1:543. Lkatiikk Flower.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 46. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 36. Chap. Fl. 3. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 7.
Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A, 1,'pt. 1 : 5.
Carolinian area. Southern Pennsylvania, West Virginia, central Ohio, and Mis-
souri, south to Tennessee and upper Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Central Pine belt. Banks of streams. Franklin
County, Russell ville. Autauga County {li. A.Smith). Flowers reddish purple (Indian
purj)le). June; not frecjuent. Climber.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Clematis reticulata Walt. Fl. Car. 156. 1788. Netted-leaved Clematis.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 47. Chap. Fl. 4. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 7. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A.
1, pt. 1 : 6.
Louisianian area. South Carolina and Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama : Up])er division Coast Pine belt. Dry sandy copses. Conecuh County,
Evergreen (Baker i)- Earle). Clarke County, Suggsville {Dr. Denny). Flowers
maroon pur])le. June; not frequent. Climber.
Ty]ie locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. xMohr.
Clematis crispa L. Sp. PL 1 : 543. 1753. Wavy-flowered Clematis.
Clematis ciiHndrica Sims, Bot. Mag. 1160. 1816.
Ell. Sk. 2:49. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 36. Chap.lT.3. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 7.
Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 7.
Carolinian and Louisianian iireas. Southern Virginia along the coast to Florida
and through the Gulf States to Texas to the one hundredth meridian; Arkansas and
southern Missouri.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to the coast. Low swamjiy thickets. Tuscaloosa
County. Pike County, Troy. Dallas County, Uniontown. Autauga, Baldwin, and
Mol)ile counties. Flowers lilac. May. Climber.
Type locality: " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
Clematis crispa -walteri (Pursh) Gray, Bot. Mag. under t. 6594. 1881.
Clrmalis wultcri Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 384. 1814.
C. lintariloha DC. Syst. 1 : 155. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 45. Gray, Syn. Fl. X. A. 1, pt. 1 : 7.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Texas.
Alabama : Coast plain. Low shaded banks. Mobile. Flowers lilac. May; rare.
Low climber.
Type locality: " In Carolina, v. s. in Herb. Walter."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CROWFOOT FAMILY. 513
MYOSURUS L. Sp. PI. 1 : 284. 1753. Mousetail.
Five species, temperate regions. Europe, North America.
Myosurus minimus L. Sp. PI. 1 : 284. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. G, 40. Chap. Fl. 6. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 19.
Europe.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Ontario and Northwest Territory to British
Columbia and Vancouver's Island; southern Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas to
Florida aud Louisiana.
Alabama : Central Pine belt. Central Prairie region. Low alluvial soil. Tusca-
loosa County {E. A. Smith). Montgomery County. Flowers greenish. May; not
frequent. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in Europae collibus apricis aridis."
Herb. Gt-ol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TRAUTVETTERIAFisch. cV: Mey. Ind. 8em. Petrop. 1:22. 1834. False bugbane.
Two species, pereuuiaLs, temperate North America.
Trautvetteria carolinensis (Walt. ) Vail, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 2 : 42. 1890.
Hydrastis caroUiiensis Walt. Fl. Car. 156. 1788.
Cimicifuf/a palmafa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 316. 1803.
Trautvetteria palmata Fisch. & Mev. Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1 : 22. 1834.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 17. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 40. Chap. Fl. 6. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 18.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Maryland auvl Virginia, south along the
mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Damp borders of woods. Cullman County, 800
feet. Flowers white, June ; not fre(iuent.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
RANUNCULUS L. Sp. PI. 1 : 548. 1753.
A large cosmopolitan genus of about 200 species, mostly perennial herbs (ours
with yellow flowers), most frequent in temperate regions of the Northern Hemi-
sphere. North America 52.
Ranunculus tener nom. nov. Slender Spearwort.
Ranunculns trachyspermua Engelm. ; Engelm. & Gray, Boat. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 211.
1847. Not Ell. 1821-24.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 25.
Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. (Lower Sonoran area, western Texas.)
Alabama: Southern edge of Metamorphic hills. Lee County, Auburn, March,
1897 (Jlaker <f- Earle). Eare. Annual.
Type locality: "Margin of ponds near Houston, »fec."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ranunculus pusillus Poir. Encycl. 6 : 99. 1804. Small Speakwort.
EanuncuJiis flammula Walt. Fl. Car. 159. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 57. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 42. Chap. Fl. 7. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 8.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 26.
Carolinian area. Staten Island, New York, New Jersey, along the low country to
Florida, west to Texas, southern Arkansas, and Tennessee.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Most com-
mon iu the low country, in ditches, wet fields, shallow ponds. Lawrence County,
Moulton. Mobile and Baldwin counties. April: abundant. Perennial.
Type locality : "Cette plaute croit dans la Caroline, dans les lieux humides &
marecageux."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ranunculus pusillus lindheimeri Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21 : 367. 1886.
Rununeulus trachiispermus lindheimeri Engelm. Bost. Jouru. Nat. Hist. 5 : 211. 1845.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 8. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 26.
Louisianian area. Louisiana and Texas; Califoi'nia.
Alabama: Coast plain. Exposed miry places, ditches. Mobile, Lee County, Au-
burn (/iafcer .f- £'a>7e). Flowers March, April; frequent. Perennial.
15894 33
r)14 I'LANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
A Hironjjor plant thau the tj'pe, stem 8 to !•! inclieH hi;ili, lnamhed, arluMHB tur-
piil, 8li^htl\ iii:irf;iiiiMl. and more n)iiL;lii8h-])apillo8e.
I'V|)(> l()r:ilil\ : "Near llniihtim, »Vc. "
Herb. (m'oI. Smv. llcil). Molir.
Ranunculus abortivus L. Sp. I 'L 1 :;")!. 1753. Anoitrn k-i i.ow kkki> Ckowkoot.
li'iDiiinriihis uiliiliis Walt. 11. Cur. L".9. \1SH.
i:il.Sk.2:5S. (;iay. Man.. (1.0,42. Cbap. Fl. 7. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1:32.
Canadian zone to Lonitsiaiiian area. Nova Scotia, Qucbet', and Ontario to IJritish
Coliiniliia; New Kn;:land wost to the Kocky Mountains, Hontli to western Florida.
Ai-AUAM.\: Mountain region to Central I'rairie rejfion. Low .shaded hanks. Madi-
son Couuty, Montesano. Tuscaloosa County (A'. ./. Smith). Pi-rry County, L'uion-
town. Lee County, Auhurn (liaher <V Earle). April; not I'requeut. Pereuuial.
ry])e locality : '' Hah. in Vir<jiuia, Cauada.''
llerli. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. ; Torr. &. CJray, Fl. li. A. 1: 18. 1838.
Small-floweuki) Crowkoot.
Hanuncnlua ahoriiviis var. mirranihttx Gray, Man. ed. .5, 44. 1867.
(;ray, Man. ed. 6. 42. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 32.
Canadian zone to Louisianiau area. Ontario, Hritish Columbia; Massachusetts
west to Minnesota, Missouri, Arkansas, and Colorado, south to Tenne.ssee.
Alauama: Tennessee Valley. Central Prairie region. Low pastures. Lauder-
dale and Montgomery counties. May; not rare. Perennial.
Tyjte locality : ''Margin of ponds throughout the upper and western part of Mis-
souri ; likewise in Arkansas, collected by Dr. Pitcher."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Encycl. 6 : 125. 1804. Silvan Cuowfoot.
Ell. Sk. 2:63. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 43. Chap. FL 8. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 33.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, Ontario; southern New
England west to Minnesota, Nebraska south to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Alabama : Tennessee \'alley to Upper division Coast Pine belt. Damp rich woods,
uiostfre(iuentthroughoutthe mountains. Lauderdale, Cullman, Madison, and Blount
counties. Lee County, Auburn {linker <S' Earle, Si). Tuscaloosa County. Clarke
County, Thomasville. April, May; frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Cette plante croit en Amdrique, dans les environs de New York."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ranunculus sceleratus L. Sp. PI. 1 : 551. 1753.
Celery-leaved or Cursed Ckowkoot.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 59. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 42. Chap. Fl. 8. Gray, Syn. Fl, N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 33.
Europe, A.'jia, India, China, Sujeria.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Throughout Atlantic North America west to
British Columbia and Arizona.
Ai.abama: Coast plain. Wet ditches, muddy places. Mobile County. April, May.
Acrid, poisonous. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. ad Enropac fossas et paludes."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Fl.Bor. Am. 1:321. 1803. Maryland BuTTERCfp.
lianiincnlita repnis var. manilandicua Torr. &, Grav, Fl. N. A. 1 :21. 1838.
Ell. Sk. 2: 62. (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1:36.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario to (Jeorgia.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. Mountain region to coast plain. Lee County,
Auburn (Baker <f- Karle, 32). Shady banks and borders of woods. Lauderdale
County, Florence (if. C. fFi7.soM). Cullman and Mobile counties. Flowers in April;
scattered, not fre(|uent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hah. in umbrosis sylvis Carolinae inferioris."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ranunculus palmatus Ell. Sk. 2:61. 1821-24. Southern Buttercups.
li'anunculuii septentrionalia Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21:376. 1886. In part. Not
Poir.
Ell. 1. c. Chap. FL 8. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 37.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Carolina, Tennessee, and Florida.
Flowers in May.
CKOWFOOT FAMILY. 515
Alabama: Mountain region. Madison County, Huutsville. Flowers in May.
Perennial.
Type locality : " Grows in St. John's Berkley."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ranunculus fascicularis Mubl. Cat. 54. 1813. Early Buttercup.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 43. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 9. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
1 : 37.
Alleghenian to Louisiauian area. Ontario and New England west to Minnesota,
south to Virginia, the Ohio Valley, Missouri, and Tennessee to Alabama, Louisiana,
Arkansas, and Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Rocky woods. Damp or dry calcareous soil. .Tack-
son County, Scottsboro. Madison County, Montesano. April, May; not frequent.
Perennial.
Type locality : " Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr,
Ranunculus muricatus L. Sp. PI. 1 : 555. 1753. Prickly-fruited Buttercup.
Ell. Sk. 2: 64. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 44. Chap. Fl. 7. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 38.
Europe.
Caroliuian and Louisiauian areas. From Virginia to California and southern
Oregon; naturalized along the coast from Virginia to Florida and to Louisiaua.
Alabama: Coast plain. Ditches, suburbs of Mobile. April, May. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae australis lossis et humentibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ranunculus parviflorus L. S]). PI. ed. 2, 1 : 780. 1763.
Banunculus trachyspermus Ell. Sk. 2 : 65. 1821-24. Small-flowered Crowfoot.
South Eirope.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Naturalized from Maryland to Florida, west to
Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast phiin. Damp waste ground near dwellings.
Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, and Mobile counties. Flowers in April; common. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europa australi."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ranunculus acris L. Sp. PI. 1:554. 1753. Tall Buttercups.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 44.
Europe.
Alleghenian to Louisiauian area. Most common in Canada and the Northern States.
Alabama: Adventive. Grass ]tlots. Mobile. May; rare. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae pratis, pascuis."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Br. PI. 2:720. 1821.
About 20 species, aquatics; temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
Batrachium divaricatum (Schrauk.) Wimra. Fl. Schles. 10. 1841. Frogweed.
Ranunculus diraricatus Schrauk. Baier. Fl. 2 : 104. 1789.
B. circinatus Sibth. ; .7. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 2, 596. 1800.
li. aquatilis var. divaricatus Gray, Mau. ed. 2, 7. 1856.
Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 40. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1:21.
Europe, Asia, North Africa.
Canadian zone to Louisiauian area. Manitol)a to British Columbia ; eastern United
States west to Nebraska, Colorado, Nevada, and Oregon, south to Alabama and
western Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Gently-flowing water. Mobile County, estuary Mobile
River and Dog River. Flowers white. May to July; not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: " StilleWasser allenthalben [Bavaria]."
Herb. Mohr.
THALICTRUM L. Sp. PI. 1:545. 1753. Meadow Rue.
About 70 species, temperate regions Northern Hemisphere. Perennial herbs.
Thalictrum clavatum DC. Syst. 1: 171. 1818. Mountain Meadow RuE.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 39. Chap. Fl. 6. Gray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 15.
Carolinian area. Southern Alleghenies from West Virginia to Georgia.
r)J<; 1»LANT LIKK OK ALABAMA.
Ai.aiiama: Moiiutiiiu n'Kioii- Siiiin;;y rocky banks. Ckiy Comity, Moslt^v, !.(»<«»
rt'ct. Winston County, I):ivi«i8 Creek, l,r>(M» fcrt. I.awrencf County, Monnt.tin
Home, ;mK) tVet. Klowi'iN wliite. Ai)iil.May; not freiiiiout.
'Vyyr lociilily : " llali. in America Itoieali. Michaiix. "
Herb. (Jeol. Surx . llcrl). Molir.
Thalictrum polygamum Muhl.Cat.')!. 1S13. Tai.i. Mkaix.w Kvk.
Tlitiliitnim pulxsmis I'nrsb, Fl. Am. S<']»t. :W8. 1814. In i)art.
r.curniitil'i<rv.\ Cray. Fl. N. A. 1 : :!S. 1838. Not L.
T. coni)ielliim 1 IC. Svst. 1 : 17J. 1S18.
Crav.Man.ed. (;.:{;•: Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1:17. Chaii. 11. ed. 3, 5.
Canadian /one (o Carolinian area. Now Hinnswick and Ontario, New Knjiland
and New York, west to Misaouri, south alon;; the niountaiu.s toTenucssee and North
Carolina.
Ai,ai»ama: Coosa hills. i,ow dami> copHcs. ( alhoun County, near Jackeouville.
Flowers white. June; rare.
Typo locality: '' I'ensylvania."
Herl). Ceftl. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Thalictriim purpurascens L. Sp. Pl.l:54t;. 1753. I'rKi'i.isii Mkadow Hitk.
Tlialictnini riiiiomim I'ursh. Fl. Am. .Sept. 2 : 3S8. 181t).
T. rcvohiittin 1)C. Syst. 1 : 173. 1818.
Ell. Sk.2:r)l. Gray. Man.ed. ti. 39. Chap. I'l. a. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2:7.
(iray. Syn. Fl. N. A. l] pt. 1:17.
Canadian to Lonisianian area. (,iucl>ecand Ontario, New Euf^land west to Dakota
and .Nebraska, s<nith to Texas, Florida, and .Vrkansas.
Alahama: Tennes.see Valley. Mountain iej;ion. Kooky open woods. Lee County,
Auiuirn (Haker.l- Earle). Lauderdale County, Florence. Madison County, Gurley.
Flowers greenish white t() purplish. May; inlrequeut.
Tyi)e locality: "Hab. iu Canada?"
Herl). (ieol. iSurv. Herb. Mohr.
Thalictrum dioicum L. Sp. PI. 1:545. 1753. Smooth Meadow Kite.
Thulictnim lacriiiatum Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1: .322. 1803.
T. caroUnittniim Bosc in DC. Syst. 1: 174. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 2: 50. Gray. Man.ed. 6, 39. Chap. F1.5. Gray, 8yn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 17.
Boreal /one to Carolinian area. Canada to north latitude 67^, across the continent
to the I'acilic; throughout the northeastern I'nited States, along the mountains to
South Carolina.
Alahama: Mountain region. Rich wooded hillsides. Madison County. Monte-
sano. 1,500 feet. Flowers greenish. April; not frequent.
Type locality: " Hab. in Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Thalictrum debile Buckl. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 175. 1843. Wkak Mkadow K'uk.
Chaj). Fl. 5. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 18. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 7.
Lonisianian area.
.Vlahama: Centra] Prairie region. Rich woods. Wilcox County, Allentown.
Flowers white. April ; local, rare. Perennial. The stem and leaves decay and dis-
ajipear al)out the 1st of May.
Type locality : "Rich woodlands near Allenton. Wilcox County, Alabama."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ADONIS L. Sj). PI. 1 : .")47. 1753.
Twenty sjjecies, warmer Europe and Asia.
Adonis annua L. Sj). PI. 1: 547. 1753. Piieasa.ni's Eyk.
.Idonix initnmnalis I^. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 771. 17(!2.
Gray. Man. ed. li, 40. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 19,
Adventive from Europe ; a low annual, sparingly naturalized in the Atlantic States.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Coast plain. Waste places, borders of fields. .Jack-
son County, Scottsboro. Tuscaloosa County. Mobile, on ballast heaps. Flowers
scarlet with dark spot in the center. May, .lune; infrequent. Annual.
Type locality : ''Hab. intiT segetes Europae australis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MOONSEED FAMILY. 517
BERBERIDACEAE. Barberry Family.
PODOPHYIiLUM L. 8p. PI. 1 : 505. 1753.
Five species, temperate aud warmer regions, easteru Asia, Japan, China. North
America. 1.
Podophyllum peltatum L. Sp. PL 1 : 505. 1753. Mandrake. May Apple.
Ell. Sk. 2 : U. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 54. Chap. Fl. 18. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 72.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario and New England west to Minnesota,
Nebraska, and Kansas, sonth to western Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley totheCoastplain. Most frequent in open rich woods in
calcareous soil throughout the mountains southward, rare. Winston, Lawrence,
Madison, Tuscaloosa, and Clarke counties. Baldwin County, Silvers Mill. Flowers
white, March; fruit ripe in May Perennial.
Economic uses: The root, "mandrake root," "Podophyllum," United States Phar-
macopieia, is used medicinally.
Type locality : " Hab. in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 204. 1803.
Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 205. 1803. Blue Cohosh.
Leontice thalictroides L. Sp. PI. 1 : 312. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 411. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 53. Chap. Fl. 17. Gray, Syn. Fl. N, A. 1, pt. 1 : 70.
Japan, Manchuria.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario; New Eng-
land west to Minnesota and Nebraska; Ohio Valley to Missouri; south along the
mountains to South Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich shady woods, Madison County, Montesano,
1,. 500 feet. Flowers white, May 1; fruit ripe in .June; rare. Perennial.
Economic uses: The rhizoma and roots are the blue cohosh of medicine — "Caulo-
phyllum," United States Pharniacopojia.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb, Geol, Surv. Herb. Mohr,
MENISPERMACEAE, Moonseed Family.
CEBATHA Forsk. Fl. Aegypt. 171. 1755.
(CoccuLUS DC. Syst. Veg. 1:515. 1818.)
About 30 species, perennials, climbers, tropical Asia, Africa, Australia. South
Atlantic North America, 1.
Cebatha Carolina (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5:102. 1894.
Carolina Moonseed.
Menispermum carolinum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 340. 1753.
Coccidus caroUnus DC. Syst. Veg. 1 : 524. 1818.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 51. Chap. Fl. 16. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 10. Gray, Syn.
Fl.N. A.l, pt, 1:65.
Mexico:
Carolinian and Louisi.anian areas. Southern Illinois, southern Missouri south to
Florida to eastern Texas.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. Lower hills. Upper division Coast Pine belt. B.anks
of streams, low borders of woods. Clay County, Talladega Creek, 800 feet. Lauder-
dale County, Florence. Franklin, Tuscaloosa, Hale, Dallas, and Autauga counties,
ClarkeCounty, Suggsville (D7: Denny). Flowers greenish white, July. Fruit scarlet.
October. Climber; frequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
518 PLANT LIFE »>F ALA MAMA.
CALYCOCARPUM Null. ; Torr. A- (Jray, V\. N. A. 1: 18. 1838.
Ono HpiM-ifs. p«r(Miiiiiil cliinlKT, South Atlantic North America.
Calycocarpum lyoni ( I'ursh) (Jray, (ifii. 111. l:7t). 1818. Cur Skeu.
.MeiiiniKriinim li/oiii I'lirsh, Fl. .Via. Sept . 2 : 1^71. 1816.
(Jray. Maii.r.l.'i;. r.l. Chaii. Fl. Ki. (4ray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : Gli.
('art)liiiiaii ami Loiiisinnian areas. Simlliern Illinois, southern MisHouri and from
soiitluTu KfUtucUy and iVnnt'sset' to Florida.
Ai.auama: IVnucHson N'alley to Central Fine belt. Hitii damp banks. Mostly in
alluvial soil. LaudcnlaleCounty. Franklin County, K'ussellviile. HlountCounty,
Mnlltorry Hiver. Tuscaloosa County. Flowere white. .Iiinc Fruit ripe September,
( letober, black ; twining over bushes.
Tyjte locality: "'In Kentucky and Teunassee."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
BUTNERIACEAE (CALYCANTHACEAE). Calycanthus Family.
BUTNERIA Duhamel, Trait. Arb. 113, t. -15. 1755.
(liKiKERA, Ehret. PI. Rar. /. 13. 1755.)
(Calycanthus L. Syst. ed. 10, 1066. 1759.)
Five species, shrubs, temperate North America and .Japan.
Butneria fertilis (Walt.) Kearney, Bull. Torr. Clnb, 21 : 175. 189L
Smooth Cai.ycantiius. Mountain Spice-wood.
Caljica nihil n fertilis Walt. Fl. Car. 151. 1788.
C glau(iif< and ('. laeiiiiatnn Willd. Enum. 559. 1809.
V. inodorus Ell. Sk. 1 : 576. 1824.
Ell. Sk. I.e. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 168. Cliap. Fl. 130.
Alleshenian and Carolinian areas. Allegheny Mountains from Pennsylvania and
Virjjinia to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region, Coosa hills. Low damp thickets, borders of streams.
Dekalli County. Mentone, banks of Littles River, 1,800 feet. St. Clair County, Coosa
Hills, 650 feet. Lee County, Auburn ( liaker <)• Karle). Flowers maroon purple, June ;
fruit ripe in September and <)ctol)er, remaining to the next season. Deleterious to
cattle. Shrub 6 to 8 feet high.
Kconomic uses: Druamental shrub.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Butneria florida (L.) Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 175. 1894.
Calycanthus. Carolina Allspice.
Cah/canthus tloridiis L. Syst. ed. 10, 1066. 1759.
C. Hterilis Walt. Fl. Car. 151. 1788.
ElLSk. 1:.576. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 167. Chap. Fl. 130.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi.
.Vlabam.v : Lower I'ine region, border of pine-barren streams. Escambia, Baldwin,
and Mobile counties. Flowers maroon purple. April; fruit rarely seen. Frequent
in the Lower Pine region, thus far not observed north of the Coast Pino belt.
Type locality not ascertained.
t^conomic uses: Ornamental shrub.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LAURACEAE. Laurel Family.
PERSEA ( ;aertn. Fruct. 3 : 222. 1805.
Ten species, trees, of subtropical and tropical America.
Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Syst. 2 : 268. 1824. Red Bay.
Laurus horhonia L. S]). PI. 1 : 370. 1753.
L. caroUnensis Michx. FL Bor. Am. 1 : 245. 1803.
Persea carolinensis Nees. Svst. 150. 1836.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 461. Grav, Mail. ed. 6, 447. Chap. Fl. 393. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 383. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 5 : 4, f. SOI.
Carolinian and ]>ouisianian areas. Southeastern Virginia south to Bay Biscayne
and Cape Komaues. Florida west to eastern Texas and Arkansas.
LAUKEL FAMILY. 519
Alabama : Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Swampy alluvial forests. Mont-
gomery, Escambia, Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers white, June; fruit pur-
plish black (plum purple), September, October. Tree 60 to 70 feet high. Appears
to be in the Gulf region less frequent than in the South Atlantic States. Full-sized
trees rarely met with.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina, Virginia."
Economic uses: Timber tree.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sargent, Silv. N. A. 5 : 7, t. 302. 1895. Swamp Red Bay.
Laurus caroUnensis rav. pubescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 276. 1814.
Pet-sea carolinensis xav.palustris Chap. Fl. 393. 1860.
Chap. Fl. 1. c.
Louisiauian area. North Carolina along the coast region to Florida and Missis-
sippi.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Alluvial river swamps and pine-
barren ponds. Mobile, Baldwin, and Escambia counties. Flowers white, June;
fruit purplish black, October.
Shrubby in poor sandy pine barrens; on rich borders of streams and in alluvial
forests a tree from 50 to 60 feet high and 12 to 16 inches in diameter, or frequently a
large shrub.
Type locality: "In deep cedar and cypress swamps: Virginia to Louisiana."
Economic uses: Valuable for the wood.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SASSAFRAS Nees & Eberm. Handb. Ph. Bot. 2 : 418. 1831.
One species, temperate North America.
Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 505. 1882. Sassafras.
Laiirus sassafras L. Sp. PL 1 : 371. 1753.
Sassafras officinale Nees & Eberm. Handb. Ph. Bot. 2 : 418. 1831.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 464. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 447. Chap. Fl. 394. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 383.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario ; eastern Massachusetts to southeastern
Iowa and eastern Kansas, south to western Florida, aud through the Gulf States to
the Brazos Valley, Texas, Indian Territory, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Throughout the State. Light and rich soil. Woodlands and in the
open; of best development in the rich forests of the Tennessee Valley and upper
Alabama River. Flowers yellowish, April. Fruit purplish black, September,
October.
On poor soil rarely above medium size; in rich bottom lands 70 to 80 feet high and
2 feet in diameter.
Economic uses: Timber tree. The bark of the root is used medicinally — "Sassa-
fras," United States Pharmacopoiia.
Type locality: '' Hab. iu Virginia, Carolina, Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BENZOIN Fabr. Enum. PL Hort. Helmst. 1763. Pond Spice.
(LiNDERA Thunb. Diss. Nov. Gen. 3 :44. 1783.)
Ten species. Eastern Asia. Eastern North America, 2.
Benzoin benzoin (L.) Coulter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 164. 1894.
Spicewood. Feverbush.
Laurus benzoin, L. Sp. PL 1 : 370. 1753.
Benzoin aestivale and B. odoriferum Nees, Syst. 495. 1832.
Hndera benzoin Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. 1 : 324. 1857.
Ell. Sk. 1:163, Gray, Man. ed. 6, 447. Chap. Fl. 394. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:383.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario; eastern Massachusetts west to Michi-
gan and Missouri, south to Florida and central Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Central Prairie region. Low shady woods. Madi-
son, Hale, and Wilcox counties. Flowers greenish, March. Fruit scarlet, Septem-
ber. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high. Not rare in the prairie region.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
fj'jO PLANT MKK oF ALAHAMA.
Benzoin meliBBaefolium (Walt.) Nees, Syet. 4lt4. \K\i\.
lAiiinix mtliaxiiel'iilia \\'.\\\.V\A'nr.l'M. 178S.
lAiuUra mtliHxiir folia lUiiiiir, Miis. Bot. Luf^il. 1 : .'^24. \\i'u.
r.ll. Sk. l:4(;i. '(Jniy.Man.ed.t), 117. Cliap. ri.3y4.
('iiroliniaii and l,<iuisiaiiiaii ar.-as. I.oiiiHiaiia to Florida, and aloiij,' tlio Atlantic
«()a«t to \irj::inia. west to nouthorii IlliiioiH and southern Missouri.
Ai.ahama: C«'ntral I'rairio rcni<»n. Low thickets, border of woods. Wilcox
Couiitv, Allenton (N. H. linckley). Flowers yellowish, February, March; rare.
.shmh'L' to :i iVet hi-jh.
I y]>c locality: South Carolina.
IlVib. (ieol. .'^urv. Herb. Mohr.
PAPAVERACEAE. Poppy Family.
SANGUINARIA L. Sp. I'l. !:;")<».".. 17.">3.
< >nt' s])ecies, eastern North America.
Sanguiuaria canadensis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 50.5. 1753. Red PrccooN.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 13. tJray. Man. ed. 6, .58. Chap. Fl. 22. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 86.
AUejiheniau to L(uii8ianian area. C^uebec, Ontario, Manitoba; New England west
to i>akola, .south to northern Florida and Louisiana.
.\laha.ma: Mountain region. Kocky woods. Winston County, Colliers Creek,
1,500 feet. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain, 1,600 leet. Tuscaloosa County, 350
ieet(^'. A. Smith). Mobile County (Win. McNeal). Flowers white; March, April.
Perennial.
Economic uses: The root is the "bloodroof or "Sanj^uinaria" of the United
States Pharmacoptt'ia.
Ty])e locality: "Hab. in America septentrionali.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ARGEMONE L. Sp. PI. 1:508. 1753. Prickly Poppy.
Five species, warmer regions of America, Mexico. Western Texas. Annuals or
biennials.
Argemone mexicana L. Sp. PI. 1:508. 1753. Mexican Prickly Poi-py.
Ell. Sk. 2:13. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 59. Chap. Fl. 21. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 12. (iray, Syn. Fl. X. A. 1, pt. 1 : 87.
Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Adventive sparingly in North Atlantic ports,
frequent on the South Atlantic and Gulf coast.
Alaba.ma : Mobile County, roadsides, waste places uear dwellings. Flowers lemon
yellow; April, May; not rare.
Type locality: "Hab. in Mexico, .Jamaica, Caribaeis nunc in Europa australi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Argemone alba Lestib. liot. Belg. ed. 2, 3, pt. 2 : 132. 1799.
Arff(nione albijioru IJornem. Hort. Hafn.439. 1815.
Argemone mexicana alhijlora DC. I'rodr. 1 : 120. 1824.
A. (jeorqxana Croom, Am. Journ. Sci. 25 : 75. 1834.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt. 1 : 88.
Allegheniau and Louisianian areas. Nebraska to Texas, South Atlantic States to
Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Waste places. Mobile. Flowers white, April, May;
not rare. Annual.
Ty]ie locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BICUCULLA Adans. Fam. PI. 2, App.:23. 1763.
(DiCEXTRA Bernh. Linnaea, 8:468. 1833.)
Fifteen species, temperate regions Northern Hemisphere. Asia, North America.
Perennial herbs.
Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Millsp. Bull. W. Va. Exp. Sta. 2:327. 1892.
Fumaria cucullaria L. Sp. PI. 2 : 699. 17.53.
Diclytra cucullaria DC. Syst. 2 : 108. 1821.
\
MUSTAED FAMILY. 521
Dieentra cncnllaria Torr. Fl. N. Y. 1 : 45. 1843.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 60. Chap. Fl. 23. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1, pt. 1 : 95.
Cauadian zoue to Caroliuian area. Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario to the
Pacific coast; New England west to Minnesota, south to the Ohio Valley and Mis
souri, and along the mountains from New York to North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region to Lower hills. Wooded hillsides. Cullman County,
rich soil {Miss Mary Mohr). Tuscaloosa County {E. A. iSmith). Flowers, flesh-
colored; March, April. Not frequent, local.
Type locality: "Hah. in Virginia, Canada.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CAPNOIDES Adans. Fam. PI. 2:431. 17fi3.
(CoRYDALis Vent. Choix. 19. 18U3.)
About 100 species, temperate and warmer regions, Mediterranean Europe. North-
eastern Asia, southern Africa. North America, 10. Ours biennial.
Capnoides flavulum (Eaf.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 1 : 14. 1891.
Yellowish Corydalis.
Corydalis navula Raf. ; DC. Prodr. 1 : 129. 1824,
Gray, Man. cd. 6,61. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 604; ed. 3, 22. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1:98.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Ontario to Pennsylvania and Virginia, south
to Tennessee, west to Louisiana, Arkansas, and southern Missouri.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. Lower hills to Coast plain. Gravelly open places.
Lauderdale County, Florence (if. C. Wilson). Tuscaloosa County (E. A. Smith).
Mobile County. Flowers yellow, April, May. Scattered, not frequent.
Type locality : " Circa Philadelphiam."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Capnoides micranthum (Engelm.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 166. 1894.
Small-flowered Cordyalis.
Corydalis aurea var, micrantha Engelm. in Grav, Man. ed. 5, 62. 1867.
C. micrantha Gray, Bot. Gaz. 11 : 189. 1886.
Gray, Man. 1. c. ; ed. 6, 61. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 22. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1, pt. 1 : 98.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. North Carolina, Minnesota, and Nebraska to
Uintah Mountains (Utah) ; Iowa and Missouri south to Texas.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Open sandy places. Mobile County, Springhill.
Observed for the first time April, 1895, in cultivated ground; abundant. Flowers all
cleistogamous, outer petals wanting, crest of inner petals little developed, anthers
closely adhering to the stigma.
Type locality : " Western Illinois and St. Louis, Riehl."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
FUMARIA L. Sp. PI. 2:699. 1753.
Fumaria officinalis L. Sp. I'l. 2 : 700. 1753. Common Fumitory.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 179. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 61. Annual.
Alabama: Adventive liom Europe on ballast. Mobile. Observed since 1882
every season ; not spreading beyond the ballast grounds.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae agris, cultis "
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
Fumaria vaillantii Loisel. Desv. Journ. Bot. 2 : 358. 1809.
Southern Europe.
Alabama : Fugitive on ballast. Mobile, with the above. May, July, 1884 to 1894,
Type locality : European.
Herb, Mohr,
BRASSICACEAE. Mustard Family,
LEPIDIUM L. Sp. P1.2:643. 175.3.
About 100 species, temperate regions both hemispheres. North America, 16,
Annuals,
Lepidium virginicum L. Sp, PI, 2 : 645, 1753, Wild Peppergrass,
Ell, Sk, 2 : 140, Gray, Man, ed, 6, 73, Chap, Fl, 30. Gray, Syn. Fl. N, A, 1, pt. 1: 126.
Griseb. Fl, Brit. W. Ind. 14.
522 PLANT LIKE OF ALABAMA.
Wkst In'oiks. Mkxico, Otatkmai.a.
Allt'jllit'uiaii to Louisiaiiiiiii aroa. From Ontario, (incluM; tliroughout tho Atlantic
I iiittcT States to tlio (Juif. west to Arkansas and Nebraska.
Ai.auama: Over the State. Waste i)laees, roadsides, in dry eoik Common.
Type loeality : " Mai*, in Vir^riniau, Jamaicae glareosis."
iTerl). Geol. Snrv. llorli. Mohr.
Lepidium ruderale L. Sp. PL 2 : Gl."). 1753. European Peppkrgrass.
Gray, >Lni. od. G, 73; Syn. FL N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 128.
EUKOI'K.
Sj»arinj:ly advrntive on the Atlantie and the (inlf coast.
Alabama : Coast i>lain. Waste plaees. Mobile Comity, ballast heaps near month
of the river. .Inly IS, ISSS. Baldwin Connty, Navy Cove, Anynst 28, 1879.
Type locality: " Ihib. in Enropae rnderatis et ad viaa."
Herb. Gool. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Lepidium apetalum Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 439. 1805. Apetakous Cress.
Lejiiiliinii micvauthnm var. apetalum Ledeb. FL Koss. 1:205. 1842.
L. intermedium (irav, Man. ed. 2, G. 185G.
Gray. Man. ed. 6. 73; Syn. FL N. A. 1, pt. 1:127.
NOUTH A.SIA, El'ROPK.
New England to Texas.
Ai.ahama: Adventive on ballast. Mobile Connty, July.
Type locality : "Hab. in Siliiria."
Herb. Geol. Snrv.
CORONOPUS Gaertu. Frnct. 2 : 293. 1791. Swink Cress.
(Sexkbikka Poir. Encycl. 7 : 7G. 1806.)
Twelve species, temperate regions, both hemispheres.
Coronopus coronopus (L.) Karst. Deutsch. FL 673. 1880-1883. Wakt Cress.
Cochharia coronopun \j. Sp. PL 2 : 648. 1753.
Coronopus rueUii All. FL Ped. 1 : 256. 1785.
Senehiera curonopuH Poir. I'ncvcl. 7 :76. 1806.
Ell. Sk. 2: 139. Gray, Man.'ed. 6, 74. Chap. FL 30. Gray, Svn. FL N. A. 1, pt.
1:130.
El" HOPE.
Naturalized in the Middle States, and in the ports from Rhode Island to Florida.
Ai.aba.ma: Coast region. Adventive with ballast. Mobile County, Pinto Island.
A])ril, 1879. May, 1896. Annual. Firmly established in waste places about the
shipping.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae apricis, nudis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Coronopus didymus (L.) J. E. Smith, FL Brit. 3:691. 1800. pEi'PEKfiRAss.
/,ipi(liiiiii dill i/iii 111 \j. Maut. 92. 1776.
Scnebieni pini)ali)ida DC. Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. 1:144. 1799.
S. didi/ma Pers. Svn. 2 : 185. 1815.
Ell. Sk. 2:139. Grav. Man. ed. 6. 74. Chap. FL 30. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 48. Griseb.
Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 14. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 130.
EuRoi'K, Brazil, North America.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Naturalized in Canada and the North Atlantic
States, west to Vancouver aud California, and from Florida to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Damp open ground, pastures, grass
plots. Lawrence Connty, Monlton. Tuscaloosa and Mobile counties. Flowers
white, March to May; a common weed. Winter annnal.
Type locality not ascertaiued.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CAKILE Gaertu. Fruct. 2 : 287. 1791. Ska Rocket.
Four maritime species, temperate and warmer regions. F^uropo, West Indies.
North America, 2. Annuals.
Cakile maritima Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, 2 : 35. 1772.
Etrope.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Adventive on ballast in Middle Atlantic aud
Southern ports.
MUSTAED FAMILY. 523
Alabama: A fugitive on ballast. Mobile, August, 1891 (not seen since).
Herb. (Jeol. Surv.
Cakile chapmani Millspaugh in lit.
Cukile marititna var. aequalis Chap. Fl. 31. 1860. Not C. acqualis L'Her. 1827.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 132. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 14.
West Indies.
Lonisianian area. Florida to Mississiiipi.
Alabama : Wet sands and borders of sandy saline pools on the seashore, Dauphin
Island. Flowers purplish. June to August; frequent. Annual.
I'rostrate, tardily ascending, much branched, 1 to 2 feet long; racemes elongated,
4 to 6 inches long.
Type locality : "Drifting sands along the coast."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SISYMBRIUM L. Sp. PI. 2 : 657. 1753.
Fifty si^ecies (Engl. & Prantl), temperate regions both hemispheres.
Sisymbrium officinale Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, 2 : 26. 1772. Hedge Mustard.
Erysimum officinale L. Sp. PI. 2 : 660. 1753.
Eli. Sk. 2 : 148. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 72. Chap. Fl. 28. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 41. Grav,
Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 137.
EXTROPE.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Naturalized and widely distributed from Canada
to the Gulf; also in California.
Alabama : Over the State. Waste places, common wayside weed. Flowers yellow.
Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in ruderatis et circa vias.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BRASSICA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 666. 1753.
Fifty species, Europe and Asia; including the many cultivated v.arieties of cab-
bages, turnips, ruta-baga, colza, and mustard.
Brassica campestris L. Sp. PI. 2 : 666. 1753. Turnip. Ruta-baga.
Europe.
Escaped from cultivation and advehtive in the wild form over the continent.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast heaps. Mobile, May.
Type locality: " Hab. in agris uon argillosis Europae.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Brassica nigra (L.) Koch in Roehl. Deutschl. Fl. ed. 3, 4 : 713. 1833.
Black Mustard.
Sinajyis nigra L. Sp. PI. 2 : 668. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 72. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 28. Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 2 : 118.
Europe.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Extensively naturalized in fields and waste
places in the Nortliern States.
Alabama: Adventive on ballast. Mobile County. Annual.
Economic uses : The seed is the "black mustard seed " or " Sinapis " of the United
States Pharmacopceia.
Type locality: "Hab. in aggeribus ruderatis Europae septentrionalioris."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DIPLOTAXIS DC. Syst.2:628. 1821.
About a dozen species. Central and southern Europe.
Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Syst. 2 : 634. 1824. Wall Rocket,
Sisymbrium murale L. Sp. PI. 2 : 658. 1753.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt, 1 : 134. Britt. &. Br. III. Fl. 2 : 120.
Europe.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Adventive with ballast near seaports from
eastern Canada to western Florida.
Alabama: On ballast along the Mobile River, observed every year for the past
fifteen years. Flowers butf yellow ; May to September. A common ill-scented ballast
weed. Annual or biennial.
Type locality: "Hab. Gallia, Sicalia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
r)L>4 VLANT LIFE OK ALABAMA.
Diplotaxis tenuifolla (L.) DC. Syst. 2:(iH2. 1821. Naiirow-i.eaf 8ani> Mtstari).
Siiiimhiium li-niiifoHinn L. Cent. I'l. 1 : 18. 17.')."). Ainoen. Ac-id. 4 : 279. 1788.
(iriiy. Syn. VI. N. A. 1. pt. 1 : 131. IJritt. &, Br. 111. Fl. 2 : 120.
KriioiT..
i'lom tlio Huinc region, aiiil lonml in about the samo sitiialioiis aa tlie above.
Ai AiiA.MA : l.t'ss l'n'«|iinnt tliaii the last on ballast beai»8 at Mobile. I't-ieMiiial.
Type localitv: " llab. iu CJallia, Italia, Helvetia."
Herb. .Mohi."
lODANTHUS I'orr. A ( iray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 72. 18.38.
(TiiKi.vi'oDUM Wals. Index, 73. 1878.)
A aiu};;le species, Atlantic North Aun'iica.
lodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) .Steud. Nonienc. ed. 2, 812. isll. \'ioi,kt Kocket.
//(.syxriv itiiiiiulijida Michx. Fl. l'>or. Am. 2 : 31. 1803.
I odd II III IIS /((«/)( ((rfoiV/es Torr. it Gray in Gray, Gen. 111. 1 : 134, t. '>4, 1848.
(irav. Man. cd. G. 72; ("hap. Fl. 25. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1: 150. Engl. &.
I'rantl.Nat. 1*11.3. Abt. 2: 183.
.Mlonlienian to Carolinian area. Western Pennsylvania, Ohio Valley, and Minne-
sota, south to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Rich woods. Lawrence County, Moultou. Lamier-
dale County. Florence {M. C. Wilnon). Flowers violet, April, May; fruit rii)e in
.Inly. Not frequent. Perennial.
I'ype locality: " Halt, in Inunidis sylvarum Teunassde.*'
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
RORIPA Scup. l"l.Carn.520. 1760.
(Nastuktium R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 4 : 10!>. 1812.)
Fifty epecies, temperate regions. Northern Hemisphere. North America, 13.
Roripa nasturtium (L.) Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, 3, pt. 3:5. 1893. Watkk Ci{ks.s.
ydxliiiliiiin oficiiialc K. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 4 : 110. 1812.
Six 1/ III h rill III uiixlitrtiiiiii L. Sp. PI. 2 : 657. 1753.
Eli. Sk. 2: 145. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 69. (.'hap. F1.25. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1:13. Coulter,
Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 16. Gray, Syn Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 146.
Eriioi'K, A.siA, South America (introduced).
Allcghenian to Louisianian area. Naturalized and profusely distributed from
Nova Scotia and Ontario to the Gulf, west to Texas, Colorado, Utah, and California.
Alabama: Sparin;j;ly over the State. Shallow brooks. Mobile County, Spring-
hill. .Jcflerson County (/•'. .1. .S/H(7/(). Flowers white; April. I'ereuuial.
Economic uses: The fresh herb, " water cress,'' is used medicinally and as a salad.
Type locality: "Hnb. iu Enropa et America septeutriouali ad foutes."
1 lerb. ( Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Roripa sylvestris (L.) Bess. Euum. 27. 1821. Yellow Cress.
Sini/nihriuiii niilrcatrc L. Sp. PI. 2 : 675. 1753.
XaHtiirtium miheHtre R. Br. iu Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 4 : 110. 1812.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, (39. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 24. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, i)t. 1 : 147.
ErRoi'E, Asia.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Naturalized from Massachusetts to Virginia,
Illinois, and Missouri.
Alabama: Fully established -in shallow marshes and muddy ditches. Mobile.
Observed for the past til'teeu years, constantly spreading. Flowers deep yellow;
April to .[line. Fre<|uent. Perennial.
Ty])e locality: " llab. in Helvetiae, (lermaniae, (ialliae ruderatis."
Herb. (leol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Roripa sessiliflora (Nutt.) A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Manhat. IS. 1894.
Early P'ield Cress.
Xaaturtium sessiUftorum Nutt. in Torr. &. Gray, Fl. 1: 73. 1838. (Gray, Gen. Illust.
1:132, f. 55.)
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 70. Chap. Fl. I'l. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 17. Gray, Syn. Fl.
N.A.l,pt. 1:149.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia and Kentucky to Missouri, south from
Tennessee to Florida aud western Texas.
MUSTARD FAMILY. 525
Alabama: Coast plain. Damp open places, borders of ditclics, low lields. Flow-
ei"8 yellow. March ; frequent. Winter. Annual or biennial.
Type locality: "' IJanks of the Mississippi/ Nuttall: Kentucky 'i Ilajinesque I"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Roripa walteri (Ell.) Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 23. 1897. Walter's Cress.
Sisymhriiim nnlteri Ell. >Sk. 2 : 146. 1824.
X((sturtii(m tdiuicetifoliuni Hook. & Arn. Hook. Journ. Bot. 1 : VM.
Sisymbrium tanacetifoHum Walt. Fl. Car. 174. 1788. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap . Fl. 24. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 17. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1,
pt. 1:148.
NoRTHEKX Mexico.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana, Arkansas, and
western Texas.
Alabama : Coast plain. Damp open ground border ditches, low fields. Mobile
County. Flowers pale yellow. February, March ; fruit. April; frequent. Winter
annual.
Type locality : " Common around Charleston and Beaufort."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CARDAMINE L. Sp. PL 2 :654. 1753.
About 50 species, cooler and warmer zones of Nortliern Heinisiihere. Few in South
America. Eurojie.
Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. ; Willd. Si>. PI. 3 : 486. 1800.
Small Bitter Cress.
Cardamine hirsuta auct. Am. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 144. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 6.5, as to the type. Chap. Fl. 26. Gray, Syn. Fl.
N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 158.
Jamaica.
Boreal zone to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia to the Arctic Sea; Ontario (Macoun)
to the Pacific; Californiji north to Alaska; New England west to Dakota and Mon-
tana, south to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Wet places, ditches. Conecuh
County, Evergreen {Bakei- <S- Ear1e,43). Tuscaloosa County (E. J. Smith). Mobile
County. Most fre([uent in the Coast plain. Flowers white, February, March; fruit
ripe in April. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in Pennsylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 4.
Bulbous-rooted Bitter Cress.
Arabis bulbosa Schreb. ; Muhl. Trans Am. Phil. Soc. 3 : 174. 1793.
Thlasjn tuberosum Nutt. Gen. 2 : 65. 1818.
Cardamine rhomboidea DC. Svst. 2 : 246. 1821.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 65. Chap. JFl. 25. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 156.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Nova Scotia, Ontario, and New England, west
to Dakota, south to the Ohio Valley, Missouri, Tennessee, North Carolina, and
Florida.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Wet springy places. Tuscaloosa County, Epes
Station. Hale County, Havana (£^. J. »S'm(//i.). Flowers white; March, April. Not
frequent. Perennial.
Type locality (Muhl. Cat.) : "Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DENTARIA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 653. 1753.
Fifteen species, temperate region Northern Hemisphere, Europe, Asia. North
America 10. Perennial herlts.
Deutaria diphyllaMichx. Fl.Bor. Am. 2:30. 1803. Pepper-root.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 142. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 64. Chap. Fl. 26. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
1 : 153.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec; New Eng-
land west to Minnesota; southern West Virginia to Ohio, and along the mountains
to South Carolina.
r)'jr) PI, ANT LIFK OK ALABAMA.
At.AiiAMA: TciiiK'SHj-o \',tllt\v. l.owiT IhIIh. Ikicli k1i;iiIi(1 woocIh. l^auilcrilale
(.'oiiiitv, I'loii'iiif (M.C. Ifilsinn. Tusealoosii Coimtx (/-■..(. .S'mi//ij. I'Iowoih yol-
lowiuli whitr; Ajjiil. Not r:in>.
Tyjie lot iility : '• In sylvis viiHtiH 'I'ouiiiisHct* <'t moiif ibus alti.s.siiiiiH Caroliiiiu*.''
Herb. Geol. Siirv. Herb. Mohr.
Dentaria laciniata Mulil.; WilUl. Sji. PI. 3 : ITU. IWO. I><)i5i:i> Tootiiwokt.
Ihniarm nmctiliiuitii Miclix. V\. Hor. Am. 2:'.M). 1803.
Kll.su. 2: ML'. ( May. Man. cd. ti, (iJ. ("liap. Fl. 2ti. (iray, Syn. Kl. N. A. 1, ]>t. I : l.'.:{.
AlU'ulKiiian to l.oiiisianian ana. (,tinliec and Ontario: Nrw Knj;lan(l weHt to
.Minnesota and Nt'l)raska, f^onth to western Jlorida, and tiirou<;h tlio Ohio \:ilk',y to
.MiKBonri.
Alabama: Kieli woods, Tennesaee Valley throHfrjioiit the nionntaius to Lower
bills. Madison Conuty, Moutesano. Tuscaloosa and Chilton counties. Flowers
l»ale rose color ; March, .Ajtril.
Type locality : •'Hah. in Pi-nsylvania.'"
IliMb. (ieol. fSurv. Herb. Mohr.
Deutaria laciniata multifida (Muhl.) .1. F. James, Hot. Gaz, 13:2.S4. 1888.
FlNKI.Y-I.()»Kl> TOOTHWOKT.
nciitarid miiUitida Mnhl. (at. (50. 1813.
KU. Sk. 2 : Mi'. Ciia).. Fl. 2(;. (iray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1: 153.
Carolinian and l.onisi.inian areas. Tennessee, North and Soutb Carolina.
Ai.aua.ma: Tennessee Valley to Lower bills. Lauderdale County, Florence (iW. C.
Jf'iliion). Tuscaloo.sa County (E. J. Smith). Flowers jiah' llesh-color; .M.indi, April.
Rare.
Plants from J'lorence, with the divisions of the leaves wider, connect with the tyi>e.
Tyjie locality: "Carolina, Cherokee."
Herb. (ieid. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Dentaria heterophylla Xutt. Gen. 2:66. 1818. Slkndkk Tootmwokt.
C(ird(i)nit)(' lirl< rophiiUa Wood, Bot. & Fl. 38. 1870.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 64. Chaj). Fl. 26. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : l.">3,
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia
to Tennessee.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Hale County, Havana (A'. J. <S»i/7/i). April 29; rare.
Ty])e locality: "In western Pennsylvania (in the shady firwoods on the banks of
Wishahiknn Creek, a few miles from Philadelphia)."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LEAVEN WORTHIA Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y, 4 : XT. 1848,
Four sjteeies, eastern North America. Low winter annuals.
Leaven'wrorthia aurea Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 4 : 88, t. 5. 1848.
GOLDKN-I'LOWKREI) LEAVKNWONTHIA.
Ihap. Fl. 27. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 1.52. Gray. 111. 1 : 140, /. 57.
Carolinian area. Tennes.see, Arkansas, and northwestern Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Limestone Hats. Jackson County, Scottsboro, iu
the cedar glades, abundant. Flowers yellow. March. Collected fruiting specimens
only May n. Local.
DiflV-rs from Gray's Hgurc! in the more numerous divisions of the leaves, ."> to 7 i)airs.
Ty]ie locality: Vicinity of Fort Towson, Arkansas; also in Texas and in Jetlersou
County, Ahibamii; Dr. M. ('. I.tdituivorlhl
Herl). (ieol. Sur\'. Herl). Mohr.
Leaveuworthia uniflora ( Michx.) Britt. Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 171. 1894.
MiCHAUx's Leaven wouTHiA.
Cardamine uniflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 29. 1803.
Leavenwtn-lhia viiehauxii Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 89. 1848.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 63. Chap. Fl. 27. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 152.
Carolinian area. Kentucky, Indiana?, and Missouri, south to Tennessee and
Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Limestone ledges. Madison County, Montesano, at
800 to 1,000 feet. Collected in fruit only, May 1, 1880. Local. Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in rupibns circa Kuoxville."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Leaveuworthia torulosa Gray, Bot. Gaz. 5 : 26. 1880.
Necklace Leavenwokthia.
Gray, Man. ed. ti, 61. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 152. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 26.
Carolinian area. Kentuckv and Tennessee.
MUSTARD FAMILY. 527
Alabama: With the above, apparently more rarL-. Annual.
Type locality: "Barrens of Kentucky, Short. Verj^ abundant near Nashville,
Tennessee, Dr. Galtirifier."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BURSA Weber in Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hols. 47. 1780.
(Capsella Medic. Pfl. Gatt. 1:85. 1792.)
Four species, north teuii)erate zone.
Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britten, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 172. 1894.
Shepherd's Purse.
Thlaspi bursa-pasioris L. Sp. PI. 2 : 647. 1753.
Capsella barsa-pastoris Medic. Pfl. Gatt. 1 :85. 1792.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 141. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 73. Chap. Fl. 30.
An almost cosmopolitan weed, of northern temperate regions.
Europe.
Naturalized in America, spread almost over the continent.
Alabama: Over the State. Waste places, sandy fields, connuou everywhere.
Flowers white, March to May. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae cultis rudoratis."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DRABA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 642. 1753. Whitlow Grass.
One hundred and hfty species, temperate zone. Arctic and Alpine regions Nortlieru
Hemisphere. North America, 34 species. Low jjerennials or annuals.
Draba caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 174. 1788. Carolina Whitlow Grass.
Ell. Sk. 2:138. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 68. Chap. Fl. 29. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 106.
Alleghenian to Louisianiau area. Southern Ontario; eastern Massachusetts, west
to Nebraska, south to the Ohio Valley, Tennessee, Missouri, and Arkansas, and from
New Yoi'k to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain and Central Prairie regions. Sandy fields, grassy hillsides.
Lee Comity, Aiihnrn (Underwood i^- I'^arle). Montgomery County. Flowers white;
March. Not frequent. Winter annual.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Draba cuneifolia Nutt. ; Torr. &, Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 108. 1838.
Wedge-leaf Whitlow Grass.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 68. Chap. Fl. 29. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 107.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Southwestern Kentucky, southern Illinois, Mis-
souri, south to Tennessee, Georgia, western Florida, west to Arkansas, southwestern
Texas, southern Utah, California.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Sandy fields. Sumter County, Epes Store
{E. J. Smith), 'Hilarch 25. Annual.
Type locality : "Grassy places around St. Louis, Mo. Also in Arkansas and west
Florida, yuttaU! Kentnckj, Short!"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Draba brachycarpa Nutt. ; Torr. it Gray, Fl. N. A 1:108. 1838.
Small-fruitkd Whitloav Grass.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 68. Chap. Fl. 29. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 107.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Virginia, Kentucky, southern Illinois, and
Missouri ; south from Tennessee to central (ileorgia and western Florida ; Oregon.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Open grassy places, low hills.
Madison County, Huntsville. Montgomery County, similar sitiuitions. Baldwin
and Mobile counties, sandy shores of Mobile Bay. Flowers white; jNIay. Annual.
Type locality : " Near St. Louis, Mo. ; and in Arkansas, NuttaU! Milledgeville, Ga ,
Dr. BotjMn! Slacon, Ga., J/r. Loomis!"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb Mohr.
STENOPHRAGMA Celak. Oester. Bot. Zeitsch. 27:177. 1877.
Stenophragma thaliana (L.) Celak. Oester. Bot. Zeitsch. 27: 177. 1877.
Mouse-ear Cress.
Arahis thaliana L. Sp. PL 2 : 665. 1753.
Sisymbrium IhaUanum Gav, Ann. Sci. Nat. 7:399. 1826.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 72. Chap. Fl. 26. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 140.
r)2S ri,.\NT LIFK (»!-' ALAI5AMA.
KUKOI'K.
A liiiinlilc iiaturali/fd wcod, frcMiiU'iit in Ontario an<l Now En^^land, tlicncfi west
til West \ ir;,'inia anil Kenlnrkv, ami south to rimida an<l Mississipiii.
Ai aiiama: < )\ it thr Slatf. l^ortlisrsol' sandy Holds, wasic places. Madison County,
iiiintsville. Tusi aloosa. Monti^iunory, Mobile, and Haldwin eonuties. Flowers white.
.Marcli; not loinnion. .Annual.
Typf locality: "Hal>. in Kurojiae septentrionalioris sabnlosis."
Herb. (Jool. 8urv. Herb. Mobr.
ARABis L. sp. i'l. mi. n-y.i.
One hundred distinct species, of temperate regions, chielly in the Northern lloini-
splioro; few in South America and Australia. North America 38.
Arabis virginica (L.) Trelease, Urauner &, Coville, Rey). Geol. Surv. .\rk. 1884,
4: It)."). 18!M. Soi'TiiKRN Sani> CUK.SS.
Cardamine rirfi'inica L. Sp. I'l. 2:656. 1753.
.irabin liidoriciiUKt V. A. Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 9:60. 1834.
(irav, Man. ed. t). (>(). Chap. V\. ed. 3, 27. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 19. Gray,
Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1:161.
Carolinian and Louisiani.in area.s. Virginia to South Carolina, west to Texas,
Arkansas, Missouri, and southern California.
Alabama: Centr.il I'iue belt to Coast pl.tin. Open sandy jdaces, l)orders of lields.
Tuscaloosa, Montj^omery, and Mobile counties; fre«]ucut iu the Coast plain. Flow-
ers white. February, March. Winter annual.
Tyjie locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Arabis patens Snlliv. Am. .lourn. Sci. 42 : U). 1812. Open Rock Chkss.
(Jray, Man. ed. 6, 6t). Chap. Fl. 27. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 162.
Carolinian area. New York and W'est Virginia to Ohio and Missouri, south from
Tennessee to northwestern Georgia (Cave Springs).
Alabama: Central I'rairie belt. Damp shaded limestone rocks, liibb County,
banks Little Cahaba River, Pratts Ferry. June; rare. Annual or biennial.
Type locality: "Rocky banks of the Scioto River, near Columbus, Ohio."
Herb. Mohr.'
Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 1:411. 1810.
Smooth Rock Ckks.s. Sicklf, I 'on.
Turritis laeru/ala Muhl.; Willd. .Sp. PI. 3:543. 1801.
(;ray, Man. ed. 6, ()(>. Chap. Fl. 28. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 162.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Quebec, Ontario; Now England west to Minne-
sota, south to Ohio Valley and Tennessee.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Rocky banks. Tuscaloosa County (I<J. A. Smith).
Hibb County, l)ank of Little Cahaba River. Flowers March, fruit June; not fre-
<|uent. Annual.
Ty])e locality : " Hab. iu Pensylvania."
Herb. (icol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Arabis canadensis L. Sp. PI. 2 : 665. 1753. Sicklk Pod.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 148. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 66. Chap. Fl. 28.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario and New England west to Minnesota,
south to Missouri, Georgia, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Madison County, Huntsville {Hake)- .f Earlr).
Flowers .June. Infrecjucnt. Annual or biennial.
Type locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CAPPARIDACEAE. Caper Family.
CLEOME L. Sp. PL 2 : 671. 1753.
Seven species, subtropical and tropical regions, chielly South America.
Cleome spinosa L. Sp. I'l. ed. 2, 2 : 939. 1763. Spiny Cleome.
Cleomc puiK/cns W'illd. Ennm. 689. 1809.
Chap. Fl. 32. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 183.
West Indies, South America.
Louisianian area. Adventive North Carolina to Louisiana and Arkansas.
CAPER FAMILY. 529
Alabama: Lower hills. Coast plain. Waste jilaces. Shelby County, Cahaha
{E. A. Smith). Mobile, a frequent ballast weed. Flowers pale purple; June, July.
Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in America meridionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cleome aculeata L. Syst. ed. 12, 3 : 232. 17(57. Prickly Cleome.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 16.
West Indies, Guiana.
Alabama: Fugitive with ballast. Mobile. Collected once only, at Hunter's Wharf,
June 4, 1893, with seeds perfectly mature. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. ii America. D. Zaega,"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cleome peutaphylla L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 938. 1762. Five-leavkd Gynanbkopsis.
Gynandropnix pentaphyHa DC. Prodr. 1 : 238. 1821.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 150. Chap. Fl. 32. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 183.
Asia, E(;ypt.
Warmer ])arts of America. Mo.st probably introduced from the Old World.
Escaped from cultivation, Georgia to Louisiana.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. An escape from gardens, and intro-
duced with ballast; fairly naturalized. Tuscaloosa County. Autauga County,
Prattville. Mobile County. Flowers rose-color; June, July. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Iildiis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cleome viscosa L. Sp. PI. 2 : 672. 1753. Clammy Cleome.
Ceylon, Malabak, West Aeiuca, introduced in warmer America.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 183.
Alabama: Adventive with ballast. Mobile. Observed from 1878 to 1895. Flowers
yellow; August, September. Annual. Also reported on ballast from Philadelphia.
Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Zeylona, Malabaria."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
POLANISIA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89 : 98. 1819.
Thirty species, warmer regions of the Old and New World, Northern Hemisphere.
Annuals.
Polanisia trachysperma Torr. & Gray, Fi. N. A. 1: 669. 1840.
Rough-seeded Polanisia.
Polanisia iiniglandnlosa Tort. Pac.R. Rep. ^-.67. 1857. Not DC.
Grav, Man. ed. 6. 75. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 606; ed. 3, 32. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb
2 : 23.' Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 182.
Mexico.
Sporadically diffused over the western part of the continent. Manitoba to Colo
rado, Oregon, Arizona, and r< xas.
Alabama: Metamorphic hills. Waste places. Tallapoosa County, Dadeville, 550
feet; only station. Most probably adventive from the southwest. Flowers pink;
July. Rare and local. Auniial.
Type locality : " Taxiis, Dnimmond!''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polanisia tenuifolia Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 123. 1838. Narrow-leaf Polanisia .
Chap. Fl. 31. Graj-, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 182. 1895.
Louisianiau area. Coast of Georgia and Florida.
Alabama: Sandy hills. Dale County {E. A, Smitk). Annual,
Type locality : "Georgia, LeConte!"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
15894 34
n.Hl) ri.ANP lAVV. OF Al.AUAMA.
RESEDACEAE. Mignonette Family.
RESEDA 1.. Sp. I'l. 1:1 lit. IT.".:?. Mu;n«>.\kti k.
Sixty Hjn'cira. M.<littrr.iiitMii l.iiinpe, Afrii;i.
Reseda lutea L. Si>. J'l. 1 : I is. 17."):i. Vki.i.ow Ci t-i.kavkd Mkjnonkttk.
llrijoii:.
(.'aroliniaii area. Adveiitivc <>ii Imllast on I he coiitst of .soiitlnrii New i:ii;;l:in.l and
sonlbward.
AiaiiaMa: l'n;;itive on liallnsl. Mobile, .Inly, IWa. Annual.
'rv|>f lorality: " ilali. in llnropac australioris montibn.s cretaceis,"
llerli. (ieol. ."^nrv. H«rl(. Molir.
SARRACENIACEAE. Pitcher Plant Family.
SARRACENIA L. Hp. I'l. 1 : .MO. 17.".S.
.^ix species, ]ierennial8, chielly sontli Atlaulie North Aiueriea.
Sarracenia purpurea L. Sp. PI. 1:510. 1753. Sidk-Saddlk Fi.owkk.
Ell. Sk. 2:9. Cray, Man. ed. 6. 57. Chap. Fl. 2i).
Horeal /one to Lonisianian area. From Labradoj-, Nevvfouudland, and Nova
Scotia throu'rh Canada to the Koeky Mountains; New England to Florida an<l
Louisiana.
Ai.aka.ma: ThroMi^hoiit the Coa.st Fine belt. Coastplaiu. Sphaguous bogs. Clarke,
Geneva, Escambia, lialdwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers pale purple; March,
Ajiril. Not iufre(|uent.
Tyjie locality: " llab. in Americae soptcntiionalis mils."
Herb. (k'ol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sarracenia psittacina Michx. Fl. 15or. Am. 1 : lill. 1803.
I'ARKOT 15i:ak. Pitcukk Plant.
Chap. Fl.L'O. Gray, Syn.Fl. N.A.I, lit. 1: SO.
Lonisianian ;irea. Coast of Georgia and Florida to Louisiana.
Ai.aisama: ]>ower Pine region. Coast plain. Damp and boggy j.iiie barrens.
Mobile, Baldwin, and Washington counties. Flowers i)oniegranate-pnrple; April.
Not rare.
Type locality: "Hab. ab urbe Augusta Georgiae ad Floridam."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Sarracenia rubra Walt. Fl. Car. 152. 178S.
KkD-FLOWKREI) TlUMPKT-I.KAr OK PiTCIIKK PlaNT.
Ell. Sk. 2: 10. Chap. Fl. 21. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1:80.
Louisianian area. North Carolina and Florida to Mississippi.
Ai.auama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Danij) sandy pine barrens, pine-
meadows. Mobih^ County, Hayou LaHatre. Washington County, Vinegar Bend.
Flowers reddish pnr])le ( wine-purple) ; April. Not rare.
Eeonomie uses: The rontstocks of S. rubra, S. drummondii, and S. purpurea are
rejiMted to possess therapeutical properties.
Type locality : .South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sarracenia drummondii Croom, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 4 : 100, /. P. 1848.
DlUMMONI) rHlMI'KT-LKAP'.
Chaj). Fl. 21. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 80.
Louisianian area. Southwestern Georgia and western Florida, west to Mississii)pi.
.Alaba.ma: Lower I'ine region. Coast y)lain. Boggy pine barrens from (Jeueva to
Washington County. Baldwin and Mobile counties. Flowers maroon jiurple.
April ; frequent.
Type locality : "Near the town of Appalachic-ola in Florida. Abundant on the
western borders of the Appalachicola Piver below Ocheesee. Dr. A. /('. Chapman,
in Hi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sarracenia flava L. vSp. PI. 1 : 510. 17.53. Yeli-o\v Trumpkt-lkaf.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 10. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 57. Chap. Fl. 21. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 81.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana.
SUNDEW FAMILY. 531
Alahama: Central Pine belt to the coast. Wet places, borders ponds, ditches,
throughout the Coast Piue belt. Flowers canary yellow. April; frequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Ainericae septentrioualis udis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sarracenia catesbaei Ell. Sk. 2 : 11. 1821-24. Catesby's Trumpet-leaf.
Carolinian area. South Carolina.
Alabama : Mountain region. Dekalb County. W^et banks of Little River, near
De Soto Falls, 2,000 feet altitude. F^lowers yellow. June. Only locality known in
the State.
Type locality: "My specimens * * * were collected by Dr. McBride along
thi' margins of the rivulets amidst the high sandhills of Chestertiehl district in
South Carolina."
Readily distinguished from the very closely allied Sanactnia flava by the strictly
erect leaves with ventral wing narrower and the sides of the broad, dark purple
veined lamina scarcely if at all rellexed.
DROSERACEAE. Sundew Family.
DROSERA L, Sp. PI. 281. 1753. Sundew.
About 100 species, all regions except Pacific islands. North America, 8.
Drosera brevifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 211. 1814. Suokt-leaf Sundew.
Chap. Fl. 37.
Louisiauian area. Coast of North Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi and
Louisiana.
Alabama : Coast plain. Damp open pine barrens. Mobile. Flowers pale i)ink.
April. Freijuent. Annual.
Type locality: "1ti sandy swamps of Georgia. Enslen."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Drosera capillaris I'oir. Eucycl. 6 : 299. 1804. Capillaky SuNT)EW^
Drosera hreriJ'oUa\nT. major Hook. Journ. Bot. 1: 194. 1834.
Chav). 11. 37.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi and Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Low damp pine barrens, borders
Itouds, ditches. GenevaCounty (i'. J. 5mi</i). Mobile. Flowers white; April. Not
rare. Annual.
Tyjie locality : "Cette plante croit a la Caroline."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Drosera intermedia Hayne in Schrad. .Journ. Bot. 1800, pt. 1:37. 1801.
LoNGLEAF Sundew.
Drosera longifolia Michx. V\. Bor. Am. 1: 186. 1803. Not L.
D. amerkana Willd. Enum. 340. 1809.
D. foliosa Ell. Sk. 1 : 376 1817.
D. lotu/ifolia var. amerkana DC Prodr. 1:318. 1824.
Ell. Sk.l:376. Gray Man ed 6, 178. Chap. Fl. 37. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 27.
Northern Europe, Western Asia, Kaaitchatka, West Indies, Bra/.h,.
Canadian zone to Louisiauian area. New Brunswick, Ontario, and Manitoba to
latitude 53. New England, Maine west to Minnesota, south along tbe Atlantic
coast to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast Pine belt. Bogs and shallow ponds. Washil)g{^)n ( ounty, Yel-
lowpine. F^scanibia, Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers white; A})ril, May.
Fre(|U('nt. Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in uliginosis turfosis," Germany.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Drosera filiformis Raf. Med. Rep. ser. 2, 5 :360. 1808. Narrow-leaf Sundew.
Drosera ten ni folia Willd. Enum. 340. 1809.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 179. Chap. Fl. 37.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Coast of Massachusetts and New .Jersey to
Florida, west to Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low damp pine barrens. Mobile and Baldwin counties.
Flowers rose pink ; May Frei|neutly covering large patches; not rare. Perennial.
Type locality (Torr. & Gray, Fl.); "Delaware {liaftnesque)."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
582 I'LANT LII-'K OK AI.AMAMA.
PODOSTEMACEAE River Weed Family.
AlxMit r_' HpocieH, pert'iiniiil ;ii|ii!ili<s of wide distriliut ion.
PODOSTEMON Mi-lix. Kl. Hor. Aiii.2:l(il. IKOX
Two spocics jii|uati(' ]ifi»'iiiiiiil.s. Nortli Aiiiciiciin.
Podostemon abiotauoides Niitt. .louni. Ai-ad. IMiila. 7 : lor». IH.iL liiVKKWKKM.
Cliiip. Fl. :^!t;t.
Carolinian ana. Kasteni rennsylvania, Tenncsseo, anil (icorgia.
.Viaiia.ma: Monntaiu r<!;iion. Ou rocks, in swiftl.v-runuiug 8t-ranis. r.lonnt
Connt.v, .Mnllirrry fork, Warrior l»'iv«r. FIowcmh not sion ; .Iiino.
Tyi>«' locality (Cliaimian) : "(Jravelly places in Chaltalioocdiee Kiver, .\utlatl."
llerli. (ieol. .Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Podostemon ceratophyllum Midix. I'l. Itor. Am. 2: UJ.o. IW.i.
Kll. Sk. 2 :.")17. (;r.iy, .Man. ed. (I, 41 1. Chap. Fl. 8it9.
Carolinian area. Ontario; New Yo.k to Ohio; south from New .IrrHoy to nf)per
(Jeorjjia.
Ai.AitAMA: Monntain ri'gion. l\<)cky river IxmIs. ]A',ti County, Auburn (linker .f-
Earle). .Inne. Only locality known in the State.
Type locality : " llab. in rii|tibMs salt us lluvii Ohio, ju.Kta Louisville."
CRASSULACEAE. Orpine Family.
SEDUM L. Sp. I'l. 1 : r.M). liry.i.
.\bout 150 8peci(!s, chiclly perennials, mostly of the. cooler and t()ni])erate rej^ions
of the ( )ld World, chiefly Northern rienus]>here. North America, about 13.
Sedum pulchellum Micii.N. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 277. 1803. Puktty Sroxianiof.
Ell. Sk. 1 : .")29. Cray, Man. ed. (>, 177. Chap. Fl. 150.
Carolinian area. West Virginia and Kentucky, west to southern Illinois, southern
Missouri and Arkansas, south to Tennessee, and along the mountains to Georgia.
Ai.AiiAMA: Tennessee Valley. Monntaiu region. Rocky blurts and hillsides
Lauderdale and FTorence counties. Ma<lison County, soulh declivity of Montesano
ou limestone rock, abundant. Flowers white; -May 1. Local, abundant.
Tyjie locality: " Hab. in rupibns circa Knoxville," Tenn.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sedum nevii Gray, Man. ed. 5, 172. lS(i7. Nkvus Stoneckop.
Gray. Man. ed. (5, 177. Chap. Fl. 150.
Carolinian area. Mountains of Virginia and Tennessee.
Alahama: Lower hills. Rocky cliffs. Tuscaloosa County {R. I). Xevius). liibi)
County, I'ratt's Ferry. Shaded damp rocks Little Cahaba River. Flowers white,
June. Local and rare, forming dense tufts.
Type locality: "Mountains of Virginia (Saltpond Mountain, W. M. Canby) to
Alabama { R. 1). Xerius)."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sedum ternatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 277. 1803. Tkkxate Stoxkckop.
Ell. Sk. l:.-)29. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 177. Chap. Fl. 150.
Carolinian area. Southern rennsylvania, Ohio ^'alley from Virginia south along
the )nountainb to Georgia and Ai'kansas.
Alaba.ma: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Lower hills. Rocky woods.
Lauderdale County, Florence. Dekalb County, Mentone. Cullman Count}' (Mins
Murjl Mohr). Tuscaloosa County (E. A. Smith). Flowers white. May. Not rare.
Type locality : '■ Hab. in rnpibus occidentalibus Pennsylvaniae, Virginiaeet Caro-
linae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. .Mohr.
DIAMORPHA Nutt. Gen. 1 : 293. 1818.
Single species, .Southern Atlantic North America.
Diamorpha pusilla (Michx.) Nutt. Gen. 1 : 293. 1818. Little Stoneckop.
Sedum pmilhim Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 276. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : .530. Chap. Fl. 1.50.
Carolinian area. South Carolina.
SAXIFKAGE FAMILY. 533
Alabama: Mountain region. Wet sandstone rocks. Walker County {T. M.
Peters). Flowers white. Kare. Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in Carolina septentriouali, loco dicto Flat-rock."
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TILLAEA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 128. 1753. Tillaea.
Cosmopolitan genus of about 20 species. North America, 4.
Tillaea aquatica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 128. 1753. Pigmy- weed.
Tillaea simplex Nutt. Jouru. Acad. Phila. 1 : 111. 1817.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 177. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 622 ; ed. 3, 150.
Europe.
AUegheuian to Louisianian area. Southeastern Massachusetts to Maryland and
southeastern Pennsylvania.
Alabama: Coast plain. Lowwet pine barrens, border of ponds. Mobile. March;
rare. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in Europae inundatis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PENTHORUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 432. 1753.
Two species. China, North America.
Penthorum sedoides L. Sp. PI. 1 : 432. 1753. Ditch Stonecrop.
Ell. Sk.l:.528. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 176. Chap. Fl. 151.
China, Japan.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario; New England
west to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Kansas, south to Texas and Florida.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley to Coast Pine belt. Wet woods. Tuscaloosa County.
Clarke County, Choctaw Coiner; most southern station. Common. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herh. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxifrage Family.
THEROFON Raf. New Fl. N. A. 4 : 66. 1836.
(BoYKiNiA Nutt. .Tourn. Acad. Phila. 7: 113. 1834. Not Raf.)
Therofon aconitifolium (Nutt.) Millsp. Bull. W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. 2 : 361. 1892.
Jloi/hiiiia aconitifoUa Nutt. Jouru. Acad. Phila. 7 : 113. 1834.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 170. Chap. Fl. 153.
Carolinian area. Mountains of southern Virginia along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Damp rocky banks of streams. Dekalb County,
banks of Little River, 1,800 feet. Walker County, wet rocks on Clear Creek Falls.
Flowers white; June, July. Rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "In the valleys of the Alleghany Mountains, prol)ably in Virginia
or North Carolina. * * * In Muhlenberg's herbarium."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
S AXIPRAGA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 398. 1753.
Two hundred species, chiefly perennials, mostly mountainous, al]>ine, North and
Soutli Heniispbere, Europe, South America. North America, 45.
Saxifraga virginiensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 269. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:511. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 170. Chap. Fl. 153.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. New Brnnswick west to the Pacific. New
England (Mount Desert Island, Maine) west to Michigan, West Virginia, Ohio, and
Kentucky, south along the mountains to (Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Lower hills. Shaded rocky banks. Frequent
throughout the mountains. Winston County, 1,500 feet. Dekalb County, Lookout
Mountain. Tuscaloosa County, 300 to 400 feet; most southerly station. Flowers
yellow; March. April.
Type locality : " Hab. inrujdbusPensylvaniae, Virginiaeetin montibusCarolinae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
584 TLANT I.IFK <>K ALAHAMA.
TIARELLA I .. S]i. I'l. 1 : lOf). 17r.3. Falsi; MnKK\V(»in-.
I'liiir or "i spociew, AbI.-i. Nortli Ainerir.i, 'A.
Tiaiella coidifolia L. Sp. I'l. 1: 10;".. 17r.3. Fai.sk MniMnvoitT.
(Jray. Man.-.l.t;, 171. (^ha]). Fl. IM.
NoUTIIWKSTKKN A.>^lA, SlItKlilA.
Alloi,'lit'iiiiin to I.onisi.uiian area. Nova Scotia, Ontario; New En<jlaiul west to
iMiimi'sota, .south to Tciinesseo, North Carolina, and Mis-sissippi.
Ai.aiiama: TtMinessee \'allty. Mountain roj;ion to Coast I'lnt; holt. Danij.shadtMl
li.mks and rooky woods. LaudtTdale. Lawrence, Winston, Walkor, and Tuscaloo.sa
ciMinlies. Clarke County. Sujifisville ( Dr. Dennij) ; most southerly station. Flowers
whit<', Ajtril ; not couinion. I'erennial.
Typf lot ality : " llal>. in America et Asia septcntriouali."
llorh. (jieol. ISurx . llcrh. Molir.
HEUCHERA L. Sj.. I'l. 1: L'lT,. 17r.3.
Twenty-four species, jx-rcnnials. Atlantic and I'acitic North America to the
mountains of Mexico.
Heuchera americana L. Sp. PI. 1:226. 1753. Alum Root.
KU. Sk. 1 : 337. Gray, Man. ed. (5, 172. Chap. Fl. l.->2.
Allefjjlienian and t.'arolinian areas. Southern Ontario; Connecticut west to Min-
nesota, south to Arkansas; Ohio Valley, and along the mountains to Geor<j;ia.
Ai.aha.ma: Tcnnes.see Valley. Mountain region. Rocky open woods. Lauder-
dale, Cullman, and Hlonnt counties. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith); most south-
erly station. Flowers white, April; not common.
Economic uses: The root, called "alum root," is used medicinally.
Type locality : " Ilab. in \irginia."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herh. Mohr.
Heuchera rugelii Shuttlew. ; Kun/e, Linnaea, 20: 43. 1847. Rrr.KL's Alum Ro<it.
(Jray, Man. ed. (>. \T1. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 622; ed. 3, 144.
Carolini.m area. Mountains of \irginia, west to Kentucky and southern Illinois,
south on the mountains from Tennessee to Georgia.
ALA15AMA : Mountain region. Damp shaded sandstone rocks. Winston County,
Collier's Creek, l,.^(l() feet. Lawrence Coujity, Mountaiu Home; in the so-called
rock houses. Cullman County. Flowers white, .Inly, Aunust ; infrenneut.
Type locality: " Broad River, North Carolina." Rugcl.
Herl). Geol. Snrv. Herh. Mohr.
Heuchera hispida I'ursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 188. 1814.
llciivhcra richardsonii R. Br. in Frankl. .Jonrn. 766, 1. 29. 1823.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, 172. Chap. Fl. 141.
Canadian /one to Carolinian area.
Alaisa.ma: Metamorj.hic hills. On rocks, r.illadojra Conntv. Kahatchee
Mountain, .June, 1899 (C. I). Beadle).
Tyjjc locality: "On high mountains of Virginia aiid Carolina."
Herb. Biltmore.
Heuchera hispida hirsuticaulis Wheelock, Bull. Torr. Clnl>, 17:199. 1870.
Carolinian area. Illinois .•nid Missouri.
Alahama: Tennessee Valley. Damji shaded clitfs, b.anks of Tennessee River.
Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith). Flowers .June; rare.
Tyjie locality: " Missouri.— St. Louis, Engelmann ; Louisiana, Pech."
Herb. Gool. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
LEPUROPETALON Kll. Sk. 1 :370. 1S17.
One species, southeastern North America.
Lepuropetalou spathulatiim (Mnlil. ) Ell. Sk. 1 : 370. 1817.
Fysidanthera sjmthulata Muhl. ( 'at. 24. 1813.
p:il.Sk.l. c. Cha].. Fl. ir.2.
Louisianian area. Georgia and South Carolina.
Alaha.ma: Coast plain. Damp grassy banks in sandy soil. Mobile County.
Flowers in March; not common. A small annual, hidden in the grass and easily
overlooked.
Type locality: "Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 535
PARNASSIA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 273. 1753.
Nineteen species, tempei;ite and cooler regions, Northern Hemispbere, Europe,
Asia. North America, 6.
Farnassia asarifolia Vent. Jard. Malmais. 39. 1803. Akai5acc.\-lkaf Parnassia.
El!. Sk. 1:371.'. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 173. Chap. Fl. 38.
Carolinian area. Allegheny Mountains from Virginia to Georgia.
Alaba.ma: Mountain region. Clay County, Shinboue Valley, 1,000 feet. Margins
of brooklets. Without Howers; rare. Perennial.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Parnas^ia r.RANDiFOLiA DC. Prodr. 1: 320, 1824, which occurs from southwestern
Virginia to Florida, is not inf're(|uent in the Pearl Ri\ er Valley. PoplarvilJe, Miss.,
and is to be looked for in the western parts of the long-leaf jjine belt of this State.
Parnassia caroliniaxa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 181, 1803, is not rare in southeast-
ern Mississippi, and is to be looked for in southwestern Alabama.
PHILADELPHUS L. Sp. PI. 1: 470. 1753. Syringa.
About 20 species, shrubs, temperate regions. Japan, Himalayas. North Amer-
ica 6.
Philadelphus graiidiflorus Willd. Enum. .511. 1809. Large-flowered Syringa.
Ell. Sk. 1:538. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 174. Chap. Fl. IHG.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Mountains of Virginia to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Metamorphic hills. Lee County, Auburn ( Vnder-
wood 4' Earle), April, 1896. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith).
Economic uses: An ornamental shrub.
Type locality: " Hab. in America boreali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb Mohr.
Philadelphus inodorus L. Sp. PL 1 : 470. 1753. Odorless Syrixga.
Ell. Sk. 1 : .538. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 174. Chap. Fl. 1.56.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Mountains of Virginia to South Carolina.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Ui)per division Coast Pine belt. Dry copses,
hillsides. Wilcox County (S. B. Bucldiij). Clarke County, Lisbon, calcareous
bluffs of Alabama River. Flowers white. May. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high; not fre-
quent.
Economic uses: Ornamental.
Type locality : "Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Philadelphus hirsutus Nutt. Gen. 1 : .301. 1818. ROfGH-HAiUY Syringa.
Chap. Fl. 156.
Carolinian area. Cumberland Mountains of Tennessee. Mountains of North Car-
olina and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley and Mountain region. Dekalli County, cliffs Look-
out Mountain, 1,600 to 1,800 feet, near Mentone. Lauderdale County, Florence,
rocky banks Cypress Creek. Flowers white. May, first days of June. Shrub 3 or
4 feet high ; infrequent.
Type locality: "On the rocky banks of French Broad river, Tennessee, near the
Warm Springs, abundant."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HYDRANGEA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 397. 17.53. Hydrangea.
Thirty species, warmer temperate eastern Asia. Atlantic North America.
Hydrangea arborescens L. Sp. PI. 1: 397. 17.53. Wild Hydrangea. Sevenbark.
Hildxuiqm vi(I(/arix Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 268. 1803.
Eil. Sk. 1 :r>09. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 173. Chap. Fl. 1.55.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Southern New York, Pennsylvania. Western
Ohio ^'iilley to Missouri, south to Florida, Mississippi, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Central Pine belt. Wooded hillsides. Shaded
banks of streams. Clay County, Moseley. Lauderdale County, Florence. Dekalb
and Cullman counties. Walker County, near Jasper. Tuscaloosa County. Bibb
County (E. A. Smitli). Flowers white, June. Shrul) 1^ to 2 I'eet high.
Economic uses: The root, under the name " Hydrangea," is used medicinally.
Type locality : -'Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
r)'M\ IM.AXT LIKK OF ALAl'.AMA.
Hydrangea arborescens cordata ( I'msli ) 'Ion-. A (iruy, I"l. N'. A. 1 :.")!»!. islK.
Willi 1 IVDl'.ANCiKA.
Hi/dniiKiea vordatn I'lirsli. 11. Am. Sept. l:;{(i;t. 1S17.
Kll.Sk.'l :.-.()!•.
Carolinian .irea. Moiinlaiiis >>f I'cimeB.see. Carolina, and Georf^ia.
Alabama: .Mnmituin rc;ii<>n. Lower liills. Sliadrd rich hillside.^^, rocky avogjIh.
Clay County. Talladifia Crick, near .Moselcy. 1,000 feet. Tuscaloosa County. Wins-
ton ("ouuly. 1,.".()0 ffi't. Flowers white, .Inly. Slirnlt (! to « Icet. \\\\:,\\\ not lre(|nent.
In tlie extrenu' torui i|uite distinct. eonnecte<l however with the type, hy iuter-
f^radinjj forms.
Ty]io locality : "On the mountains oCCaiolina."
Herb. (ieol.Surv. Herb. Mtihr.
Hydrangea cinerea Small. Hull. Torr. Clnh, 25 : 14.S. 189S.
Ivobnst shrul). :5 1o I feet lii^h. Leaves thinnish, broadly ovate to elliptical, acu-
niiuate, more oi- less cordate at the base, 2^ to '^\ inches wide, about 5 in<he8 long,
ciuereons-canesceiit on the lower side, petioles about half tin? leufrth of the leaf
blades; corymbs spreading; radiate sterile llowers not nuiuerons, their calyx lobes
ronndisli, (d>tiise; stamens loug-exserted; capsules small, crowned by the 2 or 3
erect- spreading styles.
Carolinian area. Tennessee, Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region, 'I'ennessee Valley. Shaded rocky banks and ravines.
Tuscaloosa County. Lauderdale County, Floience, banks of the Tennessee Kiver.
.June, 1892.
Resembles the mountain forms of Hydraiif/ea arborescens with broad, cordate leaves,
pale beneath ; recognizird. however, at tirst sight by its more rolmst habit of growth,
the cinereous close jjubescence of the lower siile of the leaves, the more widely
sjjreading cymes, tln^ obtuse round calyx lobes of the ray (lowers, and the conspic-
uously exserteil stamens.
Type locality : "Western slopes of the.Vlleglicuy Mountains. Tennessee and Geor-
gia.'"'
Herb. (ieol. Surv. 1 lerb. Mohr.
Hydrangea quercifoUa Bartram, Travels, 382, /. 7 (ed. 2, 380). 1791.
Oak-lkak Hydrangea. Sevknbauk.
Ell. Sk. 1:510. Chap. Fl. 15.5.
Carolinian and Louisianian aieas. Cieorgia and Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama : Mountain region to Coast plain. Wooded hillsides, ravines, high banks
of streams. Abunilant throughout the mountains and lower hills. Sparsely scat-
tered throughout the Prairie region and Coast Tine belt. Winston, Madison, Cull-
man. ;md 'Tuscaloosa counties. Escambia County, Flomaton. Mobile County, shell
bank on Dog Kiver. I lowers white, A])ril, May. Shrub 4 to fi ieet Jiigb.
Economic uses: Ornamental and cultivated. 'The bark. '• sevenbark," is used in
domestic medicine.
Type loealitv: Kegion of the Ocniulgee Riv<ir, soutliern (ieorgia.
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. .Mohr.
ITEA L. Sp. I'l. 1 : li)9. 1753.
One species, southern Atlantic North America.
Itea virginica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 199. 1753. A'ikginian Itka.
Ell. Sk. 1:293. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 171. Chap. Fl. 155.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New .lersey ahmg the Atlantic slope
to I'lorida and tlirouglmut the Gulf States to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Vallej' to the Coast jdain. Shadeil wet borders of streams,
most common in the Lower I'me region and Coast i)lain. Lauderdale. Cullman, Mont-
gomery, and Mol)ile counties. FMowers white; end of May, .June. Shrub 4 to 6 feet
high ; common.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herli. Mohr.
DECUMARIA L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 2 : 10(13. 1703.
Two species, China. Southeastern North America 1.
Decumaria barbara L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 2 : l()t)3. 17()3. Carolina Dkciimahia.
Decnmaria sarmentosa I'll. Sk. 1 : 534. 1817-21.
Ell. Sk. I.e. Gray. Man. ed. 6. 174. Chap. Fl. 1.5,5.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia (Dismal Swamp), along the
Atlantic slope to Florida, and throughout the (Julf States to Louisiana.
WITCH HAZEL FAMILY. 537
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Alluvial woods, low sliaded banks of
streams. Lauderdale, Cullman, Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, Clarlve, and Mobile coun-
ties. Flowers white, fragrant; May. A rooting climber ascending high trees. Fre-
quent.
Type locality: ''Hab. an in Africaf Scbreber."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GROSSULARIACEAE.
RIBES L.Sp. PI. 1:200. 1753.
About 60 species, mostly of the north temperate zone and in the Andes. North
America 46, mostly Western. East of the Rocky Mountains, 14.
Ribes curvata Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23 : 295. 1896.
Armed with subulate spines ; leaves orbicular, snioothish, | inch to 4 inches in diame-
ter, 3-lobed, on short petioles, the Jobes toothed; flowers small, solitary, on short
twisted pedicels subtended by two 3-lobed ciliate bractlets; calyx segments linear,
rertexed and recurved, whitish; petals oblong, obtuse, white; stamens conspicnous,
anthers red; berries globose, i to i inch in diameter, black. A low diffuse shrub 2
to 24 feet high, with purplish recurved or conspicuously drooping branchlets. Flow-
ers early in May; fruit matures July.
Carolinian area. Georgia.
Alabama : Mountain region. Marshall County, near Short Creek (G. C. Jloiinton).
Type locality : " On the slopes of Stone Mountain, Georgia."
Herb. Biltmore.
Ribes cynosbati L. Sp. PI. 1: 202. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 175. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 148.
.Japan.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New Brunswick, along the mountains to
Georgia, west to Minnesota and Missouri.
.\labama : Mountain regiou. Rocky woods, Marshall County, rare.
Type locality : "Hab in Canada. Kalm."
Herb. Biltmore.
RAMAMELIDACEAE. Witch Hazel Family.
FOTHERGILLA Murr. Syst. Yeg. 418. 1774.
Two species, Asia (Himalayas). Atlantic North America.
Pothergilla Carolina (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 180. 1894.
Carolina Fothergilla.
Hamamelis rjrginiana Carolina L. Mant. 2 : 333. 1771.
Fotherqilla qardeni Murr. Syst. Veg. 418. 1774.
F. alntfoUaL. f. Suppl. 267! 1781.
F. major Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1520. 1825-33.
Ell. S'k. 1 : 547. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 180. Chap. Fl. 157.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia and North Carolina to
Florida.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Central Prairie belt. Swampy borders ol streams.
Liuderdale County, Florence {M. C. Wilson). Cullman County, rocky banks (Miss
E. Mohr). Autauga County, Prattville. Marshall County, banks of Short Creek;
May 22, in fruit ((r. C. Boijnton). Flowers white, stamens tinged with pink, appear-
ing before the leaves; March, April. Local, rare; shrub rarely over 3 feet high.
Type locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HAMAMELIS L. Sp. PI. 1:124. 17.53.
Three species. Japan. Atlantic North America.
Hamamelis virginiana L. Sp. PI. 1 : 124. 1753, Witch Hazel.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 219. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 179. Chap. Fl. 157. Sargent, Sil v. N. A. 5 : 3. /. 19S.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, New I3runswick, (Quebec, Onta-
rio; New England (Mount Desert Island, Maine) west to Michigan and Nebraska,
sonth to northern Florida and eastern Texas. (Sargent).
Alabama: Throughout the State. Damp woods. Flowers yellow, October,
November; fruit ripe June, July. Shrub, rarely a snuill tree, 10 to 12 feet high.
n.SS I'LAN'l' LIKK OK ALAUAMA.
K«-t»nomir iihoh: Tlu* Ic.iv fs arc lli.- witcli lia/cl or " I lanianiflis "of tin- I'liitiMl States
I'liariiiai'opn'ia.
l'\]>r locality. "Hall, in \ ir^iinia."
Herb. (;co|. Smv. Herb. .Molir.
LIQUIDAMBAR I,. .Sp. IM. 2 : !•!»!». 17.".:i S\VKKT-(;iM TuKK.
Konr spwies. .\sia, .Vtlantic North America ami Mexico.
Liquidambar styraciflua L. Si>. PI. 2 : 9it!t. 17.".:i Swkbt (Jum. liK.n Gum. Uilsikd.
Kll. .-ik. 2:(;l'1. (iray. Man. ed. fi, 180. C'lia].. I'l. l.^u. Sar<,'ont, Silv. N. A. 5 : 1«,
t. i:>9.
Mkmco. (Juatkmai.a.
Carolinian ami Loiiisiaiiiaii are.is. Sontheasttrii Coniucticut, southern New York,
New .lensev. West \iruinia, and Ohio N'aliey to sontlitiaHtein Missouri and ArkanaaH,
Hontli to Floriila and tiironghont the (Jnlf States to the Trinity Valley, Texas.
Ai.aiiama: Over thi- State. Ivich bottoms and border of swainits. In greatest
development .sonth of the rejjion of I.ower hills to the Coast I'iue belt. Flowers
{;n'cn, Kebrnary, March.
Kcononii<' uses: Valuable timber tree. The balsamic exudation, "sweet gnm,"
and tlie bark, '•sweet-gum bark." are used medicinally.
Tviie locality: " Hab. in \irginia, Mexico.''
Herb. Geol. Snrv. H<rl.. .Mohr.
PLATANACEAE. Plane Tree Family.
PLATANUS L. Sp. i'l. 2:it!tfl. 17.">:>. Plane Tkkk. BittonwooI).
Three species, Euroiie, Asia. North America, 2.
Platanus occidentali.s L. Sp. PI. 2:Hi>9. 17.53. Sycaj.iohk. IUtttonwood.
Kll. Sk. 2 : (ii'O. (irav, Man. ed. 0, 167. Chap. Fl. 41S. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 1 10. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 7 : 102.
Alleghenian to Lonisi.inian area. Ontario, soiiihern Maine, west to Nebraska and
Kansas ami south tlirongliont the ( )hio Valley to Florida, eastern Texas, and Arkansas.
Ai.aijama: Over the State. lu bottom lamls, chielly in the central sections, far-
thiT .south sparsely scattered, and in the coast region scarcely indigenous, llowers
May; fruit ripi' Sejitember.
Typt^ locality: '* Hab. in America s<!]it(mtrionali.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ROSACEAE. Rose Family.
OPULASTER Medic. PH. Anat. 2:109. 1799.
(Piiysocari'a Kaf. New Fl. N. A. 3 : 73. 1836. )
(Nkillia Don, Prodr. Fl. Noj). 228. 182.5. )
Four or 5 species shrubs, mountains of Asia. North America, 2.
Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuutze, Kev. Gen. PI. 2 : 919. 1891. Ninkbark.
.Spiraea opnlifoUu L. Sp. PI. 1 : 489. 17.53.
I'ln/sorarpd opiilit'olid Kaf. New Fl. N. A. 3 : 73. 1836
Neillia opnli folia Henth. & 1 look. (ien. PI. 1 : 612. 1865.
Kll. Sk. 1 : .5(10. (Jray. Man. e.l. 6, 153. Chap. Fl. 120.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Quebec and Ontario to Saskatchewan; New
Kngland west to Minnesota, Neiiraska, and Colorado, south to New York, Ohio, Illi-
nois, southeastern Missouri, Arkansas, and from West Virginia to Georgia.
Ai.aisama: Tennessee Valley. Metamorphic hills. Rocky banks of streams.
Lauderdale County, Florence, banks of Cyjtre.ss Creek (J/. ('. Wilson). Lee County,
Auburn ( I\arle). Flowers white, Ai)ril. Shrub 8 to 12 feet high; rare.
Tyi)e locality: " Hab. in Virgiuia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. 1 Icrb. Mohr.
SPIRAEA L. Si>. PL 1 : 189. 17.53. Simbaka.
Ff)rty species shrubs or perennial herbs of tlm temperate North Hemisphere, En-
rope, Asia. North America, 4 or 5.
Spiraea corynibosa Kaf. I'rec. Decouv. .36. 1814. Meadow-swekt.
Spiraea betulaefoHa var. coryinbosa Wats, in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 153. 1890.
Cortr Nat Herb.. Vol VI.
Plate IV.
Neviusia alabamensis Gray.
EOSE FAMILY. 539
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 153. Chap. Fl. Snppl. 619: eel. 3, 132.
Allewlieniaii aiifl ('aroliniaii areas. New York, nionntains of Pennsylvania. West
Virginia, J\eiiTucky, and southern Missonri, south to Georgia.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. Wooded hillsides. Lauderdale County, Florence.
Banks of Cyi)ress Creek (.1/. C. Jf'ilson). Flowers May, June. Rare.
Type locality nut ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ARUNCUS Adans. Fam. PL 2 : 295. 176.3.
(Spiraea L. Sp. PI. 1 : 489. 1753. In part.;
Two species, temperate Europe. North America 1.
Aruncus aruncus (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 779. 1880-1883.
Spiraea aruncus L. Sp. PI. 1 : 490. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1:513. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 153. Chap. Fl. 121.
Boreal region to Carolinian area. Canada, Lake Superior to British Columbia;
Alaska; mountains of New York and Pennsylvania; Ohio v alley to Missouri.
Alabama: Mountain region. Damp thickets. Cullman County. Franklin County,
Russellville. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Austriae, Alvorniae montanis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PORTERANTHUS Britton, Mem. Torr. Clnb, 4: 115. 1894.
(GiLLKNiA Moench. Meth. Snppl. 286. 1802. Not ^'i7^e«« Adans. 1763.)
Two species, Atlantic North America.
Porteranthus stipulatus (Muhl. ) Britton, Mem. Torr. Clnb, 4 : 115. 1894.
Indian Physic.
Spiraea stipulata Muhl. ; Willd. Enura. 542. 1809.
S. stipulacea Puish, FL Am. Sept. 343. 1814.
Gilleiiia stipulacea Nutt. (ien. 1 : 307. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 562. (^Iray. Man. . d. 6, 154. Chap. Fl. 122.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. West Virginia, throughout the Ohio Valley,
western Missouri, Arkansas, south to Tennessee, and along the mountains to South
Carolina and Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region to Central Pino belt. Rich borders of woods and
shaded banks. Cullman County. Tuscaloosa County (K. J. Smith }. Autauga'
County, Prattville. Flowers white; not infreciuent. Perennial.
Economic uses: The root, " wild ipecac," is used medicinally.
Type locality : "Hab. in I'ensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 4 : 115. 1894.
Bowman's Root.
Spiraea trifoliala L. Sp. PL 1 : 490. 1753.
Gillenia trifoUata Moench. Meth. Snppl. 286. 1802.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 562. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 1.54. Chap. Fl. 121.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario, Michigan, New York to West ^'ir-
ginia, eastern Tennessee along the mountains to SoutJa Carolina and Georgia; rare
west of the Alleghanies.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich woods. Cullman County. Flowers white.
June. Only station known. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia, Canada.."
Herb. Geol. iSurv. Herb. Mohr.
NEVIUSIA Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. n. ser. 6 : 373. /. .10. 1859.
Single species, South Atlantic North America.
Neviusia alabamensis Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. n. ser. 6 : 374. 1859.
Alabama Nkviusia.
Chap. Fl. 121.
On the border of the Carolinian and Louisianian areas.
Alabama: Lower hills. Shaded sandstone cliffs on the banks of the Warrior
River, in the vicinity of Tuscaloo.sa {E. A. Smith). Flowers whit(\ March. ap])eariiig
before the leaves. Shrub 3 to 4 feet high. One of the rarest plants, conlined to the
above locality. 1'latk IV.
Tyjie locality: "In jiraernptis umbrosis jirope Tuscaloosam Alabamae, ubi legit
Dom. It. IK Vet'iHs. "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
540 I'l-ANT LIFK OF A I,.\ I'.A M A.
RUBUS L. Sp. I'l.l: lltL'. 17.".:!.'
Aliout JOd ii(<<>j.fc(l spuciis, mostly slinil>.s by, of tciiipiirate and \v:inii(T roKioiis in
Niirtlu'in Ili'inisplii'ic. i;iin>])(>, abont .">() 8i»«'cieH. Asia, Mexiio. North America, li5.
Riibus aigutiis I, ink, Knum. Ilmt. i'.crn! 2:ti<i. 1S2L'.
i.i;AKY-( i.rsTKit Ulackukuky.
L'uhiiK frondosiiH IJi^jcI. Fl. Host. t-d. 2, 19!l. \X2\.
1,'iihun lUloxuK \ iiv. Jroudosiia Torr. Fl. N. A Mid. II. S. 1 : 1S7. ISL'4.
Ji'iihiis HiiherevliiM ||ooi<. Fl l5or. Ami. 1 : 17H. 18;W.
F.ll. Sk. 2:r)(>7, under /»'. villumtn. (iray, Mau. ed. (J, 155, in j.art. Chap. Fl. cd. A.
liritt vV Ur. Ill Fl. 2:1.'(»L'.
Aileiiln-ni.in to l.onisianian area. New Hniuswick, Lake Su])erior, throufjliont
New iTnjiianil, south to Fh>rida, west to Kansas, Indian Territory, Arkansas, and
Te.vas.
Al..\l«.\MA : Over the .'<tate. Li^ht sandy soil, old (irlds, borders .-md ojicniujis of
woo<l8. Flowers wliite, latter part of March (Mobile), Aj)ril; fruit ripe .Inne,
sbinin;; black, .juicy, larj^ely consuineil. Abundant everywhere; () to H feet high.
Kcononiic uses: Tlie coiMnion blackberry ot the market used fresh and for ]>re-
serves and for inakinjx cordial and wine. The root is the "blackberry root,"
"Kubus,"" I'Tiited States I'harniacopoia, lu part.
Tyi)e loc.ility: "In .\nierica septenti'ionali."
Ilerli. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Riibus argutus floridus (Tratt.) Bailey, Ev. Nat. Fruits, 3«5, /. 91. 1898.
;.'»/»i/.v//on(/;(« Tratt. Ros. Mouogr. 3:7.3. 182S.
Hitlers from the typical form by the short and large-llowered clusters, the tloral
leaves weil;;e-obovate ami rounded at the top.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Range not well known. Wt^stern Florida,
Mississippi.
Ai.AiiAMA : Metamori)hic Hills, Central Pine belt to the Coast ])lain. Light sandy
soil. Lee County, Auburn (F. S. Earle). Mobile and Tuscaloosa counties. Not
rare.
Type locality (Bailey): " Trattinick says that Enslen collected this in North
America.'
Herb. (ieol. Snr\ .
Rubus trivialis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 296. 1803. Soi'Thekn Dkwbf.uky.
KU.Sk. 1:569. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 156. Chap. Fl. 125. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 101.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. West Virginia; all over the South Atlantic
and (iulf States, west to Texas, Arkansas, and southern Missouri.
Al.A»AM.\ : Throughout. In light soil, open ])lace8, roadsides, old tields. I-'lowers
white, February (15th, Mobile), March ; fruit ripe April, black.
Common low trailing shrub, foliage persistent.
Kcononiic uses: i'he root is used indiscriminately with the above in medicine.
The large, .juicy, i)alatable fruit is the dewberry of the Alabama market.
Type locality: " llab. in Carolina et Pensylvania ubicjue frequens."
Ilcrli. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rubus invisus Bailey, Ev. Nat. Fruits, 374, /. 75, S6.
Jt'uhiis Cdiiadevsis var. inrisus Bailey, Am. Gard. 12 : 83. 1891.
Leatlets oval to ovate-oblong, large, rather thin, coarsely and simply toothed;
peduncles forking into 2 or 3 divisions, jiedicels long; llowers large, sepals foliaceous.
Carolinian area. Maine, New York, west to Kan.sas and Missouri, south to north
Alabama.
Ai.auama: Mountain region. Dry, rocky banks. Dekalb County, summit of
Lookout Mountain near Mentone, 2,0()0 feet altitude. Apparently scarce.
Economic tiscs: This furnishes the Bartel dewberry of cultivation.
Rubus enslenii Tratt. Ros. Monogr. 3 : 73. 1823.
li'ithiiK rUhsKs var. hitviifiisiia Torr. &, Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 455. 1840.
J.'iihiix baileiinntis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 185. 1894.
Britt. A Br. 111. Fl. 2 : 204. I'.ailey, Kv. Nat. Fruits, 375,/. S7.
Weak, trailing, the slender stem with few weak priekles; llowers solitary or in
twos; fruit small, loose. (Bailey.)
Carolinian area. Southwestern Michigan, eastern New York.
Alabama: Mountain region. Warrior tableland. Metamorphic Hills. Dekalb
County on Lookout Mountain with the last. Lee County, Auburn (F. S. FJarle).
Not frequent.
•L. H. Bailey, Sketch of the evolution of our native fruits, pp.274 to 385. 1898.
ROSE FAMILY. 541
Rubus cuneifolius Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 347. 1814. Sand Blackisekry.
Kubus parrifolim Walt. Fl. Car. 149. 1788. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 1:.568. Gray, Man. etl. 6, 155. Chap. Fl. 125.
Carolinian and Louisiauian ai-eas. Sontheiii Xew York, New Jersey, southern
Atlantic States to western Florida {Mohr), west to Tennessee, southern Missouri,
Arkansas, and Mississippi.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley to Lower Pine region. Dry sandy, gravelly, or rocky
soil. Openings and borders of woods, old fields. Lauderdale County, Florence.
Cnlliuau County. Tuscaloosa County (A'. A. Sinilli). Wilcox and Escanibia counties.
Flowers white to pale rose-color, April; fruit ripe .luue, July, oblong, large, juicy,
sweet. Generally diffused over the low hills and prairies; nowhere abundant.
Economic uses: The " Topsy " variety of blackberry originated from this species.
Type locality: " lu sandy lields and woods: New Jersey and Carolina.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rubus hispidus L. Sp. PL 1:493. 17.53. Running Swamp Blackbekky.
Buhus oralis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 298. 1803.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, 155. Chap. Fl. 125.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Canada; New England south along the moun-
tains to South Carolina.
Alabama : Mountain region, low damp sandy or gravelly jilaces. Dekalb County,
on Lookout Mountain near Mentone, 1,800 feet altitude. Lee County, Auburn, 860
feet (Baker 4'- Earle).
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada. Kalni."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rubus occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 493. 1753. Black Raspberuy.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 568. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 155. Chap. Fl. 125.
Alleghenian to Carolinian area. Quebec, Ontario; New England west to Minne-
sota, Nebraska, Colorado, and Oregon, south to Ohio and West Virginia, and along
the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rocky places. Highest elevations of the Warrior
tableland. Madison County, Montesauo, 1,500 feet. Dekalb County, Mentone, 1,800
Jeet altitude. Flowers April; fruit ripe .luiie, black, juicy, well-flavored. Not fre-
quent. Fre(|uently transplanted l)y the settlers to their gardens.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada. Kalm.''
Economic uses: This is the blackcap raspberry.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
FRAGARIA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 494. 1753.
Three to 4 species, pereiniial.s, temperate regions, Northern Hemisphere, mountains
of South America.
Fragaiia virginiana Duchesne, Hist. Nat. Frais. 204. 1766. Wild Strawberry.
Fragaria virginiana iUinoensis (Prince) Gray, Man. ed. 5, 155. 1867.
F. illinoensis Prince, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 155. 1867. As synonym.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 158. Chap. Fl. 124.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario; western New York to Minnesota, west
to Washington, south from Mississippi to Louisi;ina and Arizona.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Central prairies. Open grassy glades and prairies.
Franklin County, Rnssellville. Lawrence County, Moultou. Flowers, May; fruit
matures in June and July.
As stated by liartram and by the oldest settlers of the present time, this straw-
berry was formerly fouiid in great abundances in the glades of the Mountain region
and the Central prairies, where it is at present rarely met with.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DUCHESNE A Smith, Trans. Linn. Soc. 10 : 372. 1811.
Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. PH. 3, Abt. 3 : 33. 1888.
Strawberry Geranium.
Fragaria indica Andr. Bot. Repos. t. 479. 1807.
Potentilla durandii Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 444. 1840.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 158. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 620 ; ed. 3, 136.
Adventive from India.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Widelj' spread in damp copses,
shaded borders of fields, roadsides. Tuscaloosa, Baldwin, Monroe, and Mobile count-
541' I'LANT T-IFK OK ALAHAMA.
lit's. I'lowtTS yollow ; riitons its ciiiiison Irnit aliiiosi t lironj^hoiil tli(i ycjir. (Nun-
iiioii, aliiiiuliint ahuut Moitile.
Type locality not aHcertaiiit'tl.
irerh.(ieol. yur\ . Ilnl). Molir.
POTENTILLA I.. S).. I'l. 1: l«tr,. 17oS.
Alioutl-'O!! species, hoiliaceons or Bliriihhy perennials, more or less strictly <lcfinc<l,
liorcal and tcnii)eratc refj;ions, Nortiicrn Hemisphere, a Jew in the Andes of Sontli
America. Kurojie, Asia. North America aliont iJO.
Potentilla canadensis L. 8p. PI. 1:498. 17.')3. Canai>a ('in(jitkk<>ii,.
rulnililla .simpler Michx. V\. 15or. Am. 1 : 30:^. 1808.
Ell. Sk 1 :.".71. Gray. Man. ed. 6. KiO. Chap. Fl. 124.
Allcf^lienian to Loiiisianian area. Nova Scotia, Ontario; thronghont the Atlantic
States lV(tm New Knglandto Klorida an<l from Minnesota to Lonisiana.
Ai.aisa.ma: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region to Central I'rairie region. Dry
ojicn cop.ses, pastures. Lawrenci' County, Monlton. Madison, Cullman, 'I'liscaloosa,
and Montgomery (bounties. Flowers yellow, April, May. Common. Perennial.
The snu)oth Ibrms with sarmeutous stems (/'. aimidex Michx., Ell.) are must
pres alent.
i'yi'e locality : "Hah. in Canada. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GEUM L. S).. PI. 1:500. 1753.
Forty-four species, iierennials, mostly in colder and .arctic regions. Few in the
Southern Hemisphere.
Geum canadense .Iac(|. Hort. Vind. 2: 82, <. i7.5, 1772. Wiiitk Ankns.
Geum caroliiiianiim Walt. Fl. Car. 150. 1788.
Geiim allmiii (Jmel. Syst. Nat. 2 : 8tU. 1701.
Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i:301. Ell. Sk. 1 : .572. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 156. Chap. Fl. ed.
3, 134.
Alleghonian to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario; New
England west to Minnesota and Nebrask.i, south to western Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama : Tennessee X'alley. Mountain region to Central Pine belt. Borders of
wooils, copses. Frankliu County, Rnssellville. Cullman, Madison, Blonnt, and
Tuscaloosa counties. Flowers white. May, June; not frociuent. Perennial.
The various forms from diU'erent localities present not even varietal distinctions.
Tyjte locality given only as implied in the name.
Herb. Gcol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AGRIMONIA L. Sp. PI. 1:448. 1753. Agrimony.'
Twelve or 11 species, northern temperate zone, Europe, Asia; few in western
South America. North America, 5.
Agrimonia mollis (Torr. & Gray) Brittou, liull. Torr. Club, 19 : 221. 1892.
Soft Hairy Agri.moxy.
Agrimonia eupatoria var. moUia Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 431. 1838.
A.pubesceua Wallr. Beitr. 1 : 45, f. IJ. 7. 1842.
Chap. Fl.ed.3, 133.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New England, and Long Island, New York, to
North Carolina and tJeorgia.
Alabama: Mount.iiii region. Deeply shaded ravines. Cullman County, Holmes
Gaj), 1,200 feet. Flowers yellow. Julv; rare. Perennial.
Type locality: " Ked KiVer, Dr. rudier!"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Agrimonia striata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 287. 1803.
Small-flowered Agrimony.
Jfirimonia cuputoria var. parviflora Hook. Fl. Am. Bor. 1 : 196. 1832.
A. eitpatorium L. of most American authors.
A. microcarpa Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1 : 42. 1842.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern New York, Ohio, North Carolina
to western Louisiana (Hale).
' E. P. Bicknell, North American species of Agrimonia, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 23,
pp. 508 to 523. 1897.
ROSE FAMILY. 543
Alabama : Central Pine belt. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith). Autauga County,
Prattville. Flowers yellowish. July; not infiequeut. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. iu Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Agiimoiiia parviflora Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 130. 1789. Sweet Agrimony.
Aqrimonia sitareohiis Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 336. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 1:536. (iiay, Man. ed. 6, 161. Chap. Fl. 122.
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. Ontario; New York west to Michigan, south
to the Ohio Valley, Tennessee; ujiper districts of (Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Metaniorpliic and Coosa hills. Borders of fields and
woods. Clay County, Elders, 1,000 feet. Flowers yellow. July, August; not
common. Perennial.
Type locality: "Native of North America."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Agrimonia pumila Muhl. Cat. 47. 1813. Britt. A: Br. HI. Fl. 2 : 226. 1897.
Small-leaf Agrimony.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland to Florida
and Louisiana.
Alabama : Coast plain. Open dry woods. Baldwin County, Stockton. Mobile
County. Flowers yellow. September, October; not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Miss[ouri]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Agrimonia incisa Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 431. Cut-leaf Agrimony.
Chap. Fl. 122.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Copses, border of woods, close soil. Mobile County, old
Telegraph road, Springh ill. Not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "North Carolina? Georgia, Le Contef Alabama, Dr. Gates!
Tampa Bay, Florida, Dr. Burrows! "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ROSA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 491. 1753.
Large genus, of the temperate and warmer parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
Over 500 have been described, of which about 100 are considered distinct. North
America 20 to 25. Shrubs.
Rosa setigera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 295. 1803. Prairie Rose.
Bosa rubifoHa R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 3 : 260. 1811.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 565. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 162. Chap. Fl. 125. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 106.
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. Ontario; New York, west to Michigan and Ne-
braska, south to Ohio ^^alley and Missouri, and from Tennessee to Georgia, Louis-
iana, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Copses, borders of woods, rich soiL
Morgan County, Falkville. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain. Dallas County,
Uniontown. Hale County. F'lowers rose-red. June; not rare in the Prairie region.
Stem weak, Hexuous with a tendency to climb; leaves large, leaflets 3, broadly
ovate, 3 inches long by H inches wide, smooth; corymb few-liowered.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina inferiore."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rosa humilis Marsh. Arb. Am. 136. 1785. Low Wild Rose.
liosa parviflora V.hrh. Beitr. 4:21. 1798.
E. caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:295. 1803.
K. hicida auct. Am., iu part.
FU. Sk. 1:.563. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 163. Chap. Fl. 126.
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. New England west to Minnesota; New York
south lo \'irginia, Ohio ^'alley to Missouri, and from Tennessee to (ieorgia, Alabama,
Mississipi)i, western Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, and Indian Territory.
Alabama: From the Tennessee Valley and Coosa Valley to the Central Prairie
region. Open copses, border of woods, damp or dry soil. Madison County, Hunts
ville. Talladega County, rocky summit of Alpine Mountain, near Renfrow, 1,800 feet.
St. Clair County, damp flat woods near Ash ville. Tuscaloosa County (E. A. Smith),
Dallas County, 250 feet altitude. Hale County ( JVatson). Wilcox County (BuckJeij).
Clay County, Delta Divide, altitude 1,700 feet (stout form). Flowers pink. May,
June; frequent. One to 2 feet high.
:. II I'l.ANT I, IKK «»K AKAHAMA.
Tvpo Idciility nut siu'cifually ;,'ivi'n.
llVrli. (Jeiil. Surv. IIitU. Molir.
Rosa laevigata Mi.iix. Kl. 15.. r. Am. 1:2!C.. lS(i:!. CiiKHitKKK K'osk.
L'oSiiHiiiira Ait. II. .it. K.w. .d. 2. 3 : L'lll, IMl.
Kll.Sk.l: r.t)t;. Cliap Kl. lliC.
China. Japan.
I.uiiisianiiiii urea. Drigin oI.hi-hi.'. CoaHt iii;;ioii <>{' Si.iitli .Vtlaiiti.- .aiKl (lull'
."^tates, west to Louisiana.
.Vi.ahama: Tliroii'^liout thu Coast jtlaiii. Ilow.rs w liitc, j'l-l.riiaiy t.. Ainil; fruit
(lark ilinijy re<l. St'iitcniluM-. Coniinon. I'ti-h.-ips ..!' |ir<liist.>ri<; introduction.
I'lcononii)- uses: I'solul as a luMl;;e |ilant.
Tyjte locality: "Hah. in (Icorgia.''
HitI.. (ieol. Surv. HtTl.. Molir.
Rosa bracteata W. 1x11. Hot. 15eob. 50. 179S. Macaktnkv Rosk.
L..uisianian area. Ailvi-nlivo from Asia. I>istril»uti..n as in tlie last.
Alabama: Coast plain in lifcl','cro\vs. Mol.ile County. Flowers white; .July to
SepttMuher; less freipnMit.
K((»n<.niic iisi-s: A hedjii- ])lant.
Typf lo.ality Kastern Asiatic.
ll.rb. (k'ol. 8nr\ . Herb. Mobr.
Rosa multiflora Tbunb. FLJapoii. L'l I. 17811. Many-klowkkkd llEixiE Kosk.
China, Jai'an.
Louisianian area. Intrtxluccd. ]>..ui8iana.
Ai.ABA.M.v: ("oast plain. Mobile. An evergreen climber fr<'<|n.nt in hedges, bor-
ders of fields, and woodlands. Flowers white to pale pink; March, April.
Economic uses: An ornamental hedge plant.
Type locality Eastern Asiatic.
Herb. (ie.d. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rosa rubiginosa L. Mant. 2 : .561. 1771. Egi.antink KosK. Sweet Bkikk.
Iioxa e<ilanteiia Mill. Diet. ed. 8, no. 4. 17(i8. Not L.
R. nuarcoleiia Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 1 :346. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 1 : .566. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 164. Chap. Fl. 126.
Introduced from Europe. Naturalized from Ontario to upper South Carolina.
Alaisama: Mountain region. Fence rows, waysides, dry places. Clay County,
Shinboiie X'alley.
Tyi)e locality : •' Hab. in Europa australi. Mygind."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rosa cauina L. Sp. PI. 1 : 4*J1. 1753.
(iray, Man.ed. 6, 163.
EUK.ti'K.
Can.linian and Louisiauian areas. Naturalized from Eur..pe, in the North Atlan-
tic and Middle States.
Alabama: Naturalized. Hedges. Mobile County, Summerville, on the Daveu"
])ort i>lacc. Flowers white; April 26, 1«95. Rare.
Type locality : '" Hab. in Europa."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
COTONEASTER Medic. Phil. Bot. 1 : 1.55. 1789.
Twenty to 30 .species, temperate Northern Hemisphere. Europe. Northern Asia,
Himalayas.
Cotoneaster pyracanthus (L.) Spach, Hist. Veg. 2 : 73. 1834.
FiRK ThOKN. llVEKCiKEEN ThoHN.
Meapiliin pyraenntha L. Sp. PI. 1 : 478. 1798.
('rataegns pyrarcnitha Medic. Geschich. 84. 1798.
SOLTHKKN EiRDPE.
Alabama : Introduced for a hedge plant and 8])aringlv escaped from cultivation
near Mobile. Flowers white. May: fruitripe October, scarlet, remaining in profusion
during the winter.
Type locality : " Hab. in Galloprovinciae, Italiae sepibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ROSE FAMILY. 545
PYRUS L. Sp. PL 1 : 179. 1753.
Forty species, temperate, legions Northern Hemisphere. North America, 7. Trees
and slirubs.
Pyrus angustifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 17(3. 1789. Southern Crahapple.
Mains angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 292. 1803.
Ell, 8k. 1 : 5o9. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 164. Chap. Fl. 128. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 4 : 75,
t. 110.
Carolinian and Lonisiauian areas. Southern Pennsylvania, south to western Vir-
ginia and Florida, and tlironghont the Gulf States to Louisiana, west to southern
Illinois, southern Missouri, and Arkansas.
Alahama: Throughout the State. Open woods, copses. Clay County. Madison
County, 1,800 feet. Cullman, Tuscaloosa, Dallas, and Mobile counties. Flowers pale
rose color, fragrant, April; fruit ripe September, yellow to orange. Most abundant
in the wet cold soil of the flat woods (Coosa Valley).
Economic uses: The fruit is used for conserves.
Type locality: "Native of North America."
Herb. Geol Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ARONIA l\rs. Syn. 2 : 39. 1807. Chokebekky.
Five species, north temperate regions, Northern Hemisphere. Atlantic North
America.
Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Ell. Sk. 1:556. 1817-21. Eei> Chokebekky.
Mesjnlus arhuiifolia L. Sp. PL 1 : 478. 1753.
M. arbutifolia var. erythrocarpa Michx. FL Bor. Am. 1 : 292. 1803.
Ell. 8k. 1 : 5.56. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 164. Chap. Fl. 128.
Canadianzone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Qucsbec, Ontario; New England
west to Mimiesota and Dakota, south to Florida, west to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Banks of streams and wit borders of swamps. Most
abundant in the pine-barren swamps of the Lower Pine belt and Coast plain. Flow-
ers early in March, on the coast, to April. Fruit ripe August to October, scarlet,
remaining over the winter.
In the mountains an arborescent form occurs, 12 to 18 feet in height, the stem fully
Vr inches in diameter and clear of branches for nearly half its height. Che-aw-ha
Mountain. Cullman County.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia. ''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AMELANCHIER Medic. Phil. Bot. 1:1.55. 1789.
About 12 species, temperate regions Northern Hemisphere. North America, 9f
Small-sized trees and shrubs.
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. Geschich. 79. 1793.
■Iunebekky. Sekvickbekry.
Mespilus canadensis L. Sp. PL 1:478. 1753.
M. canadensis var. cordata Michx. FL Bor. Am. 1:291. 1803.
Amelanchier canadensis var. hotnjapium Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 :473. 1840.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario; N(mv Eng-
land west to ]SIinnesota, Missouri, and Dakota, south to Florida, Louisiana, and
Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Cullman, Blount, Tuscaloosa, and ^lobile counties.
Flowers white, March, April. Fruit purplish black. .June. Small tree, 20 to 30
feet high.
PiConomic uses: The fruit is edible.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Amelanchier botryapium (L. f.) DC. Prodr. 2 : 632. 1825. .Iuxeberrv. Siiaobush.
I'l/rns hotri/apiinn L. f. Sujipl. 255. 1781.
Mespihis canadensis var. oboralis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 291. 1803.
Pyrus saufjuinea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 :340. 1814.
P. oralis Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 195. 1824.
Jnielanchier canadensis var. oblom/ifoUa Torr. & (Jrav, Fl. N. A. 1 : 473. 1840.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 558. (iray, Man. ed. 6,' 167. Chap. Fl. 129 ?
Range same as of the last.
15894 35
r>4(i PLANT LIFK oK ALAl'.AM'.
Ai.amama: Tennosseo \'iilU\v. Laiidenlaio Comity, near I'lormico (M. ('. Uilxoii).
Flow (18 latter |>art nl Fcliiiiary ami in Manli; IViiit rii)« l»y cikI of May.
Kcoiioiiiif iisi's: Tlio Jruit Ih •■iliblo.
'ry)H> lorality not asccrtaiiud.
IUtIi. (Jt'ol. Siirv. ilorl). Moln.
CRATAEGUS L. Sp. PI. 1: 17.".. 175:?.
Fifty or more distiutt species, north teiiipinitc m^iious, Asia, Kuropc, Mexico.
North America, 2'y or more Trees of Hiuallcr size ami shrubs.
Crataegus spathulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:2KS. 1803. Sicaij IIaw.
i;il. Sk. l:.").')!.'. (Jray, Man. ecl.ti, 165. Chaj). Fl. 126. Coult. r. (diitr. Nat. Herli.
2: I(i7.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Sontlicrn \'irj;;iiiia to niiildlc I'lorida, Texas,
and southern Arkansas.
Ai.aisa.ma: Tenmsscc \'allej' to I'pper division of Coast Pine belt. Damp copses
and woods, banks of streams. Morj^an County, Falkville. Cullman and Blount coun-
ties. Leo County, Auburn, 800 feet. Tuscaloosa, Mont<?omery, and Autauga coun-
ties. Flowers white, Ai)ril ; fruit ripe October, November, scarlet, sweet. Large
sliruli or small tree 12 to 18 feet high, frequent. Most abundant in the mountains
and Lower hill country.
Tyi)e locality : " ilab. in Carolina utraque et Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Crataegus viridis L. 8p. PI. 1 : 17(5. 17.53. Trkk Haw.
Claim (J IIS arhDvescens Ell. Sk. 1 : 550. 1821.
(iray. .Man. ed. 6, 165. Cliap. Fl. 127.
Carolinian and Louisiauiau areas. South Carolina, Florida, and throughout the
Gulf .States to eastern Texas, along the Mississippi River reaching southern Illinois
and St. Louis, Mo.
Ai.Ai!AM.\: Mountain region to Coast plain. Low damp co])8es, borders of woods.
Clay County, banks of Talladega Creek. Dallas County, Marion .(unction. Halo
County, (iallion. Wilcox County (liiiclUnj}. Clarke County. Mobile County,
]\Ionnt Vernon. Baldwin County, Stockton. Flowers white, odor nauseating; last
week of March, beginning of April. Fruit ri)ie October, November; llame color.
A pretty tree, 20 to 25 leet high. !Most frequent in the bottoms of the Alaba::; i
and Tombigbee rivers, occasionally subject to overflow.
Typo locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Crataegus apiifolia (Marsh.) Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:2S7. 1803. Paijslky TTaw.
MeK])ihtn apiitolia Marsh. Arb. Am. 8!). 1785.
Ell. Sk. 1:552. Gray, Man. ed. (i, 165. Chap. Fl. 127. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 4:111,
t. 188.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Florida along the coast to southern ^'irginia,
throughout the Gulf States to Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and southern Missouri,
.Vi.amama: Tennessee Galley to the Coast i)laiu. Damp woods, river banks.
Morgan County, Falkville. Clay County, llollins. Cullman County. Tuscaloosa
(lownXiK (E. A. Smitli). l^ee County, Auburn {liaker .y- ICarle). Hale, Dallas, and
Montgomery counties. Baldwin Comity, banks of Tensaw Kiver. Mobile County,
Mount Vern(Ui. Flowers white; middle of March to lirst week of April; fruit ripe.
October, scarlet. A large shrub, commonly 10 to 15 feet high; not rarely arbores-
cent, 15 to I'd feet liigh. Most frequent in the Prairie region and Upper division of
the Coast Pine belt.
Tyjie locality not specifically given. Micliaux's locality: "Hab. in linniidis syl-
varuni C;iiolinae."'
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Crataegus rotundifolia (Ehrh.) Borck. in lioem. Arch. 1, pt. 3: .S7. 1798.
GL.\NM>ri,Ai: Haw.
Mexjiihts rotundifolia Ehrh. Beitr. 3 : 20. 1788.
Crataeiins iilou(lnloxa\\\\\y\.f^Y.V\.2:\002. 1800. Not Solander. 1789.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New England to Indiana and Florida.
Ai.ai5a.ma: Cenlral Prairies to ^loiintain region. Dry open woods and co]is(^s;
rocky or gravelly soil. Butler County, (Jreeiiville. Tuscaloosa (Jouiity, banks
Warrior Kiver with Crataefjiia coccinea. Blount County, Bangor. Flowers early in
May. Not rare.
Tree 16 to 25 feet high, 4 to 6 inches in diameter, with dark close bark. Differs
ROSE FAMILY. 547
from its nearest relative, Crataegus rovcmea, hy its glandular petioles, its very gland-
ular bractiets aud calyx lobes, and its stout long spines.
Type locality not ascertained.
Crataegus sargenti Beadle, Bot. Gaz. 28 : 407. 1899.'
An intricately branched tree rarely over 18 feet high, or more frequently a large
shrub from 0 to 15 i'eet high, witli one or several stems covered with an ashy gray,
more or less scaly bark; branches spreading, armed with straight or curved spines
1 to 2i inches long; leaves thin to subcoriaceous, slightl}"^ pubescent when young,
soon smooth, ovate to ovate-lanceolate or round-cordate, 1 to 4i inches long and
from i to 2 inches wide, acute, rounded, or abruptly contracted at the base into a
wing-margined petiole, irregularly doubly serrate aud incisely lol)ed, the serratures
tipjied with minute glauds; stipules linear-lanceolate, glandular, or on vigorous
shoots foliaceous and lunate; flowers in a i'ew ft^w-llowercd, more or less pubescent
corymbs, stamens normally 20, pistils 3 to 5; fruit globose or depressed-globose,
nearly I inch in diameter, yellow t > orange, with a thin, firm flesh, and including 3
to 5 bony, thick-walled nutlets.
('. sargenti is a most distinct aud showy species, belonging to a very natural group
which in the herbaria are preserved under the names of C. rotundifolia, C. {/landiilosa,
and C. coccineu, titles which correctly belong to widely different plants.
Carolinian area. Northern Georgia (Rome) to southeastern Tennessee.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rocky woods aud blufts. DeKalb County (7?eaf?Ze).
Flowers about 1st of May when the leaves are almost fully grown. Fruit ripens
and falls about the middle of September.
Type locality : " Near "N'alleyhead, Ala."
Crataegus boyntoni Beadle, Bot. Gaz. 28: 409. 1899.
A tree seldom more than IS feet high, or frequently a large branching shrub from
6 to 12 feet high, the trunk from 6 to 9 feet in length and 4 to 8 inches in diameter,
with stout ascending branches which form a narrow, occasionally a flat-topped head,
the spines straight or curved, 1^ to 2| inches long. Leaves yellowish green, paler
beneath, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs along f he midrib and larger veins,
broadly ovate or oval, acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base into the
margined glandular petiole, or on vigorous shoots deltoid-ovate, sharply and irreg-
ularly serrate, doubly serrate, or incisely 5 to 7 lobed; stiiiules linear, glandular,
caducous, or on strong shoots foliaceous and Innate, glandular-serrate ; flowers large,
from 9 lines to nearly 1 inch in diameter, borne on glabrous pedicels with one or
two glandular bractiets, in short 4 to 10 flowered corymbs ; stamens 10, anthers light
yellow ; pistils 3 to 5 ; fruit dull yellowish green to russet-red, depressed-globose,
angled, about IJ inches long and 8 lines wide.
Closely related to the last, but distinguished by the manj'-flowered glabrous
corymbs and shorter stamens, and l)y the ditt'erent habit of growth. Many speci-
mens are preserved in herbaria, the greater part of which are also labeled f. coccinca,
C. glandulosa, or C. rotundifolia. C. rotundifolia of Britton and Brown's Illustrated
Flora is in part to be referred to this species. (The material collected l)y the writer
near Greenville, Ala., is most likely to be united with it, which would extend its
southern range to the Louisiana area. Mohr.)
Carolinian area. Pennsylvania, Delaware to Virginia, Tennessee, and CJeorgia.
ALABA:\rA: Mountain region; banks of streams, and even in the shallow dry soil of
uplands; copses and fields. Flowers before the middle of May; fruit ripens and
falls early in October.
Type locality : " Biltmore, N. C."
Crataegus mollis (Torr. & Gray) Scheele, Linnaea, 21:. 569. 1848. Downy Haw.
Crataegus coccinea var. mollis Tt)rr. & Gray, Fl. X. A. 1:465. 1840.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 165. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 107.
Mexico.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. New England ; Massachusetts west to Michigan,
Minnesota, and Iowa, south to Arkansas, Tennessee, aud Texas.
Ala uama : Mountain region to Upper division Coast Pine belt. Rich wooded banks.
Cullman County. Hale County, Gallion. Clark County. Jackson County (Dr.
Dennij), A])ril 12, 18.52. Flowers white, April; fruit ripe October, crimson. A small
tree, 20 to 25 feet high, sparsely scattered in the valleys of the mountain region, and
more frequent in the prairies.
'The descriptions of this and following species of Crataegus, with the accompany-
ing notes, are mainly drawn from C. D. Beadle, Studies in Crataegus, Bot. Gazette,
vol. 28, pp. 405 to 417. 1899.
r)4S PLANT l.IIK OK ALAHAMA.
Tv|>«» Idcalily : "••liin, Mr. I.m! liitliaiia, l>r. ('I(ii>i) .' Kimtiicky, /'/■. Short .' '1\i\uh,
J>riiiiiniiniil."
Meili. (ioul. Siirv . Il.rl.. Molii.
Crataegus biltmoreana Uc.hIIc, UuI. Ciiz. 28: 10."). 1S!»9. Uii.t.moui; TiioiiN.
A slirnli :i til l."> fiM-l lii;;li, with :i reddiHli lirown li:iik an<l cliestniit-hrown or red-
dish hrowii biaiiclK's, stout, Hlij^litl^' nil vcd spiiu-s 1 to 2 in<lns Ion;,', and larj;e
(lowers ill .siiii|>lo 5 to 7 llowcrcd imliosceiit coryinbH. Tlio Iim\ i-h arc tliiii, incinbra-
iiactoiis, r.Hij^liisli Imt ral lur iiicon.s|>iciioiisl y jmbt'sri'iit, <;rceii al)ov(% ]>aler beneath,
ovate In round ovale, usually wed ^e-sli aped at t h»! base, acutely incised, or Klii;litly
.") to !• lohed, sharply ami ine^iulaily serrate to mar th(^ b.ise, bearinj^, like the
lietiole. a few dark-ecdored stalk<(l j.;lands. The llowers are borne on strict juibes-
eeiit itidii-els; jietals orbi»-ular, contracted into a short claw ; stamens 10, auliiers yel-
low ; styles 'A to .">, calyx obconic, }uibescent oi- torineiitose, with the dentate or pee-
tinat« glamlular lobes ',i lines lou'j;; iVuit yellow or yeUowish green to oranj^e, con-
tainiiiir from '.i to") depressed-jrloboso olitnsely ani;led nutlets.
Isnally eonfoiimled witli Kastern forms of ('. /»<*//i« ( Torr. A: Gray ; Scheele, from
whii b it may l)e known by its smaller size, simiile corymbs, and later time of flow-
ering, and by the color and ti'xtnre of its fruit.
Carolinian arcia. From Pennsylvania and \'irginia to eastern T(Minessee, North
Carolina, and tieorgia.
Ai.AitAVtA: Mountain region. Dry. rocky woodlands. DeKalb County, Lookout
Mountain ( lUmUr, May, 1!I0U). Flowers after the middle of May.
Type locality : " Vicinity of Hiltmore, N. C."
Herb. CJeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Crataegus tomeutosa chapmaiii IJeadle, I'.ot. (Jaz. 25 :3()0. 1898.
CrataajHx iomentoaa m'lcrocarpa Chap. IT. ed. 3, 139. 1897. Not. 6'. microcarpa Liudl.
1830.
Chap. Fl. I.e.
Carolinian area. Georgia.
Ar.AiiAMA: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. .Jackson County, Sand Mountain
(C l>. Jiiadle). Etowah County, (Jadsden {('•. ('. Boijnton). .Small tree or shrub.
Flowers in Maj-.
Type locality: "River banks near Rome, (ia."
IJiltmoie Herb.
Crataegus crus-galli L. Sp. I'l. 1: 476. 17.53. Cockspur Thorn.
Fll.Sk.l:.")48. (Jrav, Man.ed. (5,166. Chap. IT. IL'7. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 107. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 4 : 91. t. 17S.
Alieghenian to Loiiisiaiiiau area. Southern Ontario, Michigan, and Missouri,
south to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Ai.ahama: Tennessee Valley to Central prairies. AVoodod banks, copses, in close
damp soil. Morgan, .Madison, Cullman, Montgomery, Dallas, and Hale Counties.
Flowers white, April; fruit ripe October, dull red. .Small tree, 15 to 25 feet. Fre-
(pient in tin* valleys and jirairies.
Type loc.-ility not given. In L. Sp. PI. ed. 2: " Hab. in Virginia."
llerl). (Jeol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Crataegus colliua Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 110. 1897.
Carolinian area. Southeastern Tennessee, North Carolina, and northern Georgia.
Alaha.ma: Mountain region to Lower hills. Rocky and gravelly hills. Dekalb
County. .leffersou County, Red Mountain near liirmiugham {Sdn/enl). Tuscaloosa
County, rocky banks of Warrior River. Krowah County, (Jadsden (C J>. Jleadle).
.Jackson County, Saud Mountain (llUtmore Jlcrh.), Mobile County (JiHtviore Herb.).
Flowers April. Fruit mature October, rod. Not rare.
Tall shrub or small tree.
Type locality : "Rocky hillsides, north Georgia and Tennessee."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Motr.
Crataegus mohri I5eadle, Bot. Gaz. 28 : 116. 1899.
A tree 18 to 30 feet high, with a slender trunk 1 to 8 inches in diameter, unarmed
or sparsely spiny, or in unfavorable situations a large erect branching shrub, the
branches ascending or nearly horizontal, forming an oblong or occasionally a round
compact head, the branchlets and smaller branches zigzag with slightly curved or
straight spines from 1 to 2 inches long. Leaves cuneate-obovate, or on vigorous
shoots from ovate to orbicular, IJ to 2J inches long and f to 1^ inches wide, acute or
rounded at the apex and contracted below into winged or margined petioles from 4
ROSE FAMILY. 549
to nearly 11 lines long, sharply and irregularly serrate to or below the middle, entire
or nearly so at the base, snore or less i»iibesceut when young, dark green and lus-
trous above, pale below, becoming thick and coriaceous; flowers nnuierous, large,
from 7 to 8 lines in diameter, disposed in slender, elongated, and often Hexnous,
bracteato corymbs, more or less hairy at dowering time; calyx narrow-obconic,
mostly glabrous, with linear-hinceolate, mostly entire or slightly glandular-serrate
lobes redexed after liowering, the orbicular petals with undulate or erose borders;
stamens normally 20, styles 3 to 5; fruit globose, abont 4 lines in diameter, dark red
or greenish red or covered with black blotches; nutlets 3 to 5, thick-walled.
Crataegus mohri has usually been confounded with C. n-KS-cjaUi L., or more recently
with ('. colliiia Chapm. From the former it may be distinguished by the pilose
corymbs, smaller aud more globular fruit, and more numerous and smaller nutlets,
and by the outline of the leaf and habit of growth, and from the latter by the later
time of liowering, and smaller lustrous leaves. This beantiful and most distinct
species is dedicated to Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Ala. (Beadle.)
Carolinian area. ^Mississippi northward to middle Tennessee.
Alabama: Mountain region to Centr.al Prairie belt. Reaches its best development
in the rich and fresh soil of Hat woods in the center of the State, but not infrequently
ascends into the poorer and drier soils of the mountains and liills. Flowers about
Ist of May ; fruit ripens in October, remaining until early in the winter.
Type locality : " Vicinity of Rome, Ga."
Crataegus triflora Chapm, Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 2, 681. 1892.
Chapm. Fl. ed. 3, 139.
A large shrub or small tree from 6 to 20 feet high, with the main stem simple or
branching near the base into several shoots, armed with numerous spines, the
branches ascending, intricately divided near the summit into many short pilose or
])ubescent branchlets, forming an oblong, occasionally rounded or tlat-top]ied head.
Leaves at first thin, dark green above, paler beneath, somewhat roughish and
sparsely pubescent on the upper surface, more densely so below, ovate, elliptical, or
slightly obovate, acute at the apex, rounded or abruptly contracted at the base into
winged or margined petioles, on the fertile branches from 1 to 4 inches long and from
1 inch to 2 inches wide, on vigorous shoots 5 and 6 inches long and about 3 inches
wide, sharply and irregularly serrate, or doubly serrate and incisely lobed, with a
number of black-tipped glands near the base, as also on the petiole; stipules lanceo-
late, densely glandular, caducous; flowers -} inch wide, in mostly 3-flowered, pilose,
softly pubescent corymbs, the lateral pedicels longer; calyx densely pilose, with per-
sistent glandular-serrate lobes twice as long as the tube; stamens 20; styles 3 to 5;
fruit globose, 6 to 7 lines in diameter, pubescent, bright red.
Carolinian area. Northwestern Georgia.
Alai5am.\: Mountain region to Lower hills. Rocky hills, .Jefferson County, Bir-
mingham (C. L. Boynton). DeKalb County? Flowers early in May; fruit ripe in
September.
Type locality: "Cliffs of the Coosa River, Georgia."
Crataegus austromontaua Beadle, Bot, Gaz, 28 : 412, 1899,
A straggling shrub 3 to 12 feet high, two or three main stems arising from large
roots or horizontal rootstocks, or forming more or less iinited groups or clumps,
occupying a surface of .5 to 10 square feet, the branches unarmed or with an occa-
sional spine on a young plant or vigorous shoot, the branchlets pubescent or
tomeutose. Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, 1^ to 4 inches long, roughish-pubesr
cent on both surfaces, acute at the apex, contracted at the roundetl truncate or
sometimes subcordale base into the margined petiole, sharply irregularly serrate or
inciseh lobed, and ;it the base glandular like tlie iietioles; flowers large, in simple
2 to rt flowered, mostly 3-flowered cymes, borne on stout hairy pedicels from | to 1
inch long; stamens 10; styles 3 to 5; calyx pubescent, broad with glandular-serrate
lobes; fruit large, \ inch or a little over iu diameter, bright red, and frequently
punctate, containing 3 to .5 bony nutlets.
Close to C. triflora, but may, as stated by the author, be recognized by its smaller
size, broader leaves, fewer stamens, and the larger and coarser seeds.
Carolinian area. Easti-rn and middle Tennessee (Cumberland district).
Alabama : Mountain region. Rocky woods and banks throughout the Sand Moun-
tain district. Flowers early in May; fruit ripens iu the latter part of September.
Type locality: " \'icinity of ^'aIleyhead, Ala,"
Herb. Geol. Surv. ex Herb. Biltmore.
Crataegus silvicola Beadle, Bot. Gaz. 28 : 414. 1899.
A tree in low and moist woods, from 18 to 30 feet high, with the trunk sometimes
8 inches in diameter, with a close-fissured or scaly gray or reddish-brown bark, and
armed with stout spines, the branches spreading or ascending, forming a rounder
^)rA) I'LANT Ml'K OK A LA MAM A.
(lat-t«>i)i>iMl hiad. aniuMl with stnuKl't <>i- cMirvcul Bpiiics !f inch to 2i inches h)ng.
l.caveH ovate or roiinii-Dvatc, acnt<\ lonndeil or narrowod at tlie base, fioni 1^ to I
inclicH Ion;:, l»ri;;lit or yellow ish fjn-cn, roii^^liiKh or srabrr)iis pulicHccnt aiiovo, paler
ami t;ent*raliy sinootli Itclow, (lowcrH Itornc on Htrict, sliort ])eili(;elH .i t<» 7 lines lony;;
stanitiiH l(»;'slylt's li to.".; trnit jjh)l»os(', ahont i inch in diameter, red or •jrcenish
yolliiw.
K'c^einldi's tho Koviral forms of T. cocdMf'j from tho South Atlantic region, from
wliirii it may be distin^^nished by the ronu;h leaves, which are less incised and
broader and lonjjer in outline, ami by tlic short, strict, aiid stout pedicels.
<'aroIiiiian area. Northwest (ieorfjia.
Aiakama: Northern j.art of ."^tato in tin' " ihit woods," ami ociasionally in tho
hi-iher and drier woodlands.
Type locality: " \'icinity of (Jadsihn, Ala."
Crataegus punctata Jac«i. liort. Vind. 1:10, <.;:vs\ 1770. ])r)TrKi. Haw.
Ell. .<;k. 1 : .'>JS. (Jray, Man. ed. t;, Itlfi. Chap. FI. 127.
Alle;:henian to Lonisi.mian area. Ontario, New York, central Miihii^an to Mis-
sonri and Arkansas, south to (Jeorgia.
.\i.ahama: Mountain region. Lower hills. Border of liilly woods. Cullman
County. Tuscaloosa County ( E. J. Smith). Lee County, .Vubnrn ( linker iS- Earle, 14u).
Flowers M.irch, April.
'i'y|)e locality : 'Hue transvecta » » * snbarboris Americauae iguotae titulo."
Herb. (u'ol. .*^nrv. Hcrl>. Mohr.
Crataegus flava Ait. Hort. Kow. 2:169. 1789. Su.MMKii Haw.
CratdrfiiiM flara \ar. puhcacenH Gray, Man ed. .5, 160. 1867.
C. fhxitpiiKi .Sargent, Gard. A: For. 2 : 121. 1889. Not Mespilus jUsispiua Mueuch.
17>!.">."
Ell. Sk. 1:551. Gray, Man. ed. 6, KKi. Chap. FL 128. Sargent, .^ilv. N. A. 4 : 113, <. i55.
Carolinian and Louisianian area. West Virginia to Flori<la, west to Louieiania,
Arkan.sas, and southern Missouri.
Ai.aiiama: Mountain region to Coast Pine belt. Sandy banks, dry copses. Cull-
man (nunty. Monroe County, Clailiorne. Henry County, Ozark. Baldwin County.
Flowers March, A]iril ; fruit ripe September, rt^ddish or greenish yellow. Not fre-
• luent in tho Mountain region; more abundant throughout the Lower Pine belt.
Small tree 20 to 25 feet high, with droo]>ing liranches and gray shreddy bark.
Economic uses: The large fruit is used lor preserves.
Type locality : "Native of North America.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Crataegus elliptica Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 168. 1789. Glandular Summer Haw.
Cruiaegm Jiava elliptica Sargent, Silv. N. A. 4 : 114, /. 190. 1893.
C. flara xnr.piiheHcens Gray, Man. ed. 5, 160. 1867.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 166, Chap. Fl. 128. Sargent, 1. c.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia, Tennessee, Florida to Louis-
iana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Open glades, dry copses. Washing-
ton County, Mobile County, Citrouelle. Flowers April 10; fruit ripe September,
glossy, bright red, meiliiim size. Tree 15 to 20 feet. Frequent.
Tyjte locality : " Native of North America."
Herb. (Jeol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Crataegus aestivalis Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1:468. 1840.
Api'lk Haw. May Haw.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 552, as C. viridia. Chap. Fl. 127. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 4 : 119, 1. 192.
L(misianian area. Low country of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, west to
Mississippi, eastern Texas (Mohr), and Arkansas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Edges of pine-barren swamps. Mobile County,
Mount Vernon, Pierce's Landing, Alabama Kiver. Washington County, Yellowpin'e.
Flowers white or pale pink, appearing before the leaves, February 15; fruit ripe
Ajiril 10, nddisli. nitllow, tiiie-llavored. On tlie overllowed banks of 1 )aviils Lake,
near Mount \ernon, trees of slender growth fully 25 feet high have been observed.
Type locality: "Along the low wet l)ank8 of ponds and rivers, South Carolina! and
Georgia! to Florida! Louisiana! and Arkansas!"
Economic uses: The fruit is edible.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Crataegus uniflora Mueuch. Hausv. 5 : 147. 1770. Dwarf Thokx.
Cratatf/its jmrvifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 169. 1789.
('. tomentosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:289. 1803. Not L.
ROSE FAMILY. 551
Ell. Sk. 1:547. Gray, Man. ed. (J, IGfi. Chap. FI. 128. Sargent, Silv. N. A.
4:117, t. 191.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana and
southern Arkansas.
Alabama : Over the State. Drj" open copses. Cullman and Mobile counties.
Flowers March (20, Mobile); fruit ripe October, November, greenish yellow, size of
a hazel ntit. Frf^juent. A straggling shrub 2 or 3 feet high.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PRUNUS L. Sp. PL 1 : 47.S. 17.-i3.
About SO species, temperate region, North Hemisphere. North America 20 sjieciea.
Prunu.s americana Marsh. Arb. Am. 111. 1785. Wild Red or Yellow Plum.
Friuius hiemalis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 28-t. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:542. Cray, Man. ed. 6, 151. Chap. Fl. 119. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb,
2 :102. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 4 : 19, /. 150.
Mexico.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Canada to Saskatchewan ; New England west
to Minnesota, Dakota, and Colorado, south to western Florida and Texas.
Al.vbama : Mountain region. Tennessee Valley. V^ooded hillsides and banks of
streams. Lauderdale Conuty (Dr. Moody). Cullman (Jounty. Clay County, Delta
Divide, 1, 500 feet. Flowers white, March, April; frnit yellow to red, July. Nowhere
abundant in the State. Tree 20 to 25 feet high.
Economic uses: The wood is useful and the fruit edible. Cultivated in various
races.
Type locality not specifically given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pruuus hortulana Bailey, Gard. &. For. 5 : 90. 1892. Gardex Wild Plum.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3. 131, as Prunus maritima. Sargent, Silva. N. A. 4 : 24.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. Illinois (O(iuawka), Missouri (near St. Louis,
etc.), and probably in southern Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and
through Arkansas to eastern Texas.
Alabama : Littoral region. Dry banks. Mobile County, not rare on the so-called
"shellbanks." Near Coden and Bayou La Battre. Flowers in March; fruit green-
ish red, with a slight bloom, about the size of the Chickasaw i)]um, ripe in Septem-
ber and October.
Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Arb. Anu 111. 1785. Ciiickas \\v Plum.
PruuKS chlcasa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 284. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:542. Gray, Man. ed. 0. !.->_'. Chap. Fl. 119. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 4:25,
1. 152.
Most probably introduced by the aborigines i'rom the southwestern sections of the
Mississijipi Valley into the region east of the Mississippi. Copiously disseminated
from Maryland to Florida and from Missouri to Texas.
Alabama : All over the State. In liglit sandy soil, old fields, pastures. Flowers
middle of February to March; fruit ripe June, yellow and reddish. Largely culti-
vated in many varieties and crosses with Prunus nmericuna.
Type locality: Native of the Southern States. Apparently described from the
cultivated tree.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Prunus umbellata Ell. Sk. 1: 541. 1821. Prairie Plum. Soi'thern Sloe.
Chap. Fl. 119. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 4 : 33, i. 153.
l^ouisianian area. Soutii Carolina to Florida, west to Mi8sissipj)i, Louisiana, and
southern Missouri {Tracy!).
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Dry sandy copses, open woods,
borders of fields. Montgomery, Clark, Escambia, Baldwin, and Mobile counties.
Flowers February (Mobile) to middle of March; fruit ripe July, plum-purple. Tree
15 to 25 feet high ; freipient.
Economic uses: The fruit is made into preserves.
Type locality: "Grows in very dry, sandy soils," South Carolina and Georgia.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
nfj'i IM.VXl" l-IKK <»K AI.AI'.AMA.
Piiinus iiijucunda Small. li.ill. 'I'orr. Cinl). 25 : 1 l!i. 1S!(K.
("aiolini.in area. (Ifor^^ia.
Aiahama: Momitiiin njjion. nicky summits. TallaiU-Ka County. am<>n;r Haudntoiie
clitls. Albino Mountain, near tin! Signal Station, Soptcmlu r, ISiH'. W itliont fruit.
Tvpe lorality : " In sandy soil on the granite districts about Stone Mountain, (Ja."
Piumis gracilis Engolni. iV Cray, liost. .lourn. Nat. Hist. 5:L'i:i 1HI7.
Low ri.t'M.
Carolinian ana. Ti-nncssee. Kansas, Ti-xas.
Ai.ahama: Mountain n-gion. Mtta rjihic hills. Sandy open copses. Dekalh
County. Lookout Mountain, near Montonc. Leo County {linker -S' Karh). Low
shruh. Klowors in March. Inrrfi|UOiit.
Type locality: 'Mtpen post-oak woods west of the lira/.os.''
Prunus serotiiia i-.hrh. Heitr. 3 : 20. 17S8.
Kll. Sk. I:;")!!, (iray, Man. ed. 6, l.")2. Chap. I'l. 120. t^oulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : lO.S. Sargent. Sil v. N. A. 4 : .")0, t. J'>r>.
MkXKO, I'ERl', CoLOMKlA.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland. <)nt:irio, and Manitoba; New
Kngland west to l)ak<)ta, south to Florida, and throughout the Culf States to Texas
and Arizona; niount.iiiis of Mexico.
Alauama: Over the State. Scattered through tlu; mountains, more randy in the
lower districts, where it is scarcely initigeiious, disseminiited by birds. Klowers
white, Mar(di, Ajjril ; fruit iii>e in .Tune, black, palatable.
Economic uses: A most valuable timber tree. The inner bark is the " wild cherry
bark," "I'runus virginiana," of the United States Pharmacopceia.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Prunus serotina neo-montana (Small) Sud worth, Xonu>ncl. Arb. Fl. U. S. 245. 18it7.
Mountain lii.AOK Ciikkky.
CeraxKS serotina var. montana Small, Mem. Torr. ( lull, 4 : 114. 1893.
I'mnits serotina montana Uritt. Mem. Torr. ( luli. 5 : 3."i7. 1894. Not I'nmns montana
Marsh., 1785, nor Koch, 1854.
Allegheniau and Carolinian areas. Southwestern N'irginia to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Open rocky summits of the higher ranges. Talla-
dega County, Aljiine Mountain, near the Ihigstatf station, 1.800 to 2,000 feet; lirst
observed in' 1892. Clay County, Che-aw-ha Mountain, bare dills, 2,400 l'e<t; .Inly 31,
fruit not (|uite mature. Tree 25 to 35 feet high, bark very rough and with droojdng
branches.
fyjie locality: •' On the "balds" near the summit of White Top Mountain, 5,500
feet altitude, southwestern N'irginia.
Herb. ( ;eol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Prunus alabanieiisis sp. nov. Alabama Ciikurv.
A tree b(dow medium size, 25 to 30 feet high, aud scarcely over 6 inches in diameter;
leaves rather thick, broadly ovate, rounded or slightly narrowed at the base, from
3 to 4 in( lies long and 1 to li inches wide, short-acuminate, blunt or acutish, bluntly
serrate, with the teeth rather distant and close adpnissed, glandular-tipped, smooth
and of a deep green above, dull on the lower surface, and finely jiubesceut by short
simple or forked hairs, which along the midrib and principal veiulets becouu', longer,
vilhuis. and more dense, the veinlets somewhat dark, prominent ; racemes elongated,
strict, erect (never drooping), the rachis and ]iedicels, like the calyx, closely pubes-
cent.
In the specimens from Red Mountain the petals already withered were mostly .shed.
Druitc reddish to black, the few seen in sha])e and size similar to those of Prunus
serotina.
The trunk is clear of limbs for the height of about 8 to 10 feet, the limbs spreading
and tinally inclined to be drooping.
.V distinct species readily recognized by the characters of the leaves and inflores-
cencti .18 desciibeil.
Carolinian area. (Jeorgia (Meriwether County, lleadte, 1899).
.\labama: Mountain region. Red Mountain, near Hirmingham, on the benches of
siliceous firruginou^ strata, about 1. 000 to 1,200 feet altitude; just past tlowering
May 11, 1X98. lalladega County, Childersburg (Jiilfmore Herb. 1899).
Prunus caroliniana Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 540. 1789.
Mock Orange. liAUREL Cherrv. Wild Peach.
Ell. Sk. 1:540. Chap. Fl. 120. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:103. Sargent, Silv.
N. A. 4 : 50, t. 100.
VETCH FAMILY. 553
Loiiisianian area. ^Torth Carolina, valley Cape V^nr River to Florida, west to
eastern Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Rich banks of streams. Pike
Connty, Troy. Mobile County, reported from the swamps of Chickasa Creek.
Flowers white, February, March ; very rare in the wild state. More evidence is
wanted Itefore it can be considered truly indigenous in the State.
Economic uses: Ornamental. The leaves are poisonous.
Type locality: "Native of South Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb.Mohr.
CHRYSOBALANTJS L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1: 513. 1762.
Three species, tropical regions.
Chrysobalanus oblongifoliu 3 Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 283. 1803. Deer Plum.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 539. Chap. Fl. 119.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida west to ilississippi.
Alabama: Coast Pine belt. Drj- pine woods. Througiiout the upper and lower
divisions; freijuent. Monroe County, Claiborne. Mobile County, .Springhill.
Flowers white, June; fruit ripe in September, yellowish red. Low shrub, stems
creeping.
Type locality: "Hab. in sabnlosis sylvarum Georgiae et Floridae. "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
VICIACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE). Vetch Family.
ALBIZZIA Durazz. Mag. Tosc. 3, iv:ll. 1772.
Thirty species, tropical regions of the Old World.
Albizzia julibrissin (Willd.) Durazz. Mag. Tosc. 3, iv : 11. 1772. Silk Tree.
Mimosa jiilibrissin Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 1065. 1806.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 223. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 619 ; ed. 3, 128.
Asia Minor to Chixa. Cultivated in all warmer countries.
Louisianian area. Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast ]dain. A rare escape from gardens. Flowers white, with pink
stamens; May. Tree 12 to 18 feet high.
Type locality: " Hab. in Oriente."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ACACIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 319. 1763.
A large genus of about 425 species, tropical countries of both hemispheres.
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 1083. 1805. Opopoxax. Sweet Acacia.
Mimosa farnesiana L. Sp. PI. 1 : 521. 1753.
Chap. Fi. Suppl. 619; ed. 3, 128. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2: 99. Sargent, Silv.
if.A.3:n9,f. 141.
Tropical America, West Indies. Extensively cultivated in the warmer regions
of the globe.
Louisianian area. Naturalized from western Texas, along the Gulf shore to South
Carolina.
Alabama: Coast ]t]ain. Dry waste places. Mobile County. Flowers deep yellow,
highly fragrant; November to March. Freciuent along the western shore of Mobile
Bay. Shrub or small tree.
Type locality: "Hab. in Domingo."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
NEPTUNIA Lour. Fl.Cochinch. 1:6.53. 1790.
Eight species, of tropical regions Northern and Southern hemispheres. North
America 1.
Neptunia lutea (Leavenworth) Benth. in Hook. Jouru. Bot. 4 : 356. 1842.
J/imosa ruY/a<a Bartram, Travels, (ed.2, 419.) 1791. Not L.
Acacia lutea Leavenworth, Am. .lourn. Sci. 7 : 61. 1821.
Neptunia viriiata Branner & Coville, Ark. Geol. Surv. Ann. Rep. 1888, 4: 178. 1891.
Desmanthus luteus Benth. ; Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 128. 1897.
Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1: 403. Chap. Fl. 117; ed. 3, 128. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2: 95.
554 PLANT MFK <>1' ALABAMA.
Loiiibiiiiiiuii ana. I'loiida wnst to MissiHHi|iiii, Louisiana, Ifxas, aii<l Kuntlicni
Arkansas.
Ai.aua.ma: Cciitral I'ruirics. Coast plain. ()\u'i\ j^raHsy jihues. (Jreenii Connty
[ l.tart II norths .Miihik< County, I'orteiH^'illis Wost I'owl Ivivir. Klowcrs .Inly to
Si'|it<'nilii'r. IiifrtMincnt. I'cri'iinial.
Ty|it« locality : " In the ]>iiiirie8 ofCirot-n Couuty, Ala."
iicrl.. CfoL Siir\ . litil). .Mohr.
MORONGIA Hritlon. MiMi.Torr. Club. 5: 101. 1X94. Hknsitivk Bkiku.
,s, iiKANKiA Wilid.Si). 1'1.4: 1011. lX()i>. Not .Medic. 1792.)
I'our spicics, warnitM, teiiiperatf, and tropical .Viiusiica. I'eicnnials.
Morongia angustata (Torr. A (Jray) Biitton, Mem. Torr. Cliilt. 5 : liU. 1X94.
Schraiikia muiHstata Toir. & Grav, Fl. N. A. 1: 41)1. 1810.
Gray. Man. «m1. ti, 119. Chap. I'l.'UG. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 98.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas,
Arkansas, Tennessee, and Missouri.
Ai.AUAMA : Over the Slate. Open woods, pastures, old fields, dry light soil. Cull-
man. Tuscaloosa, Washington. Monroe, and Mobile counties. Flowers )>ink. May to
.Inly. Prostrate stems L' to )> tVet long. Frc(|nenl.
Type locality : '• With the preceding [J/. uHciHafa], South Carolina, Georgia, Texas,
l>riiiiiinond."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Morongia horridula (Michx.).
MUnom horridula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 254. 1803.
Schratihia anquHtata var. hraclii/carpa Chap. Fl. 116. 1860.
S. horridiihi Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 127. 1897.
Chap. Fl.l.c.
Louisianian area. Florida to North Carolina? west to Louisiana.
Ai..\iiAM.\: (-'oast Pine belt. Dry piue woods. Clarke County, Snggsville (Dr.
Dennij). Washingtou County, Yellowpine. Mobile Countj'. Flowers i)ink, .Inly.
Less l're(|ueiit than the above.
Type locality: "Hab. a Virginia ad Floiiilaui."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
ACUAN Medic. Theod. Spec. 62. 1786.
(DESMAXTIIU.S Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1044. 1806.)
Ten s))ecies. South Atlantic America, West Indies.
Acuan illiuoeuse (Michx.) Kuutze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1 : 158. 1891.
Mimosa iHiuoensis Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 2 : 2.>L 1803.
Acacia brachiiloha Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 1071. 1806.
Dcumaiitlius hrachi/lobus Henth. in Hook. Bot. Journ. 4: 358. 1842.
Gray, Man. ed.G, i49. Chap. Fl. SuppL 618; ed..3, 128. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:96.'
Candinian and T^ouisianian areas. Southern Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Min-
nesota. sr>uth to Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas.
Ai.aisama: Prairie region. Coast plain. Grassy open ])lace. Montgomery Couuty,
open prairies, banks of Pentulalla Creek. Mobile County, shore of Mississippi Sound
at Ce(l.ir Point. Flowers white, .July. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in pratensibus regionis Illinoensis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. ll«rl). Mohr.
PARKINSONIA L. Sp. PI. 1 :375. 1753.
About 11 arborescent species. South Africa. Warmer and tropical America, 4.
Parkiusonia aculeata L. Sp. PI. 1 : 375.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 618; cd. 3, 126. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb 2 : 94.
Wkst Indie-s, Texas, Mexico. Cultivated in all tropical countries.
Louisianian area. Cultivated and escaped. Southwestern Florida to California.
Alaba.aia: Coast plain. Waste places, not rarely escaped. Flowers yellow, June,
July. Tree 15 to 20 feet high.
Economic uses: Ornamental.
Type locality: "Hab. in America calidiori."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
VETCH FAMILY. 555
CERCIS L. Sp. PI. 1:374. 1753.
Four species, temperate Europe, eastern Asia. North America, 3. Small trees.
Cercis canadensis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 376. 1753. Red Bud.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 470. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 147. Chap. Fl. 114. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 3 : 93,
t. 133.
Alleyhenian to Louisianian area. Western Pennsylvania, west to southern Michi-
<jan, Missouri, Nebraska, and Kansas, south to western Florida, Mississippi, Louisi-
ana, and Arkansas.
Alabama: From the Tennessee Valley to Central Pine belt. Rich woods. Madi-
son County, Montesano. Cullman County. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith).
Mobile County; hardly of spontaneous growth. Flowers rose pink, February 25;
fruit ripe in August. Small tree, most frequent in the mountains.
Economic uses: The wood is useful.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CASSIA L. Sp. PL 1:37G. 1753.
Three hundred and tifty or more species, herbs or slirnbs, in warmer, mostly trop-
ical, regions Northern and Southern Hemispheres. North America, 27.
Cassia occideiitalis L. Sp. PI. 1:377. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1:471. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 148. Chap. Fl. 114. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 92. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 209.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil. Widely spread over all tropical countries.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia, southern Indiana, and
Tennessee to Florida, west to Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Naturalized, cultivated and waste
places near dwellings. Franklin County, Russellville. Autauga County, Pratt-
ville. Clay County, Talladega Creek. Mobile County. Flowers -July; fruit ripe
August to September; common weed of gardens and roadsides.
Type locality : "Hab. in Jamaica."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cassia tora L. Sp. PL 1:376. 17.53.
Cassia ohtusifolia L. Sp. PI. 1:377. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1:471. Grav, Man. ed. 6,14^7. Chap. FL 114. Griseb. FL Brit. W. Ind.
209.
West Indijcs, Mexico to Argentina, Tropical Africa, Asia.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Missouri, southern Illinois, and Virginia, south
to Florida and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Cultivated and waste places. Jackson, Marshall,
Montgomery, and Mobile counties. Flowers yellow, June to August; fruit ripe
September, October. Common weed. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in India.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cassia marilandica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 378. 1753. Wild Senna.
Ell. Sk. 1:473. Gray, Man ed. 6, 147. Chap. Fl. 114.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New England Avest to Michigan, Mi.ssouri, and
Arkansa.s, south to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Scattered throughout the State. Gravelly banks and bottoms. Clay
County, Delta. Tallapoosa and Autauga counties. Clarke County (Dr. Deuntj). Mo-
bile County, Whistler. Flowers yellow, J uly to August; fruit rij)e September, Octo-
ber. Not common. Perennial.
Economic uses: The leaves, "American senna," are used medicinally.
Ty))o locality: "Hab. in ^'irginia, Marilandia."
Herb. Mohr.
CHAMAECRISTA Greene, Pittonia, 3 : 238. 1897.'
Forty or more species, herbaceous annuals and sutfrutesceut perennials. Mostly of
the West Indies, northern Mexico, South an<l North America, a few in Eastern Asia
and in Africa. Eastern North America (U. S. ), 7.
' E. L. Greene, Pittonia, vol. 3, pp. 238 to 243. 1897. Same author, op. cit., vol. 4, pp.
25 to 32. 1899. C. L. Pollard, Bull. Torr. Club, vol. 21, pp. 208 to 222. 1894. Vol.22,
pp. 513 to 516. 1895.
5r)(> ri,\M' Ml'K OF AI-AHAMA.
Chamaecrista fasciciilaiio ( Mi«li\.) (Jn'eiu\ I'ittoni.i. 3 : 2I'_'. IsilT.
Cassia fnHiiriilniis Miclix. I'l. Hor. Am. I:l'(i2. 1S0:>.
r. ihn'maerrisla \.. Sp. I'l. 1 : :!7!t. 17.'):?. ( f)
Kll.Sk. 1: I7:f. (Irav, Man. «•(!. <;, MS. i'h-.iy. V\. II.".. Coiilf.r. ('(.iilr. Nat. Herb.
2 : !t2.
AlleyluMiiaii to l-ouisiaiiiaii ana. New l",iij;laii(l wtHt to .Miiniesota. Daknta, Ne-
braska. Colorado, soiitli to I'loiida and west to Toxa.s.
Al..\ii.vM.\ : Ovor the State. ])r.v Hiiiiiiy ])la<i's ; liclds and upen copse.s. Clay
Connty. Tusialoosa. Clarke, Wasliinjiton, and Moliilc ((innticK. I'loweis lirii;lil yel-
low, Anj;nst, Septeinlier. Common ; annu.il.
'^ylM^ loeality : "llali.in Peunsylvania el \ ii i,fiiii.i. '
Herb. (leol. Snr\ . llerh. Mohr.
Chamaecrista robusta (i'oUard) I'ullard; ll.ll.r, c.it. N. A. I'l. ed. 2, r>. 1!»00.
K'olM ST 8KNSITIVF, I'KA.
C. (hamaccriKta var. Torr. I'v; Cray. M. N. A. 1 : :!!m;. I^IH.
C.chamaerrista rohnstn l'(dl,ird. iliill. Toir. Clul., 21:1'1S. ISitl.
Cassia rohiista rollard, Bnll. Torr. Clnl., 24 : 1.".0. 1S!»7.
Robn.st, 12 to IS inches hijili. erect, br.incdies more or less pnbescent; leaves IV to
2.V inches long. . I to f inch wide. Icallets 8 to l'> pair.s, i inch lonjii;, ^ inch wide,
asymmetric, linear, obtnse. jjlahrons; pet i (do .1 inch lonj^. with a small, patelliir snbses-
eilo ^land in the middle ; rachis jnibcsccnt; stipules lincar-lancenlate. acuminate, like
the sepals stroujrly ciliate; the lar^e, <jol(len-yellow ])etals double tlie h-ngth of the
sepals; legumes in jiairs. erect on sjireading elongated i)eduiicles, linear, 1 to H inches
long. ))nbcsceut wiih long spreading hairs.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Kentucky.
Alaham.v : Mountain region. Lower Pine region. f^)peu copses, borders of woods.
Clay County. Delta, 1,600 feet. Washington County (A'. A. Smith). Annual.
Type locality: '' Collected by ]^r. C. \V. Short in the mountains of Kentucky."
Herb. (ieol. Siirw Ilcrb. Mohr.
Chamaecrista mississippiensis (Pollard) Pollard; Heller, Cat. N. A. PI. ed. 3, 5.
1900.
Cassia viUsissippiennia Pollard, Pull. Torr. Club, 21 : 219. 1891.
" IjOw, branching, sutlVuticose, stem terete, glabious; lea\ es subcoriaeeous. pubes-
cent, 8 to 11 foliate; leatiets small, elliptical or obovate, mucronate; " ))etio-
lar glaml minute. <upulif()rm, sessile " ' ■ ; sti]iules a<utely lini'ar, membrana-
ceous, jjcrsistent; jteduuclcs 1 cm. long, axillary, 1-tlowered ; tlower large, * » *
anthers 10, rostiate. all ])erfect, the lower 5 larger, yellow, the up])er smaller and red-
dish; sepals lancc-liuear. slightl.y pube.scent, not surpassing the petals; legume tur-
gid, linear, sparse ly pubescent * * * ."
Louisianian aiea. Mississippi.
Ai-auama: Coast plain. Dry sandy borders of fields. Mobile Connty, loose sands
western shore Mobile Hay. Flowers yellow. Perennial.
Ty]ie locality: "Collected liy Miss K. Ske<-han, 1889, at Ocean Springs. Miss.''
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chamaecrista chamaecristoides (Colladon) Greene, Pittonia, 4 : 20. 1899.
Cassia chamaecristoides Colladon, Hist. Cass. I'M. 1816.
Cassia depressa Pollard. Hull. Torr. Club, 22 : 51.5. 1895.
Chamaecrista depressa (;re<;ne, Pittonia, 3 : 212. 1897.
Low, slender, diffusely branchial, branches assurgcnt, finely strigoso-pubescont;
le.ives 1 to lA inches long, V inch wide, leaflets 10 to 15 i)airs linear, narrow, acutish,
the niidn<"rve bent toward the upjter luargiu, excurrent in a long fine cusp, midrib
and margin rough; stipules small, linear; in our plant the small gland slightly
stipitate.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Florida and Missouri.
Ai.ahama: Coast plain, damp shaded banks. Haldwin County, Da]dine. August
23, IS'M), tlower liiids scarcely developed. Perennial.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chamaecrista multipimiata (Pollard) Greene, Pittonia, 3 : 24.S. 1897.
Many-i-kaved Sknsitivk Pka.
Cassia multipivtiitta Pollard. Hull. Torr. Club, 22 : 515. 1895.
Slender, tall, erect, more or less branched; stem slightly woody at base, pubes-
cent: leaves l.inceolatc-elliptii'al in outline, 20 to 25 Ibliolate' * * *; leaflets 10mm.
long, 11 mm. wide, glabrous, narrowly linear, cusjiidate; petiolar gland minute,
depressed-cupuliform, substipitate; * * * flowers scattered, sessile, the corolla
VETCH FAMILY. 557
quite irreguliir, its small yellow petals uot nmch exceeilinj^ the narrow, scarious-
edged sepals ; li^nnme linear, compressed, pubescent, or even hirsute, ' * * 2 to
2i cm. long * * *."
''Separable from niciitans by the narrowly linear, very numerous, leaflets, the
more hairy pod, and the late period of flowering."
Caroliniau and Louisianian areas. Florida to Mississippi.
Alabama : Damp shaded banks, grassy borders of flelds. Moliile County, Mouroe
Park. Baldwin County, Daphne. Cullman County. Lee County, Auburn {I'aki'r
<.f Earle). Flowers yellow; August 2;>. Animal.
Type locality: "Near Jacksonville [Fla.], A. II. Curtiss « * # 1894. Talla-
hassee, G. V. Nash * * * 1895."
Herb. Geol. feurv. Herb. Mohr.
Chamaecrista aspera niohrii (Pollard) I'ollard ; Heller, Cat. N. A. PI. ed. 2, 5. 1900.
Mohr's Hoary Sensitive Pea.
Cassia aspera viohrii Pollard, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 151. 1897.
"Leaflets hoary-pubescent Avith still" white hairs on both sides, jietiolar gland
depressed-en puliform, substipitate."
Louisianian area.
Alabama: Borders sandy lields and pine woods. Mobile. Flowers August; rare.
Annual.
Type locality : " Collected in Mobile in 1878 by Dr. Mohr."
Herb. Geol. Surv. (type specimen). Herb. Mohr.
Chamaecrista nictitaus (L.) Moench. Meth. 272. 1794.
Cassia niciitans L. Sp. PI. 1 : 380. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 474. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 148. Chap. Fl. 115. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 92.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Massachusetts and central New York, through-
out the Ohio Valley, south to Georgia, Arkansas, and Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Open places, old fields. Dekalb County, Lookout
Mountain, Mentone. September 1. Infrequent.
ry]>e locality : " Hab. iu Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GLEDITSIA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 10.56. 1753. Honey Locust.
Five species eastern Asia. North America, 2. Trees.
Gleditsia triacanthos L. Sp. PL 2 : 1056. 1753. Honey LoctsT.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 709. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 149. Chap. Fi. 115. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 95. Sargent, Silv. \. A. 3 : 75, 1. 125.
Carolinian and Louisianian area. Pennsylvania, western Virginia to Missouri,
south to Florida, and through the Gulf region to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Throughout the State in bottom lands. Lauderdale, Blount, and
Montgomery counties. May; fruit ripe October. Large tree, 50 to 80 feet high.
Most frequent on the larger tributaries of the Alabama River; spreading iu clear-
ings, old fields, and waste places, southward to the coast and becoming troublesome.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
iferb. Geol. Sui'v. Herb. Mohr.
CLADRASTIS Raf. Neog. 1. 1825.
One sj)ecies, South Atlantic America.
Cladrastis lutea (Michx.) Koch, Dendrol. 1 : 6. 1869. Yellow -wood.
VirtjUia Inica Michx. f. Arb. Am. 3 : 266, /. S. 1813.
Cladrastis tivctoria Raf. Neogen. 1. 1825.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, 127. Chap. Fl. 113. Sargent, Silv. N. A. S : .55, t. 19, 20.
Caroliuian area. Central Kentucky, Tennes.see, and Nortli Carolina.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Shaded bluft's. ( olbert County, Sheffield Landing
on the Tennessee River (,!/. C. jri7.so«)> Flowers white. May. Small tree; rare.
Ef^onomic uses: An ornamental tree.
Type locality (Michx. f. Arb. Am. trans.) : "Confined to that part of west Tennes-
86(5 which lies 1)etween the thirty-fifth and thirty-seventh degrees of latitude."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
r)r)S I'l-ANT MI'K (>K AI.AIiAMA.
BAPTISIA \ .111. D.T.Crii. N..V.;'. ls(th.
I-'ourloeii Npciios, imiriiniuls, Atlantic Norlli Aim ri< a. largely 8<nitlioji8tniu.
Baptisia lanceolata (Walt. ) KM. Sk. 1:4G7. ISIT. I.-vnckolatk Kalsk 1ni)I«;().
Sojiln,,,, hnirrolnta Willi. Fl. Car. la"). 1788.
r„d,iliiii<i iniiilora Mi.lix. I'l. Hor. Am. 1:2():5. IKOS.
i:il..^Ll:l<!7. Cliai.. II. 111.
Loiii.siaiiian area, llorid.i lo North ('ari)liiia. wcsl l<i l.ouiHiaii.i and .VrkansaH.
Ai.aiia.ma: L«)\vfr I'ino n-gion. I>rv i»ine Itant-iiH. HaMwin County. KlowtTH
yellow. April ; laic.
.Miiiost ijlaltroUH, tlo\vtM\s nioHtly .sin;fli', lanly in pairs.
Typf locality: South Carolin.i.
ll'i rl.. (Jcol. Siirv. Herb. Mohr.
Baptisia leucantha Toir. iV. ( Ji ay, Fl. N. A. 1 : :w'>. 1840.
WinTK-Ki.owK.RKi) Fai.sk IM)I(;0.
Gray. Man. t-.l. C, U'd. Chap. II. 111'.
Cai<»linian ami Lonisianian areas. Michij^an. Minnesota, Nehrawka, sonth to Ohio,
Missouri, Arkansas, ami Louisiana.
Ai-aisama: Lonisianian area. Damp banks. Washington County. I'lowcrs
wliite. .May ; rare.
Tyiie locality: "In rich alluvial soil, Upjicr Canada (near Lake Erie), Michigau!
Obi<i I to Louisiana I'
Heib. (ieol. .'<urv. Herb. Molii.
Baptisia megacarpa (li.ip. Fl. 1 11. INUd.
(h.ip. FI.ed.3, IL'I.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Georgia, middle Florida.
Ai.An.\M.\ : Mountain region. Metamorpbie bills. Open woodlands. Talla])oosa
Comity, Dadeville (Hiltmoro Herb. 185)9). Flowers pale yellow. May. Perennial.
Kare.
Type locality: " Light rich soil. (Jadsden County, middle I'lorida, and along the
Flint Kiver, near Albany, Ga."
THERMOPSIS II. r.r. in Ait. Hort. Kew.ed.2, 3: 3. ISll.
One hundred and twenty-tbree species, iiereiinial lierbs. .Siberia, Himalayan
India. North America, 7.
Thermopsis fraxinifolia Xntt. in Torr. ^V- (iray, Fl. N. A. 1: o87. 1840.
Chap. Fl. 113.
Carolini.in area. North Carolina.
Ai.AlJ.VM.v: Mountain region. D<!kalb County, Lookout Monnt;iin near Mentone
(May, 18i)9, Mies Lorbuj). Kare.
Type locality: "Found cbietly upon the (Jatawha ridge, N(<rth Carolina, in o]»eii
busby forests."
CROTALARIA L. .^ij). PI. 2 : 714. 17.53. Rattlk-I'od.
Two hundred and lifty species, of warmer regions of both hemispheres.
Crotalaria rotundifolia (Walt.) Poir. F:ncycl. Suppl. 2 : 102. 1811.
KOI'ND-LKAI' UaTTI-K BOX.
Ation;imo>< rotundifolia Walt. Fl. Car. 181. 1788.
CrotaUiriii Kaijilli folia var. rotiuidifolia Michx. Fl. Por. Am. 2 : 55, 1803.
C. oralis I'ursb, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 460. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 2: 104. Chaj.. Fl. 80.
Mexico, South A.meku:a.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Virginia, North Carolina to Florida, west to
Louisiana.
Alahama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Dry sandy ojien woods. Cullman
County, 800 leet. Pike County, Troy. Chilton County, \'erbena (E. J. Smith). Lee
County, Auburn, 8(jO iVet ( J!aher <»• Karle). Escambia County ( Baker ,)• Earle). Mobile
County. Flowersyellow. May, .June; fruit black, June. Most fre(iuent throughout
the Central and Coast Pine belts. Perennial.
Tyi)e locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Crotalaria sagittalis L.Sp. PI. 2:714. 1753. . Co.mmox Rattlk-pka.
Ell. Sk. 2: 203. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 127. Chap. Fl. SO.
VETCH FAMILY. 559
Mexico, Brazil, Peru.
Alleghenian to Loui.sianian area. Massachusetts and Xew York west to Iowa aucl
Nebraska, south to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to the Upper division of Coast Pine belt. iJiy sandy
banks. Cullman, Choctaw, Lee, and Tuscaloosa couuties. Flowers yellow; July,
August. Nowhere common. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Brasilia, Virginia."
Herb. Geol Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Crotalaria purshii DC. Prodr. 2 : 124. 1825. Puksh's Rattle ]?ox.
''rotalaria laer'u/atn Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept 2 : 4tJ9. 1814. Not Lara.
C. parvitiora Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 469. 1814. Not Roth.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 193. Chap. Fl. 89.
Louisiauian area. Florida to South Carolina, west to eastern Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. IJamp jiine barrens ou sandy loam.
Baldwin and Mobile counties. Flowers April, May. Not rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "In Virginia et Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Crotalaria bro'wnei Bertero, DC. Prodr. 2 : 130. 1825. Bkown's Crotalaria.
Crotalaria striata DC. Prodr. 2 : 131. 182.o.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 180.
Tropical countries of the New and Old World.
Louisianiau area.
Alabama : Adventive with ballast. Observed 1890 to 1895. Annual.
Type locality : "In Jamaica ad rivnlos Irequens."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LUPINUS Sp. PI. 2:721. 1753. Lupine.
About 100 species, warmer temperate regions ^fediterraueau Europe, Mexico, South
America. Northwestern America, 60. Eastern United States, 4 or 5.
Lupinus gracilis Nutt. Journ. Acad. I'hila. 7 : 115. 1834. NotAgardh. 1835.
Nuttall's Lupine.
Lupinus nuttallii Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 526. 1873.
L. perennis var. (/racilis Chap. Fl. 89. 1860.
Chap. Fl. 89.
Louisianiau area. South Carolina and Florida.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Dry sandy pine barrens. Mo1)ile County, Spring-
hill. Flowers pale blue; April, l-'requeut in dry sandy pine barrens near the
coast. Easily distinguished from Lnpiuns perennis by the slender decumbent stem
with stitt" spreading hairs, l)earing scarcely more than one slender drooping raceme
Type locality : " Georgia, Florida, and westward to Mississippi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herl>. Mohr.
Lupinus diffusus Nutt. Gen. 2 : 93. 1818. Spreading Lupine.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 192. Chap. Fl. 90.
Louisianiau area. Florida to North Carolina, west to Mississippi.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Arid sandy pine ridges. Mobile and Baldwin
counties. Floweis pale blue, March, April; fruit ripe May, June. Frequent.
Perennial.
Typti locality: "Around Wilmington, and in niauj' other parts of Nortli and South
Carolina, in the barren forests of the (Juercus catesbaei and (J. nir/ra.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lupinus villosus Willd. Sp. PL 3 : 1029. 1805. Haikv Lupine.
Lupinus pilosus Walt. Fl. Car. 180. 1788. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 2: 191. Chap. Fl. 89.
Louisianiau area. Florida to North Carolina, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Grassy damp pine barrens. Flowers
"reddish purple with a dark spot in the center of the vexillum.'' Flowers a couple
of weeks later than the last, au<l affects situations of a heavier soil, retentive of
moisture. Not infre(iuent. Biennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina et in insula Trinitatis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
5(>() l'I,AN|- I, IKK (>K AKAHAMA.
MEDICAGO I.. S).. I'l. 2: TTS. IT."..:.
AIhiiiI |(I Hpccifs, Mcdilci raiicaii Kiiro|ic, niostlv wi'stcni Asia.
Medicago lupulina I-. Sp. I'l. 2 : 77!t. ll't'.i. Hi.ack Mkku k.
KU. SK.2;lM7. (Jray. Man. cil. (5, 130. Chap. Kl.!i(t. Wats. Hot. Calif. 1 : 1.S3.
.\llciiliiiiian to l,oiiisiaiiiaii ana. Iiitrodiue"! IVmii I'.iiiope. TiioroUf^hly iiatiiral-
iztMl IVoiii Canada to tin- (iiilC, Hritish Columbia, and California.
AiamaMa: Thronfjliont tlio State. I>iy oiicn lianks, roadsideH, waHte i>Ia(os.
Flowci-M vfllow : April to .JMnc. .\ coMiinon \vc(m1. .\Mniial.
ry]t<' locality : " I lal). in Kuropa(^ jnatis."
Ilcil). (;eol. Snr\ . ll<-rl). Mobr.
Medicago denticulata Willd. Sp. i'1.3: lill. ixdl.
Sor iiiKitN I'.tKtipi:.
Iiiti"odnc(!d .and sparingly natniali/cd I'roni <)ntario to tin' (Jiilf and mi the I'acilic
roast .
Alabama: A ])er8i8teut ltallast])];int. Moltile. Flowers yellow. April; frocj^n en t.
Annual.
Typo locality: " Hal), in Knropa .instrali."
Ilerli. rjfol. Surv. Hert>. .Molir.
Medicago apiciilata Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1411. 1X05.
Adveutive on ballast from soul hern Europe. Mobile. Juno, 1881. Annual.
Tv]it> locality: " Hab. in Europaaustrali."'
Herb. (ieol. Surv.
Medicago minima Eani. Eneyel. 3 : fi36. 1789.
Soi'THEliN EruoPK.
Loiiisianian area. Advonti\e on the Soutli Atlantic and (iulf coasts.
Al\ba.ma: Mobile, ballast {^rounds; well ostablishod, 8parin<;ly spreading to waste
[daces. Flowers yellow, March, April; fruit ripe May, June, after which the ]>lant
dies.
Type locality : " Cette espfece croit naturellement en Europe dans les champs, le
long des chemins. Kile est commune aux environs de Paris."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Medicago arabica ( L.) All. Fl. Fed. 1 : 31.5. 1785. Spottkd Bik Clovku.
Midicuqo pnh/morplia tirabicd L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1098. 1763.
M. 7«ac»/«/a'sibth. Fl. Oxon. 232. 1794.
EUROPK.
Introduced and s]).aringly naturalized from Now England to the Gulf.
Alaba:\ia: IJordors of lields, grassy banks, ^fobile. March, April. Annual.
Econoniic uses: Valual>le fodder plant.
Type locality: " Hab. in l^nrojia anstrali."
Heib. (tcoI. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Medicago orbicularis ( L.) All. Fl. Ped. 1 : 311. 1785.
Mcilhat/o polymorpha v.ir. orhiciiJaris L. Sp. PI. 2 : 779. 1753.
Alabama: A fugitive from southern pjuropo on ballast. July, 1893. Annual.
Typo locality ( L. Sp. PI. od. 2) : " Hab. in Euroi)a australi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Horli. Mohr.
Medicago sativa L. Sp. PI. 2 : 778. 1753. Luckkn. Alfalka.
.Vlaba.ma: (.'ultivated in tlio northern and ceiiiral districts; scarcely of spontane-
ous growth. Perennial.
I'.conoMiic uses: X'aluable forage ]>lant.
Tyjio locality : "Hab. iu Hispaniao, (Jalliae apricis."'
Herb. (ieol. Surv.
MELILOTUS Juss. Gen. IM. 356. 1789.
About 20 species, warmer temperate Euroijo, subtropical western Asia. Adventive
in North America.
Melilotus alba 1 )esr. iu J^am. Encycl. 4 : 63. 1797.
White Melilot. Bokhaka Clover.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 129. Chap. Fl. 90. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 74. Wats. Bot.
Calif. 1 : 132.
Alleghenian to Louisianiaii area. Introduced from Europe and naturalized in
waste places from New England and Canada to the Gulf.
VETCH FAMILY. 5(U
Alabama: Extensively cultivated in the Prairie region iiud frequently escaped on
roadsides. Mobile, ou Ijallast. flowers white; M.iy, June. Biennial.
Economic uses: ^'aluab]e forage plant.
Type locality : " Cette esprce croit naturellemeut dans Li liberie. On la trouve
aussi en Europe."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Melilotus indica All. Fl. Fed. 1 : 308. 1785. Smali.-flowereo Melilot.
Melilotm parvijlora Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2 : 192. 1800.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 73.
Wahmek Parts of Europe and A.sia.
Louisianian area. Naturalized in South Carolina, Florida, and Mississippi.
Alabama: Central Prairie region and Coast plain. Dallas County, Uniontown.
Mobile, waste places. Flowers yellow; May to June. Abundant in the Prairie
region, more scarce about Mobile. Annual.
Economic uses: Forage plant of some value.
Type locality : "In pascnis, & ad vias collinui calidioruui."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Fl. Fr. 2 : 594. 1778.
CoM.MON Yellow Melilot.
TrifoHinn melilotus officinale L. Sp. PL 2 : 765. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. (5, 129. Chap. Fl. 90.
Europe.
Introduced, northern and southern Atlantic States.
Alabama: Sparingly naturalized about Tuscaloosa, waste places (A'. A. Smith).
Economic uses. < >f some ^ alue for forage. The herlt with the flowers is used medic-
inally.
Type locality : '• Hab. in Europae campestril)U8."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
TRIFOLIUM L. Sp. PL 2 : 764. 1753. Clover.
About 250 species, of temperate and subtropical regions, Northern Hemisphere.
North America 40, mostly northwestern. Atlantic America, 5.
Trifolium reflexum L. Sp. PL 2 : 766. 1753. Buffalo Clover.
Ell. Sk. 2: 202. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 128. Chap. Fl. 91. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herl).
2:74.
Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southwestern Ontario; New York, central
Ohio, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, througli the Gulf States to North Caro-
lina and Mrginia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Upper division Coast Pine belt. Open woods, pas-
tures, close soil. Franklin County, Russellville. Cullman Couutj', 800 feet. Tusca-
loosa and Autauga counties. Clarke County, Clioctaw Corner. Vexillum of flowers
rose-red, keel and wings white. April, May; most freiiuent in the Prairie region.
Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Trifolium carolinianum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : .58. 1803. Wild Wiiitk Clover.
Ell. Sk. 2:200. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 129. Chap. Fl. 91. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 74.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to southern Arkansas and
eastern Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Open grassy banks, borders fields
and woods. Flowers white. March, April. Produces new shoots and abundance of
leaves during winter. CommoTi; most abundant in the Coast plain. Perennial.
Ty])e locality; "Hab. in Carolina, circa Charlestown.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Trifolium pratense L. Sp. PL 2 : 768. 1753. Red Clover.
Cultivated in northern and central districts; a frc(iuent esca])(! all over the State.
April, May. Perennial.
Economic uses: Most valuable forage plant and ameliorating <a-op.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae grarainosis.'"
Trifolium repairs L. Sp. PL 2 : 767. 1753. White Clover.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 201, Gray, Man. ed. 6, 129. Chap. Fl. 91.
15894 3g'
r)()2 I'l.ANT MKK OK A I- A l!.\ M A.
N'atnrali/ril froin Kiir<i|ir. I'lnm < :iii.i<l:i to tlie (iiilf, wt-st ti> Lmiisi.iii.i ami
Nebraska.
Al.AitAM.v: Throiij^hout tho State. Roadsides, waste jdaces, past nies, in d:iiii|>
rjcli soil. Flowers wliite. April to .Imie; coimiion. rereiinial.
Kcoiioiiiie uses: Valuable for ]>asture. Fine bee ]dant.
l\i>e locality: '' IIal>. in Kuropae jjusenifi.''
11<t1>. (Jci. Surv. Ilerli. Molir.
Tiifoliuni resupiiiatum L. Sj>. I'l. « <l. l', 2 : K'si;. ITr.H.
ECKOPK.
Ai.aHAMa: Ad\»"ntivewith Uiiiiast. Mol. !!<•,. I iine, 1SS7: not ..1.s<t\ .-.l <.C l.iic > .•;irs.
'I'vpe locality : " I lab. in Anj^iia, I'.cljrj,,."'
Herb. (Jeol. Siii\ .
Trifolium procumbeiis L. Sj). I'l. 2 : 77L'. 17."..!. I,..\\ VKi.r.ow Ci.<)\ i:ij.
Gra.v, Maii.cd.tl ll'lt. ("bap. FI.IH.
El'KOPK.
Allejjbenian and Carolinian areas. Introduced and I'nlly natnralizeil I'roin Canada
along tbo coast to ni)per<listrict8 of Sontli Atlantic and Cnlf States west to Arkansas.
Ai-AisAM.v: Tennessee ^' alley. Copses, border of woods, roadsides. Matlisou
Conuty, Hnntsville. Franklin County, Kussellville. Flowers y(dlow, May, June.
Fiei|uent. Annual.
Tyj)e locality: ''Ilab. in Kuropae caniiiestribus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Trifolium dubium Sibtli. Fl. Oxon. 231. 17t>l. T.kssku Yki.i.ow Tkkkoii,.
Tri/olhiiii mhiKs Smith, Engl. Bot. t. l.JoS. 1799.
T. procumhens var. minus Kocb, Fl. Ger. ed. 2. 19.o. ISi:^.
El'KOPE.
Carolinian area. Sparingly naturalized.
Alabama: Mountain region. Metamorpliic bills. ('ulti\.it»;<l ground. Le(^("ounty,
Auburn (/:,'« r/e iV' l^iiderwood). Flowers yellow, March. April. Rare. Aunu.il.
Type locality : "Meadows — pastures," Oxford, England.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
LOTUS L. Si). Fl. 2 : 773. 1753. Hornkd Ci.ovki:.
(Ho.sACKiA Dougl. ; Henth. Hot. Keg. 15 : under /. 1:?57. 1829.)
Altont 100 species, of temperate regions lOurope. North Americ.i, eliied\' western,
about 30.
Lotus americaiius (Nutt.) Bisch. Litt. Ber. Linuaea, 14 : 132. 1840.
AMKRICAN HoKNKl) C1.OVKK.
Trif/onella americana Nutt. Gen. 2 : 120. 1818.
Ao<»<« sericcH.'* Fursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 1S9. 1810. Not DC. 1813.
Ho8ackia pnrshiana Menth. Bot. Keg. 15 : under /. 1257. 1829.
Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 75.
Widely distributed west of the Mississippi to the ]\acific and from the n])])er Mis-
souri to Texas.
Alauama: Adventive with wool from the Southwest; riear thti site of an old woolen
mill at I'rattville. .June, 1880. Annual.
Type locality: -'On the dry and open alluvial soils of the Missouri, from tlic
river Platte to the mountains."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lotus corniculatus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 775. 1753. Common IIohnki) Ci.ovkr.
Adventive from Europe with ballast. Mobile, .June. 1888. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in P'.uro])ae pratis."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PSORALEA L, Sp. PI. 2 : 702. 1753.'
About 100 species, perennials, temperate and warmer regions of tiie globe. South
Africa. North America, 30. Eastern States, 10.
Psoralen pedunculata (Mill.) Tail, ]5ull. Torr. Club, 21 : 114. 1819.
Ili'diiftaritm pedunculatum Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 17. 1768.
' Anna M. Vail, A stndy of the genus Psoralea in America, Bull. Terr. Club, \o\. 21,
pp. 91 to 119. lbV4. '
VETCH FAMILY. 563
Trifoliiim p.'^oraJoidvs Walt. Fl. Car. 184. 1788.
I'mralea melilotoides Midix. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 'yS. 1803.
P. eqlandulom Ell. Sk. 2 : 198. 1824.
Ell.' Sk. I.e. Gray, Man. e.l. 6, 130. Chap. Fl. 92.
Carolinian and Lonisianiau areas. Sonthern Indiana, Missonri, Kansas. Arkansas,
Lonisiana, and Mississipyn to North Carolina and Tennessee.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. Monntain region to Coast Pine belt. Gravelly and
rocky places. Landerdale County, in the barrens. Winston Connty (T". M. I'eUrs).
St. Clair County, Coosa hills; abundant. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith). Wilcox
County {Bttckleij). Clarke County, Choctaw Corner. Washington County, Yellow-
pine. Flowers June, July. Fruit purplish. Frequent. Rootstock long, cylindrical.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Psoralea simplex Nutt. ; Torr. &. Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 303. 1840.
Anna M. Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 110.
Lonisianiau area. Southern Mississippi to Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and ludian
Territory.
Alah.^ma: Lower Pine region to Coast plaiu. Springy grassy l>anks, low wet
thickets. Washington County, Yellowpine. Mobile County, Mon Louis Island. Flow-
ers dec]) blue. .Tune. One and one half to 2 feet high. From a turbinate tuberous
thick spindle-shaped or cylindrical rootstock, over 6 inches in length. Rare.
Type locality: "Plains of Red River, Arkansas, yuttaU! Texas, Urummond! "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Psoralea canescens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 57. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 19.5. Chap. Fl. 92.
Lonisianiau area. Florida to North Carolina and Georgia.
Alahama: Lower Pine region. Dry gravelly pine barrens. Baldwin County,
bluffs at Montrose. Flowers maize-yellow. May, June. Rootstock fusiform. Not
freftuent.
Type locality : "Hab. in Carolina et Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb, Mohr.
AMORPHA L. Sp. PI. 2:713. 17.53. Fal.sk Inpioo.
Eight species, shrubs, temperate North America.
Amorpha fruticosa L. Sp. PL 2 : 713. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2:188. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 132. Chap. Fl. 93. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:76.
Carolinian and Lonisianiau areas. Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Texas,
Arkansas, Colorado, and Manitoba, near Lake \Mnnipeg.
Alabama : Throughout the State. Damp shady bottom lands, low banks of streams.
Flowers deei> blue, April, May.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina."
Herl). Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Amorpha glabra Desf. Tabl. Hort. Par. 192. 1804. Smooth Amorpha.
Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1 : 3d5. Beadle, Bot. Gaz. 25 : 279.
Suftrntescent, perennial, 3 to 4A inches high, nearly glabrous; stem slender, erect
or ascending, leafy throughout, purplish and more or less vermcose; leaves 6 to 8
inches long and 1 to If inches wide, with 12 to 20 pairs of oblong or elli])tical petiolu-
late leallets, apicnlateby the excurrent midrib; spikes densely tlowered, 6 to 8 inches
Jong, panicled; flowers short-pedicelled; vexillum violet-blue, style hairy; calyx
glaniiular, more or less villous on the margins of the unequal divisions, pod one-
seeded, about 3 lines long and 1 lino wide, glandular-roughened, the dorsal suture
straight.'
Louisianian area. Coast of North Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain, borders of swamps. Mobile County, West Fowl River;
marshes of Mobile River. Flowers blue. May, .lune. Infre(|uent.
Type locality not ascertained.
Amorpha virgata Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 17. 1894. Mouxtaix Falsr Indigo.
Carolinian area. Mountains of Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Ro(dvy woods. .Tackson (!ounty, wooded ridges at
Gnrley's, 1,200 feet. Clay County, Che-aw-ha Mountain, 2,000 to 2, 100 feet. To all
appearances not rare on the higliest ranges.
'Description drawn fiom ('. D. i'xMdle, I.e.
5fi4 ri.ANl" I, IKK <>K .M,AI!AM.\.
rv|)i' lot'alit.N : *• NorllK-rn ;in<l wolcni slojies ol' Stoiic Moiiiitaiii, l*<-kiilli
Coiiiitv, Cia.''
ll.Tl'.. G.'ol. SuiN. lleil.. Mohr.
PAROSELA ( av.D.'Hc. IS;-). 1803.
(Kama Willd.S].. 1'1.3: i:s;{ii. 1M>1. Not 1'. I?rn\vn ii..r fiaort.)
Paiosela dalea ^1..) l^rittoii, Mem. Torr. Club, liMi. mM.
I'xoralea daUa L. Sp. I'l. 2 : 7((4. 17.")3.
lUdid aloprciiioidcx Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : WMi. 1«0.S.
n. liiiiKua Miclix. Fl. ]\ov. Am. 2 ■.'>!. 1K03.
Kll.Sk.2: l!t.".. (;ni\ . Man. e<l. 6, 132. Coulter, ('out r. Nat. H.il.. 2:77.
Mkxko.
Allfjihcnian and Carolinian areas. Minnesota, l>aki>ta, and Nebraska to tlif li'ocky
Mountains; Colorado, Illinois, and Missouri soutii to Arkjinsas and Texas.
Ai.aua.ma: Fide Dr. Cliaimian. Has of late not been obstivcd in the State.
Annual.
Type locality : '• Hal), in Anu'riea."
Herb. Cieol. Sur\ . Herb. Molir.
KUHNISTERA Lam. EiKy<l. 3 : 370. 1789.'
(Pktai.ostkmox Mielix. Fl. Hor. Am. 2 : 4S. 1803.)
About 3") species, perennials, of temiierate North Ameriea, eastern and eontinental,
mostly southern.
Kiihnistera Candida (Wilkl.) Kuut/.<-, Kev. Gen. I'l. 1 : 192. 1891.
WHITK-KI.OWKUKIJ I'HAIKIK Cl.OVKIt.
])alea Candida Wilhl. Sp. Fl. 3 : 1337. 1801.
I'eialontemon candidiis Mi<hx.\ Wilhl. Sj). I'l. 3 : 1.337. 1801. As syuonym.
(irav, Man. ed. 6, 133. Chap. Fl. Suppl. G15; <d. 3, 101. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 79. ■
Ml'. XI CO.
.Mlegheuiau to Louisianian area. Prairie region tlirou<;hout the Mississippi Valley
uorHi to Saskatehowau, Minnesota, Nebraska, south to Texas, Louisiana, Kentucky,
and Tennessee.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Dry prairies. Montgomery County, I'ratl-
ville. Sumter and Pickens counties (/C. A. Sinith). Flowers white, .June. Not
infre<|uent.
Tyjie locality: "In Tennessee et in regione Illino<!nsi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herl>. Mohr.
Kuhnistera gracilis (Nutt.) Kuntze, He\ . (ien. i'l. 1 : 192. 1891.
Slendkk Prairie Cloveic.
PeUdoxtemon (jracilin Nutt. .Tourn. Acad. Phila. 7 : 92. 1834.
Chap. Fl. 93. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 79.
Louisianian area. Western Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Grassy pine barrens. Mobile Conntv (fkiten).
Baldwin County. Flowers white; September, October. Frequent.
Type locality : " Lower part of Alabama and Florida."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Kuhnistera caruea (Michx.) Kuntze, Rev, Gen. PI. 1 : 192. 1891.
Incarnatk-elowerej) Prairie Clover.
Petalostemon carneus Michx. Fl. P>or. Anu 2 : 49. 1803.
P. roseus Nutt. Ahl Journ. Sci. ser. 1.5: 298. 1822.
Louisianian area, (ieorgia and Florida.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Sandy pine ridge.s. Henry C<mnty (7;,'. J. Smith).
Flowers \^hitc. .Inly. Not seen westward.
Type locality : " Hab. in Georgia et Florida."
Heib. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Kuhnistera gattiugeri Heller, Bull. Torr. Club, 23 : 121. 1896.
Gattinger'.s Prairie Clover,
Carolinian area. Tennessee.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Central Prairie region. Open grassy places on
rocky calcareous soil. Fianklin County. Knssellville. Hale County, Gallion, in the
A. A. Heller. Notes on Knhuistcra, P.mH. Torr. Club, vol. 2.'i, pp. 119 to 125. 189(5.
VETCH FAMILY. 565
so-called liald prairies. June I'O. Mowers bright rose-purple, or rather pink.
Rare.
The ])laiit from Russellville, with the si)ike.s more lax and the calyx with a longer
shining silvery pubescence. An ornamental plant worthy of cultivation.
Tvjie locality : "About Nashville and Lavergne. Teuu." Also collected "at Kussell-
villi',A]a."
Herb. Oeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Kuhiiistera purpurea (Vent.) MacMillan, Metasp. Minn. Vail. 321'. 1892.
Purple Prairie Clover.
Dalea purpurea Vent. Jard. Cels. t. 40. 1800.
Petalostemon riola(eus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 50, t. 37, f. ;.'. 1803.
Gray, Man ed. 6, 132. Coulter, Contr. Nat Herb. 2 : 79. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 101.
AUegheuian to Lonisianian area. Canada; northwestern plains to Saskatchewan;
Manitoba, Nebraska, Minnesota to Missouri, south I'rom Tennessee to Arkansas and
northwestern Texas.
Alabama : Prairie region. Autauga County. Adveutixe from the ^^'e^t {E. A.
Smith, July, 1874). .Sole locality known in the State.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Kuhnistera pinnata (Walt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 1 : 192. 1891.
PlNE-RAHREN PRAIRIE CloVER.
Auomjmos pinnaia Walt. Fl. Car. 103. 1788
Kuhnistera carol inetish Lam. Encyel. 3 : 370. 1789.
Petalostemon corijml)osiis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 50. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2:176. Cha]). FL93.
Louisianian area. Florida through the coast region to North Carolina, west to
Mississippi.
Alarama: Lower Pine region. Dry sandy pine barrens. \\'a8hington, Monroe,
Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers white, July, September; fruit ripe October.
Frequent.
Ty))e locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
INDIGOFBRA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 751. 1753.
Two hundred and twenty species, of tropical and subtropical regions, Asia, Cen-
tral and South Africa, Mexico, South America. North America, 2.
Indigofera caroliiiiana Walt. Fl. Car. 187. 1788. Wild Indkio.
Ell. Sk. 2: 244. Chap. Fl. 96.
Louisianiau area. Coast of North Carolina to Florida, west to western Louisiana
(Hale).
Alaba:ma: Central Prairie region. Exposed sandy banks. Montgomery County,
on Pentulalla Creek, July, 1880. Flowers yellowish brown, June. Infrequent.
Type localit.^ : South Carolina
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Indigofera miniata Ort. Hort. Matr. Dec. 98. 1797-1800.
Vermilion-flowkred Ini>u;o.
ClRA.
Alabama: Fugitive on l)allast. Mobile, Se])tember, 1892. with seed well matured.
Not ol>served since.
Type locality doubtless Cuban.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Indigofera tinctoria L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1061. 1753. Indigo.
Alai5AMA: Mol)ile. An escape from the plantations of the earliest settlers.
Type locality : " Hab. in India."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
CRACCA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 752. 1753. Goat's Rue.'
(Tephrosia Pers. Syn. 2 : 328. 1803.)
One liundred and twenty species; perennial herbs, mostly in warmer regions.
Eastern Asia, troi>ical South Africa. West Indies, South America. Eastern North
America 14, mostly southern.
' Anna M. Vail, Review of North American Species of the Genus Cracca, Bull. Torr,
Club, vol. 22, pp. 25 to 36. 1895.
fjiW) I'LANT 1,1 KK <>K ALAliA.MA.
Cracca viiginiana 1.. Sp. I'l. 2 : 7r»2. ITfi:!. ( Ommon (;oa r'> Ui k.
(idlit/ii riniinidiKi I.. Sp. I'l. cd. L', 2 : KHiL'. 17t)3.
J'tiilinisiii rhuinidiiii I'tTH. Svn. 2 : IVJil. 1807.
F.ll.Sk.2:l.M:.. (Jr.iy. Muii. Cd. tl. Vi.i. Cliap. Kl.iC).
Alli'ulnniaii In Loiiisi.iiiiaii ;ire;i. Soutlicrn Ont.irid; Michi;^iiii to Houtliein Kan-
siiH. soiitliwanl tlir<Mi;i;li(Mit the rcfjioii n.ist of llie .MisHissipjii to llin ( Jiilf. west to
LiMiiHiauil niul Arkans:iH.
Alabama: Over thi- State. l>ry oix-n woods. I'lowers cream-color witli pink,
.Iniio. Cuniiiion.
'I"vp(> locality : " Ilal>. in Vii jiinia, < aiiada.'
llcrli. r.ool. Snrv. llcrl.. Molir.
Cracca onobrychoides (Nntt.) Knut/e. K'cv.'Jcn. I'l. 1: 17."). 18!(1.
Saini'oin-iikk (Jkat's K'l'K.
Tt jilironiii oiiohn/choidtii Nntt. .loiirn. Acad. I'liila. 7 : ml. 1834.
Chap. Fl. Suppl". (il"); ed. :^, 101.
Carolinian and Loiiisianian areas. Indian Territory, Arkansas. ToxaH, and Loni.si-
aua.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low grassy pine barrens. Mobile County, West Fowl
Kivor. Flowers white, tinj^ed with jjiirple, .July. Local and rare.
Type iof.ility : " In tlio ]>lains of Arkansas."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Ilerl). Molir.
Cracca spicata (Walt. ) Kniitze, Rev. (Jcu. I'l. 1 : 17."). 18!)1.
Haikv 1)e\ il's .Shoestkixg.
Galega spicata Walt. Fl. Car. 188. 1788.
G. rillosa Micbx. Fl. Hor. Am. 2 : 67. 1803.
Tephrosia xpicata Torr. A Gray, Fl. N.A.I: 296. 1838.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 246. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 133. Chap. Fl. 95.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Delaware, eastern Viriiinia to Florid.a, west
to Mississip])i and Tennessee.
Alai!.\ma: Tennessee \'alley to Coast ])lain. Dry open sandy woods. Clay
County, Talladega Mountain, 1,800 feet. Cullman County, 800 feet. Tuscaloosa and
Mobile counties. Flowers white, turning bright pui'ple. .June to August.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cracca spicata flexuosa (Chap.) Vail, Hull. Torr. Clul), 22 : 30. 1895.
Smooth Goat'.s Ruk.
Tephrosia jiexuoaa Chap. ; Torr. »fe Gray, Fl. N. .V. 1 : 2!t7. 1838. As synonym.
Louisianian area to Morida.
Alabama: Lower Tine region. Sandy pine li.irreus. >b)bilo County, Spiinghill.
Flowers pale pink. .July; rare.
Type locality : "iliddle Florida, />r. Chapman!"
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Cracca smallii (Small)Vail, Hull. Torr. Club, 22 : .33. 1895. Small's Goat's Kui:.
CVftccrt /n^erwerfja Small. Bull. Torr. Club, 21:303. 1894. Not Tep/irosia iti termed i a
Graham.
Pubescent throughout and somewhat viscid. Stem 18 to 24 inches long, spreading,
branched from the )»ase, tlexuous, assurgenf; stipules subulate, caducous; leaves
oblong-ovate in outline; leallets oblong-ovate, truncate at the apex; llowers soli-
tary or geminate, remote.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida.
Alaba:ma: Lower Pine region. Harreu ])ine ridges. Moliile County, Snringhill.
Flowers in .June. Not intre(|uent. Low, from a thick woody root.
Type locality: " Dry and poor l)lackjack thickets about .(acdcsonville, Fla."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. .Mohr.
Cracca hispidula (Michx.) Kuntze, Kcv. Gen. PI. 1 : 175. 1891.
HisPiDULOUS Goat's Kuk.
Galega hispidula Michx, Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 68. 1803.
Tephrosia hispidula Pers. Svn. 2 : 329. 1807.
Ell. Sk. 2: 245. Gray, Maii. ed. 6, 133. Chap. Fl. 95.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia along the low country to Florida,
west to Mississijipi.
Alabama: Lowei Pine region. Coast plain. Dry and damp pine barrens.
Mobile Conuty. Flowers white to pink. .June to September; frequent. Root woody,
cylindrical.
VETCH FAMILY. 567
Type locality: "Hal), in \'irgini;i, Carolina et (ieorgia."
Herb. Geol. Sur\ . Herl). Mohr.
Cracca chrysophylla (Piir.sh) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 171. iSttl.
PitosTKATK Goat .s Rue.
Tephrosia ehn/sopliyUa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2:4<^9. 1811.
r. prostrata Nutt. (ien. 2 : 120. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 24G. Chap. Fl. 95.
Loaisianian area. Georgia and Florida west to Louisiana.
Alahama: Lower Piue region. Sandy i>in(> barrens. Mobile County. Baldwin
County, Stockton. Flowers white and puri)lish, .July, September. Frequent.
Type locality : "In Georgia. Erislcn."
Herb. Geol. Su^^ . Herb. Mohr.
Cracca cinerea (L.) Morong, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 7:79. 1892.
Cinereous Tephrosia.
Galega cinerea L. Anioen. Acad. 5:403. 1759.
Tephrosia cinerea Pers. Syn. 2 :528. 1807.
From a stout ligneous root. Stems prostrate, diftuse or ascending, Ih to 2 feet or
more long, ai)pre88ed cinereous pubescent, becoming glabrate with age; 8tii)nle8 ^
to ii inch long, subulate, acuminate, persisting; petioles ^ to i inch long; leaflets 16
or 17, liuear-oldong, 1 to 2 inches long, ^ to i^- inch broad, obtuse or acutish at the
apex, glabrous above, cinereous, strigose, or pubescent beneath, becoming often
glabrate with age; racemes .S to 3i inches long; flowers geminate or in clusters,
scattered; bracts subulate or setaceous, persisting, legumeu 1 to 1|- inches long, ^
inch wide, spreading, cinereous-pubescent or glabrate, straight. (Vail, shortened.)
Griseb. Fl. Brit. VV Ind. 182.
Wkst Indies, Mkxico to Brazil, Montevideo.
Alabama: Introduced with ballast. Mobile, tirst observed in 1886, established
since near the shipjiing. Flowers white, with purple; May, June. Trailing stems 2
to 4 fei t long. 1 ruit ripe in .July.
Tyjx^ locality: .Jamaica.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
KRAUNHIA Raf. Med. Rep. ser. 2, 5 : 352. 1808.
Wisteria Nutt. Gen. 2 : ll."). 1818.
Four species, eastern Asia. South Atlantic North America, 1.
Krauiihia frutesceiis (L.) Greene, Pittonia, 2:175. 1891. American Wisteria.
Glycine frutescens L. Sp. PI. 2 : 753. 1753.
Wisteria speciosa Nutt. Gen. 2 : 116. 1818.
W. frutescens Poir. Tabl. Encvcl. 3 : 674. 1823.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 237. Gray, xMan. ed. 6, 134. Chap. F1.95. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:81.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia and Tennessee west to
southern Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, south to Texas, Louisiana, and Florida to
North Carolina.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Swampy borders of woods.
Wilcox County, Pineapple. Clarke County, Suggsville {l>r. Denny). Mobile
County. Flowers deei) blue; ]\Iay to July, Shrub climbing high trees. Most fre-
quent in the coast ])lain.
Economic uses: Ornamental.
Tyi>e locality : " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ROBINIA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 722. 17.53.
Six species, temperate North America. Trees or shrubs.
Robinia pseudacacia L. Sp. PI. 2 : 722. 1753. Black Locust.
Ell. Sk. 2:242. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 134. Chap. Fl. 91. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 3: 39, <. i/^.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. From Pennsylvania throughout the Allegheny
ranges to Georgia.
Al.\bama: Mountain region. Rich woods, calcareous soil. Dekalb County, Look-
out Mountain below Mentone, 1,. 500 feet; indigenous. In the lower country culti-
vated and widely disseminated in waste iilaces. Flowers white; May.
Economic uses: Valuable for its wood. Ornamental shade tree.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
')i\S I'l.ANl' MI'K o|.' A I. A r. A MA.
Robiuia viscosa \ I'lii. .Iiiiil. ( lis. /. /. IsoO. Ci.a.mmv l,«Mi:sr,
Kll.Sk. 2 :•-'»:.'. (;niy. .M:m. .d. ti, i:il. Cliap. Kl.'.H.
Ciiroliniaii aifu. .Soiitli Carolina, (Jfor-^ia.
Ai.aiiama: Momilaiii rt'i;ii>i). I)r\ opoii wcxmIh. 1 )(;k:ill) ( 'oiiniy. Mciituiii'. l-"lo\v-
crs pale |iiiiK. SlciidtTslinili, I! tol lott liif^li. K'.iie ; only local it y UiKiwii in tlmStatr.
'i'ypf locality nut ascertained.
Robiiiia hispida L. Mant. 1: Idl. ITtlT.
Carolinian /one. \iri;iiiia alon;;' tho AllcglienicN to <ieoij;ia.
Ai.AUama: Mountain roi^^ion. Metanioi pliic liills. Clay Connty, elevated rid;jcH
hetwien Ironalon anil Mooeley. Clie-aw-lia Monntain. li.tlMi I'eit. I'loweiH rose-color.
Slirni) scarcely "> I'cet hiiili.
i'.cononiic nses: I'lanted tor ornament.
■j'ype locality: "Hal), in Carolina, Cartliagona."
Herh. (Jeol. tinrv. Her1>. Mohr.
ASTRAGALUS I.. Sp. I'l. 2 : 7.V.. 17r.3.
Aliont 1,200 to 1,1^00 species, lierbs, onrs ])ercnnial. Cooler and teni])erati' conti-
nental rejiions, Asia. Norili America ir>() to L'OO, mostly between the .Missis.sippi and
the Pacific coast. Atlantic region, 12.
Astragalus carolixiiaiiuB L. Sp. PI. 2 : 7">7. lir>:\. (Jauoi.ina Mii.k \'Kr(ii.
Adtrai/aliia cunadciisin L. .Sp. PI. 2 : 7.'")7. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 22(). Gray, Man. ed. (5, la."). Chap. Fl. !)7.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Ontario and Qnebee to llndson Hay, west to
Saskatchewan. Western New York to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Kansas, thinngh
Colorado to the interior basin, sontli to Ohio, Tennessee, ^'i^ginia, and the nionntains
of Sonth Carolina.
Ai.amama: Tennessee A'alley. Landerdale Connty, I'lorence (.)/. C. U'ilxon).
Flowers greenish white ; May, .Inne. J>are.
A glahrons form, tall, 3 to 4 I'eet high.
Tyjie locality of J. caro/i'niawMS.- "Hah. in Carolina." of,/, ((niadenain: "Hah. in
Virginia, Caijada.''
llerl). Ceol. Sni V. Herb. Mohr.
Astragalus villosus Michx. Fl. l'>i>r. Am. 2 : t)7. 1803. Hoakv Mii.k \ ktcii.
Chap. IT. 98.
Lonisianian area. Georgia and Florida.
Baldwin
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Dry sandy ])ine woods. Mobile and
connties. Flowers dingy cream color. ' March (12th). iSOt infrequent.
Ty])e locality : "llab. in Georgia."
Herb. ( Jeol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Astragalus tennesseensis <hay iTi Clia]). Fl. !)8. 1860. Ticnnmc-sskic Milk ^"etch.
Antrd'inliis jilattetinh var. tcunefmecniiis (Jray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6 : 103. 18t>4.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 13r>. Cliaj). Fl. 98.
Carolinian area. Tennessee.
Alaua.ma: Tennessee Valley. Re])orted from La(irange ( /'r<*/e.sx«r //a<t70. Lau-
derdale Connty, Florence.
Tyj)!' lf)(;ality : "Hills near Nashville, rennes.see, l.)n<incrvns, and Lagrange, Ala-
bama, I'rofrsaor Hatch."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
GLOTTIDIUM l><!sv. .Ininii. Hot. 1 : 1 li). /. /. 1813.
One species, annnal. South Atlantic North Americ:i.
Glottidium ve.sicarium (.Iac(i.) Desv. .lonrn. I'.ot.ll'.l, <. /. 1813.
Itiihiiiia rtsicaiia .Iaci|. Ic(m. 1 : /. 14,^. 17M.
AfxcJutnometii' jilalijvnrim Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 2 : 75. 1803.
Scuhuiiia ])hily<arj)a Pers. Fnch. 2 : 31(). 1807.
(ilottidiiimjluridaiiiim Desv. .Jouru. Hot. 1 : 119, /. 1. 1813.
Sesbavia renicaria Kll. Sk. 2 : 222. 1821.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl 97. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 82.
Lonisianian area. Sonth Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low moist ground, nmddy borders of marslies. Mobile
and Baldwin. Flowers yellow to deep scarlet. July, August. Abundant along the
borders of Mobile lvi\er marshes.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. M(dir.
VP]TCH FAMILY. 569
SESBAN Adaiis. Fain, PL 2 : 327. 1763.
Ahout 15 species, .siil»troi»ic:il and tropical regions, mostly of the Northern Hemi-
sphere; Asia, America. Southeastern North America, 1.
Sesban macrocarpum Miihl. ; Ell. Sk. 2 : 221. 1824.
Ell. 1. c. Chap. Fl. i)7. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 81.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Upper Division Coast Pine belt to Coast plain. Low damp ground,
niar.!j;ins of ponds. Flowers yellow, dotted with scarlet, June to August; fruit ri])ens
September, October. Frequent. Abundant in tide-water districts.
A coarse tall weed not iufrei|ueutly invading cultivated grounds.
Tjq)e locality : " Grows around ponds. Not common. Paris Island."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sesban occideutale Pers. Ench. 2 : 316. 1807.
West Indies.
A fugitive with ballast, Mobile. Observed once only in Oc^fcjber; killed by frost
before seeds ripened.
Herb, Geol. Surv.
DAUBENTONIA DC. Mem. Lc^gum. 285. 1825.
Four species, tropical legions. Africa, Central America, Brazil.
Daubeiitonia loxigifolia (Cav.) DC. Mem. Legnm. 285. 1825.
Aeschiinomeiie longifolia Cav. Icon. 4 : 8, <. 315. 1797. Not Ortega.
Piscidia longifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 920. 1800.
Sesbatiia cavanillesii Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17 : 342. 1882.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 81.
Mexico.
Adventive along the Gulf coast. From western Texas to Mississippi (Hiloxi, col-
lected June, 1893) and Florida.
Alabama: Low places. Mobile, in a ditch beyond the western suburbs. .July,
1892; not observed since. Flowers bright yellow. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high Annual.
Type locality : ' ' Hab. in Nova-Hispania."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr,
Daubeiitonia punicea (Cav,) DC. Mem, L<5gum. 286. 1825.
riscidla punicea Cav. Icon. 4 : t. 316.
Seshania imnicea Benth. ex Chap, FL ed, 3, 106. 1897.
Mexico.
Texas to western Florida along the Gulf shore. Adventive or most probably
escaped from cultivation. Observed copiously at Peusacola (July, 1878). Also at
Apalachicola !
Alabama: Littoral region. Mobile County, low i)ine barrens. Dauphin Island,
June, 1893. Flowers deep vermilion to carmine. Eare. Shrubby, 3 to 4 feet high.
Type locality: "Hab. in America calidiore."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AESCHYNOMENE L. Sp. PI. 2 : 713. 7.53. Sensitive Jointed Vetch.
About 55 species, tropical and subtropical regions both heiuisi)hcres, largely South
America.
Aeschynoniene virginica (L.) 1>. S. P. PreL (at. N. Y. 13. 1888.
Hlsi'id Sensitive Jointed Vetch.
Hedysarum virginicurn L. Sp. PI. 2 : 750. 1753,
Aexchynomene hispida Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1163. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 220, Gray, Man. ed. 6, L38. Chap. Fl. 99.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern Pennsylvania and tide-water
region to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Marshes. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers yel-
low, August, September. Common, I'erennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr,
Aeschynomene yiscidula Michx. I'l, Bor, Am. 2 : 74. 1803.
PUOSTRATE AESCIIVNOM KNE.
Ell. Sk. 2:220. Chap -Fl. 39.
Louisianian area. South Carolina t<> Florida, wc^st to Mississippi (Horn Island).
r)7() n.ANT MKK OK A I, A KAMA.
Ai,.\iiAM.\: IJKoral ni;jioii. 1 laiiiii hjiihIv Huil. Muliil.- < '<>iiiit,\ , 1 •Miipliiii Isl.nnl.
.hil\ ; v<n liiro. I'ert'iini.il.
Tyin" loiality: "11:111.111 .iiciiusiH iiisiiliir CmnlHrlaiKl ct KluridMc '
lltTh. (Jfol. Smv. Ilci li. Molir.
STYLOSANTHES Sw . I'r.xli. II. Iinl. < )(i-. Ids. ITSS. 1'kn< ii. l-i.oui-.i;.
.\1mimI 'J:> .s|t<'ijcs. tropiiiil rcf;it)iiH, West IiidicH. .Mcxicn In Hra/.il, riiKtcni Asia,
AfricM. Nortli Aiiierica. 1.
Stylosanthes bifloca (L. ) H. S. I'. I'n-l. Cat. N. Y. IH. 1888.
Tril'oliiim hitlonim L. Sji. I'l. 2 : 77:^ 17.')S.
.^li}loK(i)illirM (latior S\v. S\cii.sk Acad. I laiidl. 1789 : !-'!•«!. /. //. ./. .'. 178i).
S. hispidti var. iiikUiihciiIii Miclix. Fl. Ifor. Am. 2 : 7r>. 18tl3.
KM. 8k. 2 : L'OH. (iray. Man. ed. 0, 1 12. Chai>. Fl. l()(t.
NOKTIIKRN MK.MCC), SdUTII AXI) Wk.st ArKicv.
Carolinian and Louisianiaii arca.s. Ni'w York ( Loiij,' IslaiuF), New Jersi-y, and
Wi?st Vir;rinia to southern Indiana, sontlnTn IllinoiN, Missouri, and Arkansas, .soiitii
to the (iiilf Iroin Florida to Louisiana.
Alau.vm.v: Over tlie State. Dry light soil. Flowers yellow, June, July. Coiu-
inon; abundant in the pine barrens. I'erennial.
Tyjie locality: •Hah. in Xirj^inia, Canada."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herli. Mohr.
Stylosanthes biflora hispidissima (Michx.) Hispik I'kncii. Fi.owkk.
Sli)lo.-<(ititlicx Itiapidu var. hispidissima Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 7."). 1><0!1
A taller plant, stem over 2 feet Ion;;, assnrfrcnt, with close ajipressed ])ube8ceuee
and hispid with loiijj; still" spreading hairs; leaves, stipules, and calyx lobes hispid-
eiliate.
Louisianiaii area.
Alahama : Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Dry sanily places. Mobile County
{(rates). Flowers yellow. Perennial.
Tyjie locality : ''Hab. in Virginia et Carolina."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Stylosanthes riparia Kearney, Bull. Torr. ( 'lub, 24 : .^fi."). 18<I7.
Ukcumhknt Pencil Flowkk.
Perennial, with several steins from the strong woody root, decumbent, widely
spreading, much branched; petioles jiubescent, slightly exserted from the stipular
sheath; stipules large, inflated, ajipressed-pubescent with two subulate aiistale
teeth. I^eaves elliptical to cuneate-oltovate, sul)spiiiesceiit-cu8])idatc. Sjiikelets of
the inllorescence biacted, 1-llowered ; prophyllum deeply lobed; loment strongly
reticulated, gibbous with a strongly hooked beak.
Carolinian to Loiiisianian area. Delaware, North Carolina, Florida.
Alahama: Metamorphic hills. Dry sandy places. Lee County, Auburn (Jiaker .>'■
/i'ar/c, July. 18U7). Dekalb County, Mentone. Local.
Type looality: " Banks of the French Broad River near XNolf Creek [Tennessee]."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ZORNIA (imcl. Sy.st. 2: 1096. 17!»1.
F^leveu species, warmer regions of both heiiiispliercs, largtdy in tropical America
to Brazil.
Zornia bracteata (Walt.) Gmel. Syst. 2 : lOSHi. 17i>L Bkactkd Zoi.nia.
Ationi/miit Inacteata Walt. PI. Car. 18L 1788.
Zornia tetraiihi/lla Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 76, t. 41. 180.3.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 2l!t! Chap. Fl. 100. Coulter, Coiitr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 85.
NoKTH Mkmco, Wkst ani> Sol rii Africa.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern N'irginia, North Carolina west to
eastern Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Dry sandy pine barrens. Washington County.
Monroe County, Claiborne. Bahlwin and Mobile counties. Flowers yellow. .July.
l'rei|uent. Perennial.
type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Cieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
VETCH FAMILY. 57 1
MEIBOMIA Adaus.Ftua.l'l. 2:509. 17(53. ' TuK Tkkioii..
(Hedvsauum L. Sp. PL 2 : 749. 1753. In part.)
(Desmodium Dear. Journ. Bot. ser. 2, 1 : 122. 1813.)
Aliout 160 species. Perennial herbs; mostly of warm and temperate North and
South America. Africa, and Australia. United States and Canada, 39.
Meibomia nudiflora (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 1 : 197. 1891.
Naked-stkmmed Peavine.
Hedijsarum nudifforum L. Sp. PL 2 : 749. 1753.
Desmodium nvdifiornm DC. Prodr. 2 : 330. 1825.
EIL sk. 2 : 209. "Gray, Man. ed. 6, 138. Chap. Fl. 102.
Alleji,henian to i^ouisianian area. Ontario, sontliern New England to Florida,
westi rn Minnesota to Arliansas.
Alabama : All over the State. Shady woods. Clay County, 1,600 feet. Franklin
County, Russellvilk'. Cullman County. Bibb County, Pratt's Ferry. Autauga
County, Prattvillc. Montgomery, Clarke, and Mobik', counties. Flowers pur])lish
white. July to August ; nowhere abundant.
Type locality : '• Hab. in \'irginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Her)). Mohr.
Meibomia grandiflora (Walt.)Kuutze, Rev. Gen. PL 1 : 196. 1891.
Lakge-floweked Peavine.
Hedysaritm grandijiornm Walt. FL Car. 185. 1788.
H. acuminatum Michx. FL Bor. Am. 2 : 72. 1803.
Desmodium acuminatum DC. Prodr. 2 : 329. 1825.
Ell. Sk. 2: 209. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 139. Chap. FL 102.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario; New England west to Minnesota and
Neltra.ska, south to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Rich woods. Franklin County, Russellville. Cull-
man and Jiibb counties. Montgomery County, Pintlalla Creek. Mobile County.
Flowers purplish, July, August; not infrequent.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Meibomia pauciflora (Nutt. ) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 1 : 198. 1891.
Few-eloweked Peavine.
Hedysarum paucifiorum Nutt. Gen. PL 2 : 109. 1818.
Desmodium pancijiorum DC. Prodr. 2 : 330. 1825.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 139. Chap. Fl. 101.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Southern Ontario; Pennsylvania to Michigan
and Missouri, south to Arkansas, and from Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama : Central Prairie region. Rich shaded woods. Montgomery County,
Pintlalla Creek. Flowers purplish, .June, July ; not frequent.
Type locality : " In the shady forests of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee (common
around Lexington, Ky.)."
Herb. GeoL Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Meibomia arenicola Vail. Bull. Torr. Club, 23 : 140. 1896.
Striped Tick Tkefoil.
Jledijsarum lineatiim JSlichx. FL Bor. Am. 2 : 72. 1803. Not L. 1759.
Desmodium. lineatiim ])('. Prodr. 2:330. 1825.
Meibomia lineata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 1: 196. 1891.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 218. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 141. Chap. FL 104.
Carolinian area. Maryland and Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama : Mountain region, ^retamorjihic hills to Coast ]>lain. Grassy pine woods.
Lee County, Auburn ( /'. .*>'. Iiarh'),X{)0 feet. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers
purplish, September, October; fre(|uent. Perennial.
Type locality of i/('(i.i/srtr«m litieatum Michx.: "Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Getd. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Meibomia michauxii Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 140. 1896.
Round-leaf Tick Tkefoil.
Hedysarum rotnndifolium Michx. FL Bor. Am. 2:72. 1803. Not \'ahl.
Desmodium rotinidifolium DC. Prodr. 2:330. 1825.
Meibomia rotundifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 1 : 197. 1891.
' Anna M. Vail, A preliminary list of the species of the genus Meibomia Heist, occur-
ring in the United States and British America, Bull. Torr. Club, vol. 19, pp. 107 to
118. 1892.
1)72 PLANT MFK (>K AI-AUAMA.
Kll. Sk. 2 : JIX (Jray. Man. «'(1. <!, 13J», Chiip. I'M. lOH.
.Mh'uluMiian to LoiiiNiaiiian area. <>ntario; New lliiulaiid t<t Midiiir.-iii and Mis-
.Honri, soiitli to Florida, Louisiana, an<l Arkansas.
AiAn.\MA: Over tlio .State. Dry lij^lit soil, ojnii woods. Flowers rosi-color,
August to ()<((d»cr. Conmion, iiartirnlarly in the jiine l);irrens. I'orcnnial.
A sniootiiish fonn. ]«iavfs strontiiy roticnliitcd and with elongated peduncl«>B;
occurs on rocky docliviti«a of AlI>inc^ Mountain, Talladej^a County.
Type locality : "llab. in Carolina.''
Ilcrl). Ceol. Snrv. llerl>. Molir.
Meibomia ochroleuca (M. A. Curtis) Kuntzc, K'i'v. (Jen. I'l. 1: i;is. IH'.il.
Jhsiitodiiiiu ochrohnciim M. A. (,'urtis; Canby, I'roc. Acad. Tliila. 1864: 17. IXUI.
Carolinian area.
Ai.ahama: Mountain region. Open rocky wooils. Dekalb County, brow of Look-
out Mountain near Mcutone. Flowers wliitisli, .\ngust.
Type locality: "In ati open woodland, one mile south of 'Public Landinjjj' (on
Chiugotea^iue 15ay), Worcester County, Md.'
Meibomia glabella (Michx.) Kuntze. Kev. Gen. PI. 1: 198. is'.tl. Low Tuk TitKroiL.
Ilidjisanim ijhibcllinn Michx. Fl. IJor. Am. 2:73. 1803.
Dfsinoil'utm li Hill ilusii III Beck, Hot. 86. 1833.
Ell. Sk. 2:211. Gray, Man. ed. (i, 139. Chap. Fl. 103.
Alle','henian and Carolinian areas. North and South Carolina.
Alauama: Mountain region. Kocky woods. Talladega County, rocky summit of
Alpine Mountain near Kenfroe, 1,600 feet, trailing over the sandstone clilis. Octo-
ber; rare.
Agrees ]>erfectly with Michanx's type.
Type localitj': " Halt, in Carolina inferiore."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Meibomia striata (Piirsh) Kuntze, Key. Gen. PI. 1 : 198. 1891. Ekect Tick Ti!KK(iil.
Hedysarinn sirictum Pursh, Fl. Am. t<ept. 2 : 183. 1814.
Deninodiiim -itrictum DC. Prodr. 2 : 3i9. 1825.
Ell. 8k. 2 : 210. (Jraj-, Man. ed. 6, 140. Chap. Fl. 103.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. New Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana and
Arkansas.
Alahama : Central Pine belt to Lower Pine region. Autauga, Montgomery, Escam-
bia. Mobile, and Baldwin counties. Flowers ])nrpiish, August, September; frequent,
particularly in the pine forests.
Type locality: "In pine-woods of New .Jersey."
Herb. Geol. Surv. llerb. Mohr.
Meibomia tenuifolia (Torr. & (iray) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I'l. 1 : 198. 1891.
Narhow-lkak Tick Tkkkoil.
Denmodiinn ienuifolium Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 363. 1838.
Chap. Fl. 103.
Louisiauian area. FTorida to North Carolina, west to western Louisiana and
Missouri.
Alabama: Central Prairie belt to Lower Pine region. Dry sandy pine barrens.
Wilcox County ( liuchhii). Washington, Baldwin, and Mol)iIe counties. Flowers
purplish, September. October; frequent.
Type locality: "In shady sandy places, Wilmington. N. C, Mr. Curtis! Florida,
Dr. r7u(;)>n«n .' Alabama, Mr. Jlncldiy! Western Louisiana. Dr. Hale!"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb, Mohr.
Meibomia canescens (L. ) Kuntze, Kev. Gen. PI. 1 : 195. 1891. Hoary Tick Tiskfoil.
Ilvdiinarinn canescoi-s L. Sp. PI. 2:748. 1753.
H. viridijioniiii Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1192. Not L.
H. scaherrimnm Ell. Sk. 2:217. 1824.
Desmodxnm canenccns DC. Prodr. 2:328. 1825.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 139. «;hap. Fl. 102.
AUeghenian to Carolinian area. Ontario; New England (Vermont) west to Min-
nesota and Nebraska, south to eastern Texas, and from New York to Florida and
Arkansas.
Alaua.ma: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Shaded borders of woods. Clay
County, Shiubone Valley, 1,000 feet. Franklin County, Kusseliville. Talladega
and Mobile counties. Flr)wers deep rose-color, August, September.
Typo locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
VETCH FAMILY. 573
Meibomia bracteosa (.Michx.) Kunt/.c, Rfv. Cen. PI. 1: 1!)5. 1891.
Rracted Tick Tkkfoil.
Hedysarum bracteosum Michx. Fl. lior. Aui. 2 : 73. 1803.
H. cmpidatum Miibl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1PJ8. 1801.
Desmodiitm hracteosum DC. Prodr. 2 : 329. 1825.
D. citspidatum Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1 : 23. 1835.
EU.Sk. 2:213. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 139. Chap. Fl. 102.
Alleghenian to Carolinian area. Ontario and Xew England west to Michigan iuid
Missouri, south to Texas; New York to Florida.
Alabama: Coosa Valley. Barren hillsides. Calhoun County, Anniston. Flowers
violet purple, September. Rare; never observed in the low country.
Type locality : " Hab. in uiontosis Virginiae et Carolinae.''
Herb. Ceol.,^.Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Meibomia longifolia (Torr. & Gray) Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 23 : 140. 1896.
Desmodium canadense var. Joni/ifolinm Torr. & Gray, Fl. N.A.I: 365. 1840
D. lotuiifoliKm Nutt. ; Torr. & (iray, Fl. X. A. 1 : 365. 1840. As synonym.
Carolinian area. Illinois to Kansas and Arkansas; Louisiana.
Alabama: Mountain region. Woods. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain near
the mineral spring of Loring's Hotel. Flowers rose purple, August 26. 189N.
Type locality: "Arkansas, XiUtall ! Dr. I'ilcher!"
Meibomia paniculata f L.) Knutze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1 : 198. 1891. Tick Tkkfoil.
Hediisarum paniculatum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 749. 1753.
Desmodium paniculaUnn DC. Prodr. 2 : 329. 1825.
Ell. Sk. 2:210. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 140. Chap. FL 103. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 85.
Alleghenian to Louisiauian area. Ontario; New England west to the Dakotas and
Nebraska, south to Texas, and from New York to Florida.
Alabama: Over the State. Dry woods. Flowers purplisli, .Inly, September.
Common. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr
Meibomia viiidiflora (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1 : 197. 1891.
Greenish-i'lowekkd Tick Tkkioil.
Hedysarum viridijiorum L. Sp. PL 2 : 748. 1753.
Desmodium viridittoriim Beck, Bot. 84. 1833. Not DC.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 217. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 14(i. Chap. Fl. 102.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Southern New York, Ohio to Missouri, soutji
to Florida and western Louisiana.
Al.\baal\: Mobile (Gates); not yet recorded in the State from any other locality
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Meibomia dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1 : 195. 1891.
DiLLEXiis' Tick Trefoil.
Desmodium dillenii Darlington, V\. Ce.st. 414. 1837.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 140. Chap. Fl. 103.
Alleghenian to Louisiauian area. Ontario; New England, west to Minnesota,
Nebraska, and Missouri, south to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama : Over the State. Dry woods and copses. Tennessee Valley to Mobile
County. Flowers i)urple, .July, August. Common.
Type locality : '• Woodlands and borders of thickets : frequent." Chester County,
Pa.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Meibomia laevigata (Nutt. ) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1 : 198. 1891.
S.MOf)TH Tick Trefoil.
Hedjisarum laerigaium Nutt. Gen. 2 : 109. 1818.
Dcs7)wdium laevigatum DC. Prodr. 2 : 329. 1825.
Ell. Sk. 2:215. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 140. Chap. Fl. 103.
Carolinian area. Southern New York, Tennessee, Missouri, and Arkansas; from
South Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry wooded hillsides. Lee County, Auburn (/'. a9.
Earle). Talladega County, Chandler Springs, rocky ridges, 1,200 feet. Summit of
highest ridge. Alpine Mountains, m-ar the Signal Station, 1,800 feet. Flowers pur-
plish. September.
Type locality : "In the forests of New .lersey."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
r)<4 PLANT LIl-K OF AI.AHAMA.
Meiboiuiarhombifolia (Kll.) Nail. Hull. Tui r. Cltil.. 19 : 1 lit. ls!tL'.
IlnhjHiiriim rlioiiihi/olhim Kll. SU. 2 : Jlti. ISl'l.
l>iKmi>,iiiiin rhomhit'oliiiiii I )C. I'nxir. 2 : :?:<<). IH'J'k
!>. tlcriildHinn Chap. 11. 101.'. IXtiO.
Miihowia tloridiiiiii Kuiit/<', Kev. (icii. i'1.1: llts. WM.
Kll. .sk. I.e. ("hap. Fl. I.e. Hritt. A: Mr. 111. Fl. 2 : HIS.
Caroliniau ami Lonisianian anas. \ irginia to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Ai.ahama: Mountain n-fjion. (>)>c'n wooiIh in saiuly and j;ra\<dly soil. l)«jkalit
County, MrntouLi. Flowers rosi-jiuiplc. S»')itt'inlier.
TyiM- locality: "Orows in dry soils ahout Ho.nilort,"' S. C.
Meibomia rigida ( I'.ll.) Kuntze. Ivev. (ien. IM. 1: lits. Ls'tl. Kicii. Tick Tukioii..
Ilrihimntm ii<ii(liim Kll. Sk. 2 : 21;'.. 1S21.
henmodiiim ii<ii(liim DC. I'rodr. 2 : X\0. 182.5.
Kll. .^k. I.e. Gray, Man. cd. 6, 110. Chap. IH. 101.
Alle^ilifuian and Louisianiau are.is. Massafhusetts, wi-st to Illinois and Missouri,
south to Florida.
Ai..\ii.\ma: Mountain rei^ion to Cintral I'rairie.s. Dry ('oi)ses, o]H-ii woods. Cal-
houn County, Anniston. ralladcj^M and Monti^oniery counties, Monroe County,
Claiborne ( /■,'. A. Smith). Mosttreipient on tlit^ rocky barren ridjiesofthe Coosa \alley.
Ty])e loiality: "(Jrows in dry .soils," .South CartJlina, (Georgia.
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Meibomia obtiisa (Muhl.) \'ail. Hull. Torr. ( lub, 19 : 115. 1S<)2.
CiLIATK-LKAF TiCK TRKKOIL.
Ilediiaantm ohlusinn Mnhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1190. 1803.
//. ciliaiT Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 119(5. 1803.
Desmodiiiiii ciliiire DC. Prodr. 2 : 329. 182.5.
Kll. Sk. 2: 212. Cray, Man. ed. (>. 140. Chap. Fl. 104.
Mexico.
Allegheuian to Louisianian area. .Southern Ontario ; southern New York and West
Virginia to Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, south to the (iulf; trorn Florida to west-
ern Louisiana.
Alabama: Over tli<> State. Dry barren hillsides, copses, copious in the cherty
lulls, siliceous MetauM.rj.hic ridges of the Coosa, and the sandy pine barretis to the
coast. Flowers purplish. September, October. Not rare.
Type locality : "Hab. in Pensylvauia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Meibomia marylandica (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1 : in8. 1891.
Makyi.axi) Tick Trkkoil.
Hediisanim inanilai}dicum L. .Sp. PI. 2 : 748. 1753.
H. obtusiim Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 482. 1814. Not Muhl.
hesmodiiim manilundivnin P.oott in Darl. Fl. Cest. ed. 2, 412. 1837. Not DC.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 214. " (iray, Man. ed. 6, 140. Chap. Fl. 104.
Allegheuian to Louisianian area. New I'^ngland west to Michigan; Ohio A'alley
to Missouri and Arkansas, south to western Florida and eastern Louisiana.
Alabama: Mountain region. Coosa Valley. Talladega County, Chandler's Spring,
1.200 feet. Calh<mu County, Anniston, rocky hills, 800 feet. Flowers purplish,
August, September. Not rare.
Tyj)e locality: " Hab. in Carolina, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LESPEDEZA Michx. Fl. P.or. Am. 2 :70. 1803.'
About 35 species, mostly perennial herbs, of the warmer temperate regions of east-
ern Asia. North America 12, mostly Atlantic.
Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart. Prodr. Fl. Phila. 2 : 77. 1818. Creeping Lespedeza.
Hedi/sanim repens L. Sp. PI. 2 : 749. 1753.
Lespedeza prontrata Kll. Sk. 2 : 208. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. (J, 141. in part. Chap. Fl. 100, in part.
Allegheuian to Louisianian area. Southern New F'ngland, New York, and New
.Jersey, \>-e8t to Minnesota, south to Virginia and Florida, the Ohio Valley, and
Texas.
'N. L. Britton, The North American species of the genus Eespedeza, Trans. N. Y.
Acad. Sci., vol. 12, pp. 57 to 68. 1893.
vi:tch family. 575
Alabama: I^ndotibtedly diffused over tlie State, conibnndcd with the following.
So far collected only in the Lower Pine region, in dry sandy ])lace8, where it is com-
mon. Washington County, Yellowpine. Mobile. Flowers purplish, June, .July.
Freiiuent.
Type locality : " Ilab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. ISurv. Herb. Mohr,
Lespedeza procumbens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :70. 1803. Tkailin« Lespedeza.
Ell. Sk. 2:2U7. Gray, Man. ed. fi, 141, in part. Chap. Fl. 100, in part. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 86, in part.
Alleghenian to Lonisiaiiian area. Massachusetts to Florida, we.st to Missouri,
Arkansas, and Louisiana.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Coosa hills. Dry places, borders of
fields. Lawrence County, Mountain Home. Talladega County, near Alpine Station.
Dekalb County, Lookout ilountain. MobileCouuty. Flowers rose-cidor, iSeptember.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia et Carolina."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lespedeza nuttallii Darlington, Fl. Cest. ed. 2, 420, 1837.
Nuttall's Bush Clover.
Lespedeza vivf/ata'Nntt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 368. 1840. Not DC.
L. sturei var. V Torr. &■ Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 368. 1840.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New England to Michigan and Kansas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Talladega County, dry cherty hills ubont Renl'roe,
800 feet altitude, October 14. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain. Karc,.
Type locality : " Dry hills; Mica slate range," Chester County, Pa.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. Syn. 2 :318. 1807.
Hedysarum violaceum L. Sp. Fl. 2 : 749. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 141. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 110.
Mexico.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. New England to Florida, west to Minnesota,
Kansas, and Louisiana.
Alabama: Mountain region, open woods and copses. Dekalb County, near Men-
tone, 1,600 to 1,800 ieet altitude. 1- lowers pale pink, September. Not rare.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia."'
Lespedeza stuvei aiigustifolia Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 12 : 63. 1893.
Carolinian area. New Jersey and southern Pennsylvaiiia to Missouri, south to
North Carolina and Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry calcareous hills. Madison County, Montesano,
1,200 feet altitude. Flowers, August. Rare.
Ty]te locality : "New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania, to North Carolina, Mis-
souri, and Texas."'
Herb. Mohr.
Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. (^lub, 5 : 205. 1894. Not Ell.
Bush Clove i:.
Hedysarum frutescens L. Sp. PI. 1 : 748. 1753.
Lespedeza stuvei intermedia Wats, in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 141. 1890.
Gray, Man. 1. c.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. New England west to ^Michigan, south to Illi-
nois, Arkansas, Texas, and Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rocky woods. Talladega County, Aljtinc Moun-
tains near Renfroe, 800 feet, October. Apparently rare, only a single specimen
c(dlected.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Mohr.
Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. S<i. 12 : 64. 1893.
ViKGiNiAX Bush Clovkk.
Medicaqo rirr/inica L. Sp. PI. 2 : 778. 1753.
Hedysarum reticulatum Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1194. 1803.
Lespedeza sessilijiora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 70. 1803.
L. reticulata Pers. Syn. 2 : 318. 1807.
L. violacea \iir..anqiistifoU<i Torr. t^: Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 367. 1810.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 204. Gray,'Man. ed. 6, 111. Cha].. Fl. 101.
r)7») IM.ANr I.IFK OF AI,.\r..\MA.
Allf;;licniiin ti» Loiiisiiiiii.-m iin'.i. Oiiliuio; Now Kii^laiiil wi-st to Miiiiiosota,
Hoiitli t" tilt! oliio \'iilh'_v, Mi.sNmiii, aiid Arkansas; IVoiii New ^ ork lo I'loriila ami
tliroiiuli tho (Jiilf States to Louisiana.
Ai.ahama: 'rciiiiessoe Valley to the l.owir I'ine le^iion. 1 >iy sandy or ;;ravelly
eo|>8e8. .Madison and ("lay counties. Tallade^rji Monntains. near Klders, '_',(MK) feet.
Leo {"ouiity, Aiibnni. Madiuon County, lluntsville. (mO fecst. Cullman County, 801)
feot. Caliionn Connty. Anniston. Walker County, Dent [K. .1. .Smith). Clarkt!
County. .Moliiii- C<uinty, Spriuf^iiill. Flowers i)uri»lo, July toSeptember. Krei|U«nt.
Tyjti' locality : "Hah. in Virjiinia.''
Herli. (;eol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Lespedeza liirta (L.) Ell. Sk. 2 : 1'07. 182L
lilSII CL<>\ I K. IJl{ISTI,V-IlAIl:l.l> \'>VS\l Cl.uVKl:.
lUdyxirxtn hirtinn L. 8p. PI. 2 : 718. \~n.i.
I.tni'tdizd j>t>liint<irlii/u Miihx. Fl. I'.or. Am. 2:71, /. -i". 1803.
Kll.Sk.l.c. (iray.'.Mau. ed.6, 111. Chap. Fl. lOL
Alleiiheuiau to Loiiisianian area. Ontario ami New Euf^land west to Minnesota,
south to Arkansas, and from New York to Florida and throuj^h the (}ulf States to
Louisiana.
Ai.amama: Throujihout. Dry barren soil, copses, worn-out tiidds. llowers yel-
lowish white, July, August. Ciunmon.
Tyi)e loiality : "Ilab. in \irginia.''
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lespedeza capitata Michx. FL Bor. Am. 2 : 71. 1803. Wiiiri: Hisii Ci.ovKit.
Ifedi/mrum fruleHceiis Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1111.3. 1803. Not L.
l.exp(<U:a f'rntexirus Ell. Sk. 2 : 20(i. 1821.
Ell. I.e. Cray, Man. ed.t), 142. Chap. Fl. 101.
Allegbenian to I.,onisianian area. (>iitario; \'ernu)nt west to Minnesota and
Nebraska, south to Arkansas; from New York south to I'lorida and Louisiana.
Ar.AHAMA: Throughout same localities as last. Dry open fields and eojKses.
Flowers white, June, bej)tember. Freiiuent. Perennial.
Tyjie locality : " Hab. in Virginia et Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lespedeza striata (Thnnb. ) Hook. A- Am. Bot. Beech. 22(1. 1841.
LES1'EI>K7,A. JaI'AN'KSK Ci.oveh.
Ilcdlisarum striatum Thnnb. Fl. .lapou. 280. 1784.
China, Japan.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas.
Ad\ entive from eastern Asia and during the past thirty years extensively and copi-
ously spread over the Southern States from Maryland to the Gulf and southern
Arkansas.
Alaijama; All over the Stat*;. In dry uplands. Flowers purplish, blooming and
ripening the seeds throughout the summer. First observed in Montgomery County,
18t)7, Mobile County, 18(59. Of greatest thrift and abundance in the calcareous soils
of the prairie region. Annual.
Economic uses: Fodder plant, important for pasture, and as spontaneous hay crop.
Tyjto locality : Jaiiauese; not S])ecilically given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
VICIA L. S]>. P1.73i. 17.">3. Vetch.
About 120 8pe«i<!8, climbing herbs, temperate regions Northern llemis])here. North
America, 11 or 12.
Vicia acutifolia Ell. Sk. 2 : 225. 1824. Acute-i,eavei> Vetch.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 98.
Louisiauian area. Georgia and middle Florida.
Ai.ahama: Coast plain. Grassy banks. Mobile Coujity. Fhrwers ]>earl blue,
May. Not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : •' Grows in Scriveu county, Ga."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Vicia micrantha Nutt. ; Torr. &. Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 271. 1838.
Smai.l-fi-owered Vetch,
Chap. Fl. 98. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herl). 2 : 86.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Tennessee, Ark.ansas, Texas and western Loui-
niana to western Florida.
VE-^OH FAMILY. 577
Ai-abama: Mountain region. Lower Melaniorpliic hills. Centr.il Pniirie region,
limestone bills. Lee County, Auburn {J>aker i)- Earlc, L34). Wilcox County
{liiickJey). Flowers pearl blue, April. Kare. Annual.
Type locality : " Prairies and woods of Arkansas, Nuifalt! Louisiana and Texas,
Dr. Learenworth! on the Ked J\iver, Dr. Hale!"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vicia caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 182. 1788. White-klowf,kei> Vetch.
Vicia parviHora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 69. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2: 224. Gray, Man. ed. G, 143. Chap. Fl. 98.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario; Kew York west to Minnesota, Mis-
souri, and Arkansas, south from New York to western Virginia, eastern Tenneysee,
and Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Ciilhuan County, SOO I'cet. Winsldii
and Blount counties. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. :-mith). Mobile County, Chuiiehnla.
Flowers white; April. Not infrequent. PereuniaL
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 271. 1840.
Louisiana Vkti ii. Deeu Pea.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 616 ; ed. 3, 107. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 87.
Louisianian area. Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low grassy places. Rich dam]) soil. Mobile County,
West Fowl River. Flowers azure; April. Not frequent. Annual.
Type locality : "Grassy places on the Red River, and in Texas, Dr. I tartuworlh!
'In Louisiana, J/r. Tainturier,' Nuttidl.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vicia hugeri Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 490. 1897. Hugkr's Vetch.
Slender, bright green, minutely jiubesceut or glabrate in age; ascending-
decumbent, more or less angled; leaves 2 to 2^ inches long, short-jx'tioled, leaflets
10 to 12, linear, ^ to ^ inch long, with short ])etiolules; peduncles 2 to o inches long
in secund racemes, 10 to 14 Howered; llowers small, white or pinkish, si'arcely ^ inch
long, calyx teeth triangular about i as long as the tube, pods linear-oblong, f inch
long.
Carolinian area. Georgia.
Alabama: Metaniorphic hills. Open woods. Lee County, Auburn, March, April,
1896, 1897 ( Underwood <S- Earh).
Type locality: "In open woods, Georgia and Alabama,''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vicia tetrasperma (L. ) Moench, Meth. 148. 1794. Wild Lentil.
Errum tetraspermmn L. Sp. PI. 2 : 738. 1753.
Europe.
Alabama: Adventive with ballast. Mobile, May, 1879; not found since. Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. inter Europae segetes."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vicia hirsuta (L.) Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 191. 1837. Haiky Vetch.
Ervnm hirsutum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 738. 1753.
Ficia mitchellii Raf. Prec. Decouv. 37. 1814.
EUROPK.
Carolinian area. Naturalized coast of New England to New Jersej-. Annual.
Alabama: Adventive with ballast. Mobile, 1869.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae agris.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vicia sativa L. Sp. PI. 2 : 736. 1753. Common Vetch.
Ell. 8k. 2: 224. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 143. Chap. Fl. 18.
Europe.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Introduced and escaix'd from cultivation.
Naturalized in many localities from New England to the Gulf.
Alabama: Fully established locally. Borders of fields, wastt^ and cultivated
places. Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, and Mobile counties. i'Iow<Ms Mar<di, April.
Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. inter Euroj»a(i segetes liodie."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
158!)1 -57
578 I'l.ANr Ml-K (>K ALAl'.AMA.
CICER L.Sp. I'1.2:7:{N. \l'>:i.
Cicer arietimim L. Sp. n.2:7:!S. 17.".:]. ( '..mmon ("iik k 1'ka.
SotTll KiKoi-i:.
Advi'Ulivo oil liall;isl. Molnlr, .liiiir. ISh.s. AmmiihI.
Kioiioniic uscm: 'I'lir Herds :iif used lor I'ood.
Typf hxiility: "llab. inter llispaiiiae, llalia(> Hegctes."
Ilcih. (icol. Siirv.
LATHYRUS 1,. Si>. I'l. 2 : 7l".t. 17r.:i. K\ kki.astim; I'ka.
Al)oiit 100 species, cbielly ixTcniiials, Xortlicni Iliiiiisplieie. ]']iiropi-, iHnflnrii Asia.
North America, 15.
Lathyius venosus Miibl. ; Willd. Sj.. 1']. 3 : 10i»2. 1803.
(Jray.Man. cd. (;, 1 i:i. Cliaj.. V\.W.
Caiiatliaii /one to Carolinian area. British Noitli America, Lake Superior rcKion
to latitude ."lO , and acro^.s tiie continent to \\ ashinjiton : New York, west to Minne-
sota. Kan.sas, and Colorado; New .lersey to tluiOliio \;illey, and along the monntains
to (Jeorgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry woods. Cullman County, llowers purple;
.June. Not tre(|neut. Perennial.
Tv])o localitv : " Hah. in I'ensvh ania."
H'erl). Ge<d. Snrv. Herb. Mobr.
BRADBURYA l.'af. Fl. Lud. 101. 1817.
(Centkoskma lienth. Ann. Wien. Mns. 2 : 117. 1«38.)
Thirty species, tropical America. Southeastern North America, 1.
Bradburya virgiuiana (L.) Kunt/.e, Kev. Gen. PI. 1 : 161. IS'tl.
Viuci.NiAX l'.tTTi:i:i i.v I'ka.
CIHoria rirfilnlatia L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1't'S. 1753.
Centrosvma ritu/iniaiia JJentb. Ann. Wien. Mns. 2: 120. 1838.
K11.8k.2:210.' Gray. Man. ed. (i, 115. Chap. Fl. 107. Coulter. Contr. Nat. lierl).
2 : 87.
WrsT Indiks, Mexico to Hra/.il.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Maryland, through the low country to I'lorida,
west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Co.ast plain. Dry copses, borders of woods and
iields. Tuscaloosa County {fJ. J. Smith). Autauga ('minty. Washington County,
^'ellowpine. Moldle County. Flowers purplish; June. August. Not iii(r»!i|uent,
]>arti<'iilarly in the jiine barrens. Perennial.
Type locality : " llab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Midir.
CLITORIA L.Si). P1.2:753. 1753. Huttkkkly Pea.
About thirty species, warmer regions of both beuiispheres exclusive of Europe.
North America, 1.
Clitoria mariana Ij. Sp. PI. 2 : 753. 1753, Makylaxd Putteki-ly Pea.
Fll.sk. 2 :1-Ml. Gray, Man. cd. 6, 116. Chap. Fl. 107. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:M.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. New York and New .Jersey to Florida, west to
Texas, Arkansas, and southern Missouri.
Alabama: Tennessee N'alley to Coast ]tlain. Open woods, dry copses, Lauder-
dale County. Clay County, Sbiubone N'alley, 1,000 feet. Cullman County. Slielby
County. Clarke and Mobile counties. Flowers Jizure; May to July. Frerjuent,
most so in central and lower districts. Peiennial.
Type locality: "llab. in America sejitentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mcdir.
FALCATA Gmel.Syst. 2:1131. 1706.
Ami'HICAUPA Fll. .Jonrn. Acad. I'liila. 1 : 37l'. 1S17.
Fifteen species, Japan, Ilinialayau India, North and South Aiueric.i.
Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1 : 182. 1801. Hog Peanut.
(lliicine comosa L. S]i. PI. 2 : 754. 1753.
Glycine moiioica L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1023. 17(53.
VETCH FAMILY. 579
Amphicarpa monoica Ell. Jonrn. Ai ad. Phila. 1 : 373. 1817.
Ell. 8k. 2:232. Gray, Man. ed. (i. 14(1. Chap. Fl. 107. Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 2 :23.5.
AUeglienian to Louisianian area. New lininswick to Manitoba; New England
west to Nebraska and Kansas, sonth to Florida, west to Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region, damp thickets. Dekalb County, Mentone. Flowers
white, September. Not common.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginiae madidis umbrosis."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Falcata pitcheri (Torr. & Gray) Kiintze, Eev. Gen. PL 1 : 182. 1891.
Pitciiek'.s H<)<} Peanut.
Amphicarpaea pitclieri Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 292. 1838.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 116. Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 2 : 235.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Indiana, north Louisiana, and east Texas.
Alab.vma : Metamorphic hills. Cleburne County {Dr. E. A. Smith). August ; rare.
Our specimens differ from the plant west of the Mississippi in their more slender
and less densely hirsute stems, smaller and thinner leadets, and closer racemes
api)roaching the last.
Type locality: " Red River, Arkansas, Dr. Pitclierl"
APIOS Moench, Meth. 16.5. 1794.
Five species. Japan, China, Himalayan India, Eastern North America.
Apios apios (L.) MacMillan, BulL Torr. Club, 19 : 15. 1892. Gkoundnut.
Glycine apios L. Sp. PI. 2 : 753. 1753.
Apios tuberosa Moench, Meth. 165. 1794.
Ell. Sk. 2:232. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 144. Chap. Fl. 105.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario; southern
New England west to Dakota, Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska, south from New
York to Ohio Valley, Florida, and the eastern Gulf States; Louisiana to Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Const pLiin. Low damp thickets, borders of
woods. Clay County, Shinbone Valley, 1,000 feet. Cullman County. Winston
Coiiuty, Colliers Creek, 1,200 feet. Madison County, Montesano. Mobile County,
river swamp. Flowers blue; July to September. Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Ilab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ERYTHRINA L. Sj). PI. 2 : 706. 17.53.
About 30 species, tropical and subtropical regions both hemisplicres, largely of
tropical America. Atlantic North America, 1.
Erythrina herbacea L. Sp. PI. 2 : 706. 1753. Cokax Plant.
Ell. Sk. 2:190. Chap. Fl. 107.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi.
Alabama : Lower Pine region to Coast plain. In dry close soil. Margin of woods,
copses. Clarke County (-K. A. Smith). Escambia County, Flouuiton. Washington
CoTinty, Yellowpine. Mobile County. Flowers carmine, May; fruit ripe Septem-
ber, seeds scarlet. Not infrequent throughout the Coast Pine belt. Perennial irom
a thick tuberous root.
Type locality: "Hah. in Carolina, MissLssippi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
VIGNA Savi, in DC. Prodr. 2:401. 1824.
About 30 species, warmer regions of botli liennspheres, mostly tropical American.
South Atlantic North America, 1.
Vigaa luteola (Jacq.) Benth. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 15, pt. 1 : 194, t. f^d,/. ,?. 18.59-62.
Jlolichos hiteohis Jacq. Ilort. X'lud. 1: 39, /. 90. 1770.
I'it/na f/labra Savi in DC. Prodr. 2 : 401. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 2:231. Chap. Fl. 106. Griseb. Fl. 195.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil, Peru.
Louisianian area. Coast South l^arolina to Florida, west to Texas.
ALABAMA: Coast plain. Low hanks of rivers, borders of fresh and brackish
marsbes in the tide-water district. IMobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers yellow.
May to September ; frequent. Perennial.
nSO I'LANT Lll'K OK ALABAMA.
Typo lor.ilitv (.l.i<i|. Hull. \'iii(l.»: "Si-inina IuiJuh iil:iiit.ir irMMiini ex Aiiierirt'g
zona lorriitu al tiili.
llcili. (icul. Surv. lli-rli. Molir.
Vigna catjang (L.; Walp. Limiaca, 13:r»H:t. 1K39. Cow 1'ka.
l>,>li<ln,n culjaiKj L. Maiif. 2 : •-'•!!>. 1771.
Iiitroiliu'od I'ntiii eastern .Vsia ami «'xtonsively cull ivatt-tl. Tn many varieties jier-
liaps liyliri<li/<Ml with Dnliclion MiiutiHiH I.. (C<int. i'l.2:L'H).
Sparsely escajied (loin eiilti\ atioii.
'In lie locality : " Halt, in India oricntall." ,
lierli. (M'cil. .'-^nrv.
DIOCLEA II. r.. K. Nov. (i.-n. A Sp. 6:4:^7. 1.S23.
Abont Ifi 8i)ccios, of wanner Anici ica.
Dioclea multiflora ( Torr. & (.ray). Moykins IUoci.ka,
Itolirlnis niiillitlonis Torr. A: Gray, ]■']. N. A. 1 : 2S1. 1838.
,l)i(irlta hoiiLiiiii Gray; WalH. Hihl. hxl. 2il». 1878.
rhaj.. 11. 110.
Lonisianian area. Sontliorn <;e(»r;^ia, Mississippi, Lonisiaua, and Arkansas.
Ai-AiiAM.v: Central Prairie region. Rich l>ottonis. Hale Connty, (iallion, Prairie
Creek. Flowers pnr])le. . I line. So far only locally oUscrvc^d. Perennial irmi a
slender running rootsto'k several let in ItMijitli, I'linihing over bushes. It iia.s lieen
(diserved ill almndancc tliroiiglioiit t lie .Mississippi bottom and alonj^ the ].ochai)a-
hila in Mississippi, and there can be no donbt that the ]dant is also freqnent in the
river bottoms in the western parts of the .State, which so far have been but sli;::htly
explored.
Type locality: "Alluvi:il b.inks of the Oconee Kiver, (Jeor^ia, I>r. Hoijli'ui !
Arkansas, Dr. Learenwortli .' "
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. M(dir.
GALACTIA P. P.rowne, Hist. Jam. 298. 17.-)fi.i
Abont .50 species, perennials, of warmer America, West Indies, Mexico. Eastern
North America, 14.
Galactia regularis (L.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 11. 1888. Mii.k Pka.
/>o/ic/(os r(v/((/ar/8 L. Sp. PI. 2 : 72(5. 1753.
Calartiaiilahella .Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:62. 1803.
EU. Sk. 2:230. Gray. Man.ed. 6, 140. Chap. Fl. 10!).
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Southern New York and New .Jersey, south to
Florida, west to I.oiiisiana.
Ai.ah.ama: Central Pine belt to Low»>r Pine rcfj^ion. Dry sandy woods. Antanga
Connty, Prattville. Clarkci County. MoTiroe County, Claiborne. Mobile and Bald-
win counties. Flowers ])iirplish. .June, July. l're<|nent in th<^ rolling jiine bar-
rens. The Ibrin with oblong-ovate, acute leaves, var. /i Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A.
1:287, from Prattville.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Galactia volubilis (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 208. 1894.
TwiNiNr, Mii.k Pka.
HedijHunnn vohihile L. Sp. PI. 2 : 750. 1753.
CuUtctia moUiH Nutt. (Jen. 2 : 117. 1S18. Not Michx. 1803.
a. pilom Ell. Sk. 2 : 238. 1824. Not Nutt.
G. viaciei M. A. Curtis. Bost. .lourn. Nat. Hist. 1 : 120. 1837.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 238. Gray, Man. ed. (5, 146. Chap. Fl. 108.
Carolinian .•mil Eouisianiau areas. Southern New York, Pennsylvania, A'irginia,
Tennessee; Nortii (Jarolina to Fl.)rida, west to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to the coast. The type chielly in iii)]icr disiiictsto
Central Pine b( It. Flowers ])nrple. .July to Sejiteinber; freiiuent.
Type locality: "Hab. in America septentrional i."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Galactia volubilis mi.ssissippiensis A'ail, Bull. Torr. Club, 22 : 508, 1895,
Liiuisianian area. Nortli ('Mrolina.
' Anna M. Vail, A study of the genus Galactia in North America, Bull. Torr. Club,
vol . 22, pp. .500 to 51 1 . 1895.
VETCH FAMILY. 581
Alabama : Lower Pino region. Coast plain. .July, August. Not rare. By inter-
gradiug forms closely fonnected with the type.
Type locality : " Missouri, Arkansas, Indian Territory, and Louisiana."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Galactia volubilis intermedia Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 22 : .508. 1895.
(ralactia pilosa angusiifolia Torr. &. Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 287. 1840.
Louisianian area. Coast region. Western Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Sandy borders of river marshes and shores of marine inlets, Mobile.
Flowers pale ])urple. August, September. Not rare. Close to the last, l)ut easily
distiuguished by the more slender, almost filiform, stems, twining over low bushes,
the almost-glabrous leaves, which are bright green, smoothish, from lance-linear to
linear, obtuse or acute, and the numerous peduncles, longer than the leaves.
Type locality : " Florida to Louisiana."
Herb. GeoL Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Galactia floridana Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 288. 1838. Florida Milk Pea.
Chap. Fl. 108.
Louisianian area. Western coast of Florida.
Alabama: Lower Pine region, near the coast. Dry sandy ))iiie barrens. Mobile
County. Springhill. Flowers pink or pale purple. August; fruit rij^ens iii Sep-
tember; rare.
Type locality : " Sandy places about Tampa Ba^^, Florida, Dr. Burrows!"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Galactia erecta (Walt.) Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 22 : 502. 1895. Erect Milk Pea.
Ervum erectum Walt. Fl. Car. 187. 1788.
Galactia sessilifiora Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 288. 1838.
Chap. Fl. 109.
Louisianian area. Florida to Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Dry sandy ])ine barrens. Washington and Escam-
bia counties. Mobile County, Springhill. Flowers white. May, June; fre(iueut.
Rootstock stout, fusiform.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PHASEOLUS L. Sp. PI. 2 : 723. 1753. Bean.
(Stropiiostyles Ell. Sk. 2:229. 1821-24.)
About 160 species, warmer regions of the globe.
Phaseolus polystachyus (L. ) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 15. 1.S88. Wild Bean.
DolicJws pohjstaclnjus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 726. 1753.
Phaseolua perennis Walt. Fl. Car. 182. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 2: 228. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 144. Chaj). Fl. 106.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. New England west to Minnesota, Dakotas,
Nebraska, Kansas, south to the Ohio Valley, and from New York to Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Shady dry woods. Dekalb County,
Mentone, 1,600 feet. Talladega County, summit Alpine Mountains, near the Signal
Station, 1,800 feet, aud near Renfroe, 1,200 feet. Mobile County, West Fowl River.
Collected in fruit September, October. In the barren rocky soil of the mountains
somewhat dejiauperated. Rare. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Phaseolus helvolus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 724. 1753. Angular-Leak Bean.
Plta-seolus diversifolius Pers. Syn. 2 : 296. 1807.
/*. anqulalns Ort". Nov. PI. 24. 1797.
StrophoHUfUH angulosa Ell. Sk. 2 : 229. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 229. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 144. Chap. Fl. 106. C^oulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 90.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Quebec, Ontario; New England west to Minne-
sota, Nebraska, and Kansas, south to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.
Al.abama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Damp thickets. Montgomery
County, Pintlala Creek. Mobile County. Flowers pale greenish jjurple; July.
Infrequent; chiefly near the coast. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
582 ri-ANT MKK OK ALABAMA.
Phaseolus umbellatus « Mnlil. > Urilion. Iiuns. N. V. A. ii.1.9: 10. 1SS9.
lltAllKANI Wir.K HkAN.
r.W./rnie umhellata Mulil. : Will. I. Sp. I'l. 3 : 10r>»<. 18():i
Slroi>liosliile/i jieilitiiriiltiriH Illl. Sk. 2 : 'J'MK 1X24.
I'lniHtohiH hi Iroliis I'-.i-r. A. (Jiiiy. Kl. N. A. 1 : L'SO. IKlH. Not I..
Kli.sk. 2:2:!(). (Jriiy, Mim.cd.'tl, 11;"). tbap. Fl. 10(1 (inter I'.lielvohm L.j. ('<. niter,
Coiitr. Nat. llerli. 2 :!•().
(':iri>iiuian ami Louisinniau arca.s. Long Island (Now York) to Fioriila and
tliroiigliont the Ohio Vallt y to tlie (iiilf.
.Ai..\n.\MA: Over tlie State, with the exception of the highe.st niount.iiM range.s.
I)ry silici'<ui8 8oil. Landfi(lai»\ Caliir)nn, Tn.Mcaloosa, and Moliilo counties. 1 lowers
rose jjink, t'riigraut ; July to SejitenilnT. ("oninion, nnmt iil)nn(iant on thr cherty
liillH ot till- Coosa \ ;(lliy iiml dry sandy Holds near the coast. Terennial.
Ty))e locality : " Hal>. in r«nsylvania.''
llcrli. (ic'ol. ynrv. Herb. Molir.
Phaseolus semierectus L. Mant. 1 : 1(X). \lCu.
Stem silky-pnliescent or glalir;ito, croct, twining near tlie top; leaves ovate to
lanceol.'ite ; peduncles elongated, longer than the l(;a\cs; flowers nniliellately clus-
tered; jtedicels short, at leuytli recurved; calyx 5-toothcd; teeth ovate-lanceolate,
pointeil, the superior soniewh.it shorter; legiinien subcylindrical, sericeous or gla-
brescent, with a linear, acuminate beak, straight or reflex. (Condensed from (aiseb.
Fl. Hrit. W. Ind. 1!I7.)
We.st Indies, Mi:xico to Bra/ii., Peisu, East Indies.
Ai.auama: Adventive on ballast. Flowers buff yellow, with a dark purple spot
in the center. To all apjiearance firmly established. Perennial.
Type locality ( Willd. Sp. i'l.) : " Hab. in America calidiore. '
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
RHYNCHOSIA Lour. Fl. Cochin. .562. 1793.
About 1(M> species, perennial herbs or shrubs, warmer tenii)erate tri'|iical regions
of" both hemispheres.
Rhyuchosia erecta (Walt.) DC. Prodr. 2 : 384. 1825. Erect Kii ynciio.sia.
Trifolinm erectum Walt. Fl. Car. 184. 1788.
Chji'int' tmnentosa var. ererta Michx. Fl. I'.or. Am. 63. 1803.
Ji'hiinchosia tomentosa var. rrecta Torr. & (Jrav, Fl. N. A. 1 : 28."). 1840.
Eli. Sk . 2 : 23.5. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 147. Chap. Fl. 105.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Delaware to Florida, west to Louisiana, Arkan-
eaa, and Tcunessee.
Ai.Ar.AMA: Tennessee Valley to Lower Pine regitm. Dry open woods. Caihoun
County, Anniston. Marsball, Cullman, .Vntangna, Clarke, Monroe, Mobile, and Hald-
win counties. Flowers yellow. June to August; Irequent, particularly in the pine
forests with a closer soil.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. (jle<d. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rhynchosia simplicifoUa (Walt.) Wood, Hot. »fc Fl. 96. 1870.
RolND-l.EAK lillYNCIIOSIA.
Trifolinm simpHcifoHinii Walt. Fl. Car. 184. 1788.
(iJilcine tomentosa inonopluiUa Michx. Fl. L5or. Am. 2 : 63. 1803.
JUiyiichosia rcniiormin DC. Prodr. 2 : 381. 1825.
Ji'lu/nchosia tomtntoaa var. monophi/lla Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 284. 1840.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 234. Gray, Man. ed. ()" 147- Chap. FL 105.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia; North Carolina to Florida,
west to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama : Mountain region. Metamorphic hills. Central Pine; belt to Coast plain.
Dry sandy borders of fields, pastures, open pine woods. Lee County, Auburn (Baker
^•Earh). Tallapoosa, Autauga. Mobile. May, .June. Common throughout the dry
pine barrens.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol, Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rhynchosia tomentosa (L.) Hook. &, Arn. Comp. Hot. Mag. 1 : 23. 1835.
Trailing Rhynchosia.
Glijciiie tomentosa L. Sp. PI. 2 : 7.54. 1753.
G. tomentosa rohthilia Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 2 : (i3. 1803.
.Irn/phnUuin difformc Ell. .lonrn. .Vcad. Pliila. 1: 372. 1817.
lihi/nchosia diformis DC. Prodr. 2 : 384. 1825.
GEEANIUM FAMILY. 583
Ell. Sk. 2 : 234. Chap. Fl. 105.
Carolinian and Lonisianian ai"eas. North (Jaroliua, Texas to Arkansas, xsouth to
Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Mountain region. Talladega County, Chandler Springs, 1,200 feet.
Septemlier; rare.
Tj'pe locality : " Hah. in Virginia."
Herh. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Prodr. 2 : 38.5. 182.5.
Smai,le.st-kix>wered Rhynchosia.
DoUchos minimus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 726. 1753.
Glycine reflexa Nutt. Gen. 2 : 115. 1818.
Eli. ,Sk. 2 • 236. Chap. Fl. 104. Grise)). Fl. Brit. W. lud. 190.
West IxniES, Mexico to Brazil, Tropical, Asia, Africa.
Louisiauian area. Florida along the coast to Louisiana.
Alabama: Littoral region. Damp tliicktits. Mobile County, AVest Fowl Kiver.
Flowers yellow ; August. Climbing over bushes. Not frequent.
Type locality: "Hab. in Jamaica."
ilerb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rynchosia galactioides (Nutt.)EndL; Walp. Kep. 1 : 700. 1842.
PiNE-BAHREN KllVNCHOSIA.
Pitcheria qalactoides Nutt. .lourn. xVcad. I'hila. 7 : 93. 1834.
Chap. Fl. 105.
Louisiauian area. Middle Florida to Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Dry sandy pine barrens. Mobile and Baldwin
counties. Washington, Yellowpine. Flowers yellow, vexilluin rufous l)y fine close
striae. July, August.
One of the most characteristic jilants, peculiar to the rolling pine barrens of the
Lower I'iue region.
Type locality: "Alabama and west Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mcdir.
GERANIACEAE. Geranium Family.
GERANIUM L.Sp. PI. 2:676. 1753.
One hundred and sixty species, temperate regions of the globe. North America, 6.
Geranium carolinianum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 682. 1753. Common Cranesbill.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 157. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 104. Chap. Fl. 65. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 50. Wats. Bot. Cali f. 1 : 93.
Boreal zone to Louisiauian area. British North America from Nova Scotia to the
Pacific and the Arctic Circle. From Canada to the Gulf, west to Texas and southern
California.
Alabama: Over the State. Cultivated and waste grounds. Flowers lilac purple;
March, April. A coiimion winter weed. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in Carolina, Virgiuia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Geranium maculatum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 681. 17.53.
Spotted Geranium. Wild Cranesbill.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 157. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 103. Chap. Fl. 65.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario; New England
to upper districts of the Carolinas and Georgia, west to Jlinucsota, Kansas, and
Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Lower hills. Rocky copses and oi»en woods. Lau-
derdale County. Madison County, near Huntsville, sunny hills. Cullman and Tus-
caloosa counties. Flowers purplish red; April, May. Not frequent. Perennial.
Economic uses: The root — "cranesbill,' "Geranium," U. S. Pharmacopceia — is
used metlicinally.
Type locality : "lab. in Carolina, A'irginia, Sibiria."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ERODIUM L'Her. Geran. <. /. 17S7.
About 50 species, widely dispersed in the Old World.
Erodium ciciitarium (L.) L'Her. ; Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 :414. 1789.
Pin-clover. Alkilaria (in California).
Geranium cicutarium L. Sp. PL 2 : 680. 1753,
r)S4 ri.ANT 1-lI'K (»I- AI.\i:\M\.
KUKon .
Natiir:ili/<Ml ; widely dilViisod on tin' I'acilic coaHt IVoiii ISriliHli Colmiibia to soiitb-
»'in t'alilornia. K'aro in tin- Adaiilic Slates.
Al.Ait.\M.\: Advent ivc with ballast. Mobile; .lime. K'are. Observed lor He vera 1
seiusoiiH inatnriii;i seeds well. Aimnal.
iMoimiiiie uses: ( Onsidered on llie raeilic as (uieut llio nioHt valuable wild pas-
ture plants.
Tyjie loealitv : " I lab, in Kmop.ie HleriiiliMs en His."
ll"eib. (;ool. Snrv. lleib. M.dir.
OXALIDACEAE. Wood-sorrel Family.
OXALis 1,. sp. ri.i: i:::!. \-->:i.'
About l'(Ml species, ehietly <»r tropieal Anwrica, South Africa. North Annnii-.i 17,
Atlantic S.
Oxalis coraiculata L. Sji. I'l. 1:1;;,"). 17.58. Cijkepi.nc S()1:i:ki..
Ell. Sk. 1:.-)L'(). Gr.iv. Man. ed. tJ, 10.5. Chap. I'l. ed.3,65. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2:51'. Wats, lio't. Calif. 1:96.
Kchoim;, NoiniiKKX Aiuu a, A.'^ia, Mkxico. Cosmopolitan.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Indigenous in the interior in Missouri,
Arkansas. Texas, and Calilbrnia, and Irom all appearances in the Gulf States.
Alahama: Cultivated and waste places. Tuscaloosa County (E. A. Smith). Lee
County, Auburn (Jlalwi- cf- Earlr, 103). Mobile. Flowers yellow; March, JIay.
Not rare. Easily recognized by the low prostrate habit of its growth. Perennial
from a creeping rootstock.
Ty]>e locality: " Hab. in Italia, Sicilia."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Ozalis striata L. 8p. PI. 1:435. 1753. Common Vkllow Soukkl.
Oxalis corniciildta \;\T stricta Sav. in Lam. I'ncvcl. 4:0)^3. 1797.
Kll. Sk. l:.5L'(i. Gray, Man. e<l. (J, 105, in ])art. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 65. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2: 52. Uritt. <Sc Br. 111. Fl. 2 : 346.
Stem mostly simple, erect or branched at the base from a slender perennial root-
stock, 6 to 8 inches high; leaves smoothish or strigosely pubescent, f inch to 1^
inches wide; leaflets little wider than long. Heshy, suniothish, ciliate, broadly eniar-
ginate, the cellular structure prominent under the lens; peduncles nmbellate,
longer th;in the leaves, 2 to 6 inches long, axillary from the clustered lea ve.s; pedi-
cels i to i inch long, almost horizontally deflexed in fruit; pods columnar,
abruptly pointed Avith the short styles, ^ to J inch long, seed somewhat acute at
the base Avith strong interrupted transverse ridges. Flowers yelli>w, small.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Canada; New England to JJakota, south to the
Gulf of Mexico.
Ar.AHAMA: Over the State. In low damj) ground, grassy banks, lields, and woods.
Flowers May. Connnon. Annual or i)erennial.
Tyi)e locality : "Hab. in Virginia."'
Herb. Mohr.
Oxalis recurva Ell. Sk. 1:526. 1817. Large-i i.ovvkukd Wood Sorrel.
i:il Sk.l. c. Cha].. Fl. ed.3,65. Britt. «fe Br. 111. Fl. 2 : 347.
A 'vore slender plant than the above, perennial. Stems mostly several from the
wiry stolonilerons rhi/.oma, rigid, scarcely over 6 inches in length; leallets thin-
ner, about f inch wide and scarcely as long, the cellular structure less prominent
under the lens; ]>ednncles slender, nmbellate, longer than the leaves, hirsute with
etriguse adpressed hairs; p(!dicels 2 to 4 in the nmbellate cluster, almost filiform,
incurved and at length retlexed; ])()d acuminate, crowned with the long styles;
seeds with uninterrupted transverse ridges. -'
Carolinian and Lonisianian area. Northwestern Virginia at sea level, southwestern
Virginia at 2,000 feet; southeastern Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina at
sea leveL
' J. K. Small. Two species of Oxalis, Bull. Torr. Clnb, vol. 21, pp. 471 to 479. 1894.
Same author, A neglected species of Oxalis and its relatives, op. cit., vol. 23, pp. 265
to 2(i!». 1X96.
- See J. K. Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 471, t. 222.
FLAX FAMILY. 585
Alabama: ]\Ionntaiu region to Lowex- Pine belt. Dry open copses. Cullman
County, 800 feet. Lee County, Auburn (Baker iS' Earle,'dl). Tuscaloosa County,
300 feet. Mobile County, Citronelle, 200 feet. Flowers yellow; March, April; fre-
quent in the rolling pine barrens of the Lower Pine l»elt.
Tyiie locality : " Grows in cultivated land. Very common near Charleston, inter-
mingled with Oxalis stricfa, with which it has been confounded."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Oxalis cymosa Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23:267. 1896. Yellow Pkaiuie Sorrel.
Britt. ifc Br. 111. Fl. 2 : 347.
Typically erect, slender, 10 to 15 inches high, stem wiry, somewhat woody at the
base, branched above, suioothish, the luxuriant foliage of a bright green. Leaves
from f to l.V inches in diameter on slender wiry petioles, li to 3 inches long;
leaflets broader than long, acutely notched at the apex; peduncles wiry, slender,
3 to 44 inches long; pedicels ^ to ,% inch long, erect, subtended by small
linear-lanceolate bractlets, and like the pedicels villous-pubeseeut; flowers pale
yellow, small, sepals lanceolate, rather obtuse; petals double the length of the
sepals, many-nerved, capsule columnar, jA, to 7? inch long, the seeds marked with
continuous lidges.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario to Lake Superior and Nebraska, south
to the Gulf of Mexico.
Alabama: Mountain region to Central prairies. Borders of fields and woods.
Lee County, Auburn (Earle if Underwood). Tuscaloosa County. Dallas County,
Uniontown. Flowers lemon-yellow ; end of April to .June. Frequent. Perennial.
Type localitj': Ontario to the Lake Superior region and Nebraska, south to the
Gulf of Mexico.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Oxalis grandis Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 475. 1894.
Great Yellow Wood Sourel.
Oxalis recurra Trelease, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 4 : 89. 1888. Not Ell.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 65. Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 2 : 347.
Annual or biennial by a slender rootstock. Stem rather stout, erect, simple or
sparingly branched, grooved, sparsely villous by scattered hairs, leafy above; leaves
large 1^ to If inches wide; leaflets unequal, broader than long, Avith a shallow but
acute sinus, acute at the base, slightly ciliate, hairy on the veins, the revolute mar-
gin purplish brown; inflorescence subcymose orc.ymose; peduncles 3 to 44 inches
long, as long as or longer than the leaves ; pedicels 4 inch long, erect, not reflexed in
fruit ; flowers large, ])etals | inch long, three times longer than the linear-oblong seg-
ments of the calyx, pod narrowly oblong, acute, seeds oblong, acute with interrupted
transverse ridges and 2 longitudinal crests on the back.
Carolinian area. Pennsylvania to Ohio and Illinois; south to Virginia and North
Carolina, altitude 2, .500 feet; through the Cumberland mountains of Kentucky and
Tennessee.
Alabama: Mountain region. Ricii woods. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain,
nearMentone, 1,600 feet, May 31. Talladega County, Kenfroe, 1,000 feet. LeeCounty,
Auburn {Earle 4- Undenvood).
Type locality: Many stations are cited within the above rjinge.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Oxalis violacea L. Sp. PI. 1 : 434. 1753. Purple Wood Sorrel.
Ell. Sk. 1:525. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 10.5. Chap. Fl. 63. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 52.
Cuba.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Southern New England to Colorado, south to
Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Lauderdale and Montgomery coun-
ties. Mobile. Flowers rose-}>urple; April. Not infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
IINACEAE. Flax Family.
LINUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 277. 1753.
Ninety S])ecies, temperate and warmer regions, cosmo])olitan.
Liuuni virginianum. L. Sp. PI. 1 : 279. 17.53. Wild Yellow Flax.
Ell. Sk. 1:375. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 102. Chap. Fl. 62. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 46.
r)Sr» IM.ANT I.IIK <»K .\I-.\I?.\MA.
NoUTIIKKN MkXK'O.
Allr«lifiii:iii to I.oniHiniiiaii an-a. N<>\v Jlii^'land \v<st to .Mic,lii;iaii ; Ohio Valley to
MiHHom i, •^lllltll to Arkansas ami Texas, and iVoni New York to i'lorida and i.oniHiana.
Ai.aiiama: riidoiildedly scattered thron^iliont tlie State in dry Handy Koil, C(d-
leeted. however, only ill a few localities. Lower h ills. Fayette ("on iity ( E. A. Smith).
Mol.iloConnty. Citronelie. I'lowers yellow, Ajiril, May. Not inlVeiinent in the dry
pine barrens of the Lower I'ino belt. Perennial.
ryii(> locality: " llah. in ^■i^;(inia, PeiiHylvania."'
Herb. (tcol. .s;ur\ . Herb. Mohr.
Liiuim medium i Planch.) IJritl. A I'.r. 111. Fl. 2 : :^4!l. 1897.
I.inum vir;iini<tiiiim var. medium Planch. Loud. .lonrii. 15ot. 7:4S0. 1848.
Carolinian and l.oiiisi.mian areas. Ontario to Florida and Texas.
Ai..\iiAM.\: Dry samly woods. Mobile Connty, Springhill, Citroiudlo. Baldwin
County,. losophiiie. Flowers p.ile yellow. .Inly, Angnst. Not fie(|neiit. Pen^nnnil.
Typo locality: ''Canada, lacns Huron, Or. Todd * '^ ' • Kentucky, J)r.
Short."
II. rb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Linum floridaiium (Planch.) Trelea.se, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2 : i:^. 18)S6.
SolTlIKKN YKIXOW Fi.AX,
l.itiiiiii rirqiiiiauiim vdv. Iloridaiiiiiit Planch. Lond. ,)ouni. L5ot. 7 : 480. 1848.
Chaj>. Fl.ed.;i, H4.
Carolinian and Louieianinn areas. Florida.
Ai.ahama: Mountain region. Lower Metaniorphic hills. Lee Connty, near Auburn
(lUiker iV i'.arlv, !>■!). Coast plain. Low damp pino barrens. Mobile and Baldwin
counties. Flowers jjale yellow. May, June, Freciucut, Perennial.
ryjie locality : " Florida, /)r. Chapman."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Linum striatum Walt, Fl. Car, 118, 1788, Swamp Yellow Flax,
(Jiay. Man. ed. (>, 102. Chap. Fl. G3; ed. 3, (51. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :47,
Alleghcnian to Louisianian area. Southern Ontario; eastern Massachusetts an<l
New Y(jrk to Missouri ami Nebraska ; south from Tennessee to Florida, west to Texas.
Alaisama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Moist thickets. Clay County, Shin-
bone Valley, 1,000 feet. Fayette Connty {E. A. Smith). Montgomery and Mobile
counties. Flowers yellow. May, June, Freijuent. Several stems from the same
root. Perennial.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. (ieol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
Liuum sulcatum Riddell, Snppl. Cat. Ohio PI. 10. 1836. Crooved Yellow Flax.
Liinnn hoottii I'laucli. Lond. .lonrn. Bot. 7 : 475. 1848.
(iray. Man. ed. 0. 102. Chap. Fl. 63. Cimlter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 47.
Allcghetii.in to Louisi.iniau area. Ontario; Northwest Territory, Massachusetts,
west to Minnesota, Dakota, Nebraska, southern Ohio Valley, Missouri, Arkansas, and
Texas.
Alahama: Central Prairie region. Dry open ground. Autauga County near
Prattville, (piitc abundant. Flowers pale vellow; .June, Local. AnnuaL
Tyj.e locality : " Dover, ( )hio, August 30, 1830," ex. Herb. Riddell,
Herb. (Jeol. ,^urv. Herb. Mohr.
Liuum berlandieri Hook. Bot. Mag. 63 : i. 3480. 1836.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 47.
Alabama: Adventive through wool on the duni])ing ground of the old w()olcu
mills, Prattville, Autauga County. Collected .July, 1880. Perennial.
Type locality: "Texas." Found by Borlandier at " Bejar " and later by Drum -
mond "at Kio Brazos and San Felipe."
Herb. Geol. Sur\ .
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Bean-Caper Family,
KALLSTROEMIA Scop, Introd. 212. 1777.
Twelve sjiecies. warmer regions. Asia, America.
Kallstroemia maxima (L. ) Torr. «fc Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 213. 1840,
Largest Caltrops,
Tribiiliis masimus L. Sp. Fl. 1 : 386, 1753.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 134.
SIMARUBA FAMILY. 587
West Indies, Mexico.
Caioliuian and Louisianiau areas. Florida, Texas, Arizona, Xew Mexico, and
Kansas.
Alabama : Coast j^laiii. Waste places. Adveutive from tlie southwest ou ballast.
Mobile.
Type locality: "Hab. in Janiaicae aridis.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
RUTACEAE. Rue Family.
ZANTHOXYLUM L. Sp. I'l. 1 : 270. 1753.
About 80 valid species, mostly of the trojiical and warmer regions of Asia. North
America, 4. Trees or shrubs.
Zanthoxylum clava-hercuiis L. Sp. PI. 1:270. 1753. Southern Pkickly Ash.
Zantlioxyluni carollnianum Lam. Encycl. 2:39. 1786.
Z. tricatyum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 235. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2: 690, 691. Grav, Man. od. 6, 107. Chap. Fl. 66. Coulter, Coutr. Nat.
Herb. 2 : 54. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 1 : 07, t. 2S, 29.
West Indies.
Louisianiau area. North Carolina along the coast to Florida and west to Texas.
Alabama : Central Pine belt to Coast plain. In light soil, border of woods. Tus-
caloosa, Hale, Marengo, Dallas, Montgomery, Clarke, Mobile, and Baldwin counties.
Flowers greenish white, middle of April; fruit ripe August. Small tree, 20 to 25
feet high ; diameter 6 to 8 inches. Fre(iuent.
Most frequent in the hammock lands of the coast plains.
Economic uses : The bark, " Southern prickly ash bark " — " Zanthoxylum," United
States PharmacopcBia — and the ripe seeds, '* prickly ash berries,'' are used in medicine.
Type locality: " Hab. in Jamaica, Carolina, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PTELEA L. Sp. I'l. 1 : 118. 17.53.
Six species, warmer North America. Trees or shrubs.
Ptelea trifoliata L. Sp. PL 1 : 118. 1753. Surubuy Trefoil.
Ell. Sk. 1:210. Gray, Man. ed. 6,107. Chap. FL 66. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:54.
Alleghenian to Louisiauian area. Southern Ontario; Long Island, New York, to
Michigan, south to West Virginia, through the Ohio Valley to Missouri, and Arkan-
sas; from New Jersey south to Middle Florida, west through the middle districts of
the Gulf States to central Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Upper division Coast Pine belt. Kooky banks.
Bibb County. Clarke County, Lisbon, blutfs on Alabama River; May. Collected
in fruit July 23. Shrub 3 to 4 feet high. Not frequent.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SIMARUBACEAE. Simaruba Family.
AIIiANTHUS Deaf. Mem. Acad. Paris, 1786: 265, 1. s. 1789.
Three species. Eastern Asia.
Ailanthus glandulosa Hesf. Mdm. Acad. Paris, 1786 : 265, t. S. 1789.
Tree of Heaven.
China.
Introduced and escaped from cultivation; perfectly naturalized throughout the
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Spreading in waste places, liorders of woods
and copses.
Alabama: Throughout the State. In numerous localities often forming dense
thickets; objectionable on account of its spreading habit, and the disagreeable odor
of the male flowers. Tennessee Valley. Montgomery. Mobile. Flowers in June.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
r).SS I'l.ANT I. IKK <<V \l,\r..\M.\.
MELIACEAE. Melia Family.
MELIA I., sp. I'l. ir.v.s. I?:.:;.
'r\v«'iily-liv<< sjn'cii'^, warm ro;ii()iis til' tlii' n|<l WOrlil. I itch.
l'iMi>K oi China. I'.kak Trkk.
Melia azedarach L. Sp. PI. 1:558. 1753.
Wksikkx A.sia to China and . Japan. Cultivated in \v;iiini'i- coiiiilrics.
Iiitiodiifrd and exteiiHively ciiitiviitoil for oruaincnt tlir<)n<i;li<)iit tlie l.,()iii.si.iniau
area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas. 1 ^cajitMl to wiisto i)la(('.s.
Alabama: Mol)il<«, wastr plai-i-s. March 15; ilowcrs lihic, fragrant; frnlt lipc in
October, aniher-colorcd, retained thnmgh the winter.
Ki-ononiic uses: Of sonic value for lumber. Oruanicntal shade tree. The bark
is the "China bark" of inodicinc.
I'ypo locality: " liab. i:i Syria."
POLYGALACEAE. Polygala Family.
POLYGALA L. Sp. I'l. 2:701. 17.53.'
About J(H) spc^cies, temperate and wanner regions of the globe. North America,
3S. Western and Pacilic, 21. lOustern, 27. Southern, 2(i or 27.
Polygala cymosa Walt. Fl. Car. 17!). 1788. Pixe-isakukx Ponu Milkwokt.
I'ohjgala conimbosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 54. 1803. In part.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 1X7. (Jray, Man. ed. 6, 122, Chap. Fl. 82.
Carolinian and Louisiaiiian areas. I'lorida, along the coast to North Carolina,
New Jersey, and Delaware, ^est to eastern Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower I'ine region. Coast i)lain. Bogs and shallow ponde. Mobile
an<l Baldwin counties. Flowers bright yellow ; .June, July. l"re<|uent. Annual nr
biennial. One and one-half to 2 feet high. Common in open, boggy piue-barrcii
Hwainps.
Ty]»e locality : South (Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygala ramosa KU. Sk. 2 : 186. 1822. Low-hhanciiki> ^Mii.kwokt.
Poh/iiala CO nj in horn Kutt. Gen. PI. 2:89. 18H. Not Michx.
Lll. Sk. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 122. Chap. Fl. 82.
Carolinian and Loiiisianian areas. Distribution as in the last.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. (!oast jtlain. Flat damp pine barrens, borders of
pine-barren ])ond8. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers yellow; June. Fre-
<iueiit. Eight to 12 inches high. Hiennial.
Ty]>e locality: "(Jrows in ponds in the llat i»ine barrens, intermingled with
the /'. corifmboxa.'' South Carolina and (Jeorgia.
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygala lutea L. Sp. PI. 2 : 705. 1753. Yellow Bachelok Buttons.
Ell. Sk. 2: 185. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 122. Chap. Fl. 83.
Carolinian to Louisiaiiian area. From Florida along the coast to New Jersey,
and west to eastern Louisiana.
Alabama: Central Pino belt to Coast plain. Danii) light soil, copses, open wotids.
Chilton and Autauga counties. Montgomery to Moliile and Baldwin counties.
Flowers deep orange; Ajiril to August. Common and most freciuent in I he low i)ine
barrens of the Coast i)lain. Six to 8 inches high. Annual or biennial.
Tyjie locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygala nana (Michx.) DC. Prodr. 1:328. 1825. Dwakf Milkwort.
Polygala hiiea var. nana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : .54. 1803.
/'. viridescenx Walt. Fl. Car. 178. 1788. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 18(!. Cliap. Fl. X3.
Carolinian and Louisiaiiian areas. Scuith Carolina to Florida, and wijst to eastern
Louisiana.
• Wm. E. Wheelock, The genus Polygala in North America, Mem. Torr. Club,
vol. 2, pp. 109 to 152. 1891.
POLYGALA FAMILY. 589
Alabama: Lower hills to Coast plain. Low sandy pine woods. Lee County,
Anburn {Underwood 4' Earle). Autauga County. Elmore County {E. A. Smith).
Clarke County, Thoniasville. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Frequent throughout
the Coast Pine belt to the coast. Flowers citron-yellow; April to July. Frequent.
Biennial. Stem assurgent 4 to 6 inches long.
Type locality : "'In pratis udis Carollnae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygala cruciata L. 8p. PI. 2 : 706. 1753. Crossleaf Milkwort.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 183. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 121. Chap. Fl. 84.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Southern Massachusetts and Minnesota to Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina, south to Florida, and west to north-
western Louisiana.
Alabama: Mountain region to the Coast ])lain. In damp open pine woods. Cull-
man County, 800 feet. Etowah County, Gadsden (G. R. Vasey). Monroe, Escambia,
Washington, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. Flowers purple; June to October.
Common and abundant in the lower pine barrens of the coast. Four to 8 inches
high. Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygala brevifolia Nutt. Gen. 2 : 89. 1818. Shortleaf Milkwort.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 122. Chap. Fl. 84.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. From Xew .Jersey along the coast to ITorida,
west to Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Damp shaded banks, low thickets. Moldle and lialdwin
counties. Flowers purple; July. Not infrequent. Annual.
Type locality: "Margins of sandy swamps. New .Jersey, also in Ohio.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygala hookeri Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 671. 1840. Hooker's Milkwort.
I'olij'iala attenuata Hook. Journ. Bot. 1 : 195. 1834.
Chap. Fl. 84.
Louisianian area. Western Florida to eastern Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region, Coast plain. Damp grassy pine barrens. Mobile
County, Grandbay. Baldwin County, Daphne. Flowers.pnrplish ; .June. Infre-
quent. Annual.
Type locality of P. attenuata Hook. : ".Jacksonville, Louisiana."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygala boykinii Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7 : 86. 1834.
Chap. Fl. K>.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Georgia and western Florida to Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower hills to Central Prairie region. Open woods. Lee County,
Kwhnvn {Baker <y Earle). Blount Cowwty {J. D. Smith). Tuscaloosa County (A'. J.
Smith). Shelby County. Perry County "(./. D. 6'/h(77*). Bibb County, Pratts Ferry.
St. Clair County, Ashville. Autauga County, Prattville. Hale County. Flowers
while; .June to August. Most frequent in the dry sterile hills of the Central Pine
belt and the Coosa Valley. One to 2 feet high. JPerennial.
Type locality : " In Georgia and Florida; discovered by my friend Dr. Boykin."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygala verticillata L. Sp. PI. 2 : 706. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 182. Gr:iy, Man. ed. 6, 122. Chap. Fl. 85. Coulter, Clontr. Nat. Herb,
2 : 26.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area Ontario to Saskatchewan; New England west
to Michigan, Dakota, and the Rocky Mountains; Wyoming to Utah, Colorado,
Nebraska, Kansas, and Arkansas; from New England throughout the eastern States
to the Gulf and Texns.
Alabama : Over the State. Gravelly open woods, barren soil. Flowers greenish
or purplish; July, August. Common in the pine-barren hills about Mobile. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygala ambigua Nutt. Gen. 2 : 89. 1818. Ambiguous Milkwort.
Poh/fiala verticillata var. ambigua Wood, Bot. & Fl. 80. 1870. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 122.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 614 ; ed. 3, 92,
Carolinian and Louisianian .areas. New Jersey to West Virginia, Illinois, Mis-
souri, Arkansas; Tennessee to Upper Georgia and northwestern Louisiana.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast Pine belt. Dry sandy or gravelly cojises.
Cullman, Blount, and Tuscaloosa counties. Wilcox (bounty ( /lucl.lri/).^ Moldle.
r)*M) IM.ANT I, IKK OK AI.AHAMA.
I'lowois iiiirplisli; Jniii', .Inly. Coiimioii ; most rroiiuciit tln<>M<^'lii>iit tlic^ Central
i'illl^ lirlt. Annual.
I'yjto locality: "In N<\v .IciHcy ami \ii i;ini;i ; in CoroHts and on roadsides near
ditrheB.'
lifili. (Ifol. Suiv. Hoib. Mobr.
Polygalaincarnata L. Sp. PI. 2:701. 1753. Ni;i>k-stkmmki) Mii.kwokt.
Kll. SU. 2: lS.->. (Jiay. .Man. od.fi, 121. Chap. FI.KJ.
Cunilinian to Louisianiun area. New .Icrsey to Virginia, west to Illinois, Mis.soiiri,
Kansas, Arkansas; sontlnrn Tennessee to the (Julf. and I'rom Klorida to Texas.
.Vi.AliA.MA : Mountain re^jion toCoast plain. Dry sandy pine woods. Lee County,
Auburn. Flowers jiale pink. May to September, frequent. Annual.
Type loealitj-: " llab. in \'iri;inia, Canada."
Herb. (uud. Surv. Ilorb. Mobr.
Polygala viridescens L. Sp. PI. 2 : 70."). 1753. (;kkkni.sii-i i.owkkkd Mii.kwoim.
I'olil'iala »au(inima L. Sp. PI. 2 : 70."). 1753.
/'. inirpiind S'utt. (Jen. 2 : SS. IXIS.
Kir.Sk.2: 1S4. <;ray. Man.ed.ti. 121. Chap. Fl. 83.
Alle^rjienian and Carolinian areas. Ontario; New England west to Minnesota, and
New York, Kansas, and Arkansas, and south to Georgia, Missis3ip])i, and northwestern
Louisiana.
Ai.AHAM.v: Central I'ine belt. Dry woods. Tuscaloosa County, Wimlbani Springs,
about 450 feet (E. A. Smith). Flowers pale purplish ; July. Only locality kiu)wu in
the State. Annual.
Type locality : " Ilab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. .Surv . 1 Ierl>. Mobr.
Polygala curtissii <'ray, Man. ed. 5, 121. 1867. Cuktiss's Mii.kwoi! r.
( iray. Man. ed. G, 121. Chap. 1"1. Suppl. 614 ; ed. 3, flO.
Carolinian area. Southern Pennsylvania, Marylaiul, West Virginia. Kentucky, and
south along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lee County, Auburn (Btder i'(- Earlc). Clay County^
Ch(!-aw-lia Mountain, conunon to 2,000 feet altitude. Coosa hills, sandy wet ])laces.
Cullman County, SOD feet. Calhoun County, Auniston, 600 feet. Flowers bright
])ink;.July. Local, not infretiuent. Annual.
Tyi)e locality : "Near Alexandria, Va., A. U. Curtiss."
lli-rb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygala mariaua Mill. Diet. ed. 8, no. 6. 1768. MAKYr.AXi) ^Iii,k-wout.
I'ohj<iala faatigiata Ntitt. Gen. 2 : 89. 1818.
/'. mnquinea Torr. & Grav, Fl. N. A. 1 :126. 1840. Excl. svn.
Gray, Man. ed. 6,121. Cliap. Fl. 83.
Carolinian and Loui.sianian area. Delaware and \irginia south to Florida, west
to Tesas and Arkansas.
Ai.aijama: Mountain region, iletanioi pliie hills. Central Prairie region to Coast
plain. Damp gras.sy ])lace8. J^ee County, Auburn (/iaAer .J- Earle). Dallas, Selma
( l)r.('ahiU). Mobile County, West Fowl River. Flowers ])urple. June. Infre(|ueut.
Annual.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygala nuttallii Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 670. 1840. Nitttai.i.'s Milkwort.
J'oljigalti sauf/itinca Nutt. Gen. 2 :88. 1818. Not L.
y. amhiiiua 'forr. &, (iray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 130. 1838. Not Nutt.
Ell.Sk.2: 184. Gray. .Man. ed. 6,121. Chap. Fl. 83.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. Coast of New England, New .Jersey, Delaware,
soijth to We.st Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and central Georgia.
Alaba.ma: Central Pine Itelt. Tuscaloosa County (E. A. Smith). Flowers i>ur[)le;
July. Only locality known in the State. Annual.
Tyjie locality of J'oli/dula nanfiiiinca Nutt. : "In the low pine barrens of New .Jersey."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Polygala chapmani Torr. &, Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 131. 1840. Chapman's Milkwort.
Chap. Fl. 83.
Louisianian area. Western Florida to Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast ]dain. Damp grassy jiine barrens. Mobile County. Flowerg
pale i)urple; May, June. Not rare." Slernler. 8 to 12 inches liigb. Annual.
Type locality: "West Florida, ]>r. Chcqiman."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Contf. Nat. Hob., Vol, VI.
Plate V.
wm%
^>^!p
M-
Croton alabamensis E. a, Smith.
SPURGE FAMILY. 591
Polygala polygama Walt. Fl. Car. 179. 17S8. Polygamous Milkwort.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 181. Gray, Man. ed. 6,120. Chap. FL 84.
Alleghenian to Loiiisiaiiian area. Oiitariu; New England west to Michigan, Wis-
consin, and northern Illinois, south to Horida, and through the Gulf States to Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Clay County, Moseley, 1,000 feet.
Low grassy places. Cullman County. Lee County, Auburn (Baker .f- Earlv).
Mobile County, ^^'e8t Fowl River, Perdido P)ay. Flat grassy pine barrens. Flowers
pink ; April, May. Not rare in the coast plain. Perennial.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polygala grandiflora Walt. Fl. Car. 179. 1788. Largk-flowered Milkwort.
Polyqala i^uhescens Muhl. Cat. 0(5. 1813.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 180. Chap. Fl. 84.
Louisianian area. I'lorida to South Carolina, west to Mississippi.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Dry copses, borders of woods.
Autauga, Montgomery, Monroe, and Baldwin counties. Flowers deep purple; June
to October. Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family.
PHYLLANTHUS L. 8p. PL 981. 1753.
About 400 species, mostly of tro])ical America, few in Eastern Asia and Southern
Flemisiihere.
Phyllanthus carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 228. 1788. Carolina Phyllanthus.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 661. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 4.57. Chap. FL 409. Coulter, Contr. N.at. Herb.
2:39;i.
C!aroliniau and Louisianian areas. Pennsylvania and Indiana to the Gulf States.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to the Coast xdaiu. Low damp banks. Walker
County (A'. ./. Smith). Etowah County, Gadsden. Mobile County. August. Fre-
quent. Annual.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CROTON L. Sp. PL 2 : 1004. 1753.
Four hundred and twenty species, subtropical and tropical regions of both hemi-
spheres, largely South American. North America, 24.
Croton alabamensis E. A. Smith ; Chap. Fl. Suppl. 648. 1887. Alaba.ma Croton.
Mohr, Card. & For. 2 : 592, /'. UO. 1889.
On the limit of the Carolinian and Louisianian areas.
Alabama: Bibb County, Pratts Ferry, Little Cahaba Valley, rocky woods.
Flowers end of March to middle of April. Fruit ripe at the end of May. Shrub 8
to 10 feet high, strictly contined to rocky low banks in the valley of the Little
Cahaba, forming dense thickets over several acres. Associated with Qiwrcns
brevUohata and <^). acuminata. First collected bv E. A. Smith, 1874. Mature seeds
collected by Mohr, .June 1, 1882. ' Plate V.
Type locality: "Central Alabama.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Croton punctatus .Tac(i. Coll. 1: 166. 1786. Silverleaf Chotox.
Croton argiiranthemnn Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 215. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 :'647. Chap. Fl. 407. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 397.
Louisianian area. Coast of South Carolina to Florida and western Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Dry pine barrens. Baldwin County. Flowers in
May. Shrubby at the base. Not free (u en t. Eight to 12 inches high. Perennial.
Type locality : " In Carolina sponte crescit."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Croton monanthogynus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 215. 1803.
Low Spreading Croton.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 4.58. Chap. FL 408.
Carolinian area. Southern Indianato Missouri, Kansas, and Arkausas, sonlli lium
North Carolina .and Tennessee.
r>l»2 ri.ANT I.IKK OK A I A HAM A.
Ai.ahama: Teniu'ssic \all.y. llxpusetl «;il<:ii«(iiis IiIIIh. Aiif^iiHt to Ortohor;
fn'i|iu'iit. Annual.
I'v])i« liM alit.v : " lliili. in 'I'tnna.ssi »i. jnxia N:isli\ illi. '
llerl>. (ifol. Snrv. Ilirli. Mohr.
Crotoii capitatus Michx. I'l. Itor. Am. 2 : L'l I. \so:i. Wooi.i.v ("mrni.N.
(Jray, .Man. <<l. li, ir>S. Chap. II. Snpj)!. (ilS : .d.:?. VAO. (onll.r, (Onf r. Nat. llcrb.
2 : :wi
NOIMIIKK.V MkXK ().
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Illinois, Missonii, and f.istcrn Kansas sonth to
Ti'nni'sseo, Arkansas, Texas, and westt'rn Loni.siana.
Ai.ahama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Widely scattered, chiefly a wayside
plant. Morijan County, cellar i)lain, l)ord« r liclds .and roads. Shell>y County, Calera,
aliont the railroad .station. Tallad"j;a Cnnnty, Syllacan^^a (/•;. ./. Siiiilh). Mobile,
borders Uirininjihain and Mid^ile liailroad track. Augnst to October. Annual.
Type locality: " I lab. in rej^ione Illinoensi."
IlVrb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Crotoii texensis (Klotzsch) Muell. Ar.i;. in DC. I'rodr. 15, pt. 2: t;H2. 1862.
TRXAS CitOTON.
lliudicandra tejensis Klotzsch in Wiegm. Archiv. 7:252. 1841.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, 458. Chap. Fl. Snppl. 618; ed. 3, IHO. Conlter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 1(X>.
Carolinian area. Western Louisiana, Texas, and Arizona.
Ai.ai'.ama: Lo\verhills. Waste ])lace8. Ivoadsides. Tallapoosa County, Dadeville.
.lellerson County, I{irinin<;liani, co])ionsly about railroad yards. Adventivo from the
Southwest. Flowers July, August. Annual.
Type locality: "In Arkansas * * * ^ in Texas * * " , et magis septen-
trionem versus sub latitud. 41- * *» * , in Mexico orieutali."'
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Crotou glandulosus L. Amoeu. Acad. 5 : Kiit. 1760. (ii.A.Mx i.Ait CuoTox.
Ell. Sk. 2:647. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 458. Cbiip. Fl. 408. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2::^!t',).
West Indie.s, Mexico, Soitii America to liUA/iL.
Carolinian and Louiaianian areas. .Southern Illinois, Missouri, southern Kansas,
Arkansas; from eastern \ irginia south to the Gulf, and from Florida to Texas.
Alaisama: Mountain region to the Coast plain. Dry sandy lields, waste places.
Antauga County. Clay County, Elders, ],()()0 feet. Montgomery, Clarke, and Mobile
counties. August to October. A common weed. Annual.
Tyi)e locality: .Jamaica.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CROTONOPSIS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:185, /.-/6\ 1803.
Single species, Atlantic North America.
Crotonopsis linearis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 186. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : .-.S3. (Jray, Man. ed. 6, 4.5«». Chap. Fl. !08.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. New England west to Kansas, south to I'lorida
and .\rkansas.
Ai.ai5A.ma: Mountain region. Central Pine belt, dry ]dace8. Etowah County,
Hlack Creek Falls. Tuscaloosa County (K. A. Smith). August; not frefjuent.
Annual.
Type locality: "Ilab. in maritimis Carolinae, juxta Long-T)ay, et in regioue
Illinoensi."
Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CROZOPHORA Neck. Elem. 2 : 337. i:90. I.iTMr.s TTerii.
Crozophora tinctoria .luss. Tent. Euphor. 28, t, 7. 1824.
Croton UnctorUoi L . Sp. PI. 2 : 1004. 17.53.
Si'Aix, North Africa.
Alabama: Adventive with ballast, M(d)ile. Septend)er, 1891. Not observed
lately. Annual.
Ty]>e locality : " llab. Monspelii."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
SPURGE FAMILY. 593
ACALYPHA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1003. 1753.
Two huudred aud thirtj^ species, mostly of tropical America. North America, 6.
Acalypha virginica L. 8p. PI. 2 : 1003. 1753. Virginia Thkke-seeded Mekcuky.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 615. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 159. Chap. Fl. 405. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 402.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario; Now England west to Minnesota and
Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama : Throughout the State, waste and cultivated ground. Flowers through-
out the summer. Common. Aunual.
Type locality: "Hab. in Zeylona, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Acalypha gracilens Gray, Man. 408. 1848. Slender Three-seeded Mercury.
Acalypha virginica gracilens Muell. Arg. Liunaea, 34 : 45. 1865.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 459. Chap. Fl. 406.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Coast southern New England to Florida, west
to Illinois, eastern Kansas, Arkansas, and Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Dry sandy soil. Woods, cultivated
and waste places. Clay County, Che-aw-ha range, 2,000 feet, in pine forests. Tus-
caloosa County (^. A. Smith). Mobile County. Flowers, July to September; fre-
quent. Annual.
Type locality: "Sandy dry soil. New Jersey and southward."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
Acalypha ostryaefolia Eidd. Syn. Fl. W. States, 33. 1835.
Carolina Three-seeded Mercury.
Acalypha caroUniana Ell. Sk. 2 : 645. 1824, Not Walt.
Ell. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 460. Chap. Fl. 406.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey west to Ohio, Missouri, and
Arkansas, south to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama : Central Prairie region to Coast i)lain. Cultivated ground, waste places,
damp rich soil. Autauga County, Prattville. Monroe County, Claiborne. Clarke
County {Dr. Denny.) Mobile County. July to September; frequent in the coast
plain. Annual
Type locality : "Found by Mr. T. G. Lea, on one of the Kentucky hills opx>osite
Cincinnati."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TRAGIA L. Sp. PL 2 : 980. 1753.
Fifty species, of warmer temperate and chiefly tropical America to Brazil. North
America, 4.
Tragia nepetaefolia Cav. Icon. 6 : 37, t. 557, f. 1. 1801. Nettle-leak Tragia.
Tragia urticaefolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 176. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 564. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 460. Chap. Fl. 406. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:404.
Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Florida to North Carolina, west to Texas,
Arkansas, and southern Missouri.
Alabama: Mountain region. Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Dry sandy soil,
open copses, borders of tields and woods. Clay County, Che-aw-ha Mountain,
2,400 feet. Bibb County {E. A. Smith), Talladega County, Renfroe. Cullman,
Montgomery, and Tuscaloosa counties. Butler County, Bladon. Mobile County.
Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. inter Ixmiquilpan et Cimapan Novae- Hispaniae oppida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Tragia urens L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1391. 1763. Stinging Tragia.
Tragia innocua Walt. Fl. Car. 229. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 2 :563. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 460. Chap. Fl. 407. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:404.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia to Florida and Texas.
Alabama : Central Prairie region to Coast Pine belt. Dry sandy places, pine bar-
rens. Montgomery, Butler, and Mobile counties. Flowers July, August; common
in the iiine barrens. Perennial.
15894 .38
r)*.)4 ri.ANI' I.IKK <•!•• AI.Ai; AMA.
I'niiii with ii.irro\vliii(>;ir Icavis, Hmoothi.sh (7'. liiicKri/olid I'M.). Haldwin Comil y,
saiuly Hhori'K ol' Moliilr May. Point Clear. Kaii".
Typo liicaiily : "llah. in N'ir^iiiia."
lloili. (Jcol. Shin . llorh. Molir.
MERCURIALIS L. S].. PI. 2 : Id.ST. 175:5.
Seven species, j;iii()i>e.
Meicuiialis annua L. Si». I'l. 2: 10:57. 17.">:i 1)<k;'s Mickciky.
Ailveiitivc frinn KnroiKi.
Alabama: Mobile, ballast weed, obsorvrd lor over 'M) yearw, cuiiimou about the
shippiii^:. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab.in l^uropae tenipcratae ninl)rosi8."
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
RICINUS ].. Sp. PI. 2:1007. 175:^.
One species, tropical Africa. Introduced, naturalized in all tropical coniitriea.
Ricinus communis L. Sp. PI. 2 : 11H)7. 1753. Castor On. lii:AN.
(Jray. Man. ed. li, 160. Chap. FI. 109.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Escaped from cultivation.
Alaha.ma : Naturalized throughout the State in numerous localities near dwellings.
Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in India ntraque, Africa, Kuropa australi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
JATROPHA I.. Sp. I'l. 2 : 1006. 1753.
Seventy species, of tropical America. North America, 5.
Jatropha stimulosa ;Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 216. 1803. Spihge Nkttlk.
Jalropha itrcns var. stimulosa Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 2 : 1101. 1866.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 619. Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 457. Chap. Fl. 409.
Carolinian and Lonisianiau areas. Coast of southern Virginia and North Carolina
to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Dry sandy pine barrens. Autauga,
Montgomery, Escambia, and Mobile counties. Flowers white, May to July. Com-
mon. Perennial.
Type locality : " In i)arte meridionali Americae septentrionalis, in Virginia projjo
Portsmouth, * ' ' , in Carolina * * " > in Alabama * » ^ ^ Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. 1 lerb. Mohr.
STILLINGIA L. Mant. 1 : 19. 1767.
Fifteen species, eastern Asia, Pacific islands. Southern North America, 5.
Stillingia sylvatica 1>. Mant. 1 : 126. 1767. Quekn's Delight.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 6.50. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 461. Chap. Fl. 404. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:404.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Southeastern Virginia to Florida, west to
Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Light dry soil, open woods, copses.
Chilton County. AutaugaCounty (A\ ^. <Smi</t). Clarke County (/)r. Z)e»{nj/). Mon-
roe, Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers yellow, April to June. Frequent in
the pine barrens. Perennial.
Economic uses: The root is the "queen's roof of medicine — "Stillingia,'' United
States Pharnuicopo'ia.
Type locality: "llab. in Carolinae pinetis,"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SEBASTIANIA Spreng. Neue Entdeck. 2 : 118, t. S. 1821.
About 405 species, mostlj' of trojiical America and southeastern North America.
Tropics of the Old World.
Sebastiauia ligustrina Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 2: 1165. 1866.
StiUinqUi lifjnstrina Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:213. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2:651. Chap. Fl. 405.
Louisianian .area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
HPITRGE FAMILY. ' 595
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Shady banks of streams. Mont-
gomery County, Pintlala. Choctaw County. Clarke County (Z>r. X>e7i«w). Mobile
County. Four to 8 feet high. Frequent, particularly iu the upi)er division of the
Coast Pine belt.
Type locality: "Hab. in sylvarum umbrosis, ad ripas amnium Carolinae et
Georgiae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SAPIUM P. Br. Hist. Jam. 338. 1756.
About 2.5 species, tropics of both homispheies.
Sapium sebiferum Eosb. Fl. Ind. 3 : 693. 1824. Tallow Tree.
Croton sebiferum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1004. 17.53.
Stillinqia sebifera Michs. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :213. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 651. Chap. Fl. 405.
China, Japan.
Louisianian area. Georgia, Louisiana. Introduced and cultivated for a shade tree.
Alabama: Coast plain. Mobile. Rarely escaped to waste grounds.
Type locality : " Hab. in Chinae humidis. Osbeck."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
EUPHORBIA L. Sp. PL 1 : 450. 1753.' Si'DKGE.
About 700 species, temperate and tropical regions. Europe, Asia, America. North
America, 55 to 60. Largely Southern. South Atlantic States, 35.
Euphorbia polygonifolia L. Sp. PI. 1 : 455. 1753. Seaside Spukge.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 656. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 452. Chap. Fl. 404. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 387.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, Ontario, Illinois (shores of the
Great Lakes) ; New York south to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Littoral region. Drifting sands of the seashore. Baldwin and Mobile
counties and adjacent islands. Flowers July to October; frequent. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada, Virginia."'
1 ierb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Euphorbia cordifolia Ell. Sk. 2 : 656. 1821-24. Heartleaf Sea.side Spurge.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 404. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 388.
Lonisianian area. North Carolina to Florida and west to Mi.ssissipi)i.
Alabama : Littoral region. Drifting sand. Eastern shore of IMobile Bay. Bald-
win County. Mobile County, Dauphin Island. June to August; rare. Annual.
Type locality: "In cultivated land, common around Beaufort," S. C.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Euphorbia serpens H. B. K. Nov. Gen. &. Sp. 2 : 52. 1817. Creeping Spurge.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 4.53. Chap. Fl. Supi>l. 646 ; ed. 3, 425. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 388.
Mexico, South America.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. Tennessee, Illinois, southern Kansas, and Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Waste places, roadsides. Mobile County. Most probably
adventive from the Southwest. August, September. Annual.
Type locality: "Crescit in umbrosis Cumanae prope Bordones et Punta Araya."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Euphorbia humistrata EngeLm. in Gray, Man. ed. 2, 886. 1856.
Low Spreading Spurge.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 453. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 646 ; ed. 3, 426. Coulter, ( 'ontr. Nat. Herb.
2:389.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Shaded sandy ground, grassy banks. New
Jersey, Ohio, southern Missouri, Tennessee, Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Baldwin County. Eastern shore
Mobile Bay. Mobile County, Spvinghill. Flowers August to October. Not infre-
quent with the following, and of the same habit of growth. Annual.
Type locality: "Banks of the Mississippi and lower Ohio, in rich alluvial soil,
and south westward."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
' ,1. B. S. Norton, North American species of Euphorbia section Tithyraalus, Elev-
enth Annual Peport of the Missouri i>otaniciil Ciardeu, pp. 85 to 144. 1899.
r>Or> rr.VNT 7, IKK OK ALAHAMA.
Euphorbia gaiberi llu^'rlin. ; Cliaii. Kl. Suiipl. illil. IHtiU. C.mjmkh's Si-i'K(iK.
Chap. Kl.t(l.:{, 12.").
Loiiisianian uruii. Soiilhern Khiriihi.
Ai.ai»a.ma: CoaHt phiin. Wasto i)liici',s, dry saixly or j;ravrlly noil. Mohilo County,
oil f ho hanks of the Mohilo Hiver near < (uc-niilc Creok. Kh)\ver8 July to September.
Annual.
I'erliapH advenlivo willi hallast. Ahnndiiut in tliis h)cality.
'iVjio locality: "Sandy coast, South Florida. "
llorh. <iool. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Euphorbia maculata L. Sp. I'l. 1 : 155. 1758. Si-ohkd SiMK<iK.
Euphorbia tlnimifoliii Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : (iOG. ISIJ.
Kll.sk. 2: ti.')'!. (iray. Man. id. 6, 453. Chap. Fl. JOS. Ccnilter, Contr. Nat. llerh.
2 : 3S!t.
AIloKhenian to Loni.sianian area. New England west to the Dak otas, Nebraska,
Colorailo, Missouri, Arkansas, and southward to the Gnlf from Florida to Texas.
Ai..\itAMA: Over the Slate. Roadsides, waste places, fields. July to November;
common everywhere. Annual.
Type locality: "flab, in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. lleih. Mohr.
Euphorbia nutans Lag. Gen. & Sp. 17. 1816. Fiki.d Si'i K(;k.
K\iphorhia prenlii Gnss. Fl. Sice. Prodr. .539. 1S27.
IJ. In/jiericifoUa many American authors. Not L.
JJ. In/pericifolia var. comiuunis 1-ngelm. Hot. .Mex. Hound. ISX. 1853.
Ell. Sk. 2:6.54. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 453. Chap. Fl. 403; ed. 3, 425. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2:387.
Ckxtral America, Eciapor.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario; Now England west to Pakotas,
Nebraska, Arkansas, and Teyas, and throughout the States east of the Mississippi.
Alabama: Over the State. Fields, cultivated ground. Common. Annual.
Type h)cality : "Hab. in N. H." (i. e. NovaHispania).
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Euphorbia pilulifera discolor Engelm. in Torr. Hot. Mex. Pound. 188. 1859.
Varikgated Spurge.
Diffuse, loaves very obli([uo at the base, subrhomboidal, sharply serrate, purplish-
spotted; stijuiles sul)ul;ite; capsule small, pilose; seeds minute, ovate, acute, uu-
dubite-tuberculate. Stems + to 1 foot long, leaves from 1 to 1^ inches long. Differs
in shape and color of leaves from the usual forms of Knpliorhia pilnli/eia; involucre
only I line long, heads 3 to 4 lines in diameter; seeds scarcely more than ^ line
long.
Our plant differs slightly in its assurgent to erect stem, and its seeds with a few
faint rugae and faintly punctate. The densely flowered cymulos are on peduncles 2
to 3 lines long; the appendages of the jiilose involucre are small, red.
SoNoiiA ( 'JTiurber).
Louisianian area. Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. In cultivated and waste grounds. Flowers throughout
the summer and fall. Annual.
During the past ten years extensively spreading and becoming a troublesome gar-
den weed.
Type locality: "Sonora; Thurher, Jrn«//j<, No. 1842, in part. Mr. BJodgett foxxndi it
in Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Euphorbia marginata Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 607. 1814.
Largk Flowering Spurge.
firay, Man. ed. 6, 4.54.
AUeghenian and Carolinian areas. Ohio to Minnesota and Colorado.
Alabama: Escaped from cultivation. Autauga County, Prattville (A'. A. Smith).
Annual.
Type locality: " On the Yellowstone River. M. Lewis."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Euphorbia corollata L. Sp. I'l. 1 : 459. 17.53. Flowering Spurge.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 659. fJray, Man. ed. 6, 454. Chap. Fl. 400. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 391.
AUeghenian, Carolinian, and Lt)uisiauian areas. New York west to Nebraska,
south ti> Texas antl Florida.
SPURGE FAMILY. 597
Alabama: Over tUe State. Dry (jxposed soil everywhere. Flowers white; .Tune
to October. Perennial.
Type locality : "llab. in ^ irgiuia, Cauuda,.'' >
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Euphorbia coroUata angustifolia Ell. Sk. 2 : 659. 1821-24.
Narrow-leaf Flowering Spttrge,
Ell. Sk. 1. e. Chap. Fl. 401.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Sandy pine ridges. Mobile County, Spriughill.
Escambia County. July, August; not inlrequeut. A very distinct variety. Per-
ennial.
Type locality: "Collected by Mr, Caradeux in St. Thomas, near Charleston."
Hei'b. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Euphorbia mercurialina Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 212. 1803.
Dock's Mercury Spurge.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 646. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 422.
Carolinian area. Tennessee.
Alabama : Mountain region. Sunny rocky hillsides. Madison County, Monte-
sano, 800 feet. Limestone ledges. May, 10 to 18 inches high from a thick ligneous
root. Only locality known in the State. Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in collibus, circa Knoxville."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Euphorbia floridana Chap. Fl. 401. 1860. Florida Spurge.
Euphorbia sphaerosperma Shuttlew. ; P>oissier in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 2: 102. 1866.
Chap. Fl. I.e.; ed.3,423.
Louisianian area. Florida.
Alaba:\ia: Lower Pine region. Dry sandy fields, open pine ridges. Escambia
County, Flomaton, a;ud adjacent parts of Florida. June. Perennial.
Type locality : " Dry pine barrens middle Florida."
Herb. Geol Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Euphorbia inundata Torr. ; Chap. Fl. 402. 1S60. Swamp Spurge.
Chap. Fl. 1. c.
Louisianian area. Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low damp pine barrens. Baldwin Connty, Zundel's,
April, 1879. Local. Rare, not observed during late years ; locality drained and under
cultivation. Perennial.
Type locality : " Pine-barren swamps, Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Euphorbia obtusata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 606. 1814. Obtuse-fruited Spurge.
Euphorbia helioscopia ? Ell. Sk. 2 : 658. 1824. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 455. Chap. Fl. 401. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 393.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia and Ohio, west to Missouri, Iowa,
Kaupas, and Colorado, south to South Carolina and Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Shady banks. Sumter County {E. J. Smith).
Wilcox County (S. B. Buckley). Flowers May, .June. Perennial.
Type locality: " In cultivated grounds: Virginia, near Staunton."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Euphorbia dictyosperma Fisch. tt Mey. Ind. Sem. Petrop. 2 :37. 1835.
Reticulate-skeded Spurge.
Euphorbia arkansana Engelm. & Gray, Bost. .Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 261. 1845.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 455. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 423. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 393.
Britt.Vt Br. I11.F1.2:379.
Louisianian and Carolinian areas. From Louisiana to Georgia; Texas, Arkansas,
Indian Territory, Missouri, and west to Colorado.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley, Russell vi lie. Central Prairie region. Hale County,
Gallion. Wilcox County (iiHcAZey). June; not frequent. Annual or biennial.
Type locality not ascertained. Locality of E. arkansana: "Prairies from Hous-
ton to the Colorado. * * * Also, Fort Gibson, Arkansas, Engelmann, and west-
ern Louisiana, Er. Sale."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
nO^s ri-ANT L1F1-: nv ALABAMA.
Eiiplioibia coinimitata l.iigclni. in <;r!i\. Man. oi\. 2. :iS'.t. \H'){\.
'I'lNIKK Sl'l liliK.
(iray. Mnn. o(l. ti, 15)). Cliap. II. lt)l. Conllcr, L'oiitr. Nat. lloib. 2::;!ll.
('aroliiii.iii to I.oiiisiaiiiMii area. Ontarii) and Miuiiesota; Maryland; Ohio N alley
to Missouri, .south t<i Texas and western Florida.
Ai.AHAM.v: I'cntral I'rairio re^^iou. Shaded l>anks. Sumter Cnni\ty (E. A, Smith).
Wilcox County (tS'. />'. Hm-khy). June; infrc<|nent. Biennial.
Typt" localiy : "Along water courses from Virginia toward the mountains to Ohio
and westward.''
Herb. Oeol. Surv. IIirK. Mohr.
Euphorbia peplus L. Sp. 1*1. 1:4."j(!. 175S.
Oray, Man. ed. ti, ■!.")<).
ElROI'K.
Alleghenian and Louisianian areas. Naturalized in Massachusetts and western
New York.
Alaha.ma: Advontive^Avitb ballast and liriuly established near the wharves of
Mobile. April, May. Annual.
Type loeality : " llab. in Europae eultis oleraceis."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Euphorbia tetrapora Engelm. in Terr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 191. 1859.
Chap. Fl. ed. 2. 646; ed. 3, 423, Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 394.
Carolinian .and Louisianian areas. Texas, Indian Territory, Louisiana, Georgia.
Alabama : Coast jdain. Waste open places. Most probably adventive from the
Southwest. Found only once.
Type locality : "iJeorgia; lioyMn. Louisiana; Hale. Texas; Lindheimer, Wright.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Moiir.
Euphorbia cyparissias L. Sp. PI. 1 : 461. 1753. Cyprkss Spirgi;.
V.VKovi:.
Alleiiheniau to Louisianian area. Naturalized in the Atlantic States.
Alabama: Mobile. Fugitive on ballast ; rarely observed. Perennial.
Tyi>e locality : " Hab. in Misnia, Bohemia, Helvetia, G. Narbonensi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CALLITRICHACEAE. Water Starwort Family.
CALLITRICHE L. Sp. PI. 2 : 9(59. 17.53.'
Fifteen to 20 ra.her obscurely defined spetucs, temperate Europe. North Amer-
ica, 11,
Callitriche austini Kn|;elm. in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 128. 1867.
« Ar.'^TiN's Watkr Starwokt.
Callitriche deflexa var. austini Hegelm. Verb. Bot. Brand. 9 : 15. 1867.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 182. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 646 ; ed. 3, 420.
Ckntral and South America.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New York, New .Jersey, Illinois, Missouri,
Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Shaded damp soil. Franklin County, Russellville.
Lee County, Auljuru (/j«it<r .(• i?ar/(;). In rich woods, .June 28,1892. Hare. Annual.
Type locality : "On damp soil in oj)en woods, tields, and roads New York and New
Jersey (C. F. Amtin) to Illinois, Missouri, Texas, Mexico, and South America."
Herb. Geol, Surv. Herl), Mohr,
Callitriche nuttallii Torr. Pac. R. Rep. 4 : 135, 1856. Nuttall's Water Starwort.
Callitriche pcdniiciilom Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 5 : 140. 1837. Not Arnott.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Arkansas. Mississippi, and Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. On damp open ground. Mobile County. Flowers Feb-
ruary, March; fruit ripens April. Frequent. Epigaeus, forming dense mats; herb
sweet-scented. Annual.
Type locality: "From Arkansas to the Pottoe, etc."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
' Thomas Morong, Notes on North American Halorageae, Bull. Torr. Club, vol. 18,
). 232 to 239 (Callitriche). 1891.
BOX FAMILY. 599
Callitriche peploides Nutt. Traus. Am. Phil. Soc. u. ser. 5 : 141. 1X37.
Drummond's Watku Stakwort.
CaUitriche drummondii Hegelm. Mouogr. Callit. 60. 1864.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 645 ; ed. 3, 420.
Cuba.
Louisianian area. Arkansas and Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Dami» ground in the shade of dwellings. Flowers Feb-
ruary, March. A more delicate j^lant than the last; sweet-scented. Annual.
Type locality : " On the banks of the Mis8i88ii)pi and on the margins of ponds."
Herb. Geo!. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Callitriche heterophylla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 3. 1814.
American Watkr Starwort.
Ell. Sk. 1:4. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 182. Chap. Fl. 398.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. New England (Morong) west to Missouri, Colo-
rado, Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana, and from New Jersey to Florida.
Alabama: Undoubtedly all over the State. In stagnant water, ditches. Col-
lected from but few localities. Montgomery and Mobile counties. February;
common. Annual.
A form with short stems, the linear to linear-spathulate leaves scarcely i inch long,
in muddy soil.
Type locality : " In springs and rivulets, very common."
Herb. Mohr.
Callitriche palustris L. Sp. PI. 2 : 969. 1753. Early Water Stakwort.
Callitriche renia L. Fl. Suec. ed. 2, 2. 1755.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 182.
Europe.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Canada to Florida and from Missouri to
Arkansas.
Alabama : A form with the leaves all linear, growing in shallow ponds, entirely
submerged. The typical form has not been observed. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab.in Europae fossis, paludibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
EMPETRACEAE. Crowberry Family.
CERATIOLA Michx. Fl. 2 : 222. 1803.
Monotypical shrub. Southeastern North America.
Ceratiola ericoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 222. 1803. Heatherlike Ceratiola.
Ell. Sk. 2: 676. Chap. Fl. 411.
Louisianian area. South Carolina, Florida to Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Arid barren sands. Washington County to Mobile
County; not infrequent. Flowers reddish ; August, September.
Type locality : " Hab. in aridis sabulosis Georgiae et Floridae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BUXACEAE. Box Family.
PACHYSANDRA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 177, 1. 4.T. 1803.
Two species, Japan and Atlantic North America.
Pachysandra procumbens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 178. 1803. Low Pactiysandra.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 456. Chap. Fl. 410.
Carolinian and Louisianian area. Kentucky, West Virginia, along the Alle-
ghenies to Tennessee, western Florida, and Louisiana.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich woods. Winston County, valley of Sipsey
fork, l,400feet (T. M. Peters). Marshall County, Collinsville ((i. C. Boynton). Local
and rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in occideiitalibus uiontium Alli'ghaiiis.''
Herb. Geol. tSurv.
{')()() PLANT LIKK «)K ALAHAMA.
ANACARDIACEAE. Cashew Family.
COTINUS A«l;iiis. I'iiin. I'l. 2 : IMT). 17t!:i
Twi) species, soiitlii'iu lOiiroiM, Asia. South Atliintic. North AimTira. Thms ami
shiiihs.
CotinuB cotinoides (^Nnlt.) Jiritton, Mcni. Ton. (inh, 5 : 21(i. 181M.
Amkkuan S.mokk 'Juee. Ciihtam W<»(»i,>.
lihus cotinoidcH Nntt. ; Torr. &. Gray, Fl. N. A. 1:216. 1838.
Votiinis (iiin'ricaiiuf< Nntt. Sylv. N. A. 3 : 1, t. SI. 1849. 1857.
(Jray. Man.ed.C. ll!t. Chaj). Fi. ?(».
Carolinian an^a. Indian Territory. Western Texas, valley oi" Medina River; Ten-
nessee, Chi-at Mountains; soutli western Missouri.
Alahama : Mountain region. Kocky woods. On the ridges where the carbonifer-
ous sandstone ininiediately overlies the limestone strata at an elevation of itOO to
1,200 feet. Madison County, high knob at the Haih'y place near Newmarket, there
first discovered by S. B. IJnckley in 1840 and rediscovered by Mohr in 1882. Monte-
sano range, copious coppice growth. Jackson County, summit of limestone ridge,
rising above the Curley place, extensive grove of original growth. Flowers middle
of April; fruit ripe at end of May. Drupes smooth, dark brown; tree 25, rarely 35,
feet high, 8 to 10 inches in diameter. Platk \].
Economic uses: The hue-grained deep yellow wood was formerly employed for
fence posts; used by the negroes for kindling. The bark, like the wood, is used tor
dyeing. Ornamental.
Type locality ^Torr. & Gray): "On the high rocky banks of (Jrand River,
-Vrkansas, Xutiall!"
lAerb. (m'oI. Surv. ilerli. Mohr.
RHUS L. S]). PI. 1 : 2G5. 1753.
One hundred and twenty species, of temperate and warmer regions. South iVmerica
Asia. North America 14. Trees and shrubs.
Rhus copalliua L. Sp. PI. 1 : 266. 1753. Simach. Dwaiik Sumach.
Ell. Sk. 1:362. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 119. Chap. Fl. 69. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 67. Sarg.-nt, Silv. N. A. 3 : 19, /. 104.
Allegheuian to Louisianiau area. Ontario, New England west to Minnesota and
Nebraska, south to the (iulf, and from Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Throughout the State. Hilly rocky woods and dry .sandy pine barrens.
Flowers green ; fruit ripe in August, dark red, acidulous. Large shrub, more rarely
arborescent. Most abundant and of largest size in the rocky hills of the Lower hill
country and Upper division of the Coast Pine belt.
Economic uses: The leaves are used for tanning.
Type locality : " Hab. in America seiitentrionali."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rhus glabra L. Sp. PI. 1 : 265, 1753. Smooth Sumach,
Ell. Sk. 1 : 36L Gray, Man. ed. 6, 119. Chap. Fl. 69.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario to Saskatchewan. New England west
to Nebraska, Colorado, Arkansas, and Arizona; from New York to Florida and west-
ern Louisiana.
Ai.aija:ma : Throughout, on barren, gravelly, orrocky soil. Flowers greenish white;
June. Fruit rijie in September and October, crimson, acid. Shrub 8 to 15 feet high.
Economic uses: The leaves are nsed for tanning and dyeing. The fruit is the
sumach, "Rhus glabra," of the United States Pharmacopu'ia.
Type locality : " Hab. in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rhus vernix L. Sp. PI. 1 : 265. 1753. Poison Sumach. Poison Elder.
Eh us venenata IJC. Prodr. 2:08. 1825.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 362. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 119. Chap. FL 69. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 3 : 23,
t. 107, 108.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Western Ontario; New England
west to Minnesota, south to the Gulf, and from Florida to western Louisiana.
Alabama : Throughout, excepting the higher mountain ranges. Swamps. Cull-
man County, Meriotts Creek, 600 feet. Flowers white, May; fruit ripe in Septem-
Contr Nat. Hprb., Vol, VI.
F>LATE VI.
COTINUS COTINOIDES tNUTT.) BRITTON.
CYRILLA FAMILY. 601
ber. Drupes white. Tall sLnih 10 to IX feet high; f'n'<iueutly iirborcscfut. Most
abundant in the pine-barren swamps of the Coast Pine belt. Lea\ es extremely poi-
sonous to the touch.
Type locality : " Hab. in America scpteutrionali, Japonia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rhus radicaus L. Sp. PI. 1:266. 17.53. Poisox Ivy. Poisox Vine.
Rhus foxicodendron radicans Torr. Fl. U. S. 324. 1824.
It. tosicodendron var. vuhjare Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 183. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 363. Gray, Man. eel. 6, lit), in part. Chap. Fl. 69.
Sakhalin, .Iapan, Kurile Islands, Mexico.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, Ontario; New England west to
Dakota and Arizona, south to the Gulf from Florida to western Louisiana and
Arkansas.
Alabama: Throughout. In rich damp woods. Bottom lands. Flowers white,
May ; fruit ripe in August and September. A stout root climber, ascending the
highest trees; lateral branches 3 to 4 feet long. Also creeping on the ground and
over rocks. Leaves soft, entire, more or less toothed and incised. Like the last,
poisonous to the touch.
Economic uses: The fresh leaves are used medicinally, being the " Rhus toxico-
dendron' of the United States Pharmacopdia.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rhus toxicodendron L. Sp. PI. 1:266. 1753. Poison Oak.
Bhus toxicodendron var. quercifoJlum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:183. 1803.
EU. Sk. 1:363. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 119, in part. Chap. Fl. 69. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 68, in part.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New .lersey to Florida and Texas.
Alabama : Throughout, but much less frequent. In dry sterile soil, barren hill-
sides and pine barrens. Flowers greenish white; April. Fruit ripe in August and
September. Drupes white. Low shrtib. 1 to scarcely 2 feet high, with an erect,
slender stem from a creeping slender root, never climbing, leaves thick, obtusely tri-
lobed. Most fre(|uent in the sandy pine ridges of the Coast Pine belt. Forms inter-
grading with the last have not been met with. Leaves equally deleterious.
Type locality : '• Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rhus aromatica Ait. Hort. Kew. 1:367. 1789. FhactRant Sumach.
Rhus canadensis Marsh. Arb. Am. 129. 1785. Not Nntt.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 364. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 119. Chap. FL 69. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 68.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario and New England; Vermont west to
Michigan, south to West Virginia; Ohio Valley to Missouri, southern Kansas, Arkan-
sas, and Texas, and from Tennessee to Georgia and western Florida.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. Mountain region to the Upper division of Coast Pine
belt. Clay County, Che-aw-ha Mountain, 2,400 feet. Madison County, Hanks of
Montesano, 600 to 800 feet. .Jackson County, Gurley's, 800 feet. Dekalb County,
Lookout Mountain, 800 feet. Blount County, Warnock Mountain, 800 feet. Dale
County, Ozark, scarcely over 2.50 feet above the sea. Flowers yellowish, March,
April. Fruit ripe in .June; drupes scarlet, aromatic. A slender slirub, 8 to 12 feet
high, with wandlike branches. Most frequent on the calcareous slopes of the Ten-
nessee Valley.
Type locality: "Native of Car<dina. Mr. .John Bartram."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
CYRILLACEAE. Cyrilla Family.
CYRILLA L. Mant. 1:50. 1767.
One species, southeastern North America.
Cyrilla racemiflora L. Mant. 1 : 50. 1767. Leatherwood. Black Ti-ti.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 294. Chap. Fl. 272. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 2 : 3, t. 51.
Louisianian area. Western Florida along the coast to North Carolina and west to
eastern Louisiana.
Alabama : Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Sandy swamps, borders of i)ine-barren
streams. Autauga County {E. A. Smith). Lee County, Auburn {Baker <S' Barle).
r»()l> IM-ANT MKK <»K ALA1?AMA.
Clarke, Ksi'ftuiliia, \VaHhiii;;t<)ii. lljiUhviii. ;iml Moliili^ l(Hlllti(^K. I'lowers \vliili\ .Iniio.
Slinili or more Ireiiiiciitly Idw troc. l."> t<> :ii> iVct lii;;li and t> to 12 in<'hcH in diametiT.
Most tivciiunt ill tiio l.(i\\< r 1'iin^ lo^rinn and (oast jjlaiii. Ibnuing douse tliickets.
Tyjn- locality: "liab. in Caioliuao piuetis liumeiitibuB."
ilerli. tJeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CLIFTONIA I'.aiiks in fia^rt. f. Fru<-t. Sjijipl. 24fi, t. 225. 1805.
uMyi.ocahyim Willd. I'.iniin. I"l. :.l. 1807.)
Cliftoiiia monophylla (Lam.) Hrittou, JJnll. T«.rr. (inl), 16:;!10. 1889.
Tl-TI. BUCKWIIKAT TRKE.
/'/e/famoHO/)/n///rt Lam. Ilhist. 1:330. 1791.
(Uftonia uilid'n (iaert. f. Fnict. 3:217, t. 22.',, f. 5. 1805.
MilocariiHin litjuMirinHm Willd. Eunm. 454. 1807.
CUnoiiiii liiiin^trhia S]>rcn■,^ Svst. 2:1516. 1825.
Eli. Sk. 1 : 508. Chap. Fl. 2^3. Sarj^rent, Silv. N. A. 2 : 7, /. f>2.
Louisianiau area. Georgia, Florida west to eastern Louisiana.
Al.xbama: Ui>i)fr division Coast Pine belt to Coast i)laiu. Wet pine barrens, in
sour peaty soil. Flowers white, slightly fragrant, middle of Marcii to April. Large
shrub to tree of almost medium size, 25 to 35 feet high, and 8 to 12 inches in diameter,
forming almost impenetrable thickets, acres in extent — the so-called ti-ti swanips.
Economic tises: The wood is excellent fuel.
Type locality : "E Carolinia. Fraser."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ILICACEAE. Holly Family.'
ILEX L. Sp. ri. 1:12.5. 1753.
About 150 species, warm temperate regions of both hemispheres. Europe, Asia,
Souiii America. North America, 14 or 15, largely Southeastern. Trees or shrubs.
Ilex opaca Ait. ilort. Kew. 1 : 169. 1789. Holly.
jni.Sk. 2:679. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 108. Chap. Fl. 269. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : .56. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 1 : 107, t. 45.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern Massachusetts, New York to
Florida, west to the Trinity Valley, Texas, Arkansas, and southeastern Missouri.
Alabama: Throughout the State. Rich woodlands. Flowers white, April; fruit
ripe in Sei)teml)er and October, scarlet, remaining over winter. From 25 to 10 feet
high and 10 to 15 inches in diameter. Of largest si/.e and most fre(|nent in the rich
second bottom lands of the Prairie region and I'pper division of the Coast Pine belt.
Economic uses: An ornamental tree, the wood visefnl.
Type locality: ''Native of Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ilex cassine L. Sp. PI. 1: 125. 1753. Not Walt. Dajioox Holly.
Ilex dithoon Walt. Fl. Car. 241. 1788.
/. laurifolia Nutt. Am. .Journ. Sci. 5 : 289. 1822.
Ell. 8k. 2 : 680. Grav. Man. ed. 6, 108. Chap. Fl. 269. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 1 : 108,
t. 40.
Louisianian area. Southeastern Virginia along the coast to valley of St. Johns
River; Florida along the coast to Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Alluvial swamps. Baldwin County, Stockton. Mobile
County, swamps of Mobile and Dog rivers. Flowers sordid white, April; fruit ripe
in September and (October, scarlet. Among the dense swamp growth a stout shrub;
in more exposed situations from 20 to fully 35 feet high and 6 to 12 inches in diam-
eter. Not connnou.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ilex myrtifolia W^ alt. Fl. Car. 241. 1788. Myutlk-leal' Daifoon Holly.
Ih'X anguatifolia Willd. Enum. 172. 1807.
/. dahoon var. miiriifoUa Chap. FL 269.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 681. Chap. Fl. 1. c.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida and western Louisiana.
' Wm. Trelease, Revision of North American Ilicineae and Celastraceae, Trans.
St. Louis Acad. Sci. vol. 5, pp. 343 to 348. 1889.
HOLLY FAMILY. 603
Alabama: Lower Pine region and Coast plain. Margins of sandy pine-barren
ponds. Mobile County, Wliistler. Grand Bay. Flowers white, April; fruit ripe
in September, October, dull purplish red. A low tree 15 to 20 feet high and 4 to 6
inches in diameter, with wide-spreading limbs. Not rare.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ilex vomitoria Ait. Hort. Kew. 1 : 170. 1789. Yaupom.
//e.'casvJHeAValt. Fl. Car.241. 1788. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 2:681. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 108. Chap. Fl. 269. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 1:111,
t. 4S. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 56.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern Virginia to St. .Johns River,
Florida west to the Colorado Valley, Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Borders of low sandy woods and open copses, clearings.
Mobile County. Baldwin County and outlying islands. Flowers white, April;
fruit vermilion red, October ; remains until the next flowering season. Large shrub ;
more frequently small tree 15 to 25 feet high, 4 to 8 inches diameter. Common.
Economic uses: Leaves used sometimes as a substitute for tea; chief constituent
of the "black drink" of the Indians.
Type locality : "Native of west Florida.''
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Ilex decidua Walt. Fl. Car. 241. 1788. Privet. Deciduous Holly.
Ilex prinoides Ait. Hort. Kew. 1 : 169. 1789.
Ell. Sk. 2:682. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 108. Chap. Fl. 269. Coulter, Contr. Xat. Herb.
2 : 56. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 1 : 11.3, /. 4!).
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia, Tennessee to Florida, west
to Texas, Arkansas, southern Kansas, Missouri, and southern Illinois.
Alabama; Tennessee Valley to the Coast plain. Low wet woods. Winston
County, Sipsey Valley. Morgan County, Falkville. Blount County, on Mulberry
River. Montgomery County, Pintlalla Creek. Dallas County. Mobile County,
Mount Vernon. Baldwin County, Stockton. Flowers white, March, April; fruit
ripe in October, scarlet, remaining on the bare branches until late in winter. Shrub
8 to 10 feet high, rarely arborescent; frequent.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ilex longipes Chap. ; Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5 : 346. 1889.
LOXG-PEDT"NCLEI> PRIVET.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 82.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Tennessee and North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Upper division of the Coast Pine belt, rocky or
gravelly banks of streams. Cullman County, 800 feet. Clarke County, Thomas-
ville. Wilcox County (ZJitcAZei/). Flowers white, April; ripe fruit not seen. Shrub
3 to 4 feet high; infrequent.
Type locality: "North Carolina (Buckley) to Tennessee {(Uittiuiier), Alabama
(Buckley, Beaumont), and Louisiana (Drunwiond)/'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ilex caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 141. 1788. Carolina Privet.
Prinus ambiguus Michx. Fl. 2 : 236. 1803.
Ilex amMqaa Chap. Fl. 269. 1860.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 705. Chap. Fl. 269.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Sandy banks of ])ine-barren streams. Mobile
County, Whistler, Bogue Home Creek, Springhill. Flowers white, April ; fruit ripe
October, J to | inch in diameter, coral red, translucent. Deciduous shrub 4 to 6 feet
high, with wandlike branches; not frequent.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ilex monticola Gray, Man. ed. 2, 264. 1856. Mountain Privet,
Ilex montana Gray, Man. 276. 1848. Not Prinus montanus Sw. 1788.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 108. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 633; ed.3,82.
AUeghenian and Carolinian areas. Mountains of New Y'ork and Pennsylvania,
south along the Alleghenies to Tennessee and North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Damp rocky banks of brooks, Dekalb County,
Lookout Mountain near Mentone, 1,600 feet. Cullman County, 1,000 lect, .Jones
Chapel, Flowers April; ripe fruit not seen. Shrub or small tree; infrequent.
('.04 VLANT LIFE <>K ALAliAMA.
Tyjie locality : "Daiiiit woods, 'rmonic ami Calskill MomilaiiiK, New York, and
AlleKbuuicB from l'«'iiii8\lvaiiia hoiiIIiw ard."
Uorli. (Jeol. Surv. Jlorlt. .Moln.
Hex monticola mollis (dra.v) Hiitton, Mem. Ton. Cliilt. 5 : L'17. 1894.
lh:r vtollix (iray. Man. .-d. ;"., 800. 1867.
liray, Man.od.U, 108.
Carolinian area. Alleguenii-s from Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Tennessee.
Ai.An.\M.\: Mountain rcf^ion. Leo Connty, Auburn {F. ,S. Earle). Rare.
Ty])e ioiality : " Rnr^roous (Jap, Allofjlifnies of Pennsylvania (./. It. Lowrie, I'ortcr),
and alon;; tlie mountains in the Southern .States."'
Herb. CJeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hex coiiacea (Puish) Chap. Fl. 270. 1860. Tali. Inkukkuy.
i'n'/io.v coriacciin I'ursh, Fl. Am. Sejit. 1 : 221. 1814.
Ilcr hnida Torr. vV (irav ; Wats. Bibl. Ind. 159. 1878.
Ell.Sk.2:7(ls. Chap. Fl. 270.
Louisianian area, (u'.orgiaand Florida to eastern Louisiana.
Alaha.ma : Coast ]dain. Swamps along i.iuci-barren streams. Lee County, Auburn
(Jidkrr tSEarh). Baldwin County, Point Clear. Mobile County. Flowers white,
April; fruit ripe in September and October, shining black. Tall evergreen shrub
8 to 1.") feet high; frccpient.
Type locality: " In sandy woods, near the banks of rivers: Georgia. EnHle.u."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ilex glabra (L.) Gray, Man. ed. 2, 264. 18.56. Inkberky.
I'rinos qlahir L. Sj). PI. 1 : 330. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 707. ( iray, Man. ed. 6, 109. Chap. Fl. 270.
AUeghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Nova Scotia on the seashore;
coast of Massaehusetts south to ^'irginia and Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alahama: Central Pine belt to Coast ]ilain. Low sandy pine barrens. Autauga
and Elmore counties. ^lacon County, south to Mobile and Baldwin counties.
Flowers white, May; fruit rrpe in October, black, remaining over winter. Ever-
green shruli 3 to 4 feet liigh ; common, in the Hat pine woods along the coast.
Economic uses: Like most of the species of tlie genus, a good bee ])lant.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada. Kalm."
Herli. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray, Man. ed. 2, 264. 1856. Black Aldkr. Wixtkk Bkury.
I'rinos rerticiUaliia L. Sp. PI. 1 : 330. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 706. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 109. (Jhap. Fl. 270.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, west to
southern Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, south to I'lorida, and along the Gulf to
Louisiana.
Alabama: Throughout the State. Low banks of Rtreams, alluvial swamps.
Cullman County, 800 feet. Montgomery County\ Baldwin County, Stockton.
Flowers dull wliite, April; fruit ripi; in October; drupes scarlet. Deciduous shrul)
6 to 10 feet high. Nowhere abundant . Some forms of this polymorphous shrub might
be referred t<) the var. jiadifolia i Willd., Torr. & Gray).
Economic uses: The bark was olliciaily recognized in earlier editions of the United
States Pharniacoi>u'ia under the name of black alder bark.
Type locality: "Hab.in Virginia."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. llerl). Mohr.
CELASTRACEAE. Staff-tree Family,
EUONYMUS L. Sp. PI. 197. 17.53. Staff Trek.
About 60 species, temperate regions, mountains of India, China, Japan, luirope.
North America, 3.
Euonymus americanus L. Sp. PL 1 : 197. 1753. Stuawbkrry Bush.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 292. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 110. Chap. Fl. 76,
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New York, West Virginia, and Tennessee to
Florida, west to Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Alai'.ama : Mountain region to Central Pine belt. Light soil, on shady banks .and
in wooiUauds. Clay County, banks of Talladega Creek, 800 to 1,000 feet. Lee
MAPLE FAMILY. 605
County, Auburn {Earle cj- Undencood). Tuscaloosu, Montgouiery, Clark, Baldwin,
and Mobile couuties. Flowers greenish, April ; fruit ripe in September ami October.
Freijueut.
Type locality : " Hab. in Viigiuia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Hort. Vind. 2 : 5, t 120. 1772.
Strawberry Tree. Burning Bush.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 293. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 110. Chap. Fl. 76.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario to Montana, New York to Ohio,
Missouri, Arkansas, and Indian Territory, south to Virginia and along the moun-
tains to Georgia.
Alabama : Mountain region. Jackson County, Gurley place in cultivation, said to
have been transplanted from the woods of the vicinity.
Economic uses : The bark is used medicinally. That of the root is the Euonymus
of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia.
CELASTRUS L. Sp. PI. 19(3. 1753.
About 135 species, temperate to tropical regions of both hemispheres. North
America, 1.
Celastrus scaudeiis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 19tj. 17.53. Wax-w ork. Fai.sk Bitter-sweet.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 110. Chap. Fl. 77.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario; Lake Suiierior to Manitoba; New
England west to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Kansas, south to the mountains of Ten-
nessee and North Carolina, and in New Mexico.
Alabama: Mountain region. Ridges of highest elevation, rocky banks. Dekalb
County, Lookout Mountain, Mentone, 1,800 to 2,000 feet. Flowers greenish, June;
fruit ripe in October. Climbing shrub ; infrequent.
Economic uses: The bark is used as a domestic medicine.
Type locality: "Hab. in Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. ISlohr.
STAPHYLEACEAE. Bladder Nut Family.
STAPHYLEA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 270. 1753.
Seven species, temijerate Europe. Eastern Asia, 1. North America, 2.
Staphylea trifolia L. Sp. PL 1 : 270. 1753. Amekican Blauder Nut.
ElLSk. 1:369. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 118. Chap. Fl. 77.
Alleghenian and Carolinian area. Quebec and Ontario; New York to West Vir-
ginia, west to Missouri and Arkansas, south to Tennessee and South Carolina.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Moist shady borders of woods and copses. Lauder-
dale County, Florence, blufts of Tennessee River (if. C. Wilson), QOO feet. Flowers
white, purple-tinged, April ; rare. Shrub 8 to 10 feet high.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ACERACEAE. Maple Family.
ACER L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1056. 1753.'
Sixty species, temperate regions Northern Hemisphere, eastern Asia. North
America, 13 or 14 species. Trees.
Acer saccharum Marsh. Arb. Am. 4. 1785. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple.
Acer saccharinum Wang. N. Am. Holzart. 36, 1. 11, f. 26. 1787. Not L.
Acer barbatuin Sargent, Silv. N. A. 2 : 97, t. 90. 18913. Not Michx.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 450. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 117. Chap. Fl. 80.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Manitoba;
New England west to Minnesota, south to Missouri and Arkansas, and from New
York alonjjf the mountains to Tennessee and Georgia.
' Chas. G. Sargent, Silv. N. Am. vol. 2, pp. 79 to 113. 1893.
William Trelease, The sugar maph^s, with a winter synopsis of all North American
maples, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card., pp. 88 to 106. 1894. '
«)0(> PLANT LII'K OK ALABAMA.
Alabama: ^[oiinlaiu rojjioii. Kidi woddtMl sIoijoh. Madison ( Diinty, lliiiitNvillo,
7.") I'lH't liigli. SceiiiiiiKly not l're(|U('iit.
Mcoiioiuic uses: Fiuo tiniluT tree. Siijjur tree ol" the noilli, tapped lor itH naccba-
riiK' Hap.
lypo locality: North Aniorican; not spocilically given.
llt-rli. (Jeol. Siirv. Herb. Mohr.
Acer sacchanim barbatuin (Micbx. ) Trtlcasc, Ann. Idcp. Mo. Hot. (Jard. 5 : !>!. 1X{)\.
Kr»;EL'.s Hakd Mai'Le.
Jnr harhatiim Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 2 : 2.52. 1803.
Acer nuirlii I'ax, Kngler'H Hot. .lahrb. 7 : 243. 18H6.
Cli.ip. Fl. <d. :!, 87.
Allcglicuian and Carolinian areas. Southern Connecticut, soutborn New ^'ork and
New .lerscy. Avcst to Michigan, Missouri, and Tennessee.
Ai-AiiAMA: Mountain region to Upper division Coast Pine belt. Woode<l bills.
Clay County, banks of Talladega Creek, 800 to 1,000 feet. IMke County, near Troy
(Walnut Creek). Uutler County, Mount Sterling, on limestone hills; not rare. The
Alabama tree agrees perfectly with Pursb's description ; as observed in the State
it is scarcely over medium size; the leaves smaller than in the type, generally
acutely 3 lobed, with open rounded sinuses, pale to glaucous beneath. Altbougli
toward its northern limit closely connected with the type, in its southern range this
form is easily recognized as a well-marked variety.* Further, judging by the jihrase,
"A. foliis breviter trilobis,'' and by his giving Carolina for the home of the tree, there
can be little doubt that Michaux in the description of his Acer barbatum had this
.Soutliern tree in mind.
Type locality : "llab. in Carolina."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Acer leucoderme Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 22 : 367. 1894. Pale-uakk Maple.
Acer lloridauiim acuminaium Trelease, Kep. Mo, Bot. Gard. 5: 99, t. 11. 1894. Not
Dorr. 1825.
Carolinian and I.ouisianian areas. North Carolina to Georgia.
Alabama : Dry rocky banks and wooded hills. Mountain region to Upper division
Coast Pine belt. Cullman County, 800 feet, .Tune 18, 1891. Blount County, War-
nock Mountain, 800 feet. Walker County, Wolf Creek. Butler County, Mount
Sterling. A sturdy tree, rarely over 30 feet high ; branches low ; bark light gray,
almost white. Large-leaved forms approach forms of Acer saccharum harbaUim;
easily distinguished by the white bark.
Type locality : "Two rockj- canyons, that of the Yadkin River, in Stanley County,
N. C, and especially that of the Yellow River, in Gwinnett County, Ga."
Herb. Mohr.
Acer floridanum (Chap.) Pax, Engler's IJot. .lahrb. 9: 243. 1886. Florida Maple.
^Icer sdccharinitm var. Jtoridannm Chap. FL 81. 1860.
A. barbatum xnr. JloridanHm Sargent, Silv. N. A. 2 : 100, /. :)1.
A. )iiexica7ium Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 5 : 176. 1862.
Chap. Fl, 1, c, ; ed, 3, 87.
Mexico, Central America.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida west to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama : Central Prairie region and Upper division Coast Pine belt. Rocky
banks and hillsides. Bibb County, Tionus. Pike County, Girard, Troy. Monroe
County, Claiborne. A small tree, scarcely over 25 or 30 feet high, 6 to 8 inches in
diameter. Not infrequent.
Type locality : '" Upland woods, middle Florida."
Ilert). Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr,
Acer saccharinum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1055. 1753. Soft Maple, Silver Maple.
Acr dasycarpioH Ehrh, Beitr. 4 : 24. 1789.
Hll, Sk. i : 449, Gray, Man. ed. 6, 117, Chap. Fl, 81,
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick and Ontario; New England
west to Minnesota, Dakota, Kansas, Arkansas, and Indian Territory, south through
the Ohio Valley to western Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Following the larger streams to the alluvial lands
in the Coast plain. Banks of streams. Tuscaloosa and Montgomery counties.
Mobile County, Mount Vernon. Flowers February and March. Fruit ripe in May
and .Tune; tree 50 to 60 feet high, 8 to 15 inches in diameter. Trees of full size in
the lower valley of the Warrior River. Frequent among the second growth of the
bottom lands.
Economic uses; A handsome shade tree, the wood of little value excei)t for fuel.
Type locality : "Hab, in Pennsylvania. Kalm."
Herb. Geol, Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HORSE CHESTNUT FAMILY. 607
Acer rubrum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1055. 1753. Red Maple. Swamp Maple.
Ell. Sk. 1:449. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 618. Chap. Fl. 81. Sargeut, Silv. N. A. 2 : 107, ^ .W.
Allegheuiau to Louisiauiaii area. New Brunswick, Ontario; New England west
to Dakota, soutli to Florida, and along the Gnlf to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Swampy woods and low river hanks. Flowers scar-
let. Fehruary, March; fruit ripe April, red.
Economic uses : The wood is used in cahinet making.
Type locality: ''Hah. in Virginia, Pennsylvania."
Herh. Geol. Surv. Herh. Mohr.
Acer drummondii Hook. & Arn. ; Hook. Journ. Bot. 1 : 200. 1834.
Drummond's Red Maple.
Acer rubrum fZr«mwonf?ii Sargent, For. N. A. 50. 1884.
Louisiauian area. Western Louisiana and Mississipiji,
Alabama : Coast plain. Swampy alluvial forests. Mohile County, Mount ^'oruon.
Inundated hanks of Davids Lake. Flowers in Fehruary ; fruit ripe middle of April,
purplish (wine-purple). Thirty to 35 feet high, 10 to 12 inches in diameter. Not
frequent.
In the Mississippi and Yazoo hottoms, where this tree is frequent, forms haveheen
ohserved with the leaves less deeply lobed and with slighter pubescence, approach-
ing A. rubrum.
Type locality: "New Orleans," Drummond.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Acer neguudo L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1056. 1753. Box Elder.
Negundo aceroides Moench, Meth. 334. 1794.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 4.52. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 118. Chap. Fl. 81. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 66. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 2 : 111, t. 96.
Alleghenian to Louisiauian area. Ontario aud Saskatchewan ; New England, west
to Minnesota, Dakota, Montana, and Utah, south to Florida, Louisiana, Arkansas,
Texas, and eastern Arizona.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley to Lower hills. Morgan County. Lawrence County,
Moulton. Madison aud Blount couuties. Frauklin County, Russellville. Tusca-
loosa County {E. A. Smith). Flowers in March; not frequent. A tree of sturdy
growth, rarelj' over 50 feet high, 12 to 16 inches in diameter.
Type locality : "Hah. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AESCXJLACEAE. Horse Chestnut Family.
AESCULUS L. Sp. PL 344. 1753.
Fifteen species, temperate Asia. North America, 6.
Aesculus glabra Willd. Enum. 405. 1809. Fetid Bickeye.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 116. Chap. Fl. 79. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 2 : 55, i. 67, 68.
Caroliuian area. Pennsylvania west to Michigan, south to the Ohio Valley and
Missouri, and along the Alleghenian Mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Calcareous wooded hills. Mad-
ison County, Huutsville, 800 feet. Winston County ; Blount County, Warnock Moun-
tain, 700 feet. Flowers yellow. May; fruit ripe in September. A tree from 40 to 50
feet high. Not infrequent in the limestone region of the Tennessee Valley, elsewhere
rare.
Type locality: "Hah. in America boreali."
Herb. Mohr.'
Aesculus octandra Mar.sh. Arb. Am. 4. 1785. Yellow Buckeye.
Aesculus lutea Wang. Schrift. Nat. Freund. Bcr. 8 : 133, t. (>. 1788.
Aesculus flava Ait. Hort. Kew. 1 : 494. 1789.
EU.Sk. 1:436. Gray, Man.ed. 6, 116. Chap. Fl. 80. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 2 : .59,
t. 69.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Allegheny Mountains from Pennsylvania to
northern Georgia, west to Iowa, Indian Territory, and eastern Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich wooded hillsides. Madison County, Monte-
sano, grove of fine trees 75 to 80 feet high, near the Big Spring, 1,300 feet altitude.
Local and rare.
Economic uses: Timber tree.
Type locality not distinctly given. Tree designated as "New river Horse
Chestnut.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr. >
(>0H I'LANT LIFK OK ALAHAMA.
Aesculus pavia L. Sj). I'l. 1:M\. 17r>:i. Ukd I'-uckkyk.
KIl. Sk. 1 : i:r>. (hay. Man. ed. C>. 11(>. Chap. V\. 7!t.
Caroliiiiaii and l.ouisianian .-in-a. reiinsyh ania and Hontbeastcni \irgiuia south
ti> Floriila. wost to Loiiisi.iiia, Arkansas, and soutliein Missouri.
Ai.AHAM.v : Thronjihout tho .State, lielow KOO feet altitude. Bord(MH of open copses
in niodoratt'ly fertile soil. Madison, County, iluntsville. Tnsealoosa, Montgomery
Mobile, and Ualdwin counties. Flowers scarlet. March, April; fruit rip<! October.
On the hills of the Tennessi'e \'alley, freiiuently 10 to 12 feet liifjli. Most common
in the open rii h coj)scs of the Coast jdain, there a shrub, rarely over 8 feet high.
Kconouiic uses: < >riianient:il.
Type locality : "llab. in Carolina, Brasilia."'
Herb. (ieol. 8urv. Herb. Mohr.
Aesculus paiviflora Walt. Fl. Car. 128. 1788. Simm;i) Hickkvk.
Afsciiliis murroitturlnia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:220. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1: ISt). Chap. Fl. 80.
Candinian and Louisianian area. Mountain re,i;ion to I'lijier divisicm Coast Fine
belt. Shady hillsides and wooded banks. Clay County. Shiiibone ^■alley, 800 to
1,000 feet. Bhuiut County, 450 feet. .Jeflerson, TTiscaloosa, Henry, and Franklin
counties. Monroe County, Chiiborne. Flowers white, June; fruit ripe in October.
Shrub 4 to 8 feet high ; freiiuent.
Economic uses: Hi<;hly ornamental.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SAPINDACEAE. Soapberry Family.
CARDIOSPERMUM L. Sp. Fl. 1 : 36t). 1753.
Four species of tro]iical America.
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sp. I'l. 1 : 366. 1753. Balloon Nine.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 460. Chap. Fl. 79. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. lud. 122.
East and We.st Indies.
Louisianian area. South Carolina, Florida, and Texas.
Alaiiama: Mountain region. Central Pine belt. Thickets. Clay County, Moselcy.
Autauga County, I'rattville {Dr. J. Sviith). Bibb County {E. A. Smith). An old
escajie from cultivation.
Type locality : "llab. in Indiis."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
SAPINDUS E. Sp. PI. 1:367. 17.53.
Sapindus marginatus Willd. Euum. PI. 132. 1809.
Cliap. Fl. 79. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 66. Wild China. Soapukkry.
Mi:xico.
Louisianian area. Louisiana, Mississippi?, Texas, Arkansas, New Mexico (Iowa?,
Kansas?).
Alauama: Mobile. Adventive ne.ar an old place in the pine hills on the road to the
Bienville waterworks; most probably an escape from cultivation. Hale County,
Gallion. Cultivated and spontaneous by escape. Tree 20 to 25 feet high. Flowers
June; fruit October, black.
Type locality : " liab. in Carolina, Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
RHAMNACEAE. Buckthorn Family.
BERCHEMIA Necker, Elem. 2 : 122. 1790.
Ten species, East Indies. Southeastern North America.
Berchemia scandens (Hill) Trelease in Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5 : 364 1889.
Supple Jack. Rattan Vine-
Ehamnus scandens Hill, Hort. Kew. 453, t. 20. 1768.
n. rohihilis L. f. Suppl. 132. 1781.
Bn-chenna rohihilis DC. Prodr. 2 : 22. 1825.
Ell. Sk. 1:290. Gray, Man. ed. 0. 111. Chap. Fl. 73. ('oulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:59.
BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 609
Caroliniau auil Louisianian areas. Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri, soutli to
Tennessee and Florida, west to eastern Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Low thicketh. Flowers greenish
yellow, June; fruit ripe iu October, ]iluni-purple. A vigorous climbing shrub with
slender stem and supple branches, ascending high trees; frequent. Of most vigorous
growth and greatest frequence in the Central Prairie region and on rich banks of
water courses.
Type locality (Hill, Veg. Syst.) : " Native of Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
RHAMNUS L. Hp. PI. 193. 1753.
About 75 species, of temperate regions North Hemisphere, Asia. North America, 8.
Shrubs or trees,
Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 166. 1814. Bucktiiokn.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 112. Chap. Fl. 73.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee,
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Shady banks. Sumter County, Epes Station
(E. A. Smith). Wilcox County (Buckley). liutler County. Eare.
Type locality : "On the side of hills: Tennassee. Lyon."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Rhanuius caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 101. 1788. Indian Ciieuky. Yellow Wood.
Franqula caroliniana Gray, Man. ed. 5, 115. 1867.
Ell. Sk. 1:289. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 112. Chap. FL 73. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 2 : 31,
t.61.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New .Jersey, Missouri, and Arkansas, south to
Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama : Mountain region to the coast. Shaded banks and rich hillsides, pre-
ferring calcareous soils. Clay County, Shinbone Valley, 1,000 feet. Madison County,
New Market, 650 feet ; Huutsville. Jackson County. Franklin County, Russellville.
Baldwin County, shell banks. Flowers greenish. May; drupes black. Tree 18 to
25 feet high; 6 to 8 inches diameter. Most frequent on the calcareous hills of the
Tennessee Valley ; not rare.
Ty lie locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SAGERETIA Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. 10:3.59. 1827.
Ten sjiecies, warmer regions of Asia. South and North America, 2.
Sageretia minutiflora (Michx.). Michaux's Sageketia.
Elianunis minutiflorus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:154. 1803.
Sageretia michauxii Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. 10:360, t.l3,f.2. 1827.
Ell. Sk. 1:289. Chap. Fl. 73.
Louisianian area. Coast of Carolina to Florida, west to Mississii^pi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Gravelly, sandy exjiosed or wooded banks. Mobile.
Flowers white, October; fruit ripe the following summer, dark red. In exposed dry
situations on the shores of Mobile Bay. A straggling shrub 6 to 10 feet high. On
the borders of low rich woods a vigorous climber, ascending high trees.
Type locality: " Hab. in maritimis, a Carolina septentrionali ad Floridam."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ZIZYPHUS Gaert. Fruct. 1 : 43. 1788.
Zizyphus zizyphus (L.) Karst. Deutsche Fl. 870. 1880-1883.
Common Ju.jube Tkee.
Rhamnus zizyphus L. Sp. PL 1:194. 1753.
Zizyphus vulgaris Lam. Encycl. 1 : 185. 1791.
Mediterranean Europe.
Alabama: Mobile County. Escaped from cultivation. Flowers April, May ; fruit
mature July. Medium-sized tree.
Economic uses: The fruit, under the name of "jujnlie l)errie8," " Baccae jujubebae,"
is used medicinally.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europa australi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
15894 39
(■)ll> I'l.ANI' 1,1 KK <•!•' A I, A MAMA.
CEANOTHUS I,, sp. n. !:]!(:.. ivn:;.
Almiit Id H|»('(i('H, t«MnjuT;itc wcHtrni Noitli Aiin>iir;i, a lew cxtcMuliiii^ into M(>xico.
KiiHt of tlu" SliH8is>i]i|)i altout 4 species.
Ceanothus aniericanua 1.. Sjt. li. 1: I'.C). nr,'A. Nkw .Ikijsky Tka. Kick Kooi.
Kll.sk. l:L''.t(l. C,v:\y. Man. <•«!. C. 112. Cliap. Fl. 74. (Joiilter, Coiitr. Nat. Mori). 2 Mil.
Allefilniiiiiii to Louisianiaii area. Outario. .Manitoba; New Kuglaiul west to
Neliraska and Arkansas, sonth to Florida and Texas.
Ai.AHAM.x: Tonnessoe ^'all^>y tf) C'(Mitral I'ine belt. Dry woodH. Lamlerdalo and
Cullman coiintios. Tuscaloosa County (A'. J. SmUh). Flowers May, .(iiue. Shrubby,
2 to 4 fet-t lii-ih.
The typical plaut seems to bo continod to the northern part of tin; State, having
so far not been obscrvcfl south of the Central I'ine belt.
Feononiic uses: The root, known as "red root,'" is used nu-diciiially.
Type locality : " llab. in N'iriiiTiia, Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. llerli. .Mohr.
Ceauothus americauus intermedins (I'lirsh) Torr. iV Gray, Fl. N. A. 1: 2»>4. 1S.'W.
Lp:sskk CiCANoTiiu.s. Red 1{oot.
Cianothiis intermedin>i Pursh, I'l. Am. Sci)t. 1 : KJT. 1X14.
CeanothiiH itmrricanns pitchrri Torr. iV CJray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 2(54. 18)^^.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Tennessee, Carolina, Florida, west to eastern
Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower hills to Coast plain. Dry sandy copses, open woods. Blount
County, Mulberry River Valley. Montgomery, Maldwin, and Mobile counties.
Shrub 1, or scarcely 2, feet high. Difiers from the typo by the small loaves from ^to
J inch wide and rarely over \\ inches in length, oval or ovate-ol)loug. more or le.ss
rounded at the base, obtuse, or but slightly pointed, nuicronately crenulati! orscrru-
late; thyrsus roundish to oval, looser-llowered, rarely 1^ inches long. This variety
includes a number of forms iirevailing in the Southern States, described under
various names, which, however, can not be separated.
Type locality : "In the woods of Tennassee. Lyon."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BALSAMINACEAE. Balsam Family.
IMPATIENS L. Sp. PL 37. 17.">;3. ,Tewkl Weed. Toucii-mk-not.
One hundred and forty to 150 species, mostly of tropical Asia, Africa, a few in
temperate Europe. North America, 2.
Impatieus biflora Walt. Fl. Car. 219. 1788. Spotted Toucii-me-nut.
ImpatieriH noli-tangcre var. fi Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 149. 1803. Not L.
/. /(/ZraNutt. Gen. 1:146. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 1:.304. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 106. Ch.ap. Fl. G5.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Canada to northern latitude 66^. Alaska; New
Engl.md west to Minnesota and Nebraska, south from New York to Florida, and
along the Gulf to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Damp shady copses, in rich soil. Clay County,
banks of Talladega Creek, SOd to 1,000 feet. Cullman County. Cleburne County.
Coosa County, Bradford (E. A. Smith). Flowers deep orange with reddish brown
spots. .July; not common. Annual.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Impatiens aurea Muhl. Cat. 26. 1813. Yellow-klowekkd T<)i;cii-me-not.
Impatkna noU-iangere (i Michx. Y\. Bor. Am. 2 : 149. 1803.
/. paWida Nutt. (ien. 1 : 143. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 303. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 106. Chap. Fl. 65.
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. Ontario to Saskatchewan; New England west
to Minnesota and Nebraska, reaching the Pacific shore in Washington; south from
Missouri to Arkansas and Louisiana, and from New York to Florida.
Alabama : Mountain region to Lower hills. Springy places, grassy swales. Cull-
man County. Tuscaloosa County (£. A. Smith). Flowers bright yellow. July ; infre-
fjuent. Annual.
Type locality: "Pennsylvania."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GRAPE FAMILY. 611
VITACEAE. Grape Family.
PARTHENOCISSUS Planch, in DC. Monogr. Phau. 5, pt. 2: 447. 1887.
About 10 species, temperate Eastern Asia. North America, 1. Woody climbers.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L,) Planch, in DC. Monogr. Phau. 5, pt. 2 : 448. 1887.
A'iRGiNiA Creeper.
Iledera ([uinqnefolia L. iSp. PI. 1 : 202. 1753.
Ampelopsis quinqitefoUa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 160. 1808.
Ell. Sk. 1:305. Gray, Man. eel. 6, 115. Chap. Fl. 72. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:63.
CriJA.
Allcghcniau to Louisiauiau area. Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba; New England west
to Dakota, Nebraska, aud Colorado, south to the Gulf; from Florida to western
Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: All over the State. Rich wooded banks of water courses. Flowers
white; May, June; fruit ripe October, drupes dark blue. Climbing over bushes and
high trees; common.
Economic uses : Ornamental creeper.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AMPELOPSIS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 1.59. 1803.
(CissusPers. Syn. 1:143. 1805. NotL. 1753.)
Fourteen species, temperate Asia. Eastern North America, 3. Woody climbers.
Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Rusby in Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 221. 1894. Peppekidge.
Vitis arborea L. Sp. Pl. 1 : 203. 1753.
Ampelopfyis bipinnata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 160. 1803.
Cissus stans Pers. Syn. 1 : 143. 1805.
Ell. Sk. 1:304. Gray, Man. ed. 6,111. Chap. Fl. 70. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 63.
Cuba, Northern Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia, southern Illinois, southeastern Mis-
souri and Arkansas, south to the Gulf, extending from Florida to eastern Texas.
Alabama : Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Low Itorders of woods. Tuscaloosa
County (E. J. Smith). Montgomery and Mobile counties. Flowers white, June;
fruit ripe in September, drupes black. Frequent, on bushes, or ascending high trees.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ampelopsis incisa (Nutt. ) Desmoul. in Dur. Monogr. de Vigne, 59. 18 — .
Seaside Cissus.
Vitis incisa Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 243. 1838.
Chap. Fl. 70. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 63.
Louisianian area. Coast of Florida to Mississippi, western Texas, and southern
Arkansas.
Alabama : Littoral belt. Drifting sands on the seashore. Baldwin County,
eastern shore Mobile Bay, Dauphin Island, Sand Island. Flowers June. An ever-
green shrub, trailing or climbing over bushes; infrequent.
Type locality: "Prairies and copses, Texas aud Arkansas, Dr. Leavenworth!
Arkansas, Xuttall .' "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 159. 1803. Cordate Cissus.
CissKs ampelopsiH Pers. Syn. 1 : 142. 1805.
Vitis indirisa Willd. Berl. Baumg. ed. 2, 538. 1811.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 305. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 114. Chap. Fl. 71. Coulter, Contr. Nat. llerb. 2 : 63.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia south to Florida, west to
Arkansas aud southern Missouri.
Alabama : Over the State in the valleys to the coast. River banks. Franklin
County, Russellville. Tuscaloosa County (E. 1. Smith). Dallas County, Big Prairie
Cn^ek. Monroe County, Claiborne. Baldwin and Mobile counties. Frequent,
climbing over bushes (J to 8 feet high.
Type locality : " Hab. in dumetosis regiouis lUiuoensis at ad ripas amnis Savan-
nah."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
(\\2 ri.ANT LIFK OK ALABAMA.
VITIS I.. Sji. I'l. 1:2(M). 17.'):). (ii;Aii:\ INK. '
Tliirty species in iiorthtMii iiiul toiu|»<!ratc regioiiH oC l»otli lu-inisplHTes. Eiinipo,
iiKitlitrii Asia. Nortli America, 15; Atlantic, II. Wocxly cliiiib<T8.
Vitis aestivalis Miciix. Fl. Mm. Am. 2 : L':i<». 180:}. .Summkk (iUAi-K.
Kli.Sk. 2: 088. (Iray, Mau. ed. t>, li:<. Chap. Fl. 71. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : ti2.
NOKTIIKKN MkXICO.
Alle^henian to Louisiaiiian area. Soiitlierii Ontario; Boiitlifrn New Kn^jjland wo.sl
to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to western Texas, and from New York to Florida.
Ai.aham.v: Over the State, lu damp thickets and bottom lamls. Flowers April,
May; fruit ripe Auji;ust, .September, lierries black witli a bloom, ijlfasant. Com
nion. Asccnils the highest trees. In rieli bottoms, I to (> inches in diameter.
Kconomic uses: One of tlie most im]tortaut of American wine grapes; mother
jdantof the Cunningham, llerbomont, Lenoir, and lilack .Spanish varieties of the
(Julf region.
Type locality : " llab. in sylvie, a Virginia ad Carolinain."
Herb. (leol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Vitis ciaerea Kngclm. in Bushberg, Cat. ed. 3, 17. 1883. Downy fiRAi-K.
f-'ilis (icstinilix var. ciiierea Engelm. in (Jray, Mau. ed. .5, (579. 18()7.
Cray. Man. ed.tj, 113. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 73.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Central Hlinois to Kansas, and to Tisxas, Teii-
ness(!e, and Missi8sii)pi.
Ai^AitAMA : Central Prairie; region to Coast jilain. Low thickets, banks of streams.
Hale County, Gallion, Big Prairie Creek. Mobile County, .Spriughill, .Steins Creek.
Type locality : "Rich bottom lands iu the Mississippi Valley, Illinois and south-
ward."
Herl). Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vitis cordifolia Micbx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 231. 1803.- Wintkr Ghapk. Frost Gkai'e.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 688. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 113. Chap. Fl. 71. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 62.
Alleghenian to Carolinian area. Ontario; New England west to Minnesota,
Nebraska, and Kansas, sontli to Arkansas and Texas, and to Tennessee and Georgia.
Alajjama: Mountain region. Banks of streams. Lee County, Auburn (/>Vj/.cr<)-
Earle). Blount County, Warnock Mountain, about 800 feet. Clay County, .Shinbone
Valley, Elders, 1,000 feet. Frequent in the higher valleys; not met with in the low
country.
Type locality: "Hab. a Pensylvania ad Floridam."
Herb. Mohr.
Vitis bicolor Le Coute, Proc. Acad. Phila. 6 : 272. 1852.
Blue Gravk or Winter Grape.
Vitis aestivalis var. Incolor Gray, Man. ed. 6, 113. 1890.
V. aestivalis Darlington, Flora Cestrica, 151. 1837. Fide Le Conte. Not Michx.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 1. c.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Northern New York to North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rocky summits. Calhoun County, Anniston, high-
est ridges, 800 to 1,000 feet, with I'inus anstralis iind (^>uercus printis: trailing over
the rocks of flinty cliert. Collected September 19, with ripe fruit. I'alladega County,
Alpine Mountains, 1,800 feet. Che-aw-ha Mountains, 2,400 feet, on clifls, associ-
ated with Lonicera ftava, Unbus rillosns, and Robinia ri.'^cosa. The trailing vines
from 10 to 12 feet long. Ripe berries black, without bloom, juicy, sweet, and of a
pleasant flavor, worthy the attention of the cultivator.
Ty])e locality : "From Pennsylvania to Virginia."
Herb. Ge(d. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
V. vulpina L. Sj). PI. 1:203. 1753. River.sii)k Gj:ape.
Vitis riparia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 231. 1803.
Vitis cordifolia var. ripatia (jrav, Man. ed. 5, 113. 1867.
Ell. .Sk. 2 : 688. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 114. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 63.
Alleghenian to Louisiauian area. New Brunswick and Ontario to Lake Winnipeg;
New England west to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Missouri and Texas,
Florida, and Louisiana.
' George Engelmann, The True Grapevines of tlu: United States, in Bushberg, Cat,
ed. 3, St. Louis. 1883.
LTNDEN FAMILY. ' (il3
Alabama: Upper division Coast Piue belt. Ckirke County, Lisbou, caliiiieous
bluffs on the Alabama River. Flowers in June. Rare.
Economic uses: Important for its resistance to the ravages of the Phylloxera,
hence largely used in Europe as a stock for grafting those varieties of Vitis rinifera
upon which are specially liable to destruction by the insect plague.
Type locality: "Ha-b. ad ripas et in insulis fluviorum Ohio, Mississippi, etc."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vitis rotundifoliaMichx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:231. 1803. Bullace Grape. Muscadink.
Vitis vuJpina Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 245. 1838. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 687. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 114. Chap. Fl. 71.
Carolinian and LouisianiaTi areas. Virginia, southern Kentucky, Tennessee to
Florida, west to Louisiana, western Texas, and southern Missouri.
Alabama : Over the State except on ridges of an elevation exceeding 1,000 or
1,200 feet. In light sandy soil, low woods and banks. Flowers second week of May
to June. Fruit ripe August to September. Berries large, plnui-purple. Plants of
spontaneous growth have been observed near Mobile bearing light amber-colored
berries. In rich bottom lands climbing high trees. Most common throughout the
Coast Pine belt.
Economic uses: Important as a table and wine grape. Mother plant of the 8cup-
pernong, Thomas, and Flowers grapes.
Type locality : " Hab. a Virginia ad Floridam."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TILIACEAE. Linden Family.
TILIA L,. Sp. PI. 1 : 514. 1753.
About 12 species, temperate and cooler regions of Northern Hemisphere. North
America, 3. Trees.
Tilia americana L. Sp. PI. 1 : 514. 1753. Basswood. Linden.
Ell. Sk. 2:2. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 101. Chap. Fl. 59. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 46.
Sargent, Silv. N. A. 1 : 52, t. 24, 25.
Canadian zone to Lonisianian area. New Brunswick and Quebec to Manitoba;
New England west to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Georgia, Texas, and
Arkansas.
Alabama : Mountain region. Upper division Coast Pine belt. Rich woods. Cull-
man, 600 feet. Blount County, Warnock Mountain, 1,000 feet. Madison County,
Gurley. Clarke County {Br. Denny). Flowers white, fragrant. A large timber
tree in the mountains, of inferior size southward. Not common.
Economic uses : Timber tree.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Ge<d. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Tiliaheterophylla Vent. Mem. Acad. Par. 4: 16, <. 5. 1802. Silver-leaf Linden.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 101. Chap. Fl. 60. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 1 : 57, /. 2S, 29.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Pennsylvania along the mountains to Georgia
and Florida.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley to Central Prairie region. Rich woods. Cullman
County (Baker i('- Earle), Franklin County, Rnssellville. Madison County, Hunts-
ville. Clarke County, Thomasville.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
gORCHORUS L. Sp, PI. 2 : 746, ed. 3. 1764.
About .35 species, tropical regions of Asia and America. Africa.
Corchorus hirtus glabellus Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. 1. pt. 1 : 342, 1897.
Cap-podded CoRcnoRr.s.
Corchorus pilolobus Gray, PI. Wright. 1 : 24. 1852. Not Link.
C. sili(juos>(s Torr. & Gray, Fl. N, A. 1 : 239. 1838. Not L.
Gray, Gen. 111. 2 : 94, t. 137. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 55. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb, 2 : 45.
Louisianian area. Coast of Florida to Texas; Arizona; Mexico.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Cultivated ground. Tuscaloosa
County {E. A. Smith). Mobile County {dates). Flowers yellow, Aiigu.st. September;
not rare. Weed, annual.
Type locality: "Florida to southern Texas and Arizona. (Mexico).''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
(■>14 PLANT IJKK (»K ALAHAMA.
Coichonis aestiiaiis \.. Syst. eil. in, 2 : K'T!'. IT'i!!.
(Jris.l). 11. Hrit.W.l. !»7.
WkST I.NOIKS, SOl 111 A.MKKK A.
Ai.aiiama: A(lv«uitive with ballast. Mobile. Scj)toinl>or, 1891. Ainnial.
IviM' locMlit.v ii()t Diifiiiially given. Tn L. Sp. PI. ed. 2: "Hab. in America caliiliore."
Herb. (!eol. Surv.
MALVACEAE. Mallow Family.
ABUTILON (Jaerfn. Fni.t. 2 : 2.">1, /. /;:. 1791.
Seventy species, wanner regions of both hemisitlieres.
Abutiloii abutilon (L.) Rueby, Mem. Torr Club, 5:222. 1893-94. Vki.vkt IvKak.
Siila ahntilon h. Sp. PI. 2 : 68.5. 1753,
Ahiitilon (iiiccnnae (iaertu. Fnict. 2 : 251. t. 1S5. 1791.
Kll. sk. 2 : 162. Gray, Man. eel. 6, 99. Chap. Fl. 55.
1ni>ia, widely spread in the warmer countries,
CaroliuiaQ and Louisianian areas. Natur.alized throughout the Atlantic States.
Alabama: All over the State in cultivated grounds and on roadsides. Flowers
yellow, .lune to September ; not comiuou. Annual.
Typr locality: " Hab. in Indiis.''
Herb. Cieol. Sui'v. Herb. Mohr.
MODIOLA Moench, Meth. 619. 1794.
About half a dozen species, warmer regions South America to Hrazil. North
America, 1.
Modiola caroliniana (L.) Don, Hist. Dichl. PI. 1:466. 1831. Carolina Mallow.
Malva caroUviana L. Sp. PI. 2 : 688. 17.53.
Modiola muJtifida Moench, Meth. 619. 1794.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 163. Gray, Man. od. 6, 100. Chap. Fl. 56. Griseb. FI. Brit. W. Ind. 72.
We!*t Indies, Southern Mexico, South America, .Juan Fernandez.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia and North Carolina to Flor-
ida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Central Pine l>elt to Coast jdain. Light sandy soil, roadsides, waste
places. Tuscaloosa County (E. A. Smitli). Mobile County. Flowers scarlet, May
to .July. A connnon weed. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MALVA L.Sp. PI. 2:6X7. 17.5.3.
Thirty species, temperate regions, Europe.
Malva lotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 2 : 688. 17.53. Common Mallow.
Adventive from Europe, naturalized in the Eastern United States.
Alabama: Over the State, near dwellings. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers
in .June, July. Not frequent. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae ruderatis, viis, plateis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
Malva brasiliensis Desr. in Lauu Encycl. 3 : 744. 1789. Brazilian Mallow.
Fiigitivo on ballast from the tropics. Mobile, first collected .June, 1893.
Ty]>e locality: "An 15resil, on elle fut trouvt^e, par Commerson, a I'lleaux Chats,
dans la rade de Kio-.Janeiro."
CALLIRRHOE Xutt. .Journ. Acad. Phila. 2 : 181. 1821.
Seven species. Perennial herbs, North American.
Callirrhoe papaver (Cav.) Gray, PI. Fendl. 17, 1849, Poppylike Mallow,
Alalia paparer Cav. Diss. 2 : 64, i. 15, f. 3. 1790.
M. nnitaUoidea Croom, Km. .(ourn. Sci. 26 : 313, 328. 1834.
Chap. F1..53.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida, west to Louisiana and Arkansas,
MALLOW FAMILY. 615
At,abama: Lower Tiue rej^ion. Grassy glades. Washington County, Healing
Springs. Flowei's purple (mageuta), August; infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Luisiana. Observata a D. Fontenette."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Callirrhoe alceoides (Michx.) Gray, PI. Fendl. 18. 1849. Alcea-likk Mallow.
Sicla alceoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 44. 1803.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 98. Chap. Fl. 54. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 36.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Kentucky to Nebraska and Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. B\hh C onnt j {E. A. Smith). Flowers purple, August;
rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "Ilab. in giareosis Kentucky et Tennassce."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr,
Callirrhoe triangulata (Leavenworth) Gray, PI. Fendl. 18. 1849.
Trianoular-leaf Mallow.
Malva triangulata Leavenworth, Am. .Jouru. Sci. 7 : 62. 1824.
Gray, Man. ed, 6, 98. Chap. Fl. 53.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Indiana, Missouri, Minnesota, and southern
Mississippi.
Alabama: Prairie region. Montgomery County (Leavemvorth). Not collected
since in the State. Plentiful near Alabama State line on the banks of the Tombigbee
River in Mississippi. Perennial.
Type locality: "Montgomery County, Alabama."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SIDA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 683. 1753. Sida.
Eighty species, subtropical and tropical regions of the globe. North and South
America, about 50.
Sida cordifolia L. Sp. PI. 2 : 684. 1753. Velvety Sida.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 73. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1. pt. 1 : 323.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil.
Louisiana area. Florida, Louisiana.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile, September, 1893; not found since. Per-
ennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in India."
Herb. (4eol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sida spinosa L. Sp. PI. 2:683. 1753, Spiny Sida.
• Ell. Sk. 2 : 161. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 99. Chap. Fl. 54. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 74.
Widely diffused over warmer regions.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New York, Ohio Valley, Missouri,
south to the Gulf, from Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Over the State. Cultivated ground, waste places. Flowers yellow,
June to November ; a common weed. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in India utraque."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sida urens L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 963. 1763.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 75.
Troi'ical America and Africa.
Alabama: Mobile. Fugitive on ballast. September, 1889. Rarely observed.
Perennial.
Stems 2 to 2^ feet long, slender, trailing.
Type locality: "Hab, in Jamaica."
Herb. Gool. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sida acuta Burm. Fl. Ind. 147. 1768, Acute-fruited Sida,
Sida carpinifolia auct.
S. glabra Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7:90. 1834,
Gray, Syn. Fl, N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 324.
Tropical regions.
Louisianian area. Florida. Most probably introduced.
Alabama: Coast plain. Waste places near dwellings. A frequent ballast weed.
Flowers deep yellow, July to October. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in India."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
(\]C) PLANT LIKK <>F ALAI5AMA.
Sida acuta carpinifolia S(hiiin:iim, in Mail. II. IUmk. 12. )>t. :>: Itl'O. IMH.
Sidti cariihtifolia L. f. Su))]>l. :{()7. 1781.
(".ray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 321. (Jriseli. Fl. Hrit. \V. In.l. T.i.
i'KOIICAI, KK(iI<)NS. A.Mr.UKA, AfUICA, KaST INDIES.
I.ouisiniiiaii area. IMorida.
Ai.ahama: Lower IMiic rej^ion. Coast plain. Sparingly naturalized ; more fre-
iinontly atlv(Milivi' on ballast hoa])s. Mobile ('onnty, Sprinfiliill, waste places near
llie hotel ( /'. /I. Uunh). Flowers An^nst.
Typo locality : Many jtrovinces of IJr.-izii are cited witb Taraf^nay and Fu{i;li.sli and
French Ciiiiaua. '"preterea inter trojjico.s ntrinsciue orbis herba rudiraiis vulfraris."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sida rhombifolia L. Sp. PI. 2 : 6SL 1753. I^iomiilkak Sika.
Kll. Sk. 2 : Hid. Chap. Fl. 5."). Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 71.
CoSMOfOLITAX IN WARMER HECJIONS.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Ai.AHA.MA : Central l^iue belt to the Coast plain. Dry pastures, waste and cultivated
])laces. Mobile County, a eoiiiinon roadside weed, most ])iobal)ly naturalized IVoui
the adjacent tropics; never met with distant from dwelliuf^s. Flowers yellow, May
to October.
Type locality: "Hab. Ih India utraqne.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sida elUottii Torr. A- Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 231. 1838. Elliott's Sida.
Sida gnuilis Kll. Sk. 2 : 159. 1824. Not Richard.
SOI'TIIEASTEKX MEXICO.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Carolina 1o Florida, west to Tennessee
and Mississippi.
Alabama : Central Pine belt to Lower Pine region. In light dry soil, open copses.
Montgomery, Autauga, and Washington counties. Flowers pale yellow; June,
August. Not infrequent.
Type locality : "Sandy soil ; South Carolina, Elliott; Georgia, Dr. Boykin! Florida,
Croom'. Dr. Chapmaii!"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sida linifolia Cav. Diss. 1 : 14, t. i^,f. 1. 1790.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 76.
Tropical America and Africa.
Alahama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile. September. Ripened seeds perfectly in
1892 and 1893.
Type locality: " Ilab. in Insula Caienae et in Peru, ubi eani observavit D. Jos. de
Jussieu.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MALVASTRUM Gray, PI. Fendl. 21. 1849.
Malvastrum augustum (iray, PI. Fendl. 22. 1849. False Mallow.
SUUi hhpida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 452. 1814. ( ?)
Ell. Sk. 2 : 159. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 99. Chap. Fl. 54.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Western Tennessee, southern Missouri, and
Kansas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Tallapoosa County {E. A. Smith). August, 1873.
Annual.
Type locality : "This is probably Pursh's plant; but I have not seen it from Geor-
gia. Drummoiid gathered it at St. Louis, whence I have also received it from Dr.
Engelmaiin; and Nuttall found depauperate specimens on the plains of Red River."
Herb. Mohr.
Malvastrum spicatum (L.) Gray, PI. Fendl. 22. 1849.
Maha xpicata h. Syst. ed. 10, 2 : 1146. 1759.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 72.
Alakama: Fugitive from the tropics on ballast. Mobile, August, 1892. Not met
with since.
Type locality not originally given. In L. Sp. Pi. ed. 2 : " Ilab. in Jamaica."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MALLOW FAMILY. f>l7
HIBISCUS L. Sp. PI. 2 : 6!t3. 175:1
About 180 sxiecies, cliietly in subtropical aud tropical zones, botb lieuiispberes.
Nortli America, 15.
Hibiscus aculeatus Walt. Fl. Car. 177. 1788. Kor(;i[ Rose Mai.i.ow.
Hibiscus scaber Micbx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 45. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 169. Chap. Fl. 57.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiaua.
Alabama : Central Prairie region to Lower Pine region. Grassy pine barrens.
Crenshaw County ( E. A. Smith). Clarke, Washington, Baldwin, aud Mobile counties.
Flowers pale yellow, with a dark purple spot in the center, July, August ; frequent.
Perennial.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hibiscus moscheutos L. Sp. PL 2 : 693. 1753. Swamp Eose Mallow.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 165. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 100. Chap. Fl. .57.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. Southern New England; west to Michigan aud
Missouri, south to Florida and through the Gulf States to Louisiana.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to the Coast plain. Swampy banks of streams, bor-
ders of marshes. Talladega County, Ironaton. Cullman County, 800 feet. Jeffer-
son County, Elyton (E. A. Smith). Mobile County. Flowers June, July. Tlie form
with white flowers. Common in the tide- water districts. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hibiscus lasiocarpus Cav. Diss. 3 : 159, t, 70, f. 1. 1787. Hoary Hijuscus.
UibiscKS incanus Schrad. Sert. Han. t. 34. 1798.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 167. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 100, in part. Chap. Fl. 58 ; ed. 3, 51.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas,
south to South Carolina, middle Florida, and western Louisiaua.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Prairie region. Low wet woods. Tuscaloosa
County {E. A. Smith). Montgomery County. Flowers large, sulphur-yellow, crim-
son spot in center; July. Three to 4 feet high. Rare. Perennial.
Type locality : " V. S. unicum exemplar apud D. de Jussieu."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hibiscus militaris Cav. Diss. 6 : 352, 1. 198, f. 2. 1788.
Halbkrt-Leaf Rosk Mallow.
Hibiscus virginicus Walt. Fl. Car. 177. 1788. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 168. Gray. Man. ed. 6, lOO. Chap. Fl. 58.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri, Arkansas, south
from West Virginia to Georgia, Mississippi, and Louisiaua.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Low banlvs of streams. Dallas
County, Cahaba (G. iJ. Vasey). Baldwin County, banks of Tennessee River. Flowers
rose-pink, June. Three to 4 feet high. Not freciueut. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Ludoviciana."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hibiscus syriacus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 695. 1753. Altiiea Tree.
Mediterranean Europe, Syria.
Alabama: A rare escape from gardens in several localities of the State. Mobile
County. Small tree.
Tj^pe locality : " Hab. in Syria.''
Herb. Geol. Surv.
KOSTELETZKYA Presl, Rel. llaeuk. 2 : 130, /. 70. 1836.
About 6 species subtropical and tropical America, chiefly Mexican.
Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) Gray, Gen. 111. 2 : 80, 1. 132. 1849.
ViRcJiNiA Kosteletzkya.
Hibiscus virginicus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 697. 17.53.
Ell. Sk. 2:167. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 100. Chap. Fl. 57.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Long Island, New York to Florida, west to
Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Littoral region, river marshes, fresh or .slightly brackish.
Mobile County. Flowers i)ink, .June to August; 3 to 4 feet high. Pereunial.
Type locality: " Hal), in Virginiae paliulosis salsis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herli. .Moin .
(*.1S; • I'l^ANT MFK <»!<• .\LA|{ AM A.
Kostelctzkya altheacfolia fJray, I'l. Wri-lil. 1: 2S. IS50.
A I.TI I KA- I.I K K K( ).STKLET/K YA.
Konteletzkya ri»v/i»/tt« altltcatj'olia Cliap. Fl. 'u. IStiii.
Lull isianiiiu urea. Coast of Florida to MiHsissipju.
Ai.ahama: Littoral ro^ion. Saline marshes on tlio soasbore. Mobiio Connty,
West l\>wl Kivcr. I'orennial. More slender than the type. .Steliate-pulieseent,
tonientoae. IntcrnnMliate forms loss hoary .md with thf llowers more remote than
ill the Hpecinii'ns iVom I'lorida, are lrei|nently met with.
Type locality: "Near Manatee, Soutli Florida, Uugel.''
Herb. (uol. Surv. Ileib. Mohr.
THEACEAE. Tea Family.
GORDONIA Kllis, Phil. Trans. 70: r>lis, <.2A 1770.
Abont in 8]>ecios of snbtropical and tropieal eastern Asia, and Southern Atlantic
North America. Southeastern United States, 2.
Gordouia lasiauthus L. Mant. 2 : 570. 1771. Loiu.om.y Hay.
Iltipirlcnm latianthii'^ L. Sp. PI. 2 : 783. 1753.
i:il. Sk. 2 : 171. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 96. Chap. Fl. 00. Sargent, Silv. 1 : 41, t. 21.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Coast of sontheru ^■irgiuia, North Carolina to
Florida, "west to the Mississippi Kiver.
Alabama : Coast plain. Deep wooded swamps. Mobile Connty, banks of the
Chickasaw Bognc near Whistler. Flowers white, .Time; 15 to 20 feet in height and 6
to 8 inches in diameter. Rare. Only^ locality known in the State.
Type locality : "llab. in Carolina, Snrinamo. J. liartsch."
Herb. (ieol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
STEWARTIA L. Sp. PL 2 : ()08. 17.53.
Two species, eastern North America.
Stewartia malacodendron L. Sp. PL 2 : 698. 1753. A'ikginia Stewautia.
Slewart'ui rirginica Cav. Diss. 5 : t. lo8,f. fJ. 1787.
F:il.Sk. 2:172. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 96. Chap. Fl. 61,
Carolinian and Loiiisianian areas. Virginia to Florida, west to western Lonisiana
Ai.AiJAMA: Monntain region to Coast plain. Rich wooded banks and shady hill-
sides. Cullman County, 800 feet altitude. Tuscaloosa County (E. A. iSmillt).
Mobile County, western shore Mobile Jlay, Magnolia Grove, 1879. Not observed in
this locality of late years. Flowers white, stamens ])uri)le. May. Deciduous shrub,
6 to 10 feet high. Iufre(|uent.
Type locality : " Ilab. in Airgiuia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Stewartia pentagyna L'Her. Stirp. 155, t. 74. 1784. Mountain Stewaktia.
Malufhoilcndron ovatum Cav. Diss. 5 : i. 158, f. 2. 1787,
Ell. Sk. 2 : 173. Gray, Man, ed. 6, 96. Chap. Fl. 61.
Carolinian area. Mountains, southern Kentucky and Virginia to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich woods. Cullman. Flowers pale cream color.
.June. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high, conlined to the mountains; less fre(iuent than the
above.
Type locality: '• Hab. in Virginia.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
STERCULIACEAE, Sterculia Family.
STERCULIA L. Sp. PL 2 : 1007. 1753.
Eighty to 90 species, tropics of both hemispheres, largely Asiatic.
Sterculia platanifolia L. f. Su])pL 423. 1781.
Sycamore-leak Stehculia. .Japanese Varnish Tree.
China, .Iapan.
Alabama: Introduced in the coast region; escaped from cultivation. Mobile. A
pretty tree, 35 to 40 feet high. Flowers June.
Ty])e locality :
Herb. Geol. Surv.
ST. JOHNS- WORT FAMILY. 619
MELOCHIA L. Sp. PL 2 : i«2. 1753.
About 35 species, mostly of tropical America.
Melochia corchorifolia L. Sp. PL 2: 675. 1753. IIirsttte Mklochia.
Mdochia hirsutu Chap. Fl. Siippl. 610. 1883. Not Cav.
Chap. H. SuppL 610; ed. 3, 54.
Wkst Indies to Brazil.
Louisianian aiea. Southern Georgia, naturalized.
Alahama: Coast plain. Adventive on ballast. Mobile. Flowers purplish, July
to September; fruit ripe October. A perennial weed, first observed on newly broken
ground in the suburbs of Mobile, October, 1874. Subsequeutly seen on ballast, and
since 1882 spreading abundantly in cultivated ground, where it has become a per-
nicious weed, very injurious to the hay crop.
Type locality: "Hab. in India."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
"WALTHERIA L. Sp. PL 2 : 673. 1753.
Sixteen species, tropical America. Perennials.
"Waltheria americana 1^. Sp. PI. 2 : 673. 1753. American Waltiieria.
Chap. Fl. 59. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 95.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil.
Tropical Florida.
Alabama: Adventive with ballast. Mobile, September, 1892-93. Not observed
lately.
Type locality : "Hab. in Bahama, Barbiches, Suriuamo."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HYPERICACEAE. St. Johns-wort Family.'
ASCYRUM L. Sp. PI. 2 : 788. 1753.
Five species, undershrubs, warmer temperate regions. West Indies, Mexico, Atlan-
tic North America.
Ascyrum multicaule Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 77. 1803. St. Andrew's Cross.
Jscyntm crux-andreae L. Sp. PL 2: 788. 1753. In part, and of most American
authors.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 22, in part. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 92, in part. Chap. FL 38, in part ; ed. 3, 56.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New England west to southern
Illinois, Missouri, and Nebraska, south to the Gulf, from Florida to Louisiana and
Arkansas.
Alabama : Damp and dry borders of woods, open copses. Lauderdale County.
Morgan County, Falkville. Cullman County. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith).
Clarke, Monroe, Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers July to October. Shrubby
at the base, 2 to 3 feet high. A low form with compact branches, and smaller
glaucous leaves occurs on dry hills in the mountainous region. Clay County,
Delta, 1,700 feet.
Considering the confusion existing between .Jsci/ritmcrxx-onrf/eae and./. /(//^jejicoWes
L., the first of these names has been reidaced by Hypericum mnlticauh' Michx. This
species embraces all the northern forms described under J. crux-andreae and those of
the same specific characters occurring southward.
Type locality: "Hab iu Virginia, Carolina."
Herl). Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
Ascyrum hypericoides L. Sp. PL ed. 2 : 1107. 1763. Southern St. Pktek's-wort.
Ascyrum crux-andreae var. anf/ustifolium Nutt. Gen. 2 : 16. 1818 ( f )
A. crux-andreae of most Southern authors.
Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 34. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 112.
West Indies, Mexico.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas and southern Arkansas.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Sandy pine barrens in dry and damp soil,
Escambia, Washington, Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers July to Septem-
ber; frequent. Densely branched shrub 1^ to 2 feet high.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia, .Jamaica."
Herb. Geol, Surv, Herb. Mohr,
<VJ(1 1»LANT LIFK OK ALABAMA.
Ascynim ataiis Miclix. JM. I5.>r. Am. 2: 77. lSii:i. Sr\Ni>ix«; Ascykim.
.isrijriiin hypiriroidts L. Sji. I'l. 2 : 78S. 17."):i. In pitrt.
Kll.sk. 2: 2->. (Jriiy, Mail, ed.t), !»2. Chap. Kl. :{!». Coulter. (Joiitr. Nat. Ilcrli.
2:M.
Caroliniftii and Louisianiiin areas. New .Iithcv and I'cMiiiHylv.iuia to Florida, wohI
to l.oiiisiana, oa.slcrn Texas, and Arkansas.
Ai.ahama: Mountain rej^ion to Coast idaiii. Cullman County, low woods. Wasli-
in^lton, Kscainlda, Mahlwin, and Moldlo counties. In llat damp pine barrens.
Klowers yellow. .Inly to Au;,'ust ; rre(|uent. llndersliruU.
Type locality: " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. (Jeol. .Siirv. Ilorb. .Molir.
Ascyrum pumilum Michx. Kl. Bor. Am. 2 : 77. l«():i. Uwakk St. I'ictkk's-wokt.
Kll. Sk.2:L'l. Cbap. Fl. 39.
Lonisiauian area, (ieorj^ia and Florida, west to Mississippi.
Ai.AiiA.MA: Lower I'ine region. Coast plain. Dry liy,ht soil. ()i)en woods. Wash-
ington, Haldwin. and Mobile counties. Klowers sulphur-yellow, March, April; Ire-
(luent. Shriibliy at the base.
Tyjie locality : '' llul). in (Jeorgia."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HYPERICUM L. Sp. I'l. 2 : 788. 17.".3.' St. .Ioiix's-wort.
About 160 species, chielly in the north temperate zone. North America 35, Atlan-
tic :51. Shruliby or herbaceous perennial more rarely annuals. Mostly shrubby
and ytllow-llow ered.
Hypericum prolificum L. Mant. 1 : 106. 1767. Siiruhhy St. John's-wokt.
Ell. Sk. 2:30. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 93. Chap. Kl. 39.
Alleghcuian to Louisianian area. New .lersey west to Michigan, Minnesota, Mis-
souri, and Arkansas, south to Georgia.
Alaisama: Tennessee Valley. Rocky banks. Lauderdale County (3/. C. Wilson).
Klowers golden yellow. .June, .July. Rare. Two to 3 feet high.
Type locality : " Hab. in America septeutrionali."
Herb. ( Jeol. Surv. HerV). Mohr.
Hypericum aureum P.artram, Travels, 383 (ed. 2, 381). 1791.
GOLI)KN-I I-OWEKKD ST. JoIIN'S-WOKT.
Hypericum amoctinm I'ursh. Kl. Am. Sept. 2 : 375. 1816.
Ell. Sk. 2:31. Chap. Kl. 40.
Carolinian area. South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Exposed limestone hills. I.,aw-
rence County, .Moulton. Madison County, Montesano, 800 feet. Claj' County, Shin-
bone N'alley, .Inly 28, with luatnni capsules. Flowers golden yellow. May, .Juno.
Local, iiiJ're(|uent. Shrubby at the base, 8 to 12 inches high.
Type locality: "On the steep dry banks" of a "largo and deep creek, a branch of
the Flint [I'atse-Liga Creek, Ga.] "'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hypericum myrtifolium Lam. Encycl. 4: 180. 1796. Pale St. ,Toiin's-wort.
llypeiUinn <i1aitcum Michx. Kl. lior. Am. 2 : 78. 1803.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Klorida, west to Mississippi.
Alabama: Coastplain. Bordersof pine-barren ponds. Baldwin County. Mobile
County, Dauphin Island. Klowers .June, .July; not infrequent in the flat pine
barrens.
Type locality not given.
Hell). (Jeol. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
Hypericum fasciculatum Lam. l-.ncycl. 4 : 160. 1797.
Tall n'aijrow-li:a\'KI) St. .John'.s-wort.
Hypericvm nitidum Lam. Encycl. 4: 160. 1797.
Eil. Sk. 2 : 28. Chap. Fl. 40.'
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Inundated margins of pine-barren streams. Baldwin
County, Rock Creek. Flowers July. Shrub 3 to 5 feet high, not rarely the stem
' .John M. Coulter, Revision of North American Hypericaceae, Bot. Gaz. toL 11, pp. 78
to 88 and 106 to 112. 1886.
ST. JOHlirS-WORT FAMILY. G21
simple l>elow with sleudev drooping I)rauclie8; very baiidsouH^ when loaded with
the bright yellow How ers.
Tyjie locality : "Cette espt-ce croit natnrellemeut daus la Caroliuc."'
Herb. Geol. 8nrv. Herb. Mohr.
Hypericum aspalathoides Willd. Sp. 1*1. 3 : 1451. 1805.
Short-leaf St. John'.s-wokt.
Hypericum fasciculat urn var. aspalathoides Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : (!72. 1840.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 27. Chap. Fl. 40 ; ed. 3, 57.
Louisianiau area. South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Boggy piue barrens. Baldwin and Mobile counties.
Flowers golden yellow, August, September. Abundant. Low bushy shrub with
erect-spreading rigid branches, frequently forming extensive patches about shaMow
pine-barren ponds.
Type locality : "Hab. in Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hypericum galioides Lam. Encycl. 4 : 161. 1796. Glossy St. .John's-wokt.
Chap. Fl. 40; ed. 3, 57.
Louisianian area. Sonth Carolina aud Florida to Mississipi)i and Louisiana.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Tuscaloosa County, Tannehill (^J. ./. iSm«7/)). Flow-
ers, July.
Specimens from the above locality represent the form described by Lamarck and
the typical form of Chapman of this polymorphous species. The leaves are densely
crowded, thick, glossy above, margins revolute, with a callous whitish point, the
sepals linear like the leaves, equal or unequal, longer or shorter than the petals.
Type localitj' : " Cet arbuste crolt naturellement dans la Caroline meridiouale."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hypericum galioides pallidum nom. uov.
Hypericum {/alioides amhiguum Chap. Fl. 40. 1860. Not H. amhiguum Ell.
Louisianian area. Georgia, Florida, and Mississippi.
Chap. Fl. 40.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Shaded borders of ditches and
swamps in alluvial forests. Clarke and Escambia counties. Baldwin County,
Stockton. Flowers June to September. Frequent.
Shrubby at the base, diffusely branched and at once recognized by the thin dull
pale linear-lanceolate, fiat leaves, shorter and broader than in the type, ^ inch wide,
1 to 11 inches long, obtuse, minutely pointed, and the margins scarcely revolute,
sepals foliaceous, broadly lanceolate, suddenly contracted at the base, sharply
acuminate, equal, shorter than or as long as the petals, jiedicels bibracteolate. Strik-
ingly as in its extreme form this variety ditiers from the type, intermediate forms
occur connecting the two iii8ensil)ly.
Tyi)e locality (Chap. Fl.) : " River swamps, Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hypericum cistifolium Lam. Encycl. 4: 158. 1796. Not Torr. ifc Gray, nor Chap.
Fl. 41. CiSTUS-LKAF St. John's-wort.
Hiipericum nudiHorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 78. 1803.
Eil. Sk. 2 : 32. ' Gray, Man. ed. 5, 84. Chap. Fl. 41. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 162.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 58.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Florida to North Carolina, west to Louisiana
{Hale), Arkansas, southern Missouri, and southern Illinois.
Alabama : Coast plain. Border of swamps in alluvial forests. Mobile County,
swamp of Three-mile Creek, June 15. Infrequent. Perennial.
TyiJe locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hypericum sphaerocarpum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 78. 1803.
Round- Friitki) St. Joiin's-wort.
Hypericum cistifolium Gray, Man. ed. 6, 94. 1890. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 59. 1897. Not Lam.
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 85.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Kentucky, Tennessee, southern Illinois, and
Missouri.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Central Prairie region. Sunny calcareous rocky
hillsides, open piairies. Franklin County, Russellville, 600 feet. Madison Coimty,
Montesano, 800 feet. Hale County, Gallion, so-called bald prairies, about 250 feet.
Flowers May, .June; not frequent. Shrubby at the base, 8 to 12 inches high.
Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Kentucky."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
iV22 ri.ANI l.IIK "K .M-.\l!.\MA.
Hypoiicuin opaciiin '\'<<i\ . A (Jra.v. I'l. N. A. 1: W.i. \KW.
|)I'I,I. Ol'A(;rK-I,KA\ Ki> Si. ,I<>iin'8-\voht.
Hi/lKririiiii ciMlifoliiiiii \\.\tH. l\\iU'\,V2'>. \S~H. Not I, am.
Chai.. KI..(l.:{.r.8.
l.oiiiHiaiiiaii una. ( ;«>(ir;jia. and I'loiitia, west t<i Louisiana. [Hale!)
Ai.vha.ma: CoaHl plain. Low o|hii ]rm»< Itarn-us, bonltTH nf (UtcliiK ami ixhiiIh.
Ilalihvin ami .Moliilc roiiiitii>8. I'lowfis Inly. Aii';ii.>*t ; frciiiiont. Slirnbbv at tiic
Iia8i<; Btciii Himplc. oiocl L^ to L' feet liinli.
riowiTHof thf naked cynio nio,sll.\ si-sHili. nepals lnoadly ovati-, half as ion;; .is tli.'
jiclals, and m" roniaiUrd Iiv ( hajiman, 'lu' dark roddisli brown <ai>Hnl(!s witli tin
.sMtnn-s deep. . iniprcs.scd. MU'ntiVa H. ronmarini/olium can not be n-feiTed to tiiiH
Hpocies. I'orpnniaK
ryjii' locality : "(Jcorgia, Mix. Milh r! I>r. LomniH.' Alabama, /.»;•. (ialen!"
liVrl*. C.cd. Snrv. Hcrb.Mohr.
Hypericum ellipticuni Hook. I'l. I'mr. .\im. 1: lid. 1X30.
NoKTIIKKN Sf. .IoIIN'S-WOKT.
(Jray. .Man. t-d. ti, HI.
Canadian /one, AlleKbenian and C'arolini.in areas. (/uil)ec to Lake Winnij>e<;,
Hontliern New Kngland, I'cnnsylvania. and New Jersey.
Ar.AHA.MA: Coo.sa ^'alley. Low damp jdno woods. Etowah ('ounty, Gadsden.
Only a sinjile Hpocinien of this fine species has been collected. .Inly, 1880; rare.
I'lMcnnial.
Type locality : " Canada to l^ake Winnipeg. Mr. Cleyhoni; Dr. L'irliardnoii. Lake
Ilnron. l>r. Tudd."
Herb. (Jeol. .^Mr\ . Herb. Molir.
Hypericum virgatum acutifolium ( Kll.) Conlter, 15ot. Ha/.. 11: lOti. 1X86.
Angilau-ste.mmki) St. John's-wokt. Erect St. .Foiin's-wort.
Uypericnm acutifolium Ell. Sk. 2 : 26. 1821.
//. angulosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 78.
Ell. Sk. I.e. Chap. Fl. 41.
Candiuian area. Georgia and Florida.
Alabama: Coosa Valley. Lower hills. Etowali County, Gadsden, low pine
woods. .letVerson County, Elyton (A. -1. iSmJ//i). Flowers .Inly ; rare. Herbaceous.
Typo locality: " Sent to me from Milledgeville in Georgia by Dr. Boykin."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hypericum pilosum "Walt. Fl. Car. 190. 1788. Hoamy St. .Joiin's-wort.
Iltipiricum simpler Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 80. 1803.
Ell.Sk. 2:2t;. Chap. Fl. 41.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Sonth Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana
(Hah).
Alabama: Coosa Valley to Coast plain. Wet sandy or graA^elly places in jiine for-
ests. Etowah County, (iad.sden. Mobile County. Flowers chrome-yellow. .July,
August; freqmnt in the Lower Pine region and Coast jdain. Terennial.
Type locality : Sonth Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Hypericum maculatum Walt. Fl. Car. 189. 1788. SroTTKi) St. John'.s-wokt.
Ifiipericuiii rori/mliDsum Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 :'11.^7. 180,5.
Eil. Sk. 2 : -Jl. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 94. Chap. Fl. 40.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Quebec, Ontario; New Fiugland west to AHnne-
sota, Missouri, and Arkansas, south to the Gulf, from Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama : Over the State. Borders of woods and tields. Flowers canary-yellow ;
June to August. Common. Perennial.
Tyjie locality : South Carolina.
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hypericum mutilum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 787. 1753. Smallei: St. John's-wort.
Hi/piricum fjuimjueuerrium Walt. Fl. Car. 190. 1788.
Eil. Sk. 2 : 24. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 95. Chap. Fl. 41. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 35.
Mexuo.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Canada, New l-:nglaiid, west to Minnesota to
the (;ulf from F'lorida to Texas.
.Vlabama: Over the State. Wet, springy jdaces. Flowers deep vellow^; Juno to
October. Common. Annual.
Type locality ; " llab. in Virginia. Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ST. JOHNS-WORT FAMILY. 623
Hypericum gymnanthuni Eugelm. & C4ra}', Boat. Jonrn. Nat. Hist. 5 : 212. 1847.
Bare-flowered St. John's-wort.
Gray, Man. ed, 6, 95. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 35. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 60.
Allegheniau to Lonisiauian area. New England, Vermont, Minnesota, Illinois,
Arkansas, Delaware, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Georgia.
Alahama: Coast plain. Exjiosed wet places, ditches. Mobile County. Flowers
deep yellow; May. Not rare. Annual.
Type locality : "Chiyey soil in pine woods near Houston [Texas]. June. Also in
Louisiana, Arkansas, &c., not uncommon."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hypericum cauadense L. Sp. PI. 2 : 785. 1753. Canada St. John's-wokt.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 24. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 95. Chap. Fl. 42.
Canadian, Allegheniau to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Ontario; New Eng-
land west to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Arkansas, south to Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region. Central prairies. Damp rocky banks. Cullman
County, 800 feet. Autauga County, Prattville (£. J. /Smi(/t). Flowers orange ; June.
Not frequent. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in Canada. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hypericum drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) Torr. «fe Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 165. 1838.
Drummond's St. John's-wort.
Sarothra drummondii Grev. & Hook. Bot. Misc. 3 : 236. 1833.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 95. Chap. Fl. 42.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Western Illinois, southern Missouri, Kansas,
Arkansas, and Tennessee to South Carolina and Florida, thence west to Louisiana
{Hale).
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Open dry places, pastures. Cullman
County, 800 feet. Montgomery and Mobile counties. Flowers deep yellow; Septem-
ber, October. Not rare. Eight to 10 inches high. Annual.
Type locality: "Near St. Louis, on the Missouri. Drummond."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hypericum geutianoides (L. ) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 9. 1888.
Orange Grass. Pine-weed.
Sarothra genUanoides L. Sp. Pl. 1 : 272. 1753.
Hypericum nudicaule Walt. Fl. Car. 190. 1788.
H. sarothra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 79. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 371. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 95. Chap. Fl. 42.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New England, Illinois, and Missouri south to
the Gulf; Florida to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama: Throughout. In sandy open places, fields, pastures. Flowers orange;
July to October. Common; most abundant in the pine barrens. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virgiuiae, Pensylvaniae apricis glareosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TRIADENUM Raf. Med. Rep. ser. 2, 5 : 352. 1808.
Two species paludial perennials. Eastern North America.
Triadenum petiolatum (Walt.) Ref. Med. Rep. ser. 2, 5:352. 1808.
Marsh St. Joiin's-wokt.
Hypericum petiolatuvi Walt. Fl. Car. 191. 1788.
Elodes petiolata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 379. 1816.
Ell. Sk. 2: 34. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 95. Chap. Fl. 42.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersej' to Florida, west to Kentucky,
southern Tennessee to Florida and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region, Coast jilain. Borders of swamps. Montgomery
County. Washington County, Yellowpine. Mobile County. On rotten logs in
river swamps. Flowers rose-pink ; July. Infrequent.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. Fl. Tell. 3:79. 1836.
Purple Virginia St. Joiin's-wort.
Hypericum virginicum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1104. 1763.
Hypericum campanulatum Walt. Fl. Car. 191. 1788.
Elodea campanulata I'ursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2: 379. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 33. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 95. Chap. Fl. 42.
r.J J I'KANr I. IKK <»K ALAHAMA.
Allf^lK-iiiaii til l.ouiHiauiitii area. Lalnador to N<'W Kn;;laiul, wost to Michifjjaii and
Nc'ltraxka, south to tin- (JiiHainl iVoiii Kloriila to Louisiana.
Ai.aiiaMa: Central Vim' lull to Coaht plain. Low vet ])laceK. Autaiif^a and
Moliilo lonnticH. FIowoph jiink, .Inly; not inlrciincnt. Pert-nnial.
Tyiio Iticality : ''Hah. in riMisylvaiiia."'
Ih-ib. (iool. Snrv. lU-rli. Molir.
CISTACEAE. Rock Rose Family.
HELIANTHEMUM I", th. Syn. 2 : ?:.. 180.5.
One hundred and ten siiecies, warmer re^iions of Eurojie, mostly Moditerranenn
and American; Mexico to IJrazil. Kortli America, 10. Ours small, slender shrubs.
Heliaiithemum caroliiiiauum (Walt.) Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:307. 1803.
Carolina Kock-rosk.
< 'tutus rarurtiiiiiiiits Walt. Kl. Car. '['^'2. IIXX.
Kll. Sk. 2: a. (hap. Fl. 3.".. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:24.
Lonisi;iuiaii area. Florida to North Carolina, west to Texas.
.Vlahama : Lower Pine re<^ion. Coast plain, dry sandy pine barrens. Mobile and
Baldwin counties. Flowers lirijjbt yellow, large; March, April. Frequent.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. (ieol. .""^iirv. Herb. Mohr.
Heliaiithemum areuicola Chap. Fl. 35. 1860. Seaside R<)Ck-k*».sk.
Chap. Fl. 3.-.. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 190.
Louisianian area. Western Florida to Mi8.sis8ii)pi.
Alaijama: Littoral region. Drifting san<l near the seashore. Baldwin County,
Point Clear. Flowers yellow, April, May. Not frequent. The woody lower part of
the stems buried in the sand.
Type locality: "Drifting sands near the coast, West Florida."
Herb. Geol. t?urv. Herb. Mohr.
Heliaiithemum georgianum Chap. IT. ed, 3, 36. 1897. Gec)R(;ia Kock-uo.se.
Louisianian area. (Jeorgia, eastern Florida (St. Augustine, (iarber), eastern Mis-
sissippi (Columbus, Mohr) to western l^ouisiana (JUale).
Alabama: Coast plain. Sunny hillsides in poor sandy soil. Mobile County, foot of
Springhill. Baldwin County, Montrose. Flowers yellow (canary). May, June.
Local. Infrequent, but abounding at the locality covering large patches with Opiintia
rafniesiiii and ('enchrux tribuUndes.
Shrulilet 8 to 10 inches high, widely branched above the base, flowers I inch wide,
distant or more or less crowded.
Type locality : "Hab. in Georgia, Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Heliaiithemum rosmaiinifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 364. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 2:6. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 36.
Louisianian area. Georgia to Mississippi.
Alama.ma: Central Prairie belt. Dry sandy banks, Dallas County, near Selma,
August, ]8!t9 {liiltmore Herb.).
Type locality : " In jiino barrens: Georgia. Kjinlen.''
LECHEA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 90. 1753.>
Atlantic North America 11, perennial herbs.
Lechea minor L. Sp. PI. 1 : 90. 1753. Thyme-leaf Leciiea.
Lechca thi/mifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 77. 1803.
Levhca iwvae-caesareae Aust. ; Grav. Man. ed. 5, 81. 1867.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 18.5. (Jrav, Man. ed. 6, 677 ; Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 192. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 37.
Alleghenian, (Jarolinian, and Louisianian areas. Coast of New England to Michi-
gan, south to Florida, west to Mississippi.
Alaija.ma: Mountain region, Coast plain. Drv exposed places. Cullman County,
800 leet. Baldwin County, eastern shore of Mobile Bay. Mobile County, open dry
pine woods. Auga.st to October. Freciuent near the coast.
Type locality: "Hab. in Cauadae .sylvis glareosis."
Herb. GeoL Surv. Herb. Mohr.
' N. L. Britton, A revision of the genus Lechea, Bull. Torr. Club, vol. 21, pp. 244 to
253, 1884.
ROCK RUSE FAMILY. 625
Lechea racemulosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:77. 1803. Racemose Leciiea.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 184. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 78. Chap. El. ed. 3, 37. C4rav, Svu. El. N. A. 1, pt.
1 : 193.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New England west to Iowa, south
from Tennessee to South Carolina.
Alabama : Mountain region, in dry rocky soil. Clay County, Baldrock, 2,200 feet.
Marshall County, on Lookout Mountain range, 1,200 feet. Cullman County, 800 feet.
Blount County. .July; frequent.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lechea villosa Ell. Sk. 1 : 184. 1817. Pinweed.
Lechea major Michx.Fl.Bor. Am. 1:16. 1803. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 77 ; Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 192. Chap. El. 36 ; ed. 3, 37.
Alleghenian to liOuisianiau area. Ontario; southern New England to Michigan,
Missouri, and Arkansas, south to Florida.
Alabama: Throughout. Dry sterile soil, worn-outfields, pastures. Most abundant
in the Lower Pine region and Coast plain. Flowers May, June. 1^ to 2 feet high.
Type locality of L. major Michx. : " Hab. in apricis aridis Carolinae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lechea divaricata Shuttleworth ; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21:249. 1894.
Lechea major divaricata Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 192. 1896.
Mexico. " Divaricately-branched Pinweed.
Louisianian area. Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain, littoral region. Dry sandy banks. Baldwin County,
eastern shore Mobile Bay (Battle's Wharf). Sandy exposed shore of Fish River Bay,
October 4. 1894. Running shoots fully develojied, divaricately branched, canescentlj''
villous with long spreading or adpressed hairs like the fascicled, ovate, slightly
pointed leaves. Stem 8 to 10 inches high, smoothish below, divaricately branched
above the middle. Flowers September, October; not frequent.
Type locality : " Florida (Rugel, Garber, Curtiss), Texas (E. Palmer, No. 2025)."
Lechea tenuifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 77. 1803. Narroav-leaf Leciiea.
Lechea minor var. y Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 154. 1838.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 185. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 77. Chap. Fl. 37, in part. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A.
1, pt. 1 : 193.
Cuba.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Eastern Massachusetts to Wisconsin, south to
Florida, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama : Coast Pine belt. Dry open places, sandy pine ridges, old fields. Mobile
and Baldwin counties. Flowers September, October; common.
Type locality : " Hab. in coUibus sabulosis juxta amnem Santee."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lechea patula Leggett, Bull. Torr. Clnl), 6 : 251. 1875. Spreading Lechea.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 194.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi?
Alabama: Coast ])lain. Dry sandy pine ridges. Mobile County, Siiringhill ; rare.
Type locality : South Carolina and Florida.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lechea torreyi Leggett; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 251. 1894.
Torrey's Leciiea.
Lechea racemiilosa Iioo]i. .lonin. Bot. 1: 193. 1834. Not Michx.
Lechea cinerea torreyi Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 37. 1897.
Gray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 194.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi (Horn Island).
Alabama: Littoral region. Dry sands, near seashore. Baldwin County, eastern
shore Mobile Bay. Mo1)il County, Dauphin Island. Flowers June, July; rare.
Type locality o{ L. raremulosa Hook.: "Covington, Louisiana." Of L. torreyi:
"Florida and South Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lechea legettii Britt. & Holl. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 6. 1888. Legett's Lechea.
Lechea minor Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1 : 221, t. 53, f. 1. 1791. Not L.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 193.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Long Island, New York, Pennsylvania, and
Virginia, south to South Carolina and Florida, west to Arkansas.
15894 40
(i2<') l'I.\Nf I.I IK <»!•' AI-.\n.\M.\.
AiAMAM.v: Mdiinlaiii H'<;ion to Coast ])l;iin. Dry roi-ky or sandy places. Loo
Coiiuly. Aulmrii (/>'.//,(;•.»• A'rtr^-, No. .V>). Cullman (bounty, 800 feet. Dale County,
()/:nk! Moliiir ('i)iiuty, Sprin^Miill, on sandy pine ridges. Flowers July, August.
Type locality : '• E C'linada."
Horb. Gcul. 8urv. Herb. Midir.
VIOLACEAE. Violet Family.
VIOLA L. S).. I'l. 2:li:W. ITHS.'
About l.">0 species, in ieiuperate regions, chiefly of tbe Xortlif^rn Hemisphere.
North America 36, Atlantic 2').
Viola pedata J>. Sp. PI. 2:983. 1753. BikiVs-k<»ot Violkt.
liola pvdata viir. hirolor I'ursh; Raf in DC. Prodr. 1: 2!tl. 1824.
\"iola itedata inoniata Greene, I'ittonia, 3 : 35. 1898.
Gray, Man. ed. ti, 78. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 19.5.
Candinian and I^ouisianian area. Southern New England, New .Jersey, and south-
ern Missouri, south to Tennessee and Mississippi.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley, Mountain region. Metamorphic hills. Dry grassy
banks, open copses. liawrence County, Moulton. Madison County, Montesano
{r,o>i»ton, Herb. Biltniore.) Tuscaloosa County {E.A.Smith). Lee County, Auburn
{F.S.Earle). Flowers April; not infrequent.
Type locality: " Hab. in ^'i^ginia."
H(>rb. Geol. Surv.
Viola palmata L. Sp. PI. 2 : 933. 1753. Blue Wooi)-\ iolkt.
Viola IteierophyUa Muhl. Cat. 25. 1813.
Mola palvutta var. vnhjarin Ell. Sk. 1 : 300. 1817.
Viola ciicullala \ax. palmata Gray, Man. ed. 5, 78. 1867.
Ell. 8k. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 79. Chap. Fl. 33. Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 196.
Allegheuiau to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, Ontario; New England, west to
Minnesota, Nebraska, and Arkansas, south to I'^lorida and I^onisiana.
Alabama: Over the State. In light dry soil. Most abundant in the pine forests
of the Maritime Pine belt. Flowers sky-blue, March. Common. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Viola palmata dilatata Ell. Sk. 1 : 300. 1817.
Ell. 1. c.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Georgia, Louisiana.
Alabama: Mountain region to Lower Pine belt. In dry sandy soil. Lee County
{Baker iS' Earle). Mobile County, pine uplands.
Type locality : " Upper districts of Georgia and Carolina."
Viola brittoniaua Pollard, Bot. Gaz. 26 : 332.
Viola atlantica Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 92. 1897. Not V. atlantica Pomel,1874.
Britt(m &, Br. 111. Fl. 2 : 44().
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Coast of southern New England to New Jersey
sourhward along the coast. Eastern Louisiana (Feliciana, Carpenter).
Alabama: Lower Pine belt. Mobile County, in dry pine woods. Flowers bright
blue, March 15. Frequent.
Viola vicinalis Greene, Pittonla, 4 : 9. 1899. Largk-flowkued Violkt.
.rioZa{»(8J/7Hi« Pollard, Bot. Gaz. 26:334. 1898. Not Richter. 1888.
Glabrous from a stout erect rhizome; leaves rather iirm, thickish, the margin
slightly revolute, triangular in outline, obtuse at the apex, truncate at the base, tlie
early incised and the later variously lobed, the 3 to 5 lobes broad to linear, deeply
pinnatiiid, the middle lobe alway-S: the largest, the lowest pair more or le.s8 ruucinate,
the divisions crenately denticulate; peduncles shorter or longer than the leaves.;
llowers large, the lateral petals bearded with glistening hairs, spur short, sepals
.narrowly lanceolate, acute.
Louisianian area. Florida.
Ai^ba.ma: Coast i)lain. In dry sandy pine woods. Mobile County. "Infrequent.
Type locality of J. i»isij77u'8 Pollard: "Dry pine barrens, northern Florida. « * •*
Curtiss no. 4518a, Jacksonville; A. Fredholm no. 425, Duval County.'
' Charles L. Pollard, The purple-flowered, stemless violets of the Atlantic coast,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 10, pp. 85 to 92. 1896 Same author, Further
.observation>s on the eastern acaulesceut violets, Bot. (^az. vol. 26, i)j). 325 to 342. 1898.
VIOLET FAMILY. 627
Viola Carolina Greene, Pittonia, 3 : 259. 1898. Caijolixa Violet.
Acaiilescent, low, foliajje thickieh, depressed; leaves flat, cordate-ovate or round-
cordate, basallobes broadly rounded, with a more or less open sinus, margins crenu-
late, sparsely ciliate, minutely hairy above, densely pubescent on the lower side like
the peduncles and jietioles, the latter longer than the leaf blade; sepals obtuse,
petals pale purplish blue, little hairy at the base, spur large, prominently saccate.
Very distinct from Viola papUionacea by the above characters.
Louisianiau area. North Carolina and Georgia near the coast.
Alabama : Lower Pine reuion. Borders of copses, dry grassy pastures. Mobile
County, Springhill. March U, 1898.
Type locality : " Wilmington, N. C." (TFm. Canby).
Viola alabamensis Pollard, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13 : 169. 1900.
"Acaulescent, of dwarf and spreading habit, from slender nearly vertical root-
stocks; leaves small, sparingly hirsute, the blade cordate, siiborbicular, 1.5 to 2 cm.
in length, the slender petiole as long or twice as long; flowering scapes greatly
exceeding the foliage (7 to 8 cm. long) the flower purple, 2.5 cm. in diameter; petals
broadly oblong, the margins obscurely erose or fimbriate ; sepals small, ovate-lanceo-
late ; cleistogamous flowers and fruit not observed."
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Upper division of Coast Pine belt. Border of woods
and open copses. Cullman County, March 22, 1899. Clarke County, Suggsville
{Dr. Denny, March 25, 18.52).
Type locality: Suggsville, Clarke County, Ala. (Erroneously given as "Sucks-
ville, Washington County, Alabama.")
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr. (Type specimens in both.)
Viola papilionacea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 173. 1814. Common Wood Violet.
Viola cHcidlata Le Coute, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2:137. 1828. Not Ait. Fide Greene,
Pittonia, 4 : 140.
j; communis Pollard, Bot. Gaz. 26 : 336. 1898. Not Wittrock.
V. obliqua and /'. cucullata of recent authors, not of Hill or Ait.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 299. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 79, in part. Chap. Fl. 33, in part.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. New York, Pennsylvania, south to Florida.
Alabama: Over the State. Woods and copses. Damp and dry soil. Flowers
pale blue; February, March ; common. Perennial.
Type locality: "Near Philadelphia in wet places."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Viola villosa Walt. Fl. Car. 219. 1788. Soft Haiky Violet.
Viola cucullata var. cordafa Gray, Man. ed. 5, 78. 1867. In part.
Viola palmata villosa Robinson in Gray, Syn. Fl. Am. 1, pt. 1 : 196. 1895.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 297. Chap. Fl. 33. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. c.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Southern New York, eastern Pennsylvania,
Missouri, and Arkansas, south to North Carolina and Florida.
Alabama : Mountain region. Metamorphic hills. Lee County, Auburn, 800 feet.
Flowers pale blue. March ; rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "South Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Viola sagittata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 287. 1789. Arrow-lea j' Violet.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 79. Ch.ip. Fl. 33. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 196.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario; New Eng-
land to Minnesota, south to New Jersey, Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Lower hills. Open woods in light dry ground. Tuscaloosa County
{E.A.Smith). Flowers blue. April ; not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Native of Pennsylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Viola leconteana G. Don, Hist. Dichl. PI. 1 : 324. 1831. Sweet Wood Violet.
Viola amoena Le Conte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 144. 1828. Not Symons. 1798.
V. hlanda 2>alustriformis Gray, Bot. Gaz. 11: 255. 1886.
V. hlanda amoena B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 6. 1888.
V. alsopliila Greene, Pittonia, 4 : 7. 1899.
Britt. &. Br. 111. Fl. 2 : 450.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New York along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama : Mountain region. Wet rocky ledges. Winston County, Sipsey \'alley,
1,500 feet. Flowers cream color, faintly sweet-scented. May; rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "Native of North America in humid woods, in the State of New
York and New Jersey, and from Pennsylvania to Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr,
('•I'S PLANT LIl'K OK ALABAMA.
Viola primulaefolia L. Sp. I'L 2 :!>3l. 1753. Primrose-lkaved Violet.
KIL Sk. 1 : 2!t7. (iray, Man. od. ti, 80. Cliap. FL 33. Orjiy, Syn. V\. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 198.
('andinian ami Loiiisiaiiian areas. Southern New England to Virginia, west to
Louisiana and Missouri.
Ai..\nAMA: Ti'nnessee Valloy. Mountain region, ("nllnian County, 8()0 leet, Lee
County, Auburn. TuHcaloosa County. Low »lamp lianks. I'loweiH white. March,
April; aluiudant. Ti-rennial.
Tvpo locality : "Hah. in Sihiria, Virginia."
llcni.. (iiM.L.^iirv. H- rl.. Mohr.
Viola primulaefolia australis Pollard, Bot. ( Jaz. 26 : 342. 1898.
SorriiERN I'KiMROSK-i.KAVF.n Violet.
Louisianian area. Throughout the southern .States.
Ai.AiiAMA: Coast Pino belt and Coast plain. In similar situations with the type.
Mobile Ciuiiity. Marcli, April.
'i',vi)0 locality : "A. Frcdholm, No. 431, Duval County, Florida."
Viola lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 2 : 934. 1753. Lance-leaf Violet.
KU.Sk. 1:296. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 80. Chap. FL 33. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 25.
Gray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 19S.
Allegiienian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick, and Ontario; New England,
west to Minnesota, south to Virginia, Tennessee, and Florida, west to eastern Texas.
Ai.AiJAMA : Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Low wet places. Tuscaloosa County
{K. A. Smith). Montgomery, Washington, and Mobile counties. Flowers white.
April; frequent. I'erennial.
Type locality: "Ilab. in Canada, Sibiria."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Viola hastata Miohx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 149. 1803. Halrert-leaved Violet.
1:11. Sk. 1 : 302. Gray, Man. ed. 0, 80. Chap. Fl. 34. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 201.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. West Virginia, Tennes.seo, upper Georgia, west
Florida, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Lower hills. Kich woods. Lawrence County.
Moulton County ( T. Jil. Peters). Lee County, Auburn (F. S. Earle). Flowers yellow.
May; not fre(|uent. Perennial.
Type locality : '" Hab. in iiltis niontiljus Carolinae."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Viola tripartita Ell. Sk. 1 : 302. 1817.
Viola hastata tripartita Gray, Syn. Fl. 1, pt. 1 : 201. 1895.
Ell. .Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 34.
Carolinian area. Mountains of North Carolina to Georgia.
Ai.aba^ia: Metamorphic Hills. Lee County, Auburn.
Tyj)e locality: " From specimens collected near Athens, Georgia, l)y Mr. Green."
Viola tripartita glaberrima (Ging.) Harper, Bull. Torr. Club, 27 : 337. 1899.
I'iola hastata glaberrima Ging. in DC. Prodr. 1 : 300. 1824.
Carolinian area. Georgia, Alabama.
Alaba:ma: Central Pine l>elt. Tuscaloosa County, near the city (E. A. Smith).
Running into the type by intermediate forms.
Type locality: " In sylvis et collibus Carolinae septentrionalis."
Viola pubesceus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 290. 1789. Downy Yellow Violet.
J'iola pensijlvanica Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 149. 1803.
Gray. Man. ed. (J, 80. Chap. FL 34. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 202.
Allegiienian and Carolinian areas. Ontario to Manitoba; New England west to
Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas, south along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Damp wooded banks. Laudei--
dale County, Florence {M. V. Wilson). Winston County, 1,500 feet. Cullman County,
800 feet. Tuscaloosa County (£. ^. iSmJ^/i). Flowers yellow. April, May; notraie.
Perennial.
Type locality: "Native of North America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Viola scabriuscula Schwcin. ; Torr. &. Gray, Fl. N. A. 1:142. 1838. As synouyuL
S.MooTHiSH Yellow Violet.
Viola jyiibescens scabriuscula' Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 202. 1838.
Gray, Man. ed. (!, 80. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. k. 1. pt. 1 : 202.
Carolinian area. Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Tennessee. ,
Alabama : Tuscaloosa County (E. A. Smith). Perennials.
Type locality : " Pennsyhaiii.i, Darlington .' Kentucky, JDr. Short!"
Herb. Geol, Surv. Herb. Mohr.
VIOLET FAMILY. 629
Viola striata Ait. TTort. Kew. 3 : 290. 1789. Pale Violet.
noht dehilh Michx. Fl, Bor. Am. 2 : 150. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:301. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 80. Chap. FL 34. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 1, pt.
1 : 202.
Allegheniaa to Caroliaian area. Ontario; New England west to Michigan and
Minnesota, south to West Virginia, northern Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri and along
the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Damp and wet rocky banks. Winston County,
valley of Sipsey Fork, 1,500 feet. Clay County, Moseley, 1,000 feet. July 27, with
mature capsules. Flowers cream color. May; rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "Native of North America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Viola multicaulis (Torr. & Gray) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 227. 1894.
Branched Violet.
Fiola canina Walt. Fl. Car. 219. 1788. Not L.
r. muhlenb^rfiH var. mnlticanlis Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 140. 1838.
V. canina var. multicaulis Gray, Bot. Gaz. 11 : 292. 1886.
Chap. Fl. 34. Gray, Man. ed.'6, 81. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 25. Gray, Syn.
FL N. A. 1, pt. 1 : 203.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Kentucky to Florida, west to Louisiana, Texas,
and Arkansas.
Alabama : Central Pine belt to Upper division of Coast Pine belt. Shaded rocky
banks. Clay County, Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith). Clarke County, Thomas-
ville. Flowers white. April; infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality: " Rocks near Kentucky River, Short."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Viola rostrata Pursh, FL Am. Sept. 1 : 174. 1816. Long-spurred Violet
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 81. Chap. Fl. 34. Gray, Syn. FL 1, pt. 1 : 204.
Alleghenian and Carolinian ureas. Ontario and New England west to Michigan,
south to Virginia and along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region, dripping rocks. Winston County, Valley of Sipsey
Fork, 1,500 feet. Flowers white. April, May; rare. Perennial.
Type locality : " On shady rocks : near Eastown, Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Viola rafinesquii Greene, Pittonia, 4 : 9. 1899. Wild Pansy.
rio?rt /(>«e/?a Raf. Am. Med. Mag. 4:191. 1819. Name only. Not Poir. 1810.
Viola arrensis Ell. Sk. 1 : 302. 1817. Not Murray. 1770.
Viola tricolor var. arvenxis Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 88. 1830. Not DC.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 302, as J', arvensis. Chap. Fh 34. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 81. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 25.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Canada to Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Central Prairie region. Tuscaloosa County (E. A.
Smith). Montgomery County. Flowers white ; March. Annual or biennial.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb Mohr.
Viola tricolor L. Sp. PL 2 : 935. 1753. Pansy.
Introduced from Europe, escaped from cultivation and partially naturalized in
many parts of Eastern North America.
Alabama: Mobile on ballast heaps, Pinto Island. April. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Enropae cultis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CUBELIUM Raf. Cat. Bot. Gard. Trans. 13, name only. 1824. Jackson, Index Kew.
1:063. 1893.
Cubelium concolor (Forst.) Raf. ; Jackson, Index Kew. 1 : 663. 1893.
Viola concolor Forst. Trans. Linn. Sue. 6 : 309. 1802. Green Violet.
Solea concolor Ging. in DC. I'rodr. 1 : 306. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 303. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 81. Chap. Fl. 35.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Ontario; New York and Ohio A' alley
to Missouri and Arkansas, along the lower Alleghenian janges to Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Upper division Coast Pine belt. Rich woods.
Lauderdale, Cullman, and Tuscaloosa counties. Clarke County {Br. Denny).
Flowers greenish. May ; not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in uliginosis Americae Seiitentrioualis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CuM) I'LANT LIKK (>K AI.AHAMA.
PASSIFLORACEAE. Passion Flower Family.
PASSIFIiORA I.. Sp. PI.2:i»5i). 1753.
Altoiit 130 specii's, <liiflly of Iniiiiciil Ainciic.i lioiu West IiidieH to Hriizil. North
Aiiu'iica !t.
Passiflora incarnata L. Sj). I'l. 2 : it59. 1753. Mayi-op. Common Passion Ti.owkr
j:il..sk.2: 153. Gray, Man. od.G, IIU. Chap. Fl. 117. Coulter, Coiitr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 121.
Cuba, 1?i!azii,, 1'eiu\
Carolinian and houisiaiiian areas. Virjjfinia west to Kentucky; Missouri and
Arkansas, south to Florida, and throujjfhout the (iiilf States to western Texas.
Ai.AitAMA: Tennessee N'allej' to the Coast i»Iain. Dry, waste, and cultivated
•ground. C'nilnian County, 800 I'eet. Mobile County. Flowers jinrple and white;
April, May. Fruit ripe .luue, .)uly, greenish yellow, the pulp edible. Perennial.
Ty])e locality: "Hab. in Nirginia, Brasilia, Peru."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Passiflora lutea L. Sp. PI. 2 : 958. 1753. Yellow Passion Flower.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 154. Gray, Man. cd. 6, 194. Chap. Fl. 147.
Carolinian and Louisiaiiian areas. Virginia and Ohio to Missouri, south to Florida,
west to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alauama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. iJamp thickets. Morgan County,
Decatur. Cullman County, 800 feet. Tuscaloosa County. Jetierson County (E. A.
Smith). Clarlm Coxiuty {Dr. Denny). Mobile County. Flowers dull yellow; June.
Not rare. Climbing over bushes. Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginiae, Jauiaicae glareosis, saxosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
CACTACEAE. Cactus Family.
OPUNTIA Mill. CJard.Dict. ed. 7. 1759. Prickly pear.
About 150 species, of subtropical and tropical America. North America, mostly
western (Sonoran areas) and adjacent parts of Mexico 101.
KAFlNKSCiUE'S PUICKLY PeAK.
Opuntia humifusa Kaf. Med. Bot. 2: 247. 1830.
Cactus hitviifu8U8 Raf. Ann. Nat. 15. 1S20.
Opuntia mcaacawtlia Kaf. ; Seringe, Bull. Jiot. Gen. 216. 1830.
Opuntia rafniemiHH Engelm. Syn. Cact. 295. 1856.
( ;ray, Man", ed. 6, 197. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 171. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 135.
Alleghenian to Louisiauian area. Ontario, southern New England, Minnesota,
Wisconsin and Missouri to Texas and Louisiana.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Flowers sulphur-yellow, April, May.
Fruit ripe June, July; pulp purple. Abundant in the limestone hills of the Ten-
nessee Valley and common in the dry sandy pine barrens of the Lower Pine region
and Coast plain. Perennial.
Type locality unknown.
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Opuntia opuntia (L.) Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 432. 1896.
Common Prickly Pear.
Cactus opuntia L. .Sp. PI. 1 : 468. 1753.
Opuntia vulgaris Mill. Diet. ed. 8, no. 1. 1768.
Gray, Man, ed. 6, 197. Chap. Fl. 144, ed. 3, 171,
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Southeastern Massachusetts along the coast
to Florida.
Ai.ai'.ama: Coast plain. Shell banks. Mobile County, Dauphin Island. Perennial.
Type; locality : "Hab. in America, Peru, Virginia, nunc in Hisjiania, Lusitania."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Opuntia pes-corvi Le Conte; Chap. Fl. 145. 1860. Crowfoot Cactus.
Chap. Fl. 145.
Louisiauian area. Georgia and Florida, west to Mississippi.
ALxVBAma: Littoral region. Drifting sands on the seashore. Mobile County,
Dauphin Island, Navy Cove. Flowers rose puridish; April, May. Not frequent.
Perennial.
Ty]ie locality: "Barren sandy places along the coast, Florida and Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 631
THYMELEACEAE. Mezereum Family.
biRCA L. Sp. PL 1 : 356. 1753. Moose-wood.
Two siiecies, Eastern United States; California, 1. North America AtLiutic, 1.
t>irca palustris L. Sp. PL 1 : 358. 1753. Leatmekwood.
Ell. Sk. 1:448. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 448. Chap. Fl. ,395.
Allegheuian to Lonisianian area. New Brunswick, Ontario, and New England
v.est to Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas, and from New York south to Florida.
Alabama: Upper division of the Coast Pine belt. Rich wooded hillsiiit^s. Clarke
Conntj {Dr. Denny). Monroe County, Claiborne Landing. Flowers yellow, Febru-
ary. Shrub 3 to 4 feet high.
Type locality : "Hab. in Yirginiae paludosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LYTHRACEAE. Loosestrife Family,
ROTALA L. Mant. 2 : 175. 1772.
Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehue, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 13, pt. 2: 192. 1875.
Branched Rotala.
Ammannia ramosior L. Sp. PL 1 : 120. 1753.
A. humilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:99. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 218. Chap. Fl. 134. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 184. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 112. Griseb. FL Brit. W. Ind. 270.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New England along the coast to
Georgia, west to Texas and north to Oregon.
Alabama: Lower hills to Coast plain. Ditches. Cullman County, 800 feet. Shelby
Qowwt J {E. A. Smith). Mobile County. Flowers purple; July to September. Fre-
quent. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia. D. Gronovius."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AMMANNIA L. Sp. PL 1 : 120. 1753.
Eighteen species, warmer regions of Asia, Africa, America. North America, 3.
Ammannia coccinea Eottb. PI. Hort. Havu. Descr. 7. 1773. Scaklet Ammannia.
Ammannia latifoJia Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1: 480. 1838. Not L.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 185. Chap. FL ed. 3, 158. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2: 112.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 270.
Cuba to Brazil.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey west to Indiana, Missouri, Kansas,
and Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Muddy places. Mobile County. Flowers red; August,
September. Rare. Annual.
Type locality unknown.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LYTHRUM L. Sp. PL 1 : 446. 1753.
Twenty-three species, diffused over the temperate regions of the globe. North
America 5.
Lythrum ak-tum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 334. 1814. Wing-stemmed Loosestrife.
EIL Sk. 1 : .545. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 185. Chap. Fl. 134, in part. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2 : 112.
Mexico.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario ; New England west to Minnesota,
Nebraska, Colorado, south from New Jersey to Florida, Louisiana, western Texas,
and Arkansas.
Alabama : Prairie region. Greene County, Pleasant Ridge (E. A. Smith). Flowers
purple, August; rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "In lower Georgia. Ensleu."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohi'.
{\:V2 IM.ANP MKK OK .\T,.\1?.\MA.
Lythrum lanceolatiim Kll. Sk. 1 :54 I. 1817-21. Lance-i.f.ak Looskstkifk.
Kll.Sk.l.c. Chiip. IM. i:il, in ]).iit. ('<»iiltiT, Contr. Nat. llcrli. 2 : 112.
Lonisiaiiian uioa. South Camliiia, (Jeorjjia, l.ouiHiana, and 'i'cxas.
Ai.vuama: Central rrairiore^^ioii to Coast plain. Low d.inip jilacuis. Montgomery
an.l Moliilo comities. Flowers lila(-])nrpie; .Inly, August. Ai»parently local; in
8t»nu) ])la(t>s abnndant in damp low li(l<lH. i'orcnnial.
Ty]ic locality: "Grows in ditches, swauips, etc.," South Carolina and Ceorgia.
Herb. (.ieol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lythrum liueare L.Sp. PI. 1:447. 1753. Skaside Looskstkikk.
Kil. Sk. l:54r.. Gray. Man. od. 6, 18.5. Chap. Fl. 134, Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:112.
Carolinian and Louisiaiiian areas. New .Jersey along the coast to Florida, west to
Lonisian;i and Texas.
Ai.auama: Coast plain, Littoral belt. Slightly brackish aud salt marshes.
Flowcis lavender ])urple; fn'(|ueut. Perennial.
Tyiic locality: "ll.ili. in Virginia."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lythrum thymifolium L. Sp. PI. 1 : 417. 1753.
Mi:i>rrEKi{AXi;AX Ei'roi>k.
Ai.ahama: a fugitive on ballast. ^lobile, September, 1893.
Tyi)e locality: " Hab. in Italiac et Narboncnsis uliginosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
DECODON .7. F. Gmel. Syst. 2 : 677. 1791.
Two siiecies, West Indies, Mexi(-o to Argentina. Atlantic North America, 1.
Decodou verticillatus (L.) Ell. Sk. 1:.544. 1821.
WUOKLKU-FI.OWEHED LOOSESTRIFE.
Lythrum rerticiUaium L. Sp. PL 1 : 446. 1753.
Decodou aqiiaticus .1. F. Gmel. Svst. 2 : 677. 1791.
Xexaea rirticiUata H. B. K. 6 : 191. 1823.
Ell. Sk.l:.544. Gray, Man. ed. 6, ISti. Chap. Fl. 134.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Ontario and Quebec; New England,
west to Missouri, south to the Gulf, extending irom Florida to Louisiana.
Alaijama: Central Pine belt. Springy, marshy places. Hibb County. Tuscaloosa
County {E. A. Smith). The smooth form, Decodon rerticillattts (jJaher Torr. it Gr. Fl.
N. A. 1:483. Flowers pMri)li-]i ; .July, August. Not free lueut. I'ereuuial.
Type locality : "Ilab. in \'irgiuia."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mt)hr.
PARSONSIA P. Br. Hist. .Jam. 199. 1756.
About IGO species, subtropical and tropical America. North America, 3.
Parsonsia petiolata (L.) Eusby. Mem. Torr. Club, 5 :231. 1894. Clammy Cuphea.
Lythrum petiolatum L. Sp. PL 1 : 446. 17.53.
Cuphea viscosissima Jac<|. Hort. Vind. 2 : 83, 1. 177. 1772.
C. petiolata Koehne. Eugler's .Jahrb. 2 : 173. 1882.
Gray, ed. 6, 186. Ch.ap. Fl. 135.
"West Indies to Brazil.
Carolinian aud Louisianian areas. Southeastern New England west to Missouri,
Arkansas, and West Virginia, south to Georgia.
Alaijama: Lower hills to Central Prairie region. Dry exposed places. Walker
Couuty, Lost Creek (/i. J. .SnM7/(). Greene Connty {Leavenworth). Flowers purple;
August, September. Not fre(iuent. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LAGERSTROEMIA L. Syst. ed. 10: 1076. 1758-59.
Lagerstroemia indica L. Syst. ed. 10 : 1076. 1758-59. Crape Myrtle.
Native of Asia, cultivated in all warm countries. This ornamental tree has not
infrequently escaped about hedge rows.
Alabama: Mobile County. July, August.
Type locality (L. Sp. PL ed. 2) : ''' Hab. in China."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
MELASTOMA FAMILY. 633
MELASTOMACEAE. Melastoma Family.
RHEXIA L. Sp. PL 1 : 346. 1753.
Nine species, perenniaL Atlantic North America, cliiefiy Southern.
Rhexia mariana L. Sp. PL 1 : 346. 1753. Maryland Meadow Beauty.
EILSk. 1:437. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 183. Chap. FL 132.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. New Jersey to West Virginia, Kentucky, Ten-
nessee, and Florida, west to Louisiana. Rare in the Ohio Valley, Missouri, and
Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower hills to the Coast plain. Damp borders of
woods. Lee County, Auburn (Baker ,|- EarJe, 166). Cullman, Autauga, Montgomery,
and Mobile counties. Flowers pink; June, August. Common.
Type locality : " Hal), in Marilandia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rhexia lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 129. 1788. Lance-leaf Meadow Beauty.
Rhexia mariana exalbida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 221. 1803.
Bhexia anqustifolia Nutt. Uen. 1 : 244. 1818.
Ell. Sk. i : 438. Chap. Fl. 132, in part.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida and west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Damp thickets. Mobile County.
Flowers white; August. Frequent. Branched at the base, from a ligneous spread-
ing root.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rhexia floridana Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 22 : 150. 1895. Florida Meadow Beauty.
Dark green, branched from the woody base ; leaves sessile, linear, smooth on both
sides, 1-nerved; calyx nearly smooth with a few bristly hairs, calyx lobes broad at
the base, petals with a short mucro, seeds Hat, sjtiral with serrulate edges.
Louisianian area. Florida to Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Low borders of woods. Mobile
County, Springhill. Flowers purple; July. Not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Wet clay soil on east bank of canal leading from Hick's Prairie,
near Eustis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rhexia virginica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 346. 1753. VirCxInia Meadow Beauty.
EIL Sk. 1 : 439. Gray, Man. ed, 183. Chap. Fl. 132.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Ontario, southeastern New England,
and New York west to Ohio, Indiana, Missouri, and Kansas, south along the low
country to Florida, west to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Damp shady banks, borders of rivulets. Lee County,
Auburn {EarJe tj- Underwood). Cullman County, 800 feet. Autauga, Mobile, and
Baldwin counties. Flowers pale purple; July. Frequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rhexia stricta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 258. 1816. Swamp Meadow Beauty.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 439. Chap. Fl. 132.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana. Boggy margins
of pine-barren 8wami)S.
Alabama: Coast plain. Wet borders of pine-barren ponds. Mobile County.
Flowers crimson ; July. Not infrequent. Perennial. Two to 2i^ feet high, conspic-
uous by the rich clusters of gaily colored flowers.
Type locality : "In the bogs of Lower Carolina and Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rhexia glabeUa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 222. 1803. Deer Grass.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 438. Chap. Fl. 132.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to eastern Louisiana.
Alabama: CentralPinebelt to Coast plain. Grassy pine barrens. Elmore County,
Coosada Station {E. A. Smith). Clarke, Monroe, Washington, Baldwin, and Mobile
counties. Flowers deep pink, large, June, July. P'requent. Common in the pine
barrens of the Coast plain.
Type locality: "Hab. in sylvis Carolinae et Georgiae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
(;;U PLANT LIF?: OF ALABAMA.
Rhexia ciliosa Midix. I'l. Hor. Am. l:l.'21. 180:5. FitiNiir.i. Mkadow I5kai tV.
KM. Sk. 1 : i:«!). liiay. iMaii. od. tl, IK^. Chap. Fl. 132.
.("aroliiiiaii and Loiiisiaiiiaii areas. North Carolina to Florida and west to
Louisiana.
.\i.AnAMA : Central Pine belt to Coast i)lain. ]5og;,'.v l>orders of pine-barren streams.
A ntaii«:a County, I'rattvillc. Clarke^ County (/^r. i^enwi/). Monroe, Washington, and
Muhilc countifs. Flowt is rose-]dniv, .lune, .July. Fro(iuent.
rv]n> locality: "Halt, in Carolina inlcriore."
i ierb. (u'ol. 8urv. Herb. Mohr.
Rhexia lutea "Walt. Fl. Car. 130. 1788. Ykllow Meadow Beauty.
Kll..>^k.l: 110. Chap. Fl. 133.
Louisiauian area. North Carolina to Florida and west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Miry borders of ponds and ditches, low damp pine bar-
rens. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers golden yellow; May, June. Frequent.
Tyite lot ality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
ONAGRACEAE. Evening Primrose Family.
JUSSIAEA L. Sp. PI. 1:388. 1753.
Thirty-six species, aquatic and paludial perennial herbs, chiefly of warmer tem-
perate and tropical Amerira to Brazil. North America, 5.
Jussiaea diffusa Forsk. Fl. Aegypt. 2 : 10. 1775. Creeping Jussiaea.
,/usnitiea repetis Sw. Obs. 172. 1892. Not L.
,/. 8wart:iana DC. Prodr. 3 : 54. 1828.
(iray, Man. ed. 6, 187. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 620 ed. 3, 163. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 272,
in part. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 113.
West Indies, South America.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. New York and Illinois, south to Florida, and
west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alaba:ma: Central Prairie region. Shallow ponds, ditches. Montgomery County,
Flowers yellow; .June to September. Abundant in the Coast plain. Floating andi
rooting.
Tyi)e locality: "Rosettae ad ripam Nili, in niarginibua agrorum."
1 lerb. (mdI. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Jussiaea decurrens (Walt.) DC. Prodr. 3:56. 1828. Decurkent-leaf Jussiaea.
Ludwigia decurrviiH Walt. Fl. Car. 89. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 1:217. Cray, Man. ed. 6, 187. Chap. FL 140. Griseb. FL Brit. WMnd. 272.
Wk.st Indies to Brazil.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Virginia south to Florida, and west to Loui-
siana, Arkansas, and southern Illinois.
Ai.ahama: Over the State. Tennessee Valley. Franklin County, Russellville, low
thickets. Cullman County, 600 feet. Blount, Montgomery, and Mobile counties.
Flowers yellow, July, August. Frequent; abundant in the coast region.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Jussiaea pilosa H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6 : 801, t. 532. 1818.
Jussiaea leptocarpa Nutt. Gen. 1 : 279. 1818.
./. variahilin G. F. W. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 174. 1818.
Chap. Fl. 140. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 272.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Florida to Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Coast plain. Wet places, ditches, l)orders
swamps. Autauga County (E. A. Smith). Montgomery, Baldwin, and Mobile
counties. Flowers yellow, August to October. Frequent; abounding on the mud
Hats at the mouth of Moliile River.
Type locality: " Caracas, on the banks of the river Apures."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Jussiaea suffruticosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 388. 1753.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil, East Indies.
Louisiauian area.
EVElSriKG PRIMROSE FAMILY. 635
Alabama: Coast plain. Swampy river banks. Mobile County, near the mouth of
Mobile Kiver; only locality. Occurring near ballast heaps; presumably a fugitive
from the tro])i(s; not recently collected. Flowers yellow, July. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in India."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Jussiaea peruviana L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1:555. 1762.
Jussiaea macrocarpa H. B. K. Nov. Gen. 6 : 802, t. 533. 1818.
,/. hiria Vahl, Eclog. 2 : 31. 1798.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 273.
West Indies, ^Iexico to Brazil.
Louisianian area. Florida.
Alabama : Advent! ve on the banks of Mobile River with the last. Flowers yellow,
July.
Type locality: " Hab. in Lima."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr
LUDWIGIA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 118. 1753. Bastard Loosestrife.
About 60 species, perennials, warmer regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Atlantic
North America, 21.
Iiud-wrigia alternifolia L. Sp. PI. 1 : 118. 1753. Common Bastard Loosestrife.
Ell. Sk. 1:217. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 187. Chap. FL 140.
Carolinian .and Louisianian areas. Southeastern New England, New York west to
Michigan, Ohio Valley, and Missouri, south to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to the Coast plain. Low wet thickets. Lee County,
Auburn {Baker i^- Earle, 170). Coosa County, Mount Olive, l,200feet. Franklin County,
Russellville. Cullman County, 800 feet. Autauga, Montgomery, and Mobile counties.
Flowers yellow; August, September. Frequent.
Tyi)e locality: "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lud-wigia alternifolia linearifolia Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 17:315. 1890.
Carolinian area. West Virginia to Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Border of marshes. Mobile County. Flowers August;
common.
Type locality not given. In Britt. & Br. III. Fl. : West Virginia.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ludwigia hirtella Raf. Med. Rep. N. Y. ser.2, 5 : 358. 1808.
RouGHisH Hairv Ludwigia.
Ludwigia hirsuta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 110. 1816.
Ludwigia pilosa Ell. Sk. 1:216. 1821. Not Walt.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 187. Chap. Fl. 141.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana and
Arkansas.
Alabama: Coast Pine belt. Coast plain. Monroe, Washington, Baldwin, and
Mobile counties. Flowers yellow; June, July. Frequent.
Type locality: '-'Near Baltimore, in a wood."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ludwigia virgata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 89. 1803. Slender-stemmed Ludwigia.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 216. Chap. Fl. 141.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana
and Tennessee (Gattinger).
Alabama : Lower Pine region, Coast plain. Sandy pine barrens. Flowers yellow ;
May, June. Frequent.
Type locality : "Hab. in aridis sylvis Caroliuae inferioris."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ludwigia linearis Walt. Fl. Car. 89. 1788. Narrow-leap Ludwigia.
Ludwigia, anquhiifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:88. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:215. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 188. Chap. Fl. 141.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New Jersey to Florida, west to
Louisiana.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Boggy pine barrens. Chilton County,
Clanton. Mobile County. Dekalb County, Men tone. Flowers yellow. August,.
September; frequent. Most abundant in the Coast jdain.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
(;;{(■> I'LAN'P LIFK «>K ALAI'.AMA.
Lndwigia linifolia I'oir. Snp]>l. 3 : r.i:!. ISi:?. Fi.ax-i.kai- Lii.wkma.
Cli.ip. 11. 111.
LoiiiKiiuiiaii arr.i. North Carolina to Florida.
Ai.akama: l.owor J'iiKi region. Monler piiie-biirron ])()U(ls. ^lohile County,
(iraiid l?ay. FIowimh Aiij,MiHt lt> (IHll'.M; rare.
T.vp*^ lotality : " Cett(^ plante iroit dan.s rAiiKTiqne septentriouale."
Ilorb. (Jool. Surv. H(>rl). Molir.
Ludwigia glandulosa Walt. l"l. Car. SH. IIXX.
CYI,INI)RICAI.-K]U'ITI:I> l.TDWItllA.
Liidwi<iiti hrachiicarpn l^ani. Imicv'I. 3 : 'SM. ITXit.
/.. ciilhidrica Kll. Sk. 1 : lii:?. ISIH.
Cray, .Man. ed.ti, 1^8. Chap. Fl. Ml.
Carolinian and Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, went to Louisiana
and Arkansas an<l southern Illinois.
AI-AUAMa: Coosa Valley. Coast plain. Shady .s\vain])y ]ilacr8. Ktowah County,
near (iadsdeu, pine wood.s, 4.10 feet. Mobile County, swainity thieketH, Dauphinway ;
river Kwainp on the tele^^raph road, (Jraml Hay. Flowers July to September; not
rare. Uusliy, lA to 2 fret hif;h-
'type loeaiity: Sonth Carolina.
llVrb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ludwigia pilosa Walt. Fl. Car. Si). 1788. Hoaky LiDWKiiA.
Liidwi'iiu 7n<>lli8 Miehx. I'l. Bor. Am. 1 : 90. 1803.
Kll.Sk. 1:214. Chap. Fl.lll.
Louisianian area. South Carolina and Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Central I'rairie re<j;iou 1o Coast plain. Flmore County, Coosada sta-
tion (ii. J. Smith). Montfjomery County, etc. Miry borders of ponds, ditches.
Flowers July ; freiiuent. Abundant throughout the Lower Fine region and Coast
l)lain.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ISNARDIA L. Sp. PI. 1:120. 1753.
Isnardia palustris L. Sp. PI. 1 : 120. 1753. Watkr I'xjrslane.
Ludwigia pahislris Ell. Sk. 1 : 211. 1821.
• Gray, Man. ed. ti, 188. Chap. Fl. 142. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2: 113, Grlseb.
Fl. Hrit. W. lud. 271.
A cosmopolitan weed, Europe, western Asia, East and West Indies, Mexico,
Alleghenian to Louisianian areas. Nova Scotia to the Saskatchewan, south to the
Gulf, west to New ^lexieo.
Alabama : All over the State. In miry soil and stagnant pools, floating and root
ing, .June to October.
Tyi>e locality : " Habitat in Galliae, Alsatiae, Russiae, Virginiae fliiviis."
Herb. Gool. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
EPILOBIUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 347. 17.53.
One hundred and sixty species, cooler and temp<'rate regions of the globe. Europe,
Asia. North America, about 38.
Epilobium coloratum Muhl. ; Willd. Enum. 1:411. 1809.
Colored Willow-hkrb.
Epilobium ieiraijoninn Pursh, Fl. 1 : 250. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 445. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 189. Chap. Fl. 141.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan and the Kocky
Mountains; New England west to Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas, south from New
York to West Virginia; Ohio Valley to Missouri and along the mountains to South
Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Metamorphie hills. Cleburne County, Arhacoochee,
1,200 feet. Flowers rose-pink; July. Rare. Perennial.
Tyi)e locality : " Hal), in I'ensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
EVENING PRIMKOSE FAMILY. 637
ON AGRA Allans. Fam. PL 2 : 8a. 1763.
Eight species, temperate North America.
Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, 1 : 269. 1772.
Common Evening Primrose.
Oenothera biennis L. Sp. PL 1 :346. 1753.
EIL Sk. 1 : 441. Grav, Mau. ed. 6, 190. Chap. FL 138. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:115.
Naturalized in temperate regions of the Old World.
Boreal zone to Louisianian area. Throughout the continent.
Alabama: All over the State. Borders of iields, roadsides, ;uid copses. Flowers
pale yellow; June, July. Common. Annual. In bottom lands 8 to 10 feet high.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia unde 1614, nunc vulgaris Europae.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
OENOTHERA L. Sp. PL 1:346. 1753.
Twenty species, temperate North America.
Oenothera humifusa Nutt. Gen. 1 : 245. 1818. Seaside Evening Primrose.
Oenothera sinuata var. humifusa Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1:494. 1838.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, 190. Chap. Fl. 138.
Mexico, Guatemala.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey along the coast to Florida, west to
Louisiana.
Alabama: Littoral region. Drifting sands on the seashore. Shores Mobile Bay
and of the islands. Flowers pale yellow. April, May. Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Near Cumberland Island, Florida, on the seacoast. Dr. Baldwyn."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Oenothera laciniata Hill, Veg. Syst. 12, App. : 64, t. 10. 1767.
SlNTJATE-LEAVED EVENING PRIMROSE.
Oenothera sinuata L. Maut. 2 : 228. 1771.
O. minima Pursh. FL Am. Sept. 1 : 26, 1. 15. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 443. Graj, Mau. ed. 6, 190. Chap. Fl. 138. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 115.
North Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana,
Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Coast plain. Sandy light soil, waste and culti-
vated places. Flowers pale yellow, turuiug rufescent in fading; April, May. A
winter annnal and biennial. Radical leaves form daring the winter and early spring
a dense rosette. Biennial. A reduced form with simple stems 1 to 2 inches high
{Oenothera minima Nutt.) is frequent throughout in grassy places.
Type locality: "Native of Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Oenothera laciniata grandis Britton in Britt. & Br., 111. Fl. 2 : 487. 1897.
Oenothera sinuata var. (jrandifiora Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 581. 1872. Not O. f/ran-
diflora Ait. 1789.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Her1). 2 : 115,
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Indiana to Minnesota and Nebraska, soutli to
Arkan,sas, Texas, and Mississippi.
Alabama: Mountain region, Metamorphic hills. Lee County, Aultuin (/''. S.
Earle.) Flowers yellow; September, October. Rare. Biennial.
Type locality (Britton) : " Missouri and Kansas, south to Texas."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
KNEIPPIA Spach, Hist, Veg. 4 : 373. 1835.
Three species, temperate North America.
Kneiffia frutioosa (L.) Raimann, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 3, Abt. 7: 214. 1893.
Sundrops.
Oe«o</iera/r((<icosa L. Sp. PL 1:346. 1753.
Kneiffia suff'ruticosa Spach, Hist. Veg. 4 : 374. 1835.
Ell. Sk. 1:442. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 191. Chap. Fl. 139.
Carolinian .nnd Louisianian areas. New York, southern Michigan, ^'irginia, and
the Ohio Vallev to Missouri and Arkansas, south to Florida and Louisiana.
(k'^S plant LIFK of ALABAMA.
AIwVHama: Ti'iinessoo Valley to the Coast plain. Opon woods and hankfl. Law-
ronro County. CiiUinan County, 800 loot. Dokalb County, Mi-ntone, 1,()00 feet.
Autauga County, Prattvillo. Mobile County. Flowers lemon-yellow; May, Fre-
tjuout. I'ereiinial.
Typo locality : "Ilab. in Virginia."
Herb. (Jcol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Kneiffia linearis (.Miclix.) Spach, Hist. Veg. 4 : iJUJ. 1835. Pink-hakrkn Sundrops.
Ocncllicra Hiuaris Michx. Fl. l?or. Am. 1 : L'1'5. 1808.
(>. I'ruticosa var. lineaiiH Wats. Proc. Am. ,\cad. 8 : .584. 1873.
Kli. Sk. 1 : 414. (iray, Man. ed. •>, I'Jl. Chap. Fl. 139.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. .Southern Virginia along the coast to Florida,
west to Louisiana.
Alauama: Lower Pine belt. Coast plain. In dry .sandy pine forests. Fscambia,
Washington, Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers yellow; June. Frequent.
Peronuial.
Typo locality : "Ilab. in Carolina superiore."
Herb. Gcol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
XYLOPLEURUM Spach, Hist. Veg. 4:378. 183.5.
Ten species, Mexico, southern United States.
Xylopleiiruni speciosuna (Nutt.) L'nimaiin, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam.
5, Al)t. 7:L'14. 1893. Showy Evexin(, Primrose.
Oenothera speciosa Nutt. .lourn. Acad. Phila. 2 : 119. 1821.
Xyloplenrum iiiitUillii Spach, Hist. Veg. 4:378. 183.5.
Gray, Man. ed. 0, 191. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 115.
Louisianiau area. Southern Tennessee, Missis.sippi, southern Arkansa.s, and Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Coast plain. Borders of fields, grass ])lot8.
Dallas County, Uniontown. Hale County, Gallion. Mobile County. Flowers rose-
pink, with darker veins, yellowish at tlie base, slightly fragrant, diurnal, very
handsome; May, June. Local; abundant. Perouninl. Of late observed to spread
in the Coast plain, where it is found on roadsides and grassy banks, most probably
escaped from cultivation.
Type locality apparently the uplands of Louisiana.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GAURA L. Sp. PI. 1:347. 1753. Gaura.
Gaura angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 226. 1803. Narrow-lkaf Gaura.
Ell. Sk. 1:445. Chap. Fl. 138.
Ijouisianian area. Coast of North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Littoral I'egion. Dry gravelly banks and sandy shores.
Baldwin and Mobile counties. Flowers white, pale pink on fading; August to Octo-
ber. Fre(|uent on the shores of Mobile Bay and on the islands. Biennial.
Type loonlity : "Hab. in Carolina inferiore."
Herb. Gool. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gaura michauxii Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, 4 : 379. 1835. Michaux's Gaura.
(iaura filipes Si>ach. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, 4 : 379. 1835.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 193. Chap. Fl. 138.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Virginia, Ohio, Missouri, and Arkansas; south
from Kentucky to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Mountain region. Central Pine belt to Coast ])lain. Dry sandy open
woods. CuUuian County, 800 feet. Montgomery, Autauga, Clarke, Washington, and
Mobile counties. Flowers pink; July to September. Common; most frequent in
grassy pine barrens of the Coast Pine belt. Perennial.
Tj'pe locality not ascertained.
Herb. < ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gaura longiflora Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, 4 : 59. 1835.
Gaura biennis var. pitcheri Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 517. 1840. ( ?)
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 161.
Carolinian area. Northern Georgia.
Alaba.ma : Fide Chapman.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
WATER MILFOIL FAMILY. 639
CIRCAEA L. Sp. PI. 1:9. 1753.
Seven species, boreal and cooler temperate regions, Europe, Asia. North America, 3.
Circaea lutetiana L. Sp. PI. 1 : 9. 1753. Enchanter's Nightshade.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 7. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 193. Chap. Fl. 143.
Europe, Northern Africa, Northern Asia to China.
Canadian to Carolinian area. Nova Scotia, Quebec; New England west to Min-
nesota and the Rocky Mountains, south to the Ohio Valley, Missouri, Arkansas,
Tennessee, and Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich woods. Madison County, Montesano, 1,500
feet. Cullman County, 800 feet. Winston County, 1,200 feet. Flowers white; May.
Not infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae et Americae borealis nemoribus."
Herb. Mohr.
HALORAGIDACEAE. Water Milfoil Family.
PROSERPINAC A L. Sp. PI. 1 : 88. 1753.
Two species, perennial aquatics, eastern North America.
Proserpinaca palustris L. Sp. PI. 1 : 88. 1753. Swamp Mermaid-weedI
^ Ell. Sk. 1 : 181. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 181. Chap. Fl. 143. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:111.
Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. New Brunswick; New England and New York
west to Minnesota, south to the Ohio Valley, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Florida, and
Louisiana.
Alabama : Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Ponds and ditches. Montgom-
ery, Escambia, Washington, and Mobile counties. Flowers May to August. Common,
particularly in the pine-barren ponds of the Coast plain.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginiae paludibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Proserpinaca pectinata Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1 : 214, t. 50, f. 1. 1791.
Comb Mermaid-weed.
Proserpinaca palustris var. Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 76. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 182. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 182. Chap. Fl. 143. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:111.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Southern New England along the coast to
Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Sandy pine barren swamjis. Baldwin and Mobile coun-
ties. Flowers May, June. Common.
Type locality: "Ex Amerita septentrionale."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MYRIOPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 2 : 992. 1753.
About 20 species, perennial aquatics, cosmopolitan. North America, 12.
Myriophyllum laxum Shuttlew. ; Chap. Fl. 143. 1860. Southern Water Milfoil.
Lonisianian area. Florida.
Alabama: Lower Pine belt. Coast plain. Deep ponds. Washington County,
YcUowpine. Baldwin County, Sibleys Mill. Flowers pale purple; August, Sep-
tember. Rare.
Type locality: "Ponds and lakes, middle and west Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Myriophyllum pinnatum (Walt.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 16.
Rough Water Milfoil.
Fotamorjeton pinnatum Walt. Fl. Car. 90. 1788.
MyriopliyUuin scabratum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 190. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 :,588. Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 181. Chap. Fl. 144.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. New Jersey, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Coast plain. In deep gently flowing or almost
stagnant water. Madison County, Huntsville, Big Springs {Baker <)'■ Earle, 163).
Mobile County, estuary of Dog River. Flowers jiurple, July. Rare.
Type locality: South JCarolina.
Jiierb. _Mohx.
04n PLANT I-IKK OF ALAHAMA.
ARALIACEAE. Ginseng Family.
ARALIA L.Si). ri.l:27:^. 1753.
Thirty apecios, vrarmer .iiul teiiii»oratti iiortboastern Asia. North America, 7.
Woody or herbaceous pereuuials.
Aralia racemosa I.. S\k VL 1 : 273. 1753. Si-ikenard.
i;il. Sk. 1 : 373. Gray, Man. cd. fi, 213. Chap. Fl. 106.
Canadian to Carolinian area. Nova Scotia, New Brnnswick, and Ontario; New
Kn^jlaiid west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Colorado, and Montana; southern Ohio Val-
ley to Missouri, and ah)ng the niountain.s to (Jeorgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. lUch woodlands. Winston (Jounty, Davidson
Creek, 1, ")()() feet. Kare. Perennial.
l''.coiioniic uses: The root is used medicinally und<r the name of spiken.ird.
Type locality: " llab. in Canada."
Herb. (Jeol. ISurv. Herb. Mohr.
Aralia spinosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 273. 1753. Angelica Tkke.
Ell. Sk. 1:372. Gray, M.an. ed. 6, 213. Chap. Fl. 166. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 5:. 56,
t. 211.
Carolinian .and Louisianian areas. Virginia and Ohio to Missouri and Arkansas,
south to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Throughout, excepting the highest summits. Damp borders of woods
and copses. Cullnnin County, Mariots Creek, 600 feet. Arborescent, clear trunk 30
feet high, 5 to (5 inches in diameter. Clarke and Mobile connties. Flowers wliite;
June. Frei|uent, principally throughout the Coast Pine belt.
Ornamental.
Type locality: "llab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Heib. Mohr.
PANAX L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1058. 17.53. Ginseng.
About 30 specit^s, temperate Asia. Atlantic North America, 2.
Panax quinquefolia L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1058. 1753. Ginseng.
Aralia (iuin<iHe folia Decaisne »& Planch. Rev. Hort. ser. 14, 3 : 105. 1854.
(iray, Man. ed. 6, 213. Chap. Fl. 167.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Ontario, throughout the eastern United States
to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region to Upper division Coast Pine belt. Rich hilly
woodlands. Madison County, Montesano, 1,500 feet. Monroe County, 300 to 350
feet. Flowers May. Widely diffused over the monntain and bill country and in the
calcareous hills of the Tertiary formation as far south as Monroe County. Per-
ennial.
Economic uses: The root is the ginseng of commerce.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada, Peusylvania, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
APIACEAE. Parsley Family.
DAUCUS L. .Sp. PI. 1 : 242. J753. Carrot.
Fifty species, temperate and w.irmer temperate regions of Europe, northern Afric,
Asia. North America. 1.
Daucu.s pusillus Michx. Fl. IJor. Am. 1 : 164. 1803. Lesser Carrot.
Ell. .Sk. 1:341). Chap. Fl. 161. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:140.
Mkxico.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas. On the Pacific coast
from British Columbia to Mexico.
Alabama: Central Pine region to Coast plain. Dry open sandy or gravelly places,
pastures, roadsides. Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, Clark, and Mobile counties. Flowers
white;. June. Common. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in campestribns Carolinae."
Herl). (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Daucus carota L. Sp. PI. 1:242. 1753. Wild Carrot.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. Common in the North. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 201.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 182. liritt. &. Br. 111. Fl. 2 : 510.
PARSLEY FAMILY. 641
Alabama: Fugitive from Europe ou ballast. Mobile County. Rare. Mother
plant of the garden carrot, Daucus carota saiiva. AnunaL
Herb. GeoL Surv.
CAUCALIS L. Sp. PI. 1 : 240. 1753.
Caucalis nodosa (L.) Huds. Fl. Augl. ed. 2, 114. 1778. Knotted Hedge Parsley.
Tordylium nodosum L,. Hi[). F].l -.24^0. 1753.
Southern Europe.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile County, .July, 1884. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Gallia, Italia ad vias."
Herb. Mohr.
TREPOCARPUS Nutt. : DC. Mem. Oiub. 56. 1829.
One species, Atlantic North America.
Trepocarpus aethusae Nutt.; DC. Mdm. Onib. 56, 1. 14. 1829.
Akthusa-like Trepocarpus.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 623 ; ed. 3, 182. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 140.
Louisianian area. Southern Arkansas, Texas, and Mississippi.
Alap.ama : I'rairie region. Coast plain. Damp shaded banks, borders of fields.
Halt' County, Gallion, banks of Eig Prairie Creek. Mobile County, Pinto Island;
banks of Mobile River. May, June. Annual.
'I'ype locality : " Le territoire dArkansa."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
ANGELICA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 2,50. 1753.
Thirty-five species, temperate regions of ln)th hemispheres. North America 16,
chiefly western. Eastern North America, 3.
Angelica villosa (Walt.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 22. 1888. Angklico.
Ferula rillosa Walt. Fl. Car. 115. 1788.
Arujelica hirsuta Muhl. Cat. ed. 2, 30. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 352. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 201. Chap. Fl. 164.
Carolinian area. New York along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama:* Mountain region to Lower Pine belt. Dry hills, border of woods,
copsi s. Cullman County, 800 feet. Talladega County, Chandlers Springs, 800 feet.
Lee County, Auburn (-EarJe). Montgomery County, Pintlala, 250 feet. Mobile
County, dry grassy J) ine barrens. Flowers white; May. Not rare. Root said to be
lioisonous. Perennial.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
OXYPOLIS Raf. Neog.2. 182.5.
(Tiedemannia DC. Mem. Omb. 51. 1829.)
(Arciiemora DC.M^m. Omb.51. 1829.)
Five species, perennials, Atlantic North America.
Oxypolis filiformis (Walt.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 239. 1894.
Tkrete Oxypolis. False Dropwort.
Oenanihe filiformis Walt. Fl. Car. 113. 1788.
O. teretifoHa Muhl. Cat. 32. 1813.
Sium iereti folium Ell. Sk. 1 : 3r.4. 1817.
Tiedemannia teretifolia DC. Prodr. 4 : 187. 1830.
Ell. Sk. 1:354. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 202. Chap. Fl. 165.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Delaware along the coast to Ilorida, west to
liOuisiana.
Alabama: Central Pine region to Coast plain. Wet borders of swamps. Escam-
bia, Washington, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. Flowers white, .Tune; fruit ripe in
July and August. Frequent. Abundant in the pine-barren bogs of the coast.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf. in Seringe, Bull. Bot. 218. 1830. Cowbane.
Sium rigidius L. Sp. PI. 1 : 251. 1753.
Archeviora rigida DC. Prodr. 4 : 188. 1830.
15894 41
642 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
Tivdfmannia rUjida Conlt. it Ivoso, Hot. <Jaz. 12 : 71. 1X87.
Kll. Sk. 1 : :r.J. Cray. Man. ed. (i, L'()2. Chap. Fl. 16.').
Allo^jhoniaii, Carolinian, aud Lonieianian areas. .Micliij,'an ; Ni^w York Bouth to
I'loritla, west to l.<»nisiana.
Ai.ahama: Monntain region. Low ^^raesy banks. Lee County, Anbuni (ICarle).
Moliilo County, banks of i)ino-bairen streams. Flowers white; July, August. Fre-
quent.
Typo locality : " llab. in A'irginia.''
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
OxypoliB rigidior longlfolius (Pursh) Britton, Mem. Torr. Clnb, 5 : 2.39. 1894.
LONGLEAK COWnANE.
SUm lonqifoUum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 194. 1816.
Oenavfhc iimhignn Nutt. Gen. 1 : 189. 1818.
Carolinian and ],ouisianian areas. New .Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama : With the type, into which it merges by intermediate forms. Mobile.
Li'ss freciuent.
These jdants are suspected to be poisonous, and, as stated by Pursh, are deleteri-
ous to horned cattle.
Type locality : "In ditches and bogs: New .Jersey."
Herb. Cool. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
POLYTAENIA DC. M6m. Omb. 53, <. iJ. 1829.
One species, Atlantic North America.
Polytaenia nuttallii DC. M(^m. Omb. 53, 1. 13. 1829. Nuttall's Poi.ytaknia.
TordyUiim americaninn Nutt. ; DC. Prodr. 4 : 196. 1830. As synonym.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 203. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 623 ; ed. 3, 182. Coulter, Contr. Nat. 1 lerb.
2:142'.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Southern Illinois to Nebraska, south to Texas,
Mississippi, and Tennessee.
Alabama: Lower hills. I'rairie region. Dry barren places. Lee County, Auliurn
{Baker <)• Earle, 174). Walker County {E. A. Smith). Hale County, Gallion, bald
prairies. Flowers gamboge-yellow; June, .July. Not common. Perennial.
Type locality : "Le territoire d'Arkansa."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
THASPIUM Nutt. Gen. 1 : 196. 1818.
Three species, Atlantic North America.
Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Gen. 1:196. 1818. Barbed Meadot* Parsnip.
Litiusliciim hnrhhiode ^lichx. Fl. 15or. Am. 1: 167. 1803.
Kll. Sk. 1 : 35L'. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 204. Cha]). Fl. 163.
Allegbenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario; New York west to Minne.sota and
Nebraska, south to the Ohio Valley, Missouri, and Arkansas, and from New Jersey
along the mountains to Tennessee and Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region to Central Prairies. Rich shady banks. Madison
County, Montesano, 1,.^00 feet. Montgomery County, Pintlalla, about 250 feet.
Flowers dull yellow; April, May. Infre([nent. Perennial.
Type loeality : " Hab. in Carolina siiperiore."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Thaspium piuuatifidum (Bnckl.) Gray, Man. ed. 2, 155. 18.56.
Mountain Meadow Parsnip.
Zizia pinnaiifida Bnckl. Am. Journ. Sci. 45 : 175. 1843.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 204. Chap. Fl. 163.
Carolinian area. Barrens of Kentucky, along the Alleghenies to Tennessee and
North Carolina.
Alabama: Monntain region. Kich woodlands, shady ravines. Dekalb County,
Lookout Mountain, near .Mentone, 1,600 feet. Flowers white; June. Rare. Peren-
nial.
Type locality: "Banks of the French Broad River near the Warm Springs, and
near Sugar Town Falls, Macon County, North Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Thaspium trifoliatum aureum (Nutt.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 240. 1894.
Golden-flowered Meadow Parsnip,
Thaspium aureum Nutt. Gen. 1 : 196. 1818.
J. aureum var. trifoliatum Coult. & Rose, Bot. Gaz. 12 : 136. 1887.
PAESLEY FAMILY. 643
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 204. Chap. Fl. 163.
AUegbeuian, Carolinian, and Louisianlau area. Quebec, Ontario; Minnesota and
Ohio Valley, soutli to Florida, west to Arkansas.
Alabama : Mountain region to Coast plain. Dry copses, border of woods. Cull-
man, Tuscaloosa, Hale, and Mobile counties. Flowers pale yellow, May, June. Not
infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality not specifically given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LIGUSTICUM R. Sp. PI. 1:2.50. 17.53.
About 20 species, temperate regions. North Hemisphere. North America 9, chiefly
western.
Ligusticum canadense (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 240. 1894.
Canada Lovage. Nondo.
Ferula canadensis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 247. 1753.
Liqusticum actaeifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 166. 1803.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 205. Chap. Fl. 163.
Carolinian area. Ontario?; Virginia along the mountains to Tennessee, North
Carolina, and Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich wooded hillsides. Dekalb County, Lookout
Mountain; Mentone, 1,600 feet, and near Collinsville. Cullman County, 800 feet;
Flowers .June. Scattered; not infrequent. Three to 5 feet high. Perennial.
Economic uses : The root, called " white root," is used in domestic medicine.
Type locality : " Hab. in Vii'ginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AETHUSA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 256. 1753.
Aethusa cynapium L. Sp. PI. 1 : 256. 1753. Fool's Parsley.
Adventive from Europe, and naturalized northeast.
Alabama : Fugitive on ballast. Mobile, June, 1892-1894. A fetid poisonous weed.
Annual.
"Hab inter Europae olera."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CYNOSCYADIUM DC. Mc'm. Omb. 44, 1. 11. 1829.
Two species, Atlantic North America.
Cynoscyadium pinnatuni DC. M^m. Omb. 45, 1. 11. 1829.
PiNNATK Do(;'.s Parsley.
Jethnsa pinnata Eat. & Wright, N. A. Bot. 116. 1840.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 623 ; ed. 3, 180. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 143.
Carolinian area. Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower hills. Walker County {E. A. Smith). August; local, rai-e.
Perennial.
A low depau])erate form, 4 or 5 inches high.
Type locality : "L'Amerique septentrionale, aux environs <lu fleuve Arkansa."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ERYNGIUM L. Sp. PI. 1: 232. 1753. Eryn(;o.
About 100 species, chiefly jjensnnials; tcmjiorate and warmer regions of the globe.
North America 22, from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
Eryngium yuccifoliuni Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 164. 1803. Button SAakeroot.
Krijnginm aquaticKM L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 336. 1762. In part. Not ed. 1,1: 132.
Ell. Sk. 1:342. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 211. Chap. Fl. 160. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 143.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey to Missouri and Nebraska, south
to Florida, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Damp or dry sandy and gravelly soil. Cullman, Bibb,
and Mobile counties. .July, August; common. Perennial.
In the coast region stout and tall forms prevail, bearing the very numerous globose
heads disposed in a compound umbel with the ultimate branches ternate.
p]conomic uses: The root, called "cornsnakeroot," is used medicinally.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
()44 I'LANT 1,1 KK (»K ALA15AMA.
Eryiigium synchaetum (Gray) Coult. & Hose, Contr. Nat. Herb. 7:11. 19(X).
/•>i/»i'/(i(w 1/ 11 cm e foil It m Hi/iirhaetiim Gray ; Conlt. & Rose, Kev. N. A. Uiiil>. 91, 1888.
Chap. Fl. 0(1. :{. 1T»).
I'croiiiiial from a sleinUu- root.stock ; atom slender, 1 to 2 feet tall ; li-aves linear with
numerous soft liristles in clusters of 2 to 4; styles slender, elongated, imparting to
the round liea<l a bristly aiipearanco.
I.ouisianian area. Florida to lyouisiana.
Ai.ahama: Lower Pine belt and Coast i)lain. Low danip i)ino barrens. Mobile
County, Bayou Sara, S])riiighill. Fl<)wers .luno to August; common. Perennial.
Typo locality: "Florida {Chapman, CitrtiSH, i'a/mer), Louisiana, near New Orleans
flir. IiKjalh, in' 1885).'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eryngium iutegrifolium Walt. Fl. Car. 112. 1788. Uluk-ki.ow ekkd EiiYNCio.
I:' r until II in riri/aliim Lam. Encycl. 4 : T.")?. 1797.
/;,'. ainiricannm SjircMig. in Koem. A:, Schult. Syst. 6:337. 1820.
Kri/nilinm oralil'olinin Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 1G3. 1803.
Kli. Sk. 1 : 343.' Chap. Fl. KJQ. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 144.
Carolinian and Louisianiau area. North Carolina to Florida, west to eastern
Texas.
AL.\n.\MA: Mountain region to Coast plain. Low wet ]iino woods. Cullman
County, 800 feet. Tuscaloosa County {<i. I\. J'aseij). Chilton County, Verbena Sta-
tion (A'. J. NrnfiVi). Autauga, Clarke, Washington, and Mobile counties. Flowers
pale bine; .July, August. Fre(|nent. Perennial.
Infre(|uent in th(i interior, abundant in the Lower Pine region and Coast ]ilain.
Ty])« locality : Descrilied from specimens in , J ussieu's herbarium, "ouellc setrouve
sans indication de lieu natal".
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eryugium prostratum Nutt. ; DC. Prodr. 4 : 92. 1825. Chekimnc; Euyngo.
Eiynqiiim haUlirinii var. fi Torr. Sl (irav, Fl. N. A. 1 :605. 18.38.
( Jray'. Man. ed. (>, 212. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 177. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 144.
Carolinian and Louisiani;in areas. Kentucky and Tennessee to Georgia and
Florida, west to Louisiana. Texas, Arkansas, and southeastern Missouri.
Alabama : Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Shady dam]) banks of streams-
Autauga County, Prattville. Mobile County, wet bord<'rs of ponds. Flowers j)alo
blue; June to August; stems numerous, prostrate, rooting at the internodes; not
frequent.
Type locality: "In Americae borealis territorio Arkansano detexit cl. Nuttall."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SANICULA L. Sp. PI. 1:2.35. 1753.'
Thirteen species, temperate Europe, Asia. North America, 10.
Sauicula marilandica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 235. 1753. Maryland Samclk.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 348. in part, (iray, Man. ed. 6, 212. Chap. Fl. 159.
Allcghenian to Louisianiau area. Nova Scotia, Ontario, and British Columbia to
the Pacific coast; New England west to Nebraska, the Rocky Mountains, and Mon-
tana; south along the mountains to Georgia.
Alauama : Mountain region to Tpper division Coast Pine belt. Rich woodlands,
copses. Cullman County. Tuscaloosa County (/i'. J. .S^mit/f). Leo County, Auburn
(Baker cf- Earle). Flowers yellowish; May. Scattered, not frequent; rootstock
stout; perennial.
Ty])e locality : " Hab. in Marilandia, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sanicula gregaria Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 22 : 354. 1895. Gregarious Sanicle.
Britt. iKi Br. Tll.Fl. 2:524
Carolinian and Louisianiau area. New York, Virginia west to Wisconsin, eastern
Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas, and Louisiana.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Wooils. Tuscaloosa and Bibb counties. May.
Perennial. There can be but little doubt that with future search the species will
turn up in the mountain region.
Type locality : " Described from si)ecimens collected in Van Cortlandt Park, N. Y."
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
1 Eugene P. Bicknell, The genus Sanicula in the Eastern United States, Bull. Torr.
Club, vol. 22, pp. 351 to 301. 1895.
PARSLEY FAMILY. 645
Saiiicula canadensis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 235. 1753. Caxada Saxicle.
Sanicula man/Iandica var. canadensis Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. U. S. 302. 1824.
S.Jioridana iiicknell, I^ull. Torr. Club, 24 : 581. 1897.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 348, iu part. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 212. Cliap. Fl. 159.
Carolinian and Louisianian area. Massachusetts west to Kansas and Nebraska,
south to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama : Mountain region to Coast plain. Dry light soil, open copses, borders
of woods. Lee County, A uburu (/>aA;er <J- Earle). Clay County, Delta, 1,600 feet.
Tuscaloosa and Mobile counties. Flowers greenish white; June. Frequent. Per-
ennial from a weak fibrous root.
A form agreeing with Sanicula floridana Bicknell, is known from Mobile County
aud from Lee County (Auburn, Baker <)■ Earle) ; but Coulter & Rose Hud themselves
unable to separate it from this species.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sanicula smallii Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 578. 1897.
Closely allied to Sanicula canadensis; distinguished by the more simple stem once
or twice dichotomously branched, the larger, closely sessile fruit, the styles little
longer than the linear-subulate rigid and separate calyx segments.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Tennessee to Georgia aud Florida.
Alabama : Mountain region to Upper division of Maritime Pine belt. Shady
woods. Madison County, summit of Montesano, 1,500 feet {L. M. Underwood). Cull-
man County. Lee County, Auburn (F. S. Earle). Tuscaloosa (E. A. Smitk). Clarke
County, Choctaw Corner. April, May; not jntrequent.
Type locality: "Tennessee: .Jackson * * *. Georgia: base of Little Stone
Mountain * =^ -. Florida: Tallahassee."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TAENIDIA Drude in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 3, Abt. 8 : 195. 1898.
A monotypical perennial of eastern North America.
Taeuidia iutegerrima Drude iu Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pli. 3, Abt. 8: 195, / 64, 1898.
Smyrium integerrimnm L. Sp. PI. 1 :2fi3. 1753.
Ztcia iH<e(/enimrt DC. Rep. PI. Jard. Geneve, 3: 7. 1830.
Pimpinella integerrima Grav, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 345. 1868.
Ell. Sk. 1:360. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 206. Chap. Fl. 163.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Quebec, Ontario; New England,
west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Arkansas; Ohio Valley, Tennessee, along
the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rocky woods. Madison County, Montesano, 1,500
feet. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain, near Mentone, 1,600 feet. Flowers yel-
low; May. Infrefiuent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BUPLEURUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 236. 1753.
Sixty species or more, mostly of the Old World. Northwestern North America, 1.
Bupleuruni rotundifolium L. Sp. PI. 1:2.36. 1753. Thorougiiwax.
Europe.
Caro inian area. Naturalized. New York to North Carolina, west to Missouri
aud Arkansas.
Alabama: Lower hills. In cultivated ground. Tnticuloosa, Conuty (E. A. Smith).
June; not frecjuent.
Type locality : "Hab. inter Europae australis segetes."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
CHABROPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 1:258. 17.58.
About 40 species, temperate regions. Northern Hemisphere. Southern Europe.
North America, 3.
Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz, Class. Umb. 77. 1767. Wild Chervil.
Scandix pro<'umhens \j. S|). PI. 1 : 257. 1753.
ICU.Sk. 1:357. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 210. Chap. Fl. 165.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New York, west to the Ohio Valley, Missouri,
and Arkansas, south from New Jersey to Teuucssee, South Carolina, aud Mississippi.
lUC) PLANT LIFK oK ALABAMA.
Ai-AitAM.v: Lowcrliills. Tiispaloosa Couiily. J'lowcrs white; April. Not friMpieiit.
Tvpc localilv : " Halt, in N'ir^iiiia."'
llVrl.. .M(.lir.'
Chaeropbylluni tainturieri liook. ("oinp. Bot. Maj^. 1:47. 18.S5.
Tainturier's Chervil.
( liairophyllmn prnciimJinis var. lainturicri Conlt. Ar Rose, ]5ot. Gaz. 12 : IGO. 1887.
Chap. Fl. IC"). Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herli. 2 : Uti.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. .Soutborn ^■ir{^luia, TeiinesBce, aud Missouri,
8«uith to Florida and Texas.
Ai.auama: Lower hills to Coast plain. MotanH)rplii<' lulls. Shaded banks, bor-
ders <d" (ields. Lee Count}', Aulinrn. Dallas Connty, Marion .Junction. Mont-
gomery an<l M()l)ile eonnlies. Flowers white; ApriL Freipicut. Annual.
Tyjn" loc.ility: "New Orleans" (M. Tainturier).
Herb. Gcol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SCANDIX L. Sp. PI. 1 : 2o6. 17.53.
Scandix pecten-veneris L. .Sp. I'l. 1 : !'.">(). I7.")3. Venus's Comb.
KiKoi'K, North Asia.
Alabama: Fujiitive on ballast. Mobile; May. Observed in 1880 and 1892.
Type loeality: "Hab. inter Germaniae et Europao australioris segetes."
Herb. GeoL Surv. Herb. Mohr.
WASHINGTONIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2 : 176. 1818.
(OsMOKiu/A Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2 : 17G. 1818.)
(Glycosma Nutt.; Terr. & Gray, Fl. X. A. 1 : 639. 1840.)
Twelve species, Atlantic and western North America.
Washingtonia claytoni (Michx.) Britton in Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 2 : 530. 1897.
Sweet Cicely
Mi/rrhis clnytoiii Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 170. 1803.
Osviorhiza brevistyUs DC. Prodr. 4 : 232. 1830.
O. claytoni C. B. Clarke in Hook. Fl. Brit. lud. 2 : 690. 1879.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 358. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 210. Chap. Fl. 166.
AUeghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario; New England,
■west to Minnesota, south to the Ohio Valley, Missouri, and Arkansas, and along the
mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich woodlands. Madison County, Montesano,
1,500 feet. Root sweet, aromatic. I'erennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in moutibus Alieghauis."
Herb. Mohr.
Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britton in Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 2 :530. 1897.
Smoother Sweet Cicely.
Myrrhis longisU/lis Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. U. S. 310. 1824.
Osmorhiza longistylis DC. Prodr. 4 : 232. 1830.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 210.
Japan.
AUeghenian and Carolinian areas. New Brunswick and Quebec to Manitoba;
New .Jersey to Minnesota, Dakota, and Nebraska, south along the mountains to
Georgia.
Alabama: Lower hills. Tuscaloosa County (E. A. Smith). Flowers in June.
Very rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "In wet meadows near Albany, New York. Tracy, Near Geneva,
N.Y. I'aine. June. Near Hudson, N. Y. Alsop, &g."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CONIUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 243. 1753.
Two species, biennials. Europe, Asia.
Conium maculatum L. Sp. 1*1. 1 : 243. 1753. Poison Hemlock.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 209.
Europe.
Naturalized in New England, Pennsylvania, Iowa, and Minnesota.
ALABA3IA: Coast plain. Adventive on ballast. Waste places. Mobile County,
banks of Mobile River. Flowers white; May. Two to 3 feet high.
PAESLEY FAMILY. 647
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Type locality: "Hab. iu Europae cultis, agris, ruderatis."
Economic uses: An extremely poisonous herb, the "Coniura" of the United States
Pharmacopceia.
SIUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 251. 1753.
About 10 species, temperate regions. Europe, South Africa. North America, 3.
Slum cicutaefollum J. F. Gmel. Syst. 2 : 482. 1791. Water Parsnip.
Sium lineare Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 167. 1803.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 207. Chap. Fl. 162. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 146.
Eastern Russia, Northehn Asia.
Throughout North America from Labrador to the Gulf: from Florida to California.
Alabama: Coast plain. Deep marshes. Mobile County. Flowers in June;
locally frequent. Perennial. Four to 6 feet high, submerged leaves pinnately
dissected.
Type locality (.T. G. Gmel. Fl. Sib.): "Nascitur ab Obo fluvio in omul ulteriori
Sibiria tam humidis quam siccis locis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
APIUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 264. 1753. Celery.
Fourteen species, Europe.
Apium ammi (L.) Urban, Fl. Bras. 11, pt. 1 : 341, t. 91. 1879. Marsh Parsley.
Sison ammi L. Sp. PI. 1 : 252. 1753.
Heliosciadittm leptopluillum DC. Prodr. 4 : 105. 1830.
Apium lepiophyllum F. Muell. ; Bentli. Fl. Austral. 3 : 372. 1866.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 178. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 147. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 308.
West Indies, Mexico to Argentina, Chile, Australia.
Louisianian area. Florida to Louisiana and western Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. A weed in damp waste places
and on borders of low fields. Tuscaloosa County. Flowers April, May; abundant
near the coast. Annual.
Type locality : ''Hab. in Apulia, Aegypto."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ZIZIA Koch, Nov. Act. Caes. Leop. Acad. 12 : 128. 1824.
Three species, Atlantic North America.
Zizia cordata (Walt.) DC. Prodr. 4: 100. 1830. Cordate-leaved Zizia.
Smyrnium cordatum Walt. Fl. Car. 114. 1788.
Thaspium trifoliatttm var. apterum Gray, Man. ed. 2, 156. 1856.
Ell. Sk. 1:3.59. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 208. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 180.
Carolinian area. West Virginia along the Alleghenies to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich shady woods. Dekalb County, Lookout Moun-
tain, near Mentone, 1,600 feet. Lee County. Flowers yellow; June. Rare. Per-
ennial.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CICUTA L. Sp. PL 1 : 255. 1753.
About 12 species, temperate Euroije, Asia, Mexico. North America, 8.
Cicuta curtisii Coult. & Rose, Contr. Nat. Herb. 7: 97. 1900.
Allegheuian to Louisianian area. Southern Virginia, southern Kentucky, North
Carolina (altitude 4,500 ft.) to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Over the State. In swamps. Talladega Conn tj-, Sylacauga (PoZ/arrfcj-
Maxon). Tuscaloosa and Mobile counties.
Type locality: "Banks of streams, Duval County, Florida; collected by Curtiss."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DERINGA Adans. Fam. PL 2 : 498. 1763.
(Cbyptotaenia DC. M6m. Omb. 42. 1829.)
One species.
Deringa canadensis (L.) Kuntze, Rev. f.en. PI. 1 : 266. 1891. HoRNWORT.
Sison cnnadeutic L. Sp. PL 1 : 252. 1753.
Chaerophyllam caiiadense Crantz, Class. Inib. 79. 1767.
('»4S PLANT LIKK OF ALAHAMA.
Cniptotacnia cttnadeniiiH DC. M<^iu. Omit. 42. 1S2!I.
Eli Sk. l:Sr)><. (irav. Man.ed. 6, 'J07. Chap. Fl. llll. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2: 147.
China, .Iatan.
.Mlc^houiau to Lonisianian area. Queboc; New Eiifrland we.st to Nebraska, south-
•Tii ( )liio N'alley to oastiTu Kansas aiul Arkansas, and from New York alonj^ the moun-
tains to Cooif^ia.
Ai.auama: Monntaiu ie<i;i()n to Central Tine belt. Woodlands. Cullman County
8(X) feet. Montjjomery County, Pintlalhi Creek. Flowers white; .July. JScattered,
infrequent. Perennial.
Tyjte locality : ''ilab. in America septontrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SPERMOLEPIS Kaf. Neo<,'.2. 182.^).
(LKi'TOcAn.is Xutt. DC.Mt^ni. Omb. lifl. 1829.)
Two species, southeastern North America.
Spermolepis divaricatus (Walt.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 244. 1894.
.Si'HEAUiNG Spermolepis.
DaitcKs diraricaiiii> W\alt. Fl. Car. 114. 1788.
Lepfocaidi-s diraricaiiis DC. Mem. Omb. .39. 1829.
Gray. .Man. ed. ti. 209. Chap. Fl. 161, Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 148.
Lonisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Tex.as .and Arkansas.
Alahama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Sandy and gravelly banks, pastures,
open copses. Most altundant near the coast. Mobile and Baldwin counties.
Flowers white, April, May ; fruit ripe in June. Common. Annual.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Spermolepis echinatus (Nutt.) Britton in Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 2 : 537. 1897.
PiaCKLY-FHt'ITEO SPERMOLEPIS.
Lepiolepis echinatus Nutt. ; DC. Prodr. 4 : 107. 1830.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. G23. ; ed. 3, 178. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 148.
^ Lonisianian area. Arkansas and Texas to Arizona and southern California.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Sandy exposed dry or damp places.
Borders of fields, copses. Mobile County, border of swamps near Choctaw Point,
Grand Bay, dry copses in the pine barrens. Flowers white, April, May; fruit ripe
in .lune. Local, infrequent. Easily disseminated by the adherent echinate bristles
of tli(! fruit. Annual.
Type locality : " In Amer. bor. ad Red-River."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PTILIMNIUM Raf. .lourn. Phys. 89:258. 1819.
(DiscoPLEUKA DC. Mem. Omb. 38. 1829.)
Three species, annuals ; Atlantic North America, 2. W^est Texas, 1.
Ptilimiiium capillaceum (Michx.) Raf.; Seringe. Bull. Bot. 217,/. 33. 1830.
Mock Bishop's W^eed.
Jmmt mo/H.s Walt. Fl. Car. 113. 1788. Not L.
J. capillaccinn Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 164. 1803.
iJlacopleura lapiUacea DC. Mem. ( )mb. 38. 1829.
Ell. Sk. 1:349. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 209. Chap. Fl. 162. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 148.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Coast southern New England to Florida, west
to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Ditches, borders of marshes. Baldwin and Mobile
counties. Flowers white, May, .lune; fruit ripe .Inly, August. Common; rarely
seen above the tide-water districts. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in campestribus Carolinae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ptilimnium nuttallii (DC.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 244. 1893-94.
Nuttall's Mock Bishop's Weed.
THscopleura nuttaUii DC. Mem. Omb. 38. 1829.
D. capillacea var. nuttallii Coult. & Rose, Bot. Gaz. 12 : 292. 1887.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, 209. ( hap. Fl. 162. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 148.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Kentucky, southern Illinois, Missouri, and
Arkansas, south from eastern Tennessee to Florida, west to Texas.
PAESLEY FAMILY. 649
Alabama: Coosa Valley to Coast plain. Dampsandyor gravelly places. Etowah
County, IJallplay, open damp pine tlats. Henry. Franklin, and Mobile counties.
Flowers white, .July, August; fruit ripe October. Infrequent; met with more fre-
quently in the interior. Annual.
Type hjcality : " In North America at Red River."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AMMI L. Sp. PI. 1 : 243. 1753.
Seven species. Warmer temperate Europe, Asia.
Ammi visnaga Lam. Fl. Fr. 3 : 462. 1778. Toothpick Bishop's Weed.
Meditekraxean Europe, Western Asia, Northern Africa.
Alabama: Adventive on ballast, Mobile. Flowers white, May, June; fruit ripe
August, September. Constant on the same locality for the past ten years without
spreading. Biennial.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Type locality: " Cette plante croit dans les Provinces mt^ridionales de la France
et dans le Levant."
Ammi majus L. Sp. PI. 1 : 243. 1753. Greater Bishop's Weed.
From the same region as the last ; introduced at Mobile, and here and there escaped
from gardens. A showy annual 4 or 5 feet high, unfolding its numerous large umbels
of white llowers in May and .Tune. Biennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Europa australi."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
HYDROCOT YIiE L. Sp. PI. 1 : 234. 1753.
About 75 species, perennials, widely distributed over warmer regions, chiefly in
the Southern Hemisphere. Nortli America, 9.
Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Sp. PI. 1 : 234. 1753. Water Pennywort.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 346. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 211. Chap. Fl. 159. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 149. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. lud. 307.
West Indies, Mexico, South America, Galapagos Islands.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern New England ; west to Michigan,
south along the coast to Florida; west to Texas.
Alabama : Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Stagnating water, deep ditches,
miry pools, often floating. Autauga, Montgomery, Baldwin, and Mobile counties.
Flowers in May. Abundant on the wet borders of the river swamps in the coast
plain.
Type locality : " Hab. in America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hydrocotyle canbyi Coult. & Rose, Bot. Gaz. 12 : 103. 1887.
Canby's Pennywort.
Hydrocotyle umheUata ambigiia Graj, Man. ed. 5,190. 1867. Not if. amfti^/wa Pursh.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 211.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New .Jersey and Maryland.
Alabama: Coast plain. Muddy borders of ponds. Mobile County ; rare.
Type locality : "New Jersey to Maryland."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hydrocotyle verticillata Tliunb. Diss. 2 : 415. 1798. Whorled Pennywort.
Jli/drocotijle interrirpia Muhl. Cat. 30. 1813.
Eil. Sk. i : 345. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 211. Chap. Fl. 159. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:149.
Mexico, Brazil.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Coast southern Massachusetts to Florida, west
to Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Arizona, ami southern California.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Damp and wet places. Mont-
gomery County. Barljour County. Eufaula County {E. A. Smith). Baldwin and
Mobile counties; abundant.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f. Suppl. 177. 1781. Crowfoot-like Pennywort.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 346. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 211, Chap. Fl. 1.59, Coulter, C(mtr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 149.
(»,")() I>LANT LIFK <)K ALABAMA.
Mkmi <) i() I5i!A/ii.. Ak(;kmin.\, I'kkt.
{'amliiiiaii ami liDnisiaiiiaii aruas. I'oiiiisylx ania, Mrj^inia to llmida, west to
hoiiisiana, 'I'cxa.s. iind C'alifoiiiia.
Ai.ai'.ama: Coast plain. Stiiyiiant watt-r, clitchcM, shallow poinlB. Mobile
Comity, i-iowris May ; coiiiiiioii.
Tyjio locality : " Halt, in .Mrxico. Mutis."
llVrl). Geol. iSurv. Hcib. Mobr.
CENTELLA L. ri.Kar. A1V.2S. 17(!0. (Amoeii. Acad. 6: 112.)
Centella asiatica (L. j Irliaii, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 11. pt. 1 : 287. 187!».
Asiatic Pennywort.
JJyihocoli/le asiatica L. 8j). Pi. 1 : 231. 17."i3.
//. ri'panda Pits. Syii. 1 : 802. 1805.
Kll.sk. 1:317. Gray, Man. cd. 6, 211. Chap. Fl. LIU. Coulter, Coiitr. Nat. Herb.
2: Mil.
Wkst Indies, Mexico to Ai^iENTiNA, Chile, Eastern and Soutiiekn Africa,
East Indies, New Zealand, Paciitc Islands.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Close, damp soil in miry ground;
abundant. Perennial.
Type locality: "Ilab. in India."
Herb. Geol. iSurv. Ibrb. Mobr.
CORNACEAE. Dogwood Family.
CORNUS L.Sp. PI. 1:117. 1753. DoGW^ooD. Cornel.
Over 30 species, temperate regions both hemispheres, Europe, Asia, mountains of
tropical America (Mexico, Peru). North America, 18; Atlantic, 11.
Coruus striata Lam. Encycl. 2 : 116. 1786. Stii< f Cornel.
Cornua faHtiqiata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 92. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:209. (Jray, Man. ed. 6,215. Chap. Fl. 167.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia to Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Over the State. Low, open woods; banks of streams. Lee County,
Auburn, 8ti0 feet {Karlc c)'- I'udrrwood). Limestone County, Athens {Baker iS~ I'^arle).
Mobile County, swampy woods. Three Mile Creek. Baldwin C'ounty, Stockton.
Flowers in May; anthers ])luish. Fruit mature in September, sordid blue, stone
globose, smooth. Large shrub to small tree, 12 to 18 feet high. Common in the
Coast plain.
Type locality: "Nous le croyons origiuaire de I'Am^rique septentrionale."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cornus amomum Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768.
Silky-leaved Swaj«p Dogwood.
Cornus scricea L. Mant. 2:199. 1771.
C. lanuginosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:92. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:208. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 214. Chap. Fl. 167. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 150.
Allegheniau to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia and Ontario; New England, west
to Dakota, Nebraska, and Arkansas, south to the Gulf from Florida to Texas.
Alabama : Mountain region to Upper division of Coast Pine Belt. Swampy banks
of streams. Cullman County, 800 feet. Montgomery, Bibb, and Clarke counties.
Flowers white with blue anthers, May ; fruit ripe in September, dark blue. Shrub
8 to 12 feet high.
Economic uses: The bark, under the name of "swamp dogwood bark," is used
medicinally.
Tyi)e locality : " I'ound in all northern parts of America, * * * being natives
of the woods in Virginia, New England, Maryland, and Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cornus asperifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 93. 1803. Rough-leaved Cornel.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 209. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 214. Chap. Fl. 167. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb
2 : 150.
AUeghenian aud Carolinian areas. Ontario and Minnesota, south to Texas, and in
eastern Tennessee aud North Carolina.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Dry limestone hills. Thickets. Franklin County,
Russellville. Flowers in May. Shrubs 8 to 12 feet high. The only locality known
in the State.
Typo locality: "Ilab. in sylvis umbrosis Carolinae iuferioris."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DOG-WOOD FAMILY. 651
Cornus florida L. Sp. ri. 1: 117. 1753. Flowering Dogwood.
Ell. Sk. 1:207. Gray, Man. ed 6, 2U. Chap. Fl. 168. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 150.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Southern Ontario, southern New England, west
to Michigan and southern Minuesota, and south to Florida aud eastern Texas,
Alabama: Over the State. Upland forests, moderately rich soil. Flowers April,
May; floral hracts large, petaloid, white. Fruit ripe October to No vemljer; scarlet.
Economic uses: The wood is valuable, and the bark, known as "dogwood bark,"
is used medicinally. Very showy in flower and in fruit.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
NYSSA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1058. 1753. Black Gum. Sour Gum,
About 7 species, trees. East Asia, Atlantic North America, 4.
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Arb. Am. 97. 1785.
Highland Black Gum, Pepperidge,
Xyssa aquatica L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1058. 1753. In part.
N. miiUifiom Wangeuh. Am. llolz. 46, 1. 16. 1787.
N. rUlom Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 258, 1803,
Ell. Sk. 2 : 684. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 215, Chap. Fl. 168, Coulter, f!ontr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 151.
Sargent, Silv. N. A. 5 : 75, t. 211.
Carolinian aud Louisianian areas, Ontario; southern New England west to Mich-
igan and south to the Gulf, extending from Florida to eastern Texas,
Alabama : Over the State to the Lower Pine region. Most frequent in the upland
forests. Winston County, 1,200 feet. Cullman County, 1,000 feet. Marshall County,
1,000 feet. Flowers yellowish green, April; fruit ripe September, October; drupe
purple. A tree of large size, 80 to 90 feet high and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Fre-
quent on the table-lauds of the Warrior basin in shallow depressions, Eeduced in
size on the uplands of the Coast Pine belt.
Economic uses: Timber tree.
Type locality: "This grows naturally in Pennsylvania and perhaps elsewhere."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Nyssa biflora Walt. Fl. Car, 253. 1788. Southern Black Gum.
N. aiilvatica var, hiflora Sargent, Silv, N. A. 5 : 76. 1893.
Ell.Sk. 2 : 684. Chap. Fl. 168,
Louisianian area. In swamps. North Carolina to Florida, west to eastern Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Swampy borders of pine-barren
streams. Flowers in April; fruit ripe August, September; purplish black. Tree
rarely over 60 feet high and from 16 to 18 inches in diameter, prevailing iu the Lower
Pine region and Coast plain. Further studies in the field are needed to establish
with certainty the northern limit of this tree iu the State.
Economic uses: Of less importance than the last.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Nyssa aquatica L. Sp, PL 2 : 1058, 1753, In part. Large Tupelo Gum,
X. uniflora Wangenh. Am. Holzart. 83, t. 27, f. 57. 1787,
N. tomentosa Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 2 : 259. 1803,
N. grandidentata Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 2 : 252, 1. 19. 1812.
Eli. Sk. 2 : 685, Gray, Man. ed. 6, 215. Chap. Fl. 168. Coulter, Contr, Nat, Herb.
2 : 151.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia, southern Illinois, south-
eastern Missouri, and western Tennessee, south to Florida, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Swampy forests; fre(|u<'nt. Most
often associated with the bald cypress in the deep swamps on the banks of the Ala-
bama and Tombigbee rivers and their larger tributaries. Autauga County. Mont-
gomery to Mobile County. Flowers yellowish green; April (Mount Vernon).
Fruit plum-purple, ripe iu October. One of the largest of the timber trees of the
Atlantic forest, 110 to 125 feet high.
Type locality : " Hab. in Americae septentrionalis aquosis,"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
('..'» '2 PLANT LIl'K OF ALA J {AM A.
^^^MIM:l A LAK.
CLETHRACEAE. White Alder Family.
CLETHRA I.. S|.. I'l. l::!!l(;. 175H.
Alxtiit IJO 8i>e<'ipH, Wiinii loin|nMato roi;ii>iiH XortluTii 1 loiiii8i>li<'r<', (!:inaiy ThIhikIs,
rastiTii Asia. Nortli Aiueriru, Alloylioniaii logioii, J. Sliriilis or trees.
Clethiaalnifolia L. Sp. I'l. 1:;W6. 1753. Wiiitb Ai.di'.k. Swkkt Tkitki! Hush.
Kll..^k.l:r.Ol.'. (Jray. Maii.e<l.(;,:il."J. Chap. Fl. l.'<)4 ; cd. ;{. 281*.
.Mlcj^hciiian t<> l.ouisianiini an-a. Now Kii<^laiul (Mount Desert Island), alon^ the
coast to l'liiri<la, west to eastern Louisiana.
Ai.AHAM\: Central I'ine belt to Coast i)lain. Low wet thickets. Flowers whitre;
.lune, July. Shrub I^or I teot hij^li, fro(|Uont; eouiiuon in the Coast jdain on swampy
hanks of ])ine-l)arren streams.
Type locality: '" llab. in Carolina, Mrj^inia, I'ensylvania."
Ihrb. Gcol. .Surv. Ilerli. Mohr.
PYROLACEAE. Pyrola Family.
CHIMAPHILA I'ursh, Fl. Am. .Sept. l:27it. IXli.
Four speeies, tem])(M:ito J-^urt)])*-. ICastern Asia. North Anierioa, H. Herbaceous
l»ereiinials.
Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 300. 1814.
SPOTTKD WiNTEItGKF.EN.
I'l/rola maculata L. Sp. PI. 1 : 396. 1753.
Eil. Sk. 1:505. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 323. Chap. Fl. 267. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1 : 4.5.
Carolinian area. Ontario, Xew England. Lower ranges of the Alleghenies to
North Carolina and <i«>orgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. IJich wooded hillsides. Morgan County, Falkville,
80C I'cet. Winston County, 1,500 feet. Flowers .June.
Typo locality : " llab. in Aniericae septentrionalis sylvis.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MONOTROPACEAE. Pinesap Family.
MONOTROPA L. 8p. PI. 1 : 387. 17.53.
Two species, colorless perennial saprophytes rooting in vegetable mold. North
America, 1.
Mouotropa uniflora 1... Sp. PI. 2 : 387. 1753. Indian 1*ipk.
KlI. Sk. 1:477. (May, Man. ed. 6, 325. Chap. Fl. 2G8. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 254. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 463. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2, pt. 1 : 49.
Ea.stekn Asia, Himalayan India, Mkxico, South Amkkica.
Canadian zone to Lonislauian area. Nova S(!otia, New Brunswick, L.ake Superior,
Ontario, south throughout tl.o eastern United' States, west to the Rocky Mountains
an<l Oregon.
Alabama: Throughout the State; scattered. Reported from the Tennessee Val-
ley. Cullman, Autauga, and Mobile counties. Flowers September, October; not
rare, under pines and deciduous trees; local, most frequent in the pine forests of
the Coast plain.
Type locality: "Hab. in Marilandia, Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HYPOPITYS Adans. Fam. 2:443. 1763.
A monotypic genus. North temperate zone. Habit of the last.
Hypopitys hypopitys (L.) Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 4 : 137. 1894. Pinksap.
Mouotropa In/jiopitij.s L. Sp. PI. 1 : 387. 1753.
Hypopitijs monotropa Crantz, Inst. 2 : 467. 17tJ6.
Ell. .Sk. 1 : 478. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 326. Chap. Fl. 268. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 254. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2, pt. 1 : 50.
HEATH FAMILY. (353
Mexico, Japan, Europe.
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia, Ontario; New England west to
Michigan, south to Virginia, and along the mountains to Georgia, Texas, and
Arkansas; also iu Oregon.
Alabama: Mountain region. Shady woods. Cullman County, 800 feet. Flowers
white. May, rare and local, under coniferous and amentaceous trees. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Sueciae, Germaniae, Angliae, Canadae sylvie."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ERICACEAE. Heath Family.
AZALEA L. Sp. I'l. 1 : 150. 1753.
About 40 species, Himalayan India, China. North America, H; chiefly Appa-
lachian.
Azalea arborescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 152. 1816. Sweet-scented Azalea.
Ehododendron arhorescens Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. U. S. 425. 1824.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 320. Chap. Fl. 265. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 40.
Carolinian area. Southern Pennsylvania, Virginia, and along the mountains to
Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rocky banks of streams. Dekalb County, Men-
tone, 1,800 feet. Clay County, Talladega Mountain, 2,200 feet. Cullman County,
800 feet. Flowers white with jiurple stamens, fragrant. Not inl'requent, particu-
larly on rocky banks of water courses on the Warrior table- land. Shrub 6 to 12 feet
high.
Type locality: "On rivulets, near the Blue Mountains: Pensylvania."
Economic uses: Ornamental.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Azalea viscosa L. Si). PL 1 : 151. 1753. Clammy Azalea. Swamp Honeysuckle.
nhododendron viseosum Torr. Fl. N. &. Mid. U. S. 424. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 241. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 320. Chap. Fl. 265. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:40.
Carolinian and Louisianian areiis. Southern New England, along the coast to
P'lorida, west to Eouisiaua and Arkansas.
ALAnA>L\ : Mountain region to Coast plain. Swampy banks of streams. Cullman
County, 800 feet. Clarke. Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers white, fragrant ;
Jnne, July. Frequent. Shrub 15 feet high.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. (tcoI. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Azalea viscosa glauca (Lam.) Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 151. 1803.
Cinnamon Honeysuckle.
Azalea qlauca Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1 : 493, 1. 110, f. 2. 1793.
Elk Sk.' 1:241. Gray, Man. ed. G, 320. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:41.
Carolinian area. West Virginia along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rocky banks of brooks. Clay County, waterfall
near I'ulpit Rock, 2,200 feet. Lee County, Auburn {Earle .S' Undertcood). Flowers
white, May; 3 to 5 feet high.
Typo locality: "Ex America sept."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Azalea nudiflora L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 214. 1762.
PUKPLE Azalea. Common Honeysuckle.
Jihododciidron nuditloriim Torr. Fl. N. &. Mid. U. S. 424. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 1:240. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 320. Chap. FL 265. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 253. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, ])t. 1 : 41.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New England west to northern Oliio, south-
western Missouri, Arkansas, south to the Gulf from Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Overthe State. From the Coast plain to the mountains. Dampcopses
and woods. Flowers white, pale pink, or orange ; April, May. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high.
Varies greatly in habit of growth, inflorescence, and color of flowers. On the table-
lands and in the mountains forms of lower auc. more compact growth, the flowers
in dense clusters, snowy white (var. alba Pursh; or incarnate, prevail. In the lower
country forms of taller growth, the flowers in looser clusters, pale piuk to rose-pink,
are prevalent. In the coast region (Mobile County, Springhill) forms with flame
or deep orange colored flowers are met with (var. riiiilaiis Pursh).
Economic uses : The flowers of all the above species are rich iu honey, which is
(').")( PLANT l.IFK (»K ALABAMA.
Hiiiil to Ix" jiosschsimI .if narcotic (|iialitie8 like Iho lioiicy from otlior ineinbcrs of tlio
hftiin> family, the ofloi-ts of which, however, liavoin this aection never been observed.
OniamiMital.
Tvi)0 lotalit\ : " liab. in ^■ir•^inia«> siccis."
Herb. Ciool. Siir\. Herb. Mohr.
RHODODENDRON L. Sp. PI. 1:302. 175.3.
About 100 Bpecies, fri<;i(l to temperate regions, Knrope, India, C^hina. North
America, 7.
Rhododendron cata-wrbiense Michx. Kl. J5or. Am. 1 : 258. 1803.
Catawba Ixiiooodendron. Rose Hay.
(iray. Man.ed. 0.321. Chap. Fl. 266. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:42.
Alle;j;henian and Carolinian areas. Mountains of southwestern Virginia, 2, .500
feet; North Carolina, (i,000 feet; eastern Tennessee.
Alabama: M<nin\tain region. Ix'ocky damp banks of Ktre.ams. Dekallt County,
Lookout Mountain, banks of Little Kiver, 1,800 feet. .Jackson County, Pisgah
(.)/. ('. HHkoii). Six to 8 feet high; Jlowers lilac-purple.
Economic uses: drnameutal.
Type locality : *' llab. in moutibus excelsis Carolinae septcntrionalisjuxtaorigiaem
anniis Catawba."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
KALMIA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 391. 1753.
Six species, Atlantic North America. West Indies, 1.
Kalmia latifolia L. Sp. PI. 1 : 39L 1753.
Calico Bush. Poison Ivy of the Southern Statks.
Ell. Sk. 1: 181. Cray, Man. od. 6, 319. Chap. Fl. 264. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
38. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 5 : 13, /. 236, 237.
Alleghenian to Louisianan area. New England and New York to northern Ohio,
from West Virginia south to the Gulf and from western Florida to Louisiana, Arkan-
sas, and North Carolina, 4,100 feet altitude.
Alabama: Over the State. Rocky woodlands, gravelly exposed or shaded banks,
siliceous soil. Flowers white, April, May. Common. Shrub or small tree.
Economic uses: The leaves, known as "poison ivy," are used medicinally. They
are deleterious to cattle.
Type locality: "Hab. in Marilandia, Virginia, Peusylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Kalmia hirsuta Walt. Fl. Car. 138. 1788. Wicky.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 482. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 319. Chap. Fl. 264. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 39.
Louisianian area. Coast of North Carolina to western Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low sandy pine barrens. Flowers rose-pink, May. Not
rare. I>ow shrub 6 to 15 inches high.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. 1 lerb. Mohr.
LEUCOTHOE Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 17 : 159. 1834.
About 35 8i)ecies, sluubs, chiefly American. .Japan. North America, 6; mostly
Atl.antic.
Leiicothoe axillaris (Lam.) Don, Edinb. New Phil. ,Tourn. 17 : 159. 1834.
Downy Fetter-bush.
Andromeda axillaris Lam. Encyd. 1 : 157. 1783.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 487, in part. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 317. Chap. Fl. 261. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A.
2, pt. 1 : 34.
Louisianian area. Coast of North Carolina to P'lorida, west to Mississippi.
Alab.xma: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Wet borders of rivulets, swampy
thickets and woods in the pine barrens. Flowers white, April. Common. Shrub
2 to 3 feet high.
Type locality : "Cette plante croit dans I'Amc^rique septentrionale."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Leucothoe racemosa (L.) Gray, Man. ed. 2, 2.52. 1856. Racemose Fetter-bush.
Jndromfda racemosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 394. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1:492. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 317. Chap. Fl. 262. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2 : 35,
HEATH FAMILY. 655
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New England, along the coast to
Florida, west to Arkansas and southwestern Missouri.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Borders of wooded swauips. Mobile
and Baldwin counties. Flowers rose-pink; April. Frequent. Shrub4 to 8 feethigh.
Type locality : " Hab. in Pensylvania. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Leucothoe recurva (Buckl.) Gray, Man. ed. 2, 252. 1856.
Recurved Andromeda.
Andromeda recurva Buckl. Am. Jouru. Sci. 45 : 172. 1843.
Carolinian area. Mountains of Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee.
Alabama: Credited to the State in Gray, Syn. FI. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 35.
Type locality: "Mountains near Paint Rock, Tennessee, and the warm sx>rings,
North Carolina."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PIERIS Don, Edinb. New Phil. Jouru. 17 : 159. 1834.
About 12 species, Himalayan India, Japan, Cuba. North America, 4. Shrubs.
Pieris nitida (Bartr.) Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 2 : 588. 1876. Shinixg Fetter-bush.
Andromeda nitida Bartram ; Marsh. Arb. Am. 8. 1788.
Chap. FL 263. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 32.
Cuba.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi and eastern
Louisiana.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Open boggy jnue barrens. Swampy
borders of rivulets. Flowers rose-jiink ; April.
Type locality: " This shrub grows naturally in Carolina and Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pieris phillyreaefolia (Hook.) DC. Prodr. 7:599. 1839. Low Andromeda.
Andromeda jjhilh/reaefolia Hook. Icon. 1. 122. 1837.
Chap. Fl. 262. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 31.
Louisianian area. Western Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Lowsandy banks of pine-barren streams. Mobile County,
on Bayou d'Eau Douce. Flowers white, February 18. Rare; only locality known
in the State. Shrub 5 to 8 inches high.
Type locality : "Apalachicola, W. Florida. Mr. DrummondJ'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
XOLISMA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 4 : 193, 1819.
About 10 species, shrubs. West Indies and North America ; one circumpolar.
Xolisma ligustrina (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 4 : 135, 1894.
Privet-like Xolisma.
Vaccinium ligustrinum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 351. 1753.
Andromeda ligustrina Muhl. Cat. 43. 1813.
A. paniculata var. nudiftora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 255. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 :490. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 316. Chap. Fl. 263. Gray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 2. pt. 1 : 33.
AUeghenian and Carolinian areas. Southern New England west to JMichigau, Mis-
souri, and Arkansas; Virginia and West Virginia along the mountains to eastern
Tennessee and Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Damp rocky banks. Clay County, Che-aw-ha
Mountain, at the waterfall, 2,300 ft-et, July 29, with ripe capsules. Lee County,
Auburn, 850 feet altitude. May 10 (Earle <>'• Underwood). Infrequent.
Arborescent shrub, 10 to 15 feet high, sparsely pubescent; distinct by the almost
leafless slender loose-flowered racemes, pedicels mostly single, over ^ inch in length.
The plants from the higher mountains answer perfectly to the ty])e. Specimens
from Cullman County with the leaves pubescent on both sides, racemes paniculate
and more dense, the flowers with shorter jtedicels, several from the same bud,
apiiroach closely the following.
Type locality : " Hab. in Pensylvania. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Xolisma ligustrina foliosiflora (Michx.) Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club, 24:24. 1897,
Andromeda jKiniculala var. foliosiflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 255. 1803.
Andromeda frondosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 295. 1814.
lyyonia frondosa Nutt. Gen. 1 : 266. 1818,
('):>(> ri-ANT MFK OK ALABAMA.
.liidromrda lifjustriiia var. /nibfMci iih (iray, Syii. Fl. N. A. 2, i)t. 1 : 33. 187S.
Kll. sk. 1: »;•(>. (iray. Man. «'(1. (i. HlC. Cliaii. Fl. 'J«;3. (Jray, .Syii. Fl. N. A. 1. c.
" riio »'\triiiio loriii iVoiii till' A I Ian lie loast and (Jnlf n'»;;i(>n has a docidt-dly diOV-r-
ont a-Hpfi t IVoni tlio typii al fdiiii, and is distinf^nisliid liy tlio denHci i)ani«ii'.s with
Hloiilly ixMJi. I'l.-d titiwcrs, :{ or J lioin tlir sa Imd, and also by its i>ulK'8c«nce. It
is iniiniatcly coMin'cird witli tlic t>iit' liy iiit<'i>;radin'; forme frequently met with
fartiicr nortii an<l can only take varietal rank." Molir.
Carolini.in and l.ouisianiau areas. \irj,Mnia, along the low conntry to Florida,
west to I.onisiaua.
Ai..\hama: Central rrairie region to Coast i)iain. Swampy banks of Htreams.
Montgomery Connty, banks of cypress pond on the Alabama Kiver. Most frei|iientin
the Coast ]>tain, on tiio borders of ]iine-barren streams, scarcely over 3 feet in height.
Type l<»rality : "In sylvis Caroliiiao inferioris."'
Ilerb. (Jeol. .Snrv. Herb. Molu.
OXYDENDRUM DC. I'rodr. 7 :G01. 183'J.
One sjiecies, Atlantic North America.
Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. Prodr. 7 : tiOl. 1830. Sornwoon.
Jiidromeda arhorea L. 8p. PI. 1 : 3;tl. 17.")3.
Kll. Sk. 1 : I'll. (Jrav, Man. ed. 6, 317. Chap. Fl. 203. Cray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 33. Sargent, Silv. N.' A. 5 : 13."), /. .'.>7.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Pennsylvania and West A'irginia, along the
mountains to (Jeorgia and Florida, west to Arkansas and sonthern Missouri.
Ai.aiiama: Mountain region to the Coast plain. Flowers white; .Inly. 'i'ree3()t«
40 feet high, 12 inches ami over in <liametcr. Most fre<ineut and in greatest perfec-
tion iu the siliceous dry soil of the table-lauds. In the swamps of the low country,
rarely 20 feet high or over 5 inches iu diameter.
Economic uses: Of some value for the wood. It is also of ornamental use.
'ryi)e locality: " Mab. iu Virginia, Carolina."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. ^lohr.
EPIGAEA I.. Sp. PI. 1 : 395. 1753.
Two species. Japan, 1. Atlantic North America, 1.
Epigaea repens L. Sp. PI. 1 : Sii."). 1753. Trailing Arbutus.
Ell. sk. 1 : 501. Cray, Man. ed. ti. 315. Chap. Fl. 261 . Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2. pt. 1 : 2tt.
Canadian /.one to Lonisianian area. Nova Scotia and Canada to Lake Superior and
the Saskatchewan Valley ; New England, west to Michigan, south to Florida and
Mississippi.
Ai-ahama: Mountain region. Central Pine belt. Lower Pine region. In rocky
or sandy aud gravelly woods. Cullman County. Autauga County (£.//. (Sm/Z/i).
Mobile County, S])riugliill, ( 'itronelle. 1 lowers ]>ale pink; February, March. Four
to (j inches long, trailing. l're(|uent. Perennial.
Economic usis: I'he herb, known as "gravel plant,'' is used medicinally.
Type locality: " Hal), iu VMrgiuiae, Canadae pinetis."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GAULTHERIA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 39.5. 17.53.
Ninety to 100 species, temperate regions and in the mountains of the tropics in
both lieniisidieres, Asia, America. North America, 3. Shrubby or herbaceous per-
eiMii.il evergreens.
Gaultheria procumbens L. Sp. PI. 1 : 395. Winter(}Reen.
Ell. Sk. 1 :.501. (Jray, Man. ed. 6, 315. Cbaj). Fl. 261. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 2. pt. 1 : .'{0.
Allei;heuian and Caroliuiau areas. Mariliine provinces of Canada ; New England,
New "iork. New Jersey, south along the mountains to Nortli Carolina (,4,000 feet)
and Georgia.
Alabama: Mountaiu region. One single specimen collected by G. R. Vasey. Local-
ity not given.
Economic uses: The herb called " wintergreen"' is used medicinally, and the essen-
tial oil distilled from the herb is the "Oleum gaultheriae" of the United States
Pharmacopoia.
Type locality: "Hab. in Canadae sterilibus arenosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HUCKLEBERKY FAMILY. 657
VACCINIACEAE. Huckleberry Family.
C5-AYLUSSACIA H. B. K. Nov. Gen. 3 : 275. 1818.
About 40 species, South America, chiefly iu Brazil. Eastoru North America, 6.
Shrubs.
Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) Torr. & Gray; Gray, Man. 259. 1848.
DWAItF HUCKLEBEKKY.
Vaccmium dumosum Andr. Bot. Rep. 11: 1. 112. 1799.
V. frondosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 234. 1803. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 1:497. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 311. Chap. Fl. 258. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:19.
Alleghenian to Louisianian arfea. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia; New England
south along the coast to Florida, west to eastern Louisiana.
Alaisama: Mountain region to Lower Pine regi(m. Dry barren siliceous soil. Clay
County, ascending to 2.000 fei't, Emorya Gap. Flowers white, April; fruit rijie in
Jun(% July, shining black, smooth or slightly hispid.
Shrubby from a horizontally creeping root 4 to 8 inches high. Rare iu the moun-
tains, abundant iu the dry pine barrens of the coast region.
Type locality : " Introduced from North America in the year 1783."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Gaylussacia hirtella (Ait. f.) Klotzsch, Linnaea, 24:48. 1851.
Haiky Huckleberry.
Vacciniuni hirtelluvi Ait. f. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 2 : 357. 1811.
(raylussacia diimoaa hirtella Grav, Man. 259. 1848.
Chap. FL 258; ed. 3, 280. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:19.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia, along the const to Florida, and west
to ^lississipi^i.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Wet sandy borders of pine-barren
streams. Washington and Mobile counties. Flowers white; May, several weeks
laterthan (r. dumosa. Fruit ri])eus July, August; black, hispid by stiif hairs, insipid.
Most fre(]uent in the Coast plain and the adjacent Lower Pine region. Shrub 2 to 3
feet high. The habit of growth, habitat, and the other obvious permanent charac-
ters render this mesoiihile shrub sufficiently distinct to warrant its sei^aration from
V. dumosum and to have its specific rank restored.
Type locality: "Native of North America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gaylussacia froudosa tomentosa Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 19. 1878.
Hoary Huckleberry.
Gaylussacia tomentosa Pursh; Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 2, pt. I: 19. 1878. As
synonym.
Readily distinguished from the type by the low slender growth, scarcely over a
foot in height, branched and leafy from the base, by the close, short, more or less
ferruginous pubescence of the brandies and on the lower side of the leaves, which
are from 1 to 1^ inches long, \ to f inch wide, oblong-ovate, attenuated toward
the base, almost sessile, finely and prominently reticulated; and further by the short
erect-spreading pedicels scarcely over f inch long.
Louisianian area. Georgia to eastern Florida.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Shaded border of woods. Mobile
County, Springhill. I'lowers white; April. Not infrequent. Specimens collected
by Professors Earle and Underwood at Auburn of a glaucous hue; pubescence pale,
reticulation of the leaves wider and less prominent, and the racemes longer and
loosely flowered, connect this variety with the northern typical form.
Type locality : "Georgia, Enslin. E. Florida, JJr. E. Palmer."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
VACCINIUM L. Sp. PL 1 : 349. 1753. Blueberry. Bilberry.
Over 100 species, extra tropical regions, Northern Hemisphere, excepting the Afri-
can species. North America, 24 to 26. Shrubs, rarely arborescent.
VacciniumarboreumMarsh. Arb. Am. 157. 1785. Farkleberry. Sparkleberry.
Ell. Sk. 1:495. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 312. Chap. Fl. 259. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 20.
Sargent, Silv. N. A. 5 : 119, t. 230.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Central Tennessee, west to sonthern Illinois,
southern Missouri and Arkansas, south to North Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana.
Alabama : Mountain region to Coast plain. Barren, siliceous soil, open woods nnd
copses. Flowers white, April to June; fruit ripe September to December, shining
15894 42
C)^)^ PLANT LIFK <>K ALABAMA.
bliU'k, dry, insipid. Clay County, near I'lilpit Rock, L', 200 feo). On tlicHo sunuiiitB a
Htra;^;ilin^ HJirnh, Kcarccly ovt-r S or I Icet liitrli, l)eni('8 ripenin;: in Dctcinbtr (win-
trrlifiiy). In tlio i)ino harn-ns of tlu> ('<iaHt J'ino licit a tree I'roni If) to 30 lict liijih
and .1 to 10 in( ins in diani«t«'r.
l.roiioniii' list's: Of hoimo valno lor tlio fnuvfjiained wood.
TyiM" lociility : *' i'his j^row s nutnrally in Carolina. "
Hcrlt. (u'ol. Sur\ . Jlcrli. Mohr.
Vaccinium stamiueum Ti. Sj). ]'l. 1 : ;5r>0. 1758.
1»ki:i;hkijky. St^rAW lIucKi.KnEHUY.
Kll.Sk.l: lilC. (iray, Man.ed.li, 31-'. Chap. 1"1. 1'.".!). (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 21.
Carolinian and Lonisianiau areas. Ontario; New Enfrland along the. toast to
N'irginia; western Ohio to Missouri and Arkansas^soutli to I'lorida and Texas.
Alabama : t^ver the State In dry or damp li;nren soil, open wooils, borders of
thickets. Flowers white, Ai>ril ; fruit rijio in .July and August, greenish, acerb.
Not rari\ One to 2 f«'ft high, sinoothish or pnlicscent.
In the pine barren.s about Mobile a low Ibrni, scarcely over (! iinhcs high, with
spreading branches and silky touicntose ciliatc leaves, is not rare.
Type locality : '" Hab. in America septentrionali."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vacciiiiuni melanocarpuni. Southern Goosebkkuy,
rncriniiim slaininctnn mclauocarpirm Mohr. Bull. Torr. Club, 24 :2.5. 1897.
Shrub erect, 2 to 4 feet high; leaves oblong-laneeolate, 2 to 1 inches long, 'i to 1
inch wide, like the branchlets enioothi.sh or slightly imbescent; racemes elongated,
2 to 2.V inches long, loose, 4 to 8 llowered; pedicels sleiidiT, droo])iug, from the axils
of persistent ovate-oblong bracts; berries fully # inch in diameter, shining-black,
with a.juicy pulp, ]ialatable, of a Boniewhat aromatic flavor. The shrub bending
nntler the load of its berries gracefully suspendeil on the slender racemes presents a
pretty sight. Platic VII.
Carolinian area. Southwestern Missouri (Ozark llillsj.
Alabama: Teunessee Valley. Jlountaiu region. Lower hills. Woodson rocky
or gravelly soil. Latnlcrdalo County, barrens. 1 )ekalli County, Lookout .Mountain,
1,000 to 1,S00 feet. St. Clair County, Coosa Hills, copiously near Springvillc. Lee
County, Auburn {liakcr <i- h'arle, 316).
Although resembling larger-leaved and stouter forms of V. stamiveum, this shrub,
conHned to the nionntaia region, appears suHiciently distinct to be regarded as a
proper species. The erect habit of growth, the numerous branches always erect,
the erect-spreading large leaves, the, strictly racemose inllorescewce, the slender i)ed-
icels proceeding mostly singly from the oblong to ovate to linear bracts, and the
large juicy fruit of a dark ]>luni-i)Uiple color, rijjcning much earlier than in the
allied species, distinguish it at once from the same.
Specimens collected by Letterman in 1875 in southwestern Missouri, near Iron
Mountain, and preserved in the Engelmann herbarium belong hei'e. The collector
was struck by the peculiar aspect of this shrub. After describing it in a letter to
Dr. Lngelmann as a ]dant 3 to 5 feet high, with the berries, some pyriform, some
globo.se, of dark purple, and a pleasant flavor when ripe, while unripe or partially
ripe, bitter, ho adds enthusiastically: "I w^ould wish you could see the bushes
freighted with their purple, and, I might add, to u\y taste, delicious fruit."
i^conomic uses: Th«i berries are eagerly consumed by man and beast.
Type locality: ".Mountain region" of Alabama. More speciflcally, St. Clair
County, near Ashville, July, 1880.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vaccinium melauocarpum caudicaus var. nov.
To all ayipearance of lower stature; leavt^s smaller than in lh<- tyjie, the lower
surface covered with a clo.se, line, almost milk-white tomentuni.
Alabama: Lee County, Auburn (Baker ^ Earle), August, 1897.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vaccinium melauocarpum sericeum a ar. nov.
Branchlets, leaves, and unripe finit with a soft, silky, appressed pubescence;
leaves ample; dark green.
Alabama: With the type. Kockv wooded hills near Snringville, St. (lair
County, May 28, 1892.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. VI.
Plate VII.
^-x/^
Vaccinium melanocarpum Mohr.
HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY. 659
Vaccinium rayrsinites Lam. Encycl. 1 : 73. 1789. Evergreen Blueberry.
Ell. 8k. 1:494. Chap. FL 260. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :21.
Caroliaian aud Louisianian areas. Ceorgia; P"'lori(la to LouisiaDa.
Alabama: Mountain region. Metaniorpbic lulls. Lower Pineregion. Coastplain.
Dry sandy pine barrens. Lee County, Auburn ( liakir 4' Jiarle, 305). Clay, Wash-
ington, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. Flowers pink, March; fruit ripe. May;
black, insipid. Evergreen, 5 to 10 inches high. Common.
Type locality : " Cette espece croit abondammeut dans la Floride, aiix environs de
St. Augustin."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vaccinium myrsinites glaucum Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 21. 1878.
Pale Evergreen Blueberry.
Louisianian area. Eastern Louisiana, Mississippi.
Alabama : Motamorpliic hills to Coast Pine belt. Barren rocky hills and dry pine
barrens. Clarke County, Choctaw Coiner. Cherty hills of the bubrstone strata.
Mobile and Baldwin counties, sandy pine ridges. Lee County, Auburn {Earle).
Flowers pale pink, April; fruit ripens in .June. Not frecjueut; abundant in some
localities. Shrub 1 to Ih feet high.
Type locality: "New Orleans f (/>?'hh)?«o/k/) to Alabama, ttc." (Kvidently wrong).
Herl). Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vaccinium elliottii Chap. Fl. 260. 1860. Elliott's Blueberry.
Vaccinium virqatum var. parvifolium Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 22. 1878.
r. myrtil hides Ell. Sk. 1 : 500. 1818. Not M'ichx.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. -Chap. Fl. 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. c.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Georgia; Florida west to eastern Texas and
Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. In saiidy damp ground. Low
thickets, l)orders of swampy w^oods. Cullman County, 800 feet. Low gravelly or
rocky banks of streams. Lee County. Auburn (Baker ^S' Earle). Monroe County,
Claiborne. Washington, Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers white to pale i)iuk,
appearing during the iirstdays of spring (February 10) on the naked branches l)efore
the leaves; fruit ripens May (20) and June; berries shining black, small, sweet, mostly
single, rarely more than two from the same bud.
Shrub 6 to 8 feet high, branching from the base, branches green, slender, erect,
ultimately reclining. The most frequent of the blueberries in the low country,
frequently forming the boscage along the banks of pine-barren streams.
Economic uses: The berries are sweet aud edible.
Type locality : " River swamps, Florida to South Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vaccinium virgatum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 12. 1789.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 498, in part? Gray, Man. ed. 6, 312. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 283. Gray, Syn.
Fl. 2, pt. 1:21.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia to Florida and eastern
Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Dry or damp sandy copses. Baldwin County, Point
Clear; open live oak hammocks. Flowers middle of March; mature fruit not seen.
Shrub 3 to 6 feet high, with slender, erect-spreading branches; not frequent.
Vaccinium teuellum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 12. 1789. Gale-leaf Blueberry.
Vaccinium virgatum teuellum Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 22. 1878.
V. qalezans Michx. Fl. 1 : 232. 1803. '
Ell. Sk. 1:499. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 312. Chap. Fl. 260.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Coast of southern New Jersey to Florida, west
to Mississippi and Arkansas.
Alai'.ama: Mountain region. Metaniorpbic hills to Coast plain. Shady banks
and copses in sandy soil. Lee County, A.nhnvn {llaker c^- Earle). Mobile County,
Citronelle and One-mile Creek. Baldwin County, Montrose. April.
Low, somewhat decumbent, \k to scarcely 2 feet high ; brauchlets brownish-pubes-
cent, as are the lanceolate, mucionate leaves which are acute at both ends; serru-
late above the base; from f to 2 inches long, ,',; to | inch wide. Flowers in
subsessile or sessile, mostly umbellate, clusters, corolla o\ate to oblong, appearing
with the leaves.
By the above characters readily distinguislied from stunted forms of /'. elliottii.
Type locality : "Native of North America,"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr,
(WW) PLANT rJI'K OK ALAI5,\MA.
Vacciniuin vacillans Kalin ; lorr. Fl. N. V. 1:144. lXl'.i. T.ow liu'KHKUUY.
(imv. Man. .-.I. U, .US. (.'hap. Fl. Siippl. G'Xi; od. 3, 28:$. (Iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1:22.
Carolinian area. ( )iitaii(», sontluirn New England, west to Michigan to OliioX'al-
Icy, Mis.sduri, and along tlio nionntaiiis to North t'aiolina.
Al.AltAMA: MoMiitain region. Woodlands, o])on copses ami in rocky or sandy soil.
C'nllniau I'ouuty, S(H) feet altitude. J.,oe County, Aulmrn ( Jlaher i^- Earle). Flow(!r8
greenisli yellow, ealyx tijtped with red. April; I'rnit ripo in August, l.ow, 6 to 8
iuilies high. Not rare.
I'.couoniic uses: The fruit is edilde.
Tyj)!' loc.ility : "Dry hills aud open woods, common. Middle States."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vaccinium corynibosum L. S]). I'l. 1 : 350. 17.53. Common Hlukbekry.
I'lKciiiiiim (lin(niior2)hiim Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1 : 231. 1803.
Fll. .'^k. 1 : 4!I8. Gray, Man. ed. G, 313. Chap. Fl. 260, in part, (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A.
2. pt. 1:22.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario; New Eng-
land west to Michigan, Illinois. Missouri, Arkansas; south along the mountains to
(ieorgia, west to Louisiana.
Alauama: Mountain region. Copses and open woods. Clay County, Che-aw-ha
Mountain, near the waterJall and l'nlj)it Rock. 2,200 feet. Cullman County, 850 fiet.
Winston County, 1.200 feet. Lee County, Auburn ( llaktr 4- I'Airle). Flowers in April ;
Iruit matures in Se))teniber, not seen. Local and inrre(]uent.
Economic uses: The fruit is the common blueberry.
Type locality : '• Hab. in America septentrionali. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vaccinium corymbo.sum amoenum (Ait.) Gray, Syu. IT. N. A. 2, ]it. 1 : 23. 1878.
Varcinitiin amoenum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2:12. 1789.
Near to type; a lower shrub; llowers in dense clusters on naked branches, retblish,
appearing with the leaves; leaves while young pubescent, lanceolate, lat-r broadly
ovate to ovate-lanceolate serrate-ciliate, the teeth appressed, pubescent on the mid-
rib, glabrous, shining, green ou both sides.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 313.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Along the coast from New Jersey to Florida.
A[..\hama: Lower Tine region. Coast plain. Shaded banks in damp soil. Mobile
County, Mount Vernon, near Davids Lake; Three-mile Creek. Flowers April 10;
fruit matures in June. Not common.
Type locality : " Native of North America."
Herb. Geol Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vacciuium fuscatum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 11. 1789. Fuscous Blueberry.
J accinium corymhosum fimcatum Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 23. 1878.
Ell. Sk. 1:499. (;ray,l.c.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Coast Plain. Shaded dry sandy banks of
streams nnd near swamps. Autauga County, Prattville. Baldwin County, live oak
hammock near Zundels. Flowers in March : fruit not seen.
Shrub, with straggling branches, 2 to 4 feet high, the branches fuscous-pubescent;
leaves distichous, with a fuscous pubescence beneath. Identical with the species
in the Gray Herbarium marked '• .Mobile. 1839."
Type locality : " Native of North America."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. .Mohr.
Vacciuium pallidum Ait. Hort. Kew, 2 : 10. 1789. Mountain Bueheury.
I'acciiiium cori/mbo8um pallidum Gray, Man. ed. 5, 292. 1867.
r. coiistabtaei Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 13 : 42. 1841.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 313. Chap. Fl. 260. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 23.
Alleghenian and C.irolinian areas. West Virginia to North Carolina, along the
higher ranges of the Alleghenies.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dekalb County, summitof Lookout Mountain, 2,000
feet. Cullman County, highest ridges 1,000 feet.
Type locality: "Native of North America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PRIMROSE FAMILY. 661
DIAPENSIACEAE. Diapensia Family.
GALAX L. Sp. PL 1 : 200. 1753.
One species, Atlautic America.
Galax aphylla L. Sp. PI. 1 : 200. 1753. Galax.
Ell. Sli. 1 : 295. Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 327. Chap. Fl. 268. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1 : 53.
Allegheniau and Carolinian areas. Alleghenian Mountain ranges from 2,100 to
5,000 feet, from southwestern Virginia to Georgia.
Alabama: Dekalb County, summit of Loolvout Mountain, near the falls of Little
River, 1,800 to 2,000 feet. On damp, shaded rocks. Clay County, waterfall ne.ir
Pulpit Rock, shaded borders of rivulets, 2,300 feet. July; abundant.
Economic uses: The leaves are used for winter decoration.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PRIMULACEAE. Primrose Family.
HOTTONIA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 115. 1753.
Two species, perennial aquatics; temiierate Europe and North America, each 1.
Hottonia iiiflata Ell. Sk. 1 : 231. 1817. Water Violet. Featherfoil.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 328. Chap. Fl. 279. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 57.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern Mississippi to western Georgia,
Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Floating in gently flowing or stagn.mt water.
Dallas County, Selina. Lawrence County (/>. Joftnso»t). Flowers white; May. Rare.
Type locality: " Sent from Milledgeville, Georgia, by Dr. Boykin."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SAMOLUS L.Sp. PI. 1:171. 17.53.
Eight species, chiefly warmer regions in both hemispheres. Southern Africa, South
America, United States. North America, 2.
Samolus floribundus H. B. K. Nov. Gen. 2 : 224. 1817. Water Pimpernel.
Samohts valerandi var. americana Gray, Man. ed. 2, 27-1. 1856.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 263. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 332. Chap. Fl. 282. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 256. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 470. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 64.
South America, Mexico.
Carolinian area. Ontario to the Gulf, westward to the Pacific Ocean.
Alabama : Over the State. Shaded swamps, wet woods. Montgomery, Choctaw,
and Mobile counties. Flowers white; April to July. Frequent, chiefly near the
coast. Animal or biennial.
Type locality: "Crescit in maritimis Peruviae juxta jiortum Callao de Lima."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LYSIMACHIA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 146. 1753.
Sixty to seventy species, perennial herbs, temperate and subtropical regions both
hemispheres. North America, 5.
Lysimachia quadrifolia L. Sp. PI. 1: 147. 17.53. Four-leaf Loose.strike.
Lysimachia punctata W^alt. Fl. Car. 92. 1788. Not L.
L. InrHuta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 127. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1: 234. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 331. Chap. Fl. 280. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1 : 62.
Carolinian area. Ontario and New England west to Minimsota, south from New
York to upper Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Damp siliceous soil, open woods. Cullman County.
Flowers j'ellow; Juno. Not rare on the Sand Mountain. Dekalb County, Lookout
Mountain.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
6G2 I'LANT IJKK OK ALABAMA.
STEIRONEMA ICal". Ann. (ifu. IMiys. 7 : l!t2. 1820.
Abont .") siiccies, poronnials, Atlaiitic North America.
Steironema ciliatum (I..) Kaf. Ann. (icn. Phyw. 7: 1!I2. 1820.
Fkinck-i.kak Stkironkma.
I.iixhnachia ciliata L. Sp. I'l. 1: 117. 17.">S.
Kll. Sk. 1:2:W. Gray, Man. eil.6, :^8(). Chap. Fl. 280. Coulter, Contr. Nat. H.il).
2:2;').-.. (Way.Syn. Fl.N. A.2. pt. 1 ifil.
Alli'^lhonian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia to Quebec and Ontario, thence
tbronf^h the Rocky Monntaina to the Pacific coast; New Enjjland to Georgia, Arkan-
sas, and New Mexico.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Low damp thickets, borders of"
rivnlots. Lauderdale County, river hills. Clay County, Shiubone Valley, near
Elders, 1 ,000 feet. Lee County, Auburn ( Baker .l"- Karle, 333). Flowers yellow ; .1 une.
Intrecineut.
Type locality : " ITab. in Virginia, Canada.'"
1 Terb. ( Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Steironema toiisum (Wood) Bicknell in Britt. «.t iir. 111. Fl. 2 : oOO. 1897
Li/simachia ciliata -viiT. tonaa Wood, Classbook, .")05. 18(JL
Steironema intermedium Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 261, t. 209. 1894.
Mountain Steironema.
Stem erect, or reclining, 1^ to 2 feet high, leaves from broadly ovate to ovate
lanceolate, lHo2 inches long and f to 1} inches wide, entire, minutely ciliolate, the
floral much smaller; pedicels slender but rii^id, scarcely over 1^ inches long. The
flowers in verticillatc clusters, subterniinal and terminal on the branches of the open
panicle, golden yellow, segments of the calyx ovate-lanceidatc, acute, scarcely one-
third longer than the mature capsule. Easily distinguished from smaller for'iis of
the above by the inflorescence and short calyx lobes.
Carolinian area. Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
Alabam.v: Mountain region. Exposed sandstone cliffs. Talladega County, sum-
mit of Al])ine Mountain, signal station, 1,800 feet. Decumbent on l>are rocks. Clay
County, Che-aw-ha Mountain, signal station, 2,400 feet, abundant; Delta Divide
near Idaho mine, 1,800 feet. Flowers golden yellow, Julj'; capsules ripe in Septem-
ber. Not infrequent; local.
Ty])e locality: "Mountains East Tennessee, near the Cumberland Gap."
Herb. Mohr.
Steironema lanceolatum (Walt.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12 : 63. 1876.
Lance-leaf Steironema.
Lysimachia lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. il2. 1788.
/.. hi/brida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 126. 1803.
Ell.Sk. 1:235. Gray, Man. ed. 6,330. Chap. Fl. 280. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1:61.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Ontario, New England, west to Minnesota,
Dakota, Nebraska, southern Ohio Valley to Missoiiri, and from New York to Georgia
and Mississsppi.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Upper division of the Coast Pine belt. Wet close
soil, borders woods, thickets. Franklin County, Ru.ssellville. Cullman County.
Choctaw County, Bladen Springs ; Lee County, Auburn. Flowers yellow, .June, July.
Not common.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Mohr.
Steironema lanceolatum angustifolium Gray, Syn. Fl. 2, pt. 1 : 62. 1878.
L])!ii)na<hia an(iu'<lifolia Lam. Tabl. Encycl. /. 140. 1791.
Lyximachia heierophylla Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 126. 1808.
Carolinian area, Virginia, Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lee County, Auburn (7iaA:cr t^^BaWe). Flowers in
June. Not frequent.
ANAGALLIS L. Sp. PI. 1 : 148. 1753.
Twelve species, temperate Europe, western Asia.
Anagallis arvensis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 148. 1753. Common Pimpernel.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 2.35. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 331. Chap. Fl. 281. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 469.
Europe.
Adventive and partially naturalized on the Atlantic coast from Canada to Florida,
Arkansas, and California.
LEADWORT FAMILY. 663
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile; not rare about the shipping. Flowers
scarlet; April, May. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Kuropae arvis."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Anagallis arvensis caerulea (Lam.) Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 3 : 30. 1846.
Bltje-flowerki) Pimpeknel.
Angallis caerulea Laui. Fl. Fr. 2 : 285. 1788.
Europe.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast. Flowers azure. Annual. Observed almost every
season with the last. Annual.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv.
CENTUNCULUS L. Sp. PI. 1:11(5. 1753.
Three species, temperate Europe. North America, 1.
Centunculus minimus L. Sp. PL 1 : 116. 1753. Chaff Weed.
Centuncnlus lancfolatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 93. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 203. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 332. Chap. Fl. 281. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:256. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 469. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1: 64.
Europe, NoPvTherx Asia, South America (Brazil), Australia.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Saskatcliewan ; Minnesota,
Nebraska, Dakota, and Oregon, south from southern Hlinois to Tennessee, and near
the coast from North Carolina to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Open, damp, sandy places. Mobile County, West Fowl
River. Flowers pink ; March, April. Not infrequent. Annual.
Typo locality: "Hab. in Italiae, Galliae, Germauiae, Scaniae areuosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DODECATHEON L. Sp. PL 1:144. 1753. American Cowslip.
About 10 species, Asia. North America, 1.
Dodecatheon meadia L. Sp. PL 1 : 144. 1753. Shooting Star.
Grav, Man. ed. 6, 329. Chap. Fl. 281. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 2.55. Wats. Bot
Calif. 1 : 467. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 57.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Maryland west to Wisconsin, from Mrginia to
Missouri and Arkansas; southward to Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas.
Alabama: Central Piairie region. Rich banks. Wilcox County (S. B. Jiuckley).
Flowers pale purple; June. Rare. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PLUMBAGINACEAE. Leadwort Family.
LIMONIUM Adans. Fam. PL 2 : 283. 1763.
(Statice Willd. Sp. PL 1:1552. 1798.)
One hundred and twenty species, temperate Europe.
Limouium carolinianum (Walt.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 255. 1893.
Marsh Rosemary.
Statice caroUniana Walt. Fl. Car. 118. 1788.
Statice limonium var. carolinianum Gray, Man. ed. 2 : 270. 1856.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 374. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 327. Chap. Fl. 278. Coulter, Contr. Xafc. Herb.
2 : 254. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, 1 : 54.
Boreal zone to Louisianian area. From Labrador and Newfoundland along the
coast to Florida, and west to the coast of Texas.
Alabama: Littoral region. Saline marshes. Mobile and Baldwin counties.
Flowers purplish blue; September to November. Frequent among the rushes and
high marsh grass on the seashore. Perennial.
Economic uses: The root, known as "marsh rosemary," was formerly used in
medicine.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
()(')4 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
SAPOTACEAE. Sapodilla Family
BUMELIA Sw. I'lodr. lit. \'i>'H.
About .SO spocics, trees and sliiiiba, warmer teiuiierati-, Imt cliiotly of siibtr(ipi( al
and tropical America. Soiithcni Atlantic North America, 4.
Bumelia lanuginosa (Micbx.; Pers. Syn. 1:237. 1805. Fai.sk UccKTiKntN.
Sidcroxiiliin liuiiKi'tnosiim Micbx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:122. 1803.
Kil. Slv! 1:288. "(iray, Man. ed. 6,333. Chap. Fl. 27."). Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 2.".t>. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 5 : 171, t. J/7, (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : (i8.
Caridinian an<l Louisianian areas. Southern Illinois and Missouri, south to Texas
and east to Florida and (Jeor^ia.
Ai.ahama: Tennessee \'alley. Coast plain. Open woods, in damp rocky or
gravell}' soil. Franklin County, Kussellville. Pike County, Troy. M(d)ile County.
Flowers in .June ; fruit ripe September, black. Not infVe(|Uent in the Coast plain,
along the western shore of ^Mobile Hay. Tree rarely over 40 feet high.
Ty])e locality: " I lab. in dumosis humidis (ieorgiae.''
Herb. Getd. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Bumelia lycioides (L.) Pers. Syn. 1:237. 1805. SouTiiKitN Hi'CKTiKtRN.
Sidcro.nilou liidoUles L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 279. 1762.
Ell. Sk". 1 :287. Grav. Man. ed. 0, 332. Chap. Fl. 275. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 2.")7. (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt, 1 : 68. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 5 : 173, t. 24S.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Coast of Virginia, south to Florida, west to
Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, and southern Hlinois.
Alabama: Prairie region. Dry open woods, eoi>ses, calcareous soil. Dallas
County. Wilcox County (/j»cfcie.i/). Flowers greenish white, March ; fruit ripe in
October, shining black. Not fre(|uent.
Tyi>e locality : " llab. in Canada."
Herb.Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
EBENACEAE. Ebony Family.
DIOSPYROS L. Sp. I'l. 2: 1057. 1753.
About 160 species, eastern Asia. North America, 2. Trees.
Diospyros virginiana L. Sp. PL 2 : 1057. 1753. Persim.mon.
Ell. Sk. 2:712. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 333. Chap. Fl. 273. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 2.57. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 6it. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 6 : 7, t. J64.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Connecticut and New York, to the
Ohio Valley, Missouri, and Arkansas, south to Florida, and along the Gulf to eastern
Texas.
Ai.ahama: All over the State. Flowers May; fruit ripe in September and Octo-
ber, orange buff. Tree of medium size, 40 to 50 feet high, rarely over 12 inches in
dianiiter. Produces in the Co.ist i)lain its fruit in greatest perfection, with few seeds
and a rich sweet i)ulp, rii)ening early in September.
Economic uses : Valuable for its wood. The unripe fruit, " Diospyros," is an obso-
lete medicine. The mature fruit is used for food.
Type locality : " Hab. in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
STYRACACEAE. Storax Family.
MOHRODENDRON Britten, Card. & For. 6 : 463, 1893.
(Hau:.sia Ellis; L.Syst.ed. 10, 2:1044. 1759. Not P. Br. 17.56.)
(MonHiA Britton,Gard.& P^or. 6:434. 1893. Not Sw. 1806.)
(Oari.omohuia Greene, Erythea, 1: 236. 1893.)
Three species, Atlantic North America, Southern. Trees.
Mohrodendron carolinum (L.) Britton, Gard. & For. 6 : 463. 1893.
Carolina Silverhell Tree. Opossum Wood.
Halesia Carolina L. Syst. ed. 10, 2 : 1044. 1759.
n. letraptera L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 636. 1762.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 507. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 334. Chap. Fl. 271. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 71.
Carolinian area. West Virginia, along the mountains to Tennessee and Florida?
STORAX FAMILY. 065
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. Mountain region to Metamorphic hills. Rich banks
of streams. Lauderdale County (^1/. C. Hj/so?*)- Cullman County, 800 feet. Talla-
dega County, Chandlers Springs, 1,000 feet. Flowers white, April ; I'ruit ripe Septem-
ber and October. Tree 40 to 60 feet high and from 12 to 24 inches in diameter.
Frequent throughout the lower Mountain region.
Economic uses: An ornamental tree.
Type locality not given. Locality of H. tetraptera : " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb.Mohr.
Mohrodendron dipterum (L.) Britton, Gard. &. For. 6:463. 1893.
Southern Silver-bell Tree. Snowdrop Tree.
Halesia diptera Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 636. 1762.
Ell. Sk. 1:508. Chap. Fl. 271. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2. pt. 1: 71. Sargent, Silv. N. A.
6 : 23, /. :2ol.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida to eastern Louisiana.
Alabama: Upper division Coast Pine belt to the Coast plain. Swampy river
banks. Clarke County (i'r. i)er!H^). Mobile County. Flowers white, March to tirst
week in April, appearing with the leaves just unfolding; fruit ripe .July. Tree 20
to 25 feet liigli, 6 to 8 inches in diameter. Most frequent in the Coast plain.
Economic uses: Ornamental.
Type locality: " Hab. in Carolina. D. Garden."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
STYRAX L. Sp. PI. 1 : 444. 1753.
About 70 species, warmer temperate aud tropical regions of both hemispheres,
Asia and America. North America, 5. Small trees or shrubs.
Styrax americana Lam. Encycl. 1 : 82. 1783. American Stukax.
Styrax laeris Walt. Fl. Car. 140. 1788.
S. (jiabium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 41. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 506 or 507. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 334. Chap. Fl. 271. (Jrav, Syn, Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1:71.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana, Ar-
kansas, and southern Missouri.
Alabama : Mountain region. Coast plain. Swampy thickets and alluvial forests.
Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain, 1,600 feet. Cullman County. Lee County,
Auburn (Earle i)- Underwood). Baldwin County, Stockton, in swampy forests of the
river delta. Flowers white, fragrant; March, April. Not rare. Slender shrub, 4 to
6 feet high.
Type locality: " Cetto arbrisseau crott dans I'Amerhiue septentrion;ile."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Styrax pulverulenta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 41. 1803. Powdery Storax.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 506. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 334. Chap. Fl. 271. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 2.58. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 72.
Louisianian area. Southeastern Virginia aud North Carolina, along the coast to
Florida, west to eastern Texas and Arkansas.
Al.\bama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Pine-barren swamps. Washington,
Baldwin, and Mobile counties. PTowers white, April. Frei[uent in the Coast plain.
Low, rarely over 2^ feet high.
Type locality: "Hab. in sylvis Carolinae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Styrax grandifolia Ait. Uort. Kew. 2 : 75. 1789. Laroe-klowrred Storax.
Sti/rax f/randiflornm Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 41. 1803.
Ell.Sk;i:50o. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 331. Chap. Fl. 271. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 2, pt.
1:72.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern \'irginia (?) and North Carolina,
south and west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Mountain region. Metamorphic hills. Coast Pine belt. Shady bor-
ders of woods. Lee County, Autiurn (Baker i(- AVoZe, 342). Choctiiw County, Mount
Sterling. Clarki^ (.'oiiuty (I>r. Denny). Monroe; and Baldwin counties. Mobile
County, Mount ^'ernon. Flowers white, April. Not infrequent. Shrub 10 to 12
feet high.
Economic uses: Ornamental like the oihers of tlic sann; genus.
Type locality : "Native of South Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
{M\{\ I'LANT MKK <>F ALABAMA.
SYMPLOCACEAE. Sweetleaf Family.
SYMPLOCOS Ti. Sp. i'l.(Ml.2. 1: 717. 17(1:?.
.\)>()nt 17.") species, suhtropical .iml tiopir.-i] rc;rions, ('.•isterii Asi.i, and South Amer-
ica to Ura/il. North America, 1.
Syniplocos tinctoria (L.) L'Her. Trims. Linn. Soc 1 : 17t>. HiU.
lloR.'^K Si CAi;. Swkkti.kak.
lli)])V(i tinctoria L. Mant. 1 : 10."). 1707.
Kll. Sk. 2 : 173. Gray. Man. etl. 6, 3:^;"). Cliap. Kl. '2T2. ( Jray, Syn. !■ 1. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
70. Sar-ioiit. Silv. N. .\.6: 1;"). Z.^.^'.
Carolinian ami Lonisianian areas. Delaware to Tennessee, North Carolina (3,000
feet altitndet, (Jeorjjia, Florida, west to Loui.siana.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to the Coast i)]ain. Low woods, swampy banks of
streams. Morjjjan County, Falkville. Cullman, Monroe. I>;il<lwin, and 5lobi]e coun
ties. Flowers yellow, fragrant : March, April. Fruit ripe in Aiif^ust and Septeml)er;
yellowish hrowu. .V shnih, or fre([iiently a small tree 15 to 20 feet hiith ; leaves ))ar-
tiaily ])er8istent, of sweet taste, mueli lelished hy horses and cattle. The fragrant
flowers are \i8ited hy hosts of hymeuopterous insects.
Eionomic uses: The leaves are nsed for dyeing.
'Type locality : " Hah. in ( "arolina."
llerh. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
OLEACEAE. Olive Family.
FRAXINUS L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1057. 1753.
About 40 species, trees, north temperate zone, Europe, Asia. North America, 12.
Fraxiiius americaua L. Sp. I'l. 2: 10.57. 1753. Whitk Ash.
Fraxiniis alba Marsh. Arb. 51 1785.
/•'. acuminata Lam. fc^ncyel. 2 : 542. 1786.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 072. (iray. Man. ed. 6. 335. Chap. F1. 309. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 74. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 6 : 43, t. fiGS.
AUegheniau, Carolinian, and Lonisianian are.is. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Quebec, Ontario; New England, west to northern Minnesota, Nebraska, and
Arkansas; southern Ohio Valley to the Gulf, and from Florida to Louisiana.
Ai.akama: Over tli<! State. Hieh woodlands, above overflow. At greatest per-
fection in the Tennessee Valley and .-iboiit the upper waters of the Toml)ighee and
Alabama rivers; frei|uent.
As has been observed in many localities in the Gulf States, the fruit of the south-
ern tree is more slender and of smaller size than northward, in barren localities
passing freely into the following form.
Economic uses: Important timber tree. The inner bark is nsed in domestic
medicine.
Type locality: " Hab. in Carolina, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Siirv.
Fraxinus americana curtissii ( Vasey) Sudworth, Nomenc. Arb. Fl. U. S. 327. 18i»7.
SMALL-FIU'ITKI) WllIlK Asii.
Fraxinnn albicans Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862 : 4. 1802. In i)iirt.
F. cartinsii Vasey, Rep. C<>m. Agr. 1875 : 108. 1876.
F. americana var. microrarpa Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:75. 1878.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Tennessee.
Alaijama: Tennessee Valley. Prairie region. Morgan County, Cedar Plains.
Madison County, near Huntsville. rocky foothills with red cedar. Eufanla (Ciirtiss).
As observed in northern Alabama a tree below medium size, differing strikingly
in aspect from the typical form; the bark dark and very rough, the low spreading
branches droojjing. Fruit about half the size of that of the type, often abortive.
Type locality : " Eufala, Ala." Curtiss.
Herb. Mohr.
Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle, Bot. Gaz. 25 : 3.58, 1898. Biltmore Ash.
Younger shoots pubescent. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long, leaflets 7 to 9, ovate to
oblong-ovate, acuminate, sometimes falcately rounded and inecjuilateral at the 1)ase,
entire or obscurely denticulate, pubescent especially alo.ig the veins; petioles
finely pubesL'ent; samaras in open, nearly glabrous panicles, from 1 J to 2 inches long,
i inch wide, the wing from 2 to 3 times the length of the elliptical, namargined,
many-nerved body.
OLIVE FAMILY. 667
Tree little above medium size, from 40 to nearly 60 feet high and over a foot in
diameter, with stout brauehes aud spreadiug branchlets.
Distiuguished from F. ame.ricnna by the velvety twigs and petioles, clove-brown
buds, and the elliptical body of the large samara.
Carolinian area. North Carolina and northern Georgia.
Alabama : Mountain region ; Coosa hills, rocky creek banks. Cullman County.
St. Clair County, near Ashville. Jackson County, Saud Mountain (Biltmore Herb.),
from 700 to 900 feet altitude. Local and scarce, individuals occurring singly.
The tree on Rines Creek, Cullman County, fully 16 inches in diameter and ()0 feet
high.
Economic uses: Timber tree.
Type locality: "Biltmore, N. C." (Altitude 1,900 feet.)
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Frayinus lanceolata Borkh. Handb. Forst. Bot. 1 : 826. 1800. Green Ash.
Fraxinus riridis Michx. Hist. Arb. Am. 3 : 115. t. 10. 1813.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 336. Chap. Fl. 370. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 259. Gray,
Sy n. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 75. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 6 : 5, «. 272.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario to Saskatchewan; New England west
to Minnesota, the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains, Montana, and Utah ;
southward to Florida aud the Gulf States, extending to Texas and eastern and
northern Arizona.
Alabama: Throughout the State. In low forests subject to overflow. Flowers
March, April; fruit ripe .July. A tree of medium to large size, of best development
in the alluvial forests of the lower Alabama and Tonibigbee rivers, where trees
over 2 feet in diameter are not infreciuently met with.
Economic uses: Timber tree; important for lumber and fuel.
Type locality :
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Fraxinus caroliniana Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 6. 1786. Water A.sh. Pop A.sh.
Fraxinus plaUjcarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 256. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 673. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 336. Chap. Fl. 370. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
75. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 6 : 35, /. 274.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern Virginia along the coast to
southern Florida, west to Louisiana aud southern Arkansas.
Alabama. Central Pine belt to Coast jilain. Deep swamps of alluvial forests, wet
shaded banks of pine-barren streams. Tuscaloosa, Clarke, Baldwin, and Mobile
counties. Flowers February (16th), fruit shed in October. Frequent. Tree below
medium size, rarely over 30 feet high and 12 inches in diameter. Frecjuent.
Type localitv: "Raised from seeds which were sent from Carolina in the year
1824, by Mr. Ca'tesby."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 255. 1803. Blue Ash.
Grav, Man. ed. 6, 336. Chap. Fl. 370. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 75. Sargent,
Silv.N.A.6:3.5, «.„^65.
Alleghenian aud Carolinian areas. Ontario, Michigan, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas,
and the mountains of North Carolina.
Alabaaia: Tennessee Valley. Dry limestone hills and cedar brakes. Madison
County, lluntsville. Jackson County, Scottsboro. Occurring only on the northern
decdivity of the Tennessee Valley, greatly reduced in size, scarcely over 30 feet high,
and 6 to 8 inches in dianietor. Not frecjuent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Kentucky et Tennasst^e."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ADELIA P. Br. Hist. Jam. ,361. 1756.
( FoRESTiERA Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 2 : 664. 1811. )
Ten species. West Indies, warmer North America, 8.
Adelia acuminata Michx. Fl. Bor. Anu 2 : 225, t. 48. 1803. Swamp Privet.
Forestiera acuminata Poir. Encycl. Supjd. 2 : 664. 1811.
Ell. Sk. 2 : (i75. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 336. Chap. Fl. 370. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
76. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:260.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Fennessee, southern Illinois, southern Missouri,
and Arkansas, south to Florida, west to Texas aud the Colorado Valley.
Alabama' Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Miry banks of rivers. Mobile
County, Mount Vetnou Baldwin County, Stockton. Flowers March, April; fruit
ripe, not frequent, Septemlier. October, black.
()()S I'LANT LIFK <>F ALA MAM A.
Sliiiih s to l.'i feel liii^li, fi('(|iiciitly mlioresfoiit. Not freqiKMit.
Type looiility: '' llali. ad lijias lluvinniin Carolina^ rt (Jooririat!."'
Herb. (Jeol. Siirv. Herb. Molii .
Adelia ligustrina Miclix. Fl. IU)r. Am. 2 : 1'21. l.sos. rui\i:T-r,iKK Adkma.
l'on.'<ti(r<i liiinnlrina I'oir. Kncycl. Snppl. 2 : (ifil. ISll.
Cha]). F1.37(). (iray. Syii. Fl.N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 7(i.
Carolinian and ]>oni.sianian areas. Tennessee, Georgia, and Florida (Chapman.)
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. Lower liills. Madison County, foothilla of Monto-
aano, ()00 to SOO feet altitude, formin>; a lari^e ])art of the slirnbby <;rowth of the
cedar-elad limestone rid^^es. IJibh County, J'ratt's Ferry. Flowers greenish white,
fre((iiented by hosts of honey-seekinj;' insects. Slirub (i to H feet high.
Tyi>e locality : "ILib. in frnticetis lllinoeusibus, Tennasjee, &e." (It does not
occur, however, iu Illinois.)
Herb. GeoJ. Surv. Herb. Molir.
CHIONANTHUS L.Sp. 1*1.1: S. 17,-)3.
Two species, China. Atlantic North America, 1.
Chionaiithus virginica L. Sp. PL 1 : 8. 1753. Frixgk tree. Old-man's Beard.
Kll. Sk. I:*), (iray, Man. ed. 6, 337. Chap. Fl. 3G9. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : L'CO. Gray, 8yn. FL N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 77. Sargent. Silv, N. A. 6 : fiO, t. 277.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New .lersey, Pennsyh aula, and. West Virginia
to Missouri and Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Rich wooded banks along streams. Floweis Ai»ril;
fruit rijie September, October, black; freciuent. Shrub -1 to 10 feet high, fre(|uently
small tree 10 to 15 feet high, 4 inches in diameter.
Economic uses: Ornamental. The bark of tbe n)ot, called " lloworing-asli baik,"
is used in domestic medicine.
Type locality: " Hab. iu America septcntrionali."
Herb. (ieol. Surv.
OSMANTHUS Lour. Fl. Cochin. /. ..'S. 17(10.
Seven species, evergreen trees, subtropical and tropical eastern Asia, Pacific
islands. South Atlantic North America, 1.
Osiuanthus americana (L.) Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL 2 : 677. 1876.
Devil-wood. American Olive.
Olea americajia L. Mant. 1 : 24. 1767.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 5. Chap. FL 369. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 78. Sargent, Silv. N. A.
6 : 65, /. 27S.
Louisianian area. Coast of North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Swampy woods along streams.
Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers cream color, April, fragrant; fruit ripe in
Se])tember, shining black, frequent. Tree 20 to 40 feet high, 8 to 12 inches in
diameter.
Economic uses: Ornamental.
Typo locality : ''llab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LOGANIACEAE. Logania Family.
GELSEMIUM .Juss. Gen. 1.50. 1789.
Two species, woody climbers, eastern Asia. North America, 1.
Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. f. Hort. Kew. 2 : 61. 1811. Yellow .Jessamine.
r>i(jnon\a sempervirens L. Sp. PL 2 : 623. 1753.
Gelsemium nitidnm Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1 : 120. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 311. (Jray, Man. ed. 6, 345. Chap. Fl. 183. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 107. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 271.
Carolinian aud Louisianian areas. P^astern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas
and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Damp thickets. Cullman County,
800 feet. Tuscaloosa, Autauga, Jhoctaw, Clarke, Mobile, and Baldwin counties.
Flowers golden yellow, February, March ; fragrant. Common. Climbing high from
long creeping roots. Most abundant throughout the Coast Pine belt. The whole
plant poisonous.
LOGANIA FAMILY. 0>^9
Economic uses: The root is the " yellow jessamine root" or "Gelsemium" of tlie
United States I'harmacojxeia.
Type locality : "Hah. in Virjjlnia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Moiir.
SPIGELIA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 149. 1753.
Over 60 species, warmer North America, West Indies to Brazil. North America, 5.
Spigelia marilandica L. Syst. ed. 12, 734. 1767. Indian Pink.
Lonicera marilandica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 175. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 236. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 346. Chap. Fl. 182. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 271. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1: 108.
Carolinian and Louisianiun areas. New Jersey west to Wisconsin, Missouri, and
Arkansas, south to Florida and the Gulf to Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Lower Pine region. Rich open woods and copses.
Morgan County, Decatur. St. Clair County, Springville. Montgomery County,
Pintlalla Creek. Dallas County. Escambia County, Flomaton. Flowers scarlet
outside, yellowish inside; May. Not infrequent. Perennial; 1 to 1^ feet high.
Scattered throughout the rich valleys and prairies.
Economic uses: The root is the "pinkroot" or "Spigelia" of the United States
Pharinacoixcia.
Type locility: "Hab.iu Virginia, Marilandia, Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CYNOCTONUM J. G. Gmelin, Syst. 2 : 443. 171>1.
(MiTREOLA R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1 : 450. 1810.)
Four species, Asia, Australia. South and North America, 2.
Cynoctonum mitreola (L. ) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:258. 1894. Mitek-wort,
Ophiorrhiza mitreola L. Sp. PI. 1 : 150. 1753.
Ciinoctonum petiolatum J. G. Ginelin, Syst. 2 : 443. 1791.
J/i<reo/aj;e<io/ata Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 45. 1841.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 238. Grav. Man. ed. 6, 346. Chap. Fl. 182. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 :272. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1: 108.
Mkxico, West Indies, Venezuela.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Southeastern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas
and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Springy banks. Tuscaloosa County
(i\ .1. Smith). Monroe, Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers white, July to
September. Frequent. Ten to 20 inches high. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in America meridionale."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cynoctonum sessilifolium (Walt.) J. G. Gmelin, Syst. 2:443. 1791.
Sessile-leaf Miter-avort.
AnonijmoH sefisilifolium Walt. Fl. Car. 108. 1788.
Ophiorrhiza mitreola M.\{ihx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:148. 1803. Not L.
Mitreola seHnilifolia Torr. iV Gray, Fl. N. A. 2: 45. 1841.
Ell. Sk. 1:237. Chap. Fl. 182. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1: 108.
Louisiauian area. Lower North Carolina to Florida and west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Springy places in the ])iue woods.
Washington County. Yellowpine. Escambia, Monroe, I3aldwiu, and Mol)ile coun-
ties. Flowers white, .June, August; frequent. Six to 10 inches high. Annual.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
POLYPREMUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 111. 1753.
Single s|>ecies. South Atlantic North America, West Indies, Mexico.
Polypremum procumbens L. Sp. PI. 1:111. 1753. Procumbent Pt)LYPREMUM.
EU.Sk. 1:200. (>ray, Man. ed. 6, 346. Chap. Fl. 182. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 272. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 109.
West Indies, Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Maryland to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Worn out, sandy fields, roadsides,
pastures. Cullniau County, rocky banks, 800 feet. Flowers white; August to
November. Comnio7i; in greatest abuudaiue in the i)ine barrens. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
G70 PLANT LIKK (>K ALAHAMA.
GENTIANACEAE. Gentian Family.
SABBATIA Adans. Film. PI. 2:503. 17G3.
Tliirti't'u s|)t'(i«>s, Atlantic North Aineiica, cbieily soutlieastem.
Sabbatia macrophylla Hook. Comp. Hot. Mag. 1 : 171. 1S35.
Lai:gk-i,i;.\k SAnnATiA.
Chap. Fl. 353. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:111.
Lonisianian area. G(M»rgia, Florida, west to eaateni Louisiana
Ai.AisAMA: Lower I'ine rej;ion, Coast plain. Open ^rasay pine-barren awamps.
Wasliinjiton County. Yellowpine. Clarke County ( />r. 7>eHH,//). Monroe and Bald-
win couiitiea. Flowers white; May. .luue. Frequent. One and one-half to 2A feet
hij^'h; perennial, from a long cylindrical rootstock.
Typ<' locality: "Coviugtou,'" La. (Driimmond).
Herb. Mohr.
Sabbatia augustifolia (Michx.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 259. 1894.
WiirrE-FLowEiii:i) A.mkuican Ckntauuy.
('hiro)na antiularis var. aiujitstifoHa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 ; 147. 1803.
.Suhlxitia hriirhiata Ell. Sk. 1 : 284. 1817.
Ell. Sk. 1. e. (Jray, Mau. ed. 6, 348. Chap. Fl. 353. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 114.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Indiana; North Carolina to Florida, west to
eastern Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast Pine belt. Coast plain. Dry grassy pine barrens. Clarke
Couuty {Dr. Dentin). Washington County, Yellowpine. Mobile and Baldwin coun-
ties. Flowers, pale rose to white, with yellow eye; May, June. Ten to 12 inches
high. Anunal or biennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in uliginosis sabulosis Caroliuae inferioris."
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sabbatia angularis (L.) Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 137. 1814. Amekican Ckntaury.
Chironia aiKiuJarls L. 8p. PL 1 : 190. 1753.
EIL Sk. 1:285. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 348. Chap. Fl. 353. Gray, Svn. FL N. A. 2, pt.
1:114.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Southern New England to Michigan ; southern
Ohio Valley to Missouri and Arkansas to the Gulf, from Florida to I>ouisiana.
Alabama: Over the State. Rich woodlands. Clay County, Shinl)one Valley, 1,000
feet. Cullman County, 800 feet. Tuscaloosa County. (Choctaw County, Bladen.
Mobile County. Flowers pink; .June. Not couunon ; scattered. Annual.
Economic uses: The herb, "American centaury," "Sabbatia,"' is an obsolete
medicine.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sabbatia calycina (Lam.) Heller, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 24. 1894.
Calycine Sahbatia.
(ienliana calycina Lam. Encycl. 2 : 638. 1786.
("hironia cahjcosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 147. 1803.
ASaft&rtt/a c«?i/cos<i Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 138. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 1:285. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 348. Chap. Fl. 354. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:274. Gray, Syn. Fl. N, A. 2, pt. 1:114.
Cuba.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Virginia, North Carolina along the coast to
Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alab.\ma: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Swampy alluvial forests. l?ibb
County {E. A. Smith). Autauga Couuty, Prattviile {E. A. Smith). Baldwin County.
Alluvial forest on Tensaw Kiver. Flowers pink; August. Not frecjuent. Annual.
Type locality: "Cette plante croit a la Louisiane."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sabbatia stellaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 137. 1814. Seaside Sabbatia.
Sabhalia f/raciUs Ell. Sk. 1 : 284. 1817. Not Salisb.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray. Mau. ed. 6, 348. Chap. Fl. 354. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 115.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Seashore of southern New England to Florida,
■west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Littoral region. Saline Hats occasionally overllowed by the tide.
Mobile County. West Fowl Kiver, Dauphin Island. Baldwin County, Bon Secour.
Flowers pale rose to white, yellow star in center; July, August. Not infrequent.
Annual.
GENTIAN FAMILY. ()7l
Type locality: "In salt marshes: \ew York, New Jersey, Ac."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sabbatia campanulata (L.) Torr. Fl. N. & Mifl. U. 8. 1 : 217. 1824.
Slendku Saijhatia.
Chironia campanulata L. Sp. PI. 1:190. 1753.
C. gracilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 146. 1803.
Sabbatia gracilis Salisb. Parad. Loud. t. 32. 1806.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 348. Chap. Fl. 354. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, ])t. 1 : 115.
CXIHA.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia to Tennesst^e, south to Florida, west
to Louisiana.
Alabama: Throujihout the State. Low damp banks and shallow grassy swamps.
Cullman County, 800 feet, rocky banks of creeks. Chilton County {E. A.-Sviith).
Washington County, Yellowpine. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers rose-pink ;
.June. Common. Annual. Abundant in tiat damp jnue barrens of the Coast plain
and Lower Pine region.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sabbatia dodecandra (L.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 36. 1888.
Lakge-fx.owerei) Sahbatia.
Chironia dodecandra L. Sp. PI. 1 : 190. 1753.
C. chloroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 147. 1803.
Sabbatia chloroides Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 138. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 1:286. Gray. .Man. ed. 6, 349. Chap. FL 354. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:115.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Xew England on the coast to Florida,
west to Louisiana.
Alabama ; Lower Pine belt. Flat damp pine barrens, borders of ponds. AVash-
ington County, Vinegar Bend, abundant, ilobile County. FloAvers rose-imrple;
.lune. Not freijuent; local. Biennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Sabbatia dodecandra stricta (Gray) Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 26. 1897.
Sabbatia chloroides var. stricta Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 115. 1878.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N.A.I, c.
Louisianian area. Coast of South Carolina (?) and Florida.
Alaba>l\ ; Littoral region. Brackish sandy swamps. Baldwin CoTinty, Wnlfs
Bayou near Perdido Bay. Biennial. 2 to 3 feet high; stem slender, strictly erect,
with long internodes; leaves linear-lanceolate. June 20, flowers not yet open; very
distinct from the type in the habit of its growth.
Type locality : " South Carolina?, Alabama, and Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Sabbatia gentianoides Ell. Sk, 1:286. 1817. Gentian-like Sabbatia.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 354. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 115. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2 : 274.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low damp pine barrens. Baldwin County. Mobile
Cf)unty, ^^'histler. Flowers rose-pink ; July, August. Frequent. Biennial.
Type locality : " From specimens collected by Mr. Abbot, in Bullock County, (Ja.,
growing in and around the shallow pine-barren ponds."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sabbatia boykinii Gray, Syn. Fl.N. A. 2, pt. 1:116. 1887. Boykin'.s Sabi-.atia.
Chap. Fl. 354. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. c.
Carolinian area. Upper Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Oi)en rocky or gravelly woods. Cullman, Talla-
])00sa, Kandol])h, and Chambers counties. Walker County {E. A. Smith). Annual
or biennial.
Type locality : " Middle or Upper Georgia, Jioi/Liii."
Herb. (icol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GENTIANA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 227. 1753.
About 301 species; widely distributed over cooler regions of the globe. Europe,
northern Asia. North America, 38.
Gentiana saponaria L. Sp. PI. 1 : 228. 1753. Soai-wokt Gentian,
Gentiana catesbaei Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788.
Cu2 PLANT LIKK (•!■' ALAHAMA.
Kll. Sk. 1 ::«!». (;r:iv. Mini. cd. ti, :r.n. cliap. 11. ;{">(;. (ir.iy, .Syii. Fl. N. A.2, pt.
1: 1-22.
Ciiioliiiiaii ;ina. < lutario, New "\(irk, I'cmisN Ivaiiia, West \ irginia, 'ri'iux-ssce,
ami (J(or;,na.
Alabama: Teimcssoo ^'alle.v. Mountain logion and Ijowor hilln. Shaded hanks.
LaniU-rdalo t'unnty, Kloreinc (.1/. r. Il'ihon). Cullman County. Talladt'ffa ("oiinty,
K'enrnio. 6<M) loet. Tnscalooaa County (A'. A. -'•iiitith). Flowers cerulean blue; Octo-
lur. i\t)\ eniixr. Freijucnt. Perennial.
Tyjto lorality : " llab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. lleri>. Mohr.
Gentiana elliottii Chap. F1.35G. 1860. Uluk Sampson's Sxakk-root.
Ccntiatia vatci^haei Kll. Sk. 1 : 339. 1817. Not Walt.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 122.
Louisianian area. South Caroliiui to Florida, west to MisHi88ip])iand Louisiana.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Daiuj) meadows, low wet woods.
Mobile and Tuscaloosa counties. Flowers large, jjurplish blue, with green veins,
open; October, Novenibir. lnfre(|ueut. Stems ir> to 18 inches long. Perennial.
Typo locality : " Bauks of streams and ditches, in the lowei and middle districts."
Herb. ( Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gentiana villosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 228. 1753. Sampson's Snakk-root.
(Icntiana ochrolenca Froel. Gent. 35. 1796.
li. sapoiinria Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 1:340. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 351. Chap. Fl. 355. Gray, Syn. Fl. X. A. 2, pt.
1 : 123.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Over the State. From the Tennessee Valley to the coast. Dry wood-
lands. CuUuuin, Tuscaloosa, and Mobile counties. Flowers greenish yellow;
October. Not iutVe<iuent; most common in dry grassy pine barrens of the Coast
Pine belt. Low, (i to 10 inches. Perennial.
Economic uses: The roots of this and <1. eUiottii, under the name of "Sampson's
snake-root," are used in domestic medicine.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gentiana andrewsii (iriseb. Gent. 287. 1839. Closed Gentian.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 351. Chap. Fl. 356. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 123.
Allegheniau and Carolinian areas. Quebec. Ontario; New England we«t to Min-
nesota; Virginia to Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee; and south along the moun-
tains to Georgia.
Alabama : Mountain region. Winston County, near fork of Sipsey River, reported
by T. M.Peters. Perennial.
Type locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
FRASERA Walt. Fl. Car. 87. 1788.
Eight species; North America, Pacific and Atlantic.
Frasera caroliueusis Walt. Fl. Car. 88. 1788. American Colombo.
Ell. Sk. 1:205. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 352. Chap. Fl. 357. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A.
2, pt. 1 : 125.
Carolinian area. Ontario; New York, southern Ohio, southern Illinois, south from
West Mrgiuia along the mountains to Georgia.
Alaba.ma: Mountain region. Upper division Coast Pine belt. Rich upland forests.
Lawrence County, near Gumpoud, 1,200 feet, l^lount County, Bangor. Clarke
County, Suggsville {Dr. Denny). Flowers greenish yellow; May. Infrequent.
Perennial. Two to 3 feet high from a large fusiform root.
Economic uses: The root, known as "American Colombo," is used in medicine.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
OBOLARIA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 632. 1753.
Single species, saprophytic perennial, Atlantic North America.
Obolaria virginica L. Sp. PI. 2 : 632. 1753. Pennywort.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 353. t^hap. Fl. 357. Gray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 127. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 275.
Carolinian area. New ,Jcr.-ey to cistern Illinois, i .nuessee south to Georgia.
DOGBAlsrE FAMILY. 673
Alabama: Mountain region. l>o\ver hills. Moist woods. Dekalb County, Look-
out Mountain, near Mentone, 1,600 feet. Tuscaloosa County (E. A. S7nith). Flowers
purplish; May. Local and rare. _>
Type locality: "Hab.in Virginia.''
Herb. Geol. 8urv.
BARTONIA Muhl.; Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 3 : 444. 1801.
Two species, leafless saprophytic annuals, Atlantic North America.
Bartonia virginica (L.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 36. 1888. Autumnal Baktonia.
Sagina virginica L,. Sp.Yl.l.: 128. 1753.
Bartonia teneUa Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 3:445. 1801.
CentaureUa antnmnalis Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 100. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 1: 204. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 352. Chap. Fl. 357. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1 : 127.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Newfoundland {Gray); northern New England
(Mount Desert Island), south to Florida, west to Mississippi and Missouri.
Alabajia: Mountain Region to Coast plain. In shaded springy places. Cullman
County, 800 feet. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers greenish white; October.
Frequent ; common on swampy borders of pine-barren streams.
Type locality : ' ' Hal), in Virginia inter muscos ad margines fontium. D. Grouovius."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Bartonia verna (Michx.) Mnhl. Cat. 16. 1813. Vernal Bartonia.
CentaureUa rerna Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 98, 1. 12 J. 1. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:204. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 353. Chap. Fl. 357. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A.
2, pt. 1 : 127.
Carolinian (?) and Louisianian areas. Southeastern Virginia to Florida, Avest to
Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Flat damp pine barrens under the shelter of low bushes.
Mobile County. Flowers white, early in February; 2 to 3 inches high. Not infre-
quent.
Type locality : "Hab. in sphagnosis Carolinae inferioris."
Herb. Geol. Sury. Herb. Mohr.
LIMNANTHEMUM S. G. Gmel. Nov. Act. Petrop. 14 : 527, /. 17 J. 3. 1769.
About 20 species, aquatics, warmer temperate and tropical regions, both hemi-
spheres. North America, 2.
Limnanthemum lacunosuni (Vent.) Griseb. Gent. 347. 1839.
Pitted Floating Heart,
Fillarsia lacunosa Vent. Choix des Plantes, 9. 1803.
V. cordata Ell. Sk. 1 : 230. 1817.
Ell. Sk. he. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 3.53. Chap. Fl. 358. Gray, Syn. Fl. N.A. 2,pt. 1:
128.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Quebec, Ontario; southern New England to Missouri and Arkansas, and along the
coast to Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. In deep ponds. Mobile County.
Flowers ])ale pink ; March, April. Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Muhr.
APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane Family.
AMSONIA Walt. Fl. Car. '.8. 1788.
Seven species, perennial herbs, .Japan. North America, 6.
Amsonia amsonia (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. (Unb. 5:262. 1894.
Tabeunaemontana's Amsonia.
Tabernaemontana amsonia L. Sj). PI. ed. 2, 1:308. 1762.
Amsonia tabernaemontana Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788.
A. latifoUa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:121. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:313. Gray, Man. ed. ti, 338. Chap. Fl. 360. Gray, Syn. Fl. N.A.
2, pt. 1 : 81. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 262.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Flori<lii, west to Texas and
Arkansas, north to southern Missouri and southern Illinois.
15894 43
(')74 I'LANT MKK OF ALAHAMA.
Ai.ahama: 'r»'iMii'SH('o \' alley. Contriil Pino bolt. C^oast plain, llicli ehady woods,
l.an«l«'i(la!o I'ouiitv, I'loronco (M. C lyUxon). Tiis(alo(i.sa County (/•-'. ./. Smith).
Motiilo Cniintv. Mount Vernon. Flowers lavcnder-ltliio; AjJiil. Not rare.
'r\I>o locality : " llal>. in Nirfjinia."
H'.rli. (Ji'ol. "Snrv. llorli. Mohr.
Amsonia ciliata Walt. Fl. Car. MS. 1788. Naijk«>\v-leavki> Amso.ma.
TahtriKieiiioiiltniii uiigiiHtiJulia Ait. Ilort. Kew. 1 : .'!()(). 17!^9.
.Imsoiiia au(iit><Hf'i>H<i Mir.hs.. VI. Kor. .\m. 1: iL'l. 1S0;{.
I'.U. ."^k. 1:314." Cbap. Fl. 360. Gray, 8yn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:81. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Ilcrl). 2:2()2.
Louisianiau area. North Carolina to I'lorida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Fine l>elt to Coast plain. Dry light soil. Uibli County (A'. ./.
Smilh). Hahlwiu County, Hon Secour, loose sands, open pine woods. Flowers pale
l)lMt'; .)un(\ Not fr<M|uent.
Tyjie locality : ISoutli Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
APOCYNUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 213. 17.53.
About 8 8i»ecies, jicrennial herbs, southern Furo])e to te^niperate Asia. North Amer-
ica, 5.
Apocynum cannabiuum L. Sp. PI. 1 : -!13. 17.53.
Canadian Hemp. Indian IIemt. Choctaw Root.
FU. Sk. 1 : 315. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 338. Chap. Fl. 358. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
83. Wats. Bot. Calif, i : 473. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 262.
CrisA.
Carolinian .'lud Louisianian areas. Ontario to New Eiif^land, west to Minnesota,
south through the Ohio \';illey to the Gulf, from Florida west to Texas and Ari-
zona, and from .southern California to Oregon.
Alahama: Coosahills. Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Damp grassy banks.
St. Clair County, Shoal Creek. Dallas County. Baldwin County, Point Clear.
Flowers pale purplish. Freciueiit. One and one-half to 2 feet high from a woody
cylindrical nearly horizontal root.
Fconoinic uses: The root is the "Canadian hemp root" or •' Apocynum " of the
United States Pharmacopd'ia; the "squaw root" of the Choctaw Indians.
Type locality : '•Hiib. in Canada, A'irginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TRACHELOSPERMUM Lcmair, .lard. Fleur. 1: <. 07. 1851.
Seven species, Japan, Himalayan India. North America, 1.
Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 85. 1878.
CLIMBINO DoGhANE.
/■:chiic8 (li(ronni» Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788.
Forxlrroiiia ditrormin A. 1 )C. Prodr. 8 : 437. 1844.
Ell, Sk. 1 : 312. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 338; Syn. Fl. 2, pt. 1 : 85. Chap. Fl. 35i). Coul-
ter, Contr. Nat. llerl). 2:2(53.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas.
Alahama: Tennessee Valhiy to Coast plain. Low, wet, alluvial banks. Morgan
County, Cedar Plains. WalkerCounty (A'. ./. Smith). Tuscaloosa, .Montgomery, and
Mobile counties. Flowers cream color; June, .July. Conmiou. Trailing and climb-
ing oN'cr Imshcs. Perennial.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family.
ASCLEPIAS L. Sp. PI. 1 : 214. 17.53.
Eighty-five species, i>ercnuial herbs, cooler temperate and tropical regions of both
hemispheres. North America, 55.
Asclepias tuberosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 217. 1753. Butterfly Weed.
Kll. Sk. 1 : 325. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 340. Chap. Fl. 365. Grav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
89. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:265.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Ontario; New England west to
Minnesota, Dakota, and Colorado, south to Florida, Texas, and Arizona.
MILKWEED FAMILY. 675
Alabama : Over the State. Dry siliceous soil, borders of woods, fields. Cullman
County, 800 feet. Bibli, Moutgouiery, and Mobile counties. Frequent; most com-
mon on dr^' pine rid<ies.
Economic uses: The root is the "pleurisy roof or "Asclepias" of the United
States rharmacoiia'ia.
Type locality: "Hab. in America boreali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
Asclepias lauceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 105. 1788. Sparsely flowered Milkweed.
Asdepias paupercuJa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 118. 1803.
Ell Sk. 1 : 323. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 340. Chap. Fl. 363. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 00.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 26.5.
Carcdiuian and Louisiauian areas. Coast of New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Lower Piue rej^ion. Coast plain. Boggy pine barrens, river marshes.
Washington County, Yellowpine. Baldwin and Mobile counties. Flowers vermil-
ion-orange. May, June; frecjueut.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Asclepias obtusifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:115. 1803.
Obtuse-leaved Milkweed.
Aaclepiaa purpurascena Walt. Fl. Car. 105. 1788. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 1:321. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 341. Chap. Fl. 364. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 91.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :266.
Allegheuian to Louisianian area. New England west to Dakota, Nebraska, Mis-
souri, and Colorado, and from New York to Florida, Texas, aud Arkansas.
Alabama : ilonntain I'egiou to Coast ])lain. Dry borders of iields and woods. Clay
County, near Ironaton, 1,200 feet. Bilib, St. Clair, and Baldwin counties. Lee
County, Auburn. Mobile County. Flowers pink, June. Not infrequent.
Type locality : "Hab. a Virginia ad Caroliaam."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Asclepias humistrata AValt. Fl. Car. 105. 1788. Rabbit's Milkweed.
Asclepias amplexicaulis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 115. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:322. Chap. Fl. 364. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :92.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower Pine reginu near the coast. Dry pine ridges. Mobile and Bald-
win counties. Flowers pale piuk, greenish; April, May; fragrant. Frecjueut. Stems
decumbent, 2 to 3 feet long.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Asclepias variegata L. Sp. PI. 1 : 215. 1753. Variegated Milkweed.
Ell. Sk. 1:324. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 342. Chap. Fl. 362. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1 : 03.
(Jarolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia, southern Ohio, Missouri, Arkansas,
south to Florida, west to Louisiaua.
Alabama: Scattered over the State. Dry open places, borders of tields. Lee
County, Auburn ( Baker .('• EarU}. Lauderdale, Cullman, Clarke, aud Mobile counties.
Flowers white, with pur])lish center ; May. Nowhere abundant.
Type locality : " Hab. in America boreali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Asclepias obovata Ell. Sk. 1:321. 1817. Obovate-leaVed Mi]>Kwr.ED.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 363. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 05.
Louisianiau area. South Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Lower Pine region. Open woods, pastures,
gravelly liglit soil. Autauga Conwty (I'^. A. Smith). Montgomery County, ^lobile
County, open pine woods near Spriughill. Baldwin County. I )allas County, Marion
. I unction. Flowers greenish, purplish tinged, June to August. Not infrequent;
most frequently met with on the bald prairies.
Type locality : "Louisville, Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. Obs. pt. 2, 8, «. 55. 1767. Four-leaved Milkweed.
Ell. Sk. 1:319. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 342. Chap. Fi. 364. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 96.
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. f)ntario; New England west to Wisconsin,
Ohio Valley to Missouri and Arkansas, and south from New York along the mountains
to Georgia.
CuC) PLANT LIFK <>K ALAl^AMA.
Alabama: Mountain in^ion; rari^jos of {^reatcHl di-vjition. Dry rocky hillsides
nn<l o|»cn woods. Koiialb County, Lookout Mountain. 1, "W) to l,t)00 feet. Flowers
pall' pink; May.Jnuf. K'arc.
Typ"' locality : ''Cn'scit in Nirj^inia, unde H])ecinuua Clayton niisit."
lli-rl). (ioul. Surv. Ilcrli. Moiir.
Asclepias perenuis ^^■alt. Fl. Car. 107. 1788. S.mam.-i i.owf.iu'.I) Mii,kwi:ki>.
.lxcUpi(i8 par ri flora Ait. liort. Kew. ed. 1, 1::{()7. 1789.
Kll. Sk. 1 : :i'SA.' (iiay. Man. ed. G. :U2. Chap. Fl. :itir>. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.l :!«>.
Carolinian and Loui.sianian areas. .Soutlu'rn Indiana to Arkansas and Tex.is, and
from South Carolina ti> Florida and Mississippi.
Ai.auama: Central riiic belt to Coast Pine belt. Muddy alluvial h.anks. Mibb,
Montfjoniery, and \\ asiiinjitou counties. Mobile County, banks of Alabama River
(Chastangs). Flowers white; .lune,.July. Notrare. Lower part of stem and roots
woody.
Tyi)e locality: South Carolina.
Herb. (Jeol Surv. Herb. Molir.
Asclepias vertlcillata L. Sp. I'l. 1 : 217. 1753. Wiiorlkd Milkweed.
Kll. Sk. 1 : :>21. (;ray, Man. ed. (!, 342. Chap. Fl. 365. Gray. S\ n. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : It?.
.Mlijihenian to Louisianian area. Ontario to Manitoba; New England west to
Minnesota, south to F^lorida and Texas.
Alabama : Tennessee ^'alley to Upper division of Coast Pine belt. Kocky or sandy
ridges, dry or damp soil. Lauderdale County, in tin; bairens. Clay County, on
Che-aw-ha Mountain, 2,200 feet altitude. Tuscaloosa and (Jlarke counties. Flowers
greenish; June, .Inly. Frecpient.
Typo locality : "'Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Asclepias vertlcillata linearis (Scheele) Pollard, Bull. Torr. Club 24:15(5. 1897.
Asclepias linearis Scheele. Linnaea, 21 : 758. 1848.
J. verticillata snbrerticillata Gray, Pioc. Am. Acad. 12 : 71. 1876.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 97. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 267.
Northern Mexico.
Louisianian area. Mississippi, western Texas, and New Mexico.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Damp woods. Autauga County, Prattvillo.
Flowers greenish; July. Kare; most probal)ly adventive from Texas.
Type locality : "Bei Nenbrauufels [Texas] : Lindheinier."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Asclepias michauxii Decsne. in DC. Prodr. 8:569. 1844. Michaux's Milkweed.
Asclepias anqustilolia YA\. Sk. 1 : 325. 1817. Not Schweig. 1812.
Chap. Fl. 365. (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 97.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to eastern Louisiana.
Al.\bama: Lower Pine region and Coast plain. Flat or rolling sandy pine bar-
rens. Flowers pale ])urple and greenish — not orange, as stated by Elliott; April,
May. Not rare. Many ascending stems from a stout woody root.
Type locality : "Anierita 8e])tentrionalis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Heib. Mohr.
ACERATES Kll. Sk. 1 :316. 1817.
Seven species, perennial herbs, eastern North America.
Acerates floridaua (Lam.) A. S. Hitchcock, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5 : .508. 1891.
Florida Green Milkweed.
Asclepias floridaua Lam. Encvcl. 1 : 284. 1783.
J. lonijifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am 1 : 116. 1803.
Acerates longi/olia Kll. Sk. 1 : 317. 1817.
Ell. Sk. 1. e. (irav. Man. ed. 6, 343;- Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, 1 : 99. Chap. Fl. 366. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 2t)8.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Ohio to Michigan, Missouri, Arkansas, and
Texas; and from Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. In wet grassy places. Autauga
County (i,'. J. .Smi<//). Montgomery and Mobile counties. Flowers greenish white,
April, May; not infrequent. One to li feet hiyh.
Type locality : "Cette plante croit dans la Floride A: au Mississipi."
Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MILKWEED FAMILY. 677
ASCLEPIODORA Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12 : 66. 1876.
Two species, perennials, Atlantic North America, southwestward.
Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12 : 66. 1876.
Paniculate Asclepiodora.
Asclepias rh'idis Walt. Fl. Car. 107. 1788.
Atianiherix paniculaia Niitt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 5 : 203. 1837.
Aceratea paniculaia Decsue. iu DC. Prodr. 8 ■ b'2\. 1844.
Ell. Sk. 1:327. (4ray, Man. ed. 6, 339. Chap. Fl. 366. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 89. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 265.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Southern Illinois, southern Missouri, Arkan-
sas, and from central Tennessee south to Florida, west to Louisiana, Texas, New
Mexico, and Utah.
Alabama : Central Prairie region. Sunny dry places, borders of fields, and pas-
tures. Dallas County (/i'. J. Sww</i). Montgomery County. Flowers dark purplish
green; April, May. Not rare.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AMPELANUS Raf. ; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 314. 1894.
(Enslenia Nutt. Gen. 1:164. 1818. Not Raf. 1817.)
Ampelanus albidus (Nutt.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21:314. 1894. Sand Vine.
Enslenia albida Nutt. Gen. 1 : 165. 1818.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 343. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 349. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, 1 : 100. Britt. &
Br. 111. Fl. 3: 16.
Carolinian and Louisianiau aieas. Southern Pennsylvania, Ohio Valley, Missouri,
and Kansas ; south from Kentucky to upper Georgia, northern Mississi])pi, Texas, and
Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Banks of streams. .Jackson and Stevenson counties
{Herb JliUmore). Rare.
Type locality: "Near Shepherdstown, on the gravelly banks of the Potomac,
Virginia. * * * Qu the high sandy banks of the river Scioto, etc., also near
Cincinnati."
Herb. Biltmore.
CYNANCHUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 212. 1753.
About 100 species, warmer regions of North and Soutli Africa, Asia, West Indies,
and America. Atlantic America, 2. Southern.
Cynanchum palustre (Pursh) Heller, Cat. N. A. PI. 106. 1898,
Ska.side Winding Milkweed.
Ceropegia palustris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 184. 1814.
Lyonia maritima Ell. Sk. 1 : 316. 1817.
Seufera maritima Decsne. in DC. Prodr. 8 : .590. 1846.
Vincetoxicitm palustre Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 102. 1878.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 316. Chap. Fl. 367. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, 1. c. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2 : 269. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 418.
Cuba, Bahamas.
Louisianiau a'ea. Seashore of South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabaima: Littoral region. Mobile and Baldwin counties, salt marshes. Flowers
greenish; .June, July. Abundant. Perennial, twining around the coarser gluma-
ceous marsh plants.
Type locality: "In salt mar.shes, winding around Scirpi and .Tunci: Carolina.
Lyon."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herlj. Mohr.
VINCETOXICUM Walt. Fl. Car. 104. 1788.
(GoNOLOBUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 119. IS03.)
About 65 to 70 species, trailing or winding perennials ; West Indies, South America,
Mexico. Atlantic North America, chiefly Southern, about 17.
Vincetoxicum gonocarpus laevis (Michx.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 266. 1894.
Smooth AN(iLE-POD.
Gonolohus laevis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 119. 1803.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 344. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 103. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 269.
(ITS PLANT LIFE OK ALAIiAMA.
('antliiiiiin :iii(l LoiiiHianiaii arc:is. Wt^st \'irj;iiiia .iinl < Miio south to 'rninesse*?,
Mississippi, Aikaiisas. ami 'I'cxas.
Ai.ahama: LowiT lulls aiul Prairie regiou. Damp tbickets. Hihh County (E. .4.
Smith). Dallas Coiintv, Marion .Iiinctiou. Flowers iiaiisy-imrplti; May, .Iiiue. Not
frei|in'nt. Stfiii trailiiij;:, smooth, leaves tlaeeid. thin, siiiootiiisli.
'!'v]>e locality: "Hab. in dnmetosis ripariis I'lnniinis .Mississi)ij)i."
lleri>. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Vincetoxiciim hirsutum (Michx.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 206. 1891.
HiusuTK A.\(;i,K-r<ti).
Gotiolobim hirsiititH Micbx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 119. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:828. (irav, Man. cd.C), 314. Cliaji. Fl. 368. (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:101.
Carolinian and l>onisianian areas. Maryland and Virginia to Tennessee and
MissisBi])pi.
Alabama: Mountain region. C(>ntral Fine belt. .Shady copses in riob soil.
Cullman County. Leo County, Auburn ( linker <S^ luirlc, 319). Jackson County,
Stevenson. Flowejs maroon purple; May, June. Not iufreiiuent.
Ty])e locality : " Hab. in sylvis Carolinae."
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vincetoxicum carolineuse (Jacq.) Britton, Mem. Torr. ( lub. 5 : 26."). 1894.
Cyvntichum carolinensis .lacq. Coll. 2 : 288. 1788.
(iouolohiix carolinensis R. Br. Mem. Worn. See. 1 : 35. 1809.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, 34.5. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 351. Gray, Syn. Fl. \. A. 2, i>t. 1 : 101.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Thickets in rich soil. Tuscaloosa
County {E. J. Smith). Cullman and Baldwin counties. Flowers brown purple;
May, June. Not frequent.
Ty])e locality: Given only as i:n]>lied in the name.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vincetoxicum baldwinianum (Sweet) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club. 5 : 265. 1894.
Baldwin's Anglk-pod.
Ctonolobus hnUlwintanns Sweet, Ilort. Brit. ed. 2, 360. 1830.
Vr. macrophylliis Ell. Sk. 1 : 327. 1817. Not Michx.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 104.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Arkansas.
Alabama: Prairie region and Upper division Coast Pine belt. Wooded hills.
Wilcox County (S. I>. liHcklry). Clarke County, Thomasville. Flowers dingy white,
fetid; April. Fruit not seen. Local; rare. Stem trailing on the ground.
Type locality: " Savannah."
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CONVOLVULACEAE. Morning Glory Family.
IPOMOBA L.!<p. Pi. 1:1.59. 1753.
About 350 species, warmer regions of the globe, largely American.
Ipomoea coccinea L. Sp. PI. 1:160. 1753. Scarlkt Moknixo Gloky.
Ipomoca httcola .Jacq. Icon. Rar. 1. 135. 1781.
<Jn(nnocJit coccinea ^i^)ench, Meth. 453. 1794.
Ell. Sk. 1:2.58. Gray, Man. ed. 6,368. Chap. F1.341. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2. pt.
1 : 209. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 289.
Tkoi'ical Amkrica, East Indies, South Africa.
Carolinian area. Introduced and partiallj^ naturalized in Viiginia, southern
Ohio, and southern Missouri, southward from Tennessee to Florida, and west to
Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
Alabama: Mountain region. In cultivated ground, Cullman and Tallailega
counties. Flowers llaine color; August, September. Not frequent. Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in Domingo."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ipomoea quamoclit L. Sp. PI. 1:159. 1753. Cyphe.ss Vine.
Qitamoclit vuh/aris Choisy in DC. Prodr. 9: 336. 1845.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 368. Chap. Fl. 341. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 209.
South America.
Extensively cultivated in gardens throughout the Southern States, and a frequent
escape in fields and grounds near dwellings.
I
MORNING GLORY FAMILY. 679
Alabama: Throughout the State. Here and there. Mohile County. Flowers
crimson, .July, August. Not infrequent of spontaneous growth. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in India."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ipomoea barbigera Sweet, Fl. Gard. t. 86. 1818. Bearded Morninci Glory.
Pharhitis harik/era Don, Hist. Dichl. PI. 4 : 262. 1838.
"Stem downy; leaves cordate, acuminate, entire, hairy on both surfaces, lobes
rounded; peduncles l-tlowered, shorter than the petioles, hibracteate near the
calyx; sepals acuminate, spreading, reflexed, densely bearded at the base; the cam-
panulately funnel-shaped corolla 5 lobed. slightly crenulate, limb azure, the tube
nearly white ; capsule smooth, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded, seeds black, roughish-dowuy."
Our plant differs from the above description solely in the peduncles with two, or
seldom three, dowers. Mr. Charles L. Pollard, on comparing it with the illustration
of Sweet, linds it to differ in no essential point.
Strangely overlooked by the botanists in this country.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Mississippi.
Alabama: Mountain region to the Coast plain in cultivated ground. Flowers
from August to close of the season. An annual of most vigorous and rapid growth,
with the tleshy stem i to nearly i inch thick. Climbing and twining over bushes
and trees, and producing its seeds in abundance, this plant is one of the most
injurious of the hind weeds which infest the garden and field. Most abundant from
the Central Prairies to the coast.
Type Incality: "Native of North America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Icon. Rar. t. 36. 1781. Ivy-leaf Morning Glory.
Pharhitis hederacea Chois. in DC. Prodr. 9 : 343. 1815.
Ipomoea nil of American authors.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 259. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 368. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 473.
West Indies, Mexico to Bkazil, Australia.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. In the Atlantic States from New York and
Pennsylvania to Tennessee.
Adventive from the South. Indigenous from North Carolina to Florida and west
to Louisiana, Arkansas, and southern Missouri.
Alap.ama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Border of thickets and in fields.
Clay County, near Ironaton. Cullman and Tuscaloosa counties. Lee County.
Autauga County CF. <S'. -EarZe). Mobile County, waste places. Flowers violet-pur-
ple, nppareutly rare in the low country. Annual.
Ty]ie locality: "Hab. in America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth, Bot. Abh. 27. 1787. Common Morning Glory.
Convolvulus jyurpureiis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 219. 1762.
Pharhitis hispida Chois. in DC. Prodr. 9 : .345. 1815.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 252. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 369. Chap. Fl. 342, Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. lud. 473.
Tropical America. Naturalized in tropical countries.
• Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Introduced and escaped from cultivation. Nat-
uralized from North Carolina to Louisiana and westward.
Alabama: Over the State. In cultivated ground near dwellings. Talladega
County, Ironaton. Clay County, Ashland, 1,700 feet. Cullman County, 800 feet.
Lee County, Auburn (Earle). Mobile County. Flowers white to pink, purple,
violet, and blue; August to October. Escaped from cultivation; in some localities a
pernicious weed. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L). Sweet, Hort. Lond. ed. 2, 289. 1818-1820.
Round-leaf Ipomoea. Goat's-foot Seaside Ipomoea.
Colvolvnhts pes-caprae L. Sp. PI. 1 : 159. 1753.
Ipomoea orhicuJaris Ell. Sk. 1 : 2.57. 1817.
Ell. Sk. I.e. Chap. Fl. 342. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 211. Coulter, Con tr. Nat.
Herb. 2 : 290. Griseb. Fl. Brit W. Ind. 470.
Seasiiohes of the Tropics in both hemispheres. West Indies to Brazil.
Louisianian area. Sandy sea beaches from South Carolina to Florida, west to
Texas.
Alabama: Littoral region, sandy shores near the surf. Baldwin County, Perdido
Bay. Mobile County, Big Dauphin Island. Flowers purple; .July to October; not
frequent. Creeping, 2 feet and over. Perennial.
Type Incality : " llab. in India."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
()S0 I'LANT LIKK (»K AI.A HAM A.
loomoea acetosaefolia (N'alili ix'ociii. \ Schiilt. Syst. 4 : 24(5. IXIM.
\VHITK-I(I,()<>M1N<; - KASIDK MOHNINti (Jl-ORY.
(on roll- II I II 8 acetoHaefoHiiH Valil, Kd. Am. 1 : IH. 17!)0.
r. oblHsilohiiH Mi«lix. V\. Hor. Am. 1 : 13!*. 1K(«.
liatalaH inciostnfoliiin and />'. liltoriilix ('hois. ('(Hivolv. ICar. 121. 1838.
CoiirolriiliiH lilloralia I Hctiii-li, Syn. IM. 1 : (i7.5. 1S3'J.
Ell. Sk. 1:2.'.2. Chap. Fl. 311. (irav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2. pt. 1 :211. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. llcrl>. 2 : 2!»0. Giist-b. Fl. IJrit. W.'liid." 471.
WksT IxDIKS to liKAZII..
Lonisianiaii area. Seacoast of South C'arolina'to Florida, west to Texas.
Ai.Ait.xMA: Littoral region. dniu'S of driftin>^ saixl neaithe surf. Haldwiii County,
Joscphiui', I'erdido Hay. Moldle County, Dauphin Island. Flowers white; .luly,
Au<;ust. Not fre(|U('nt. Cr(ti)in<i;, stems 3 to 4 feet long, the. slender creejiing roots
deeply huricd in the sand i'creunial.
Type locality not a.sccrtained.
Herli. ( Jeol. 8urv. Herb. Mohr.
Ipomoea jalapa I'lirsh, FL Am. Sept. 1:14(). 1811. Falsk .Jalap,
('otirolriiliis jaliijKi L. Mant. 1:43. 1767.
Ipomota macrorhiza Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: Ml. 1S03.
/. micliaitxii Sweet, llort. Lond. 288. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 1: 2r.3. Cha)). Fl. 343. (Jray, Syn. Fl. 2, pt. 1:211. C"oultor, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2 : 2;i0. (Jriseb. Fl. Brit. W. lud. 469.
Jamaica, Mkxko to I?ra/.ii,.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Ai.ahama: Coast plain. Mobile County. Fre(|uently cultivated, rarely escaped
to waste places and hedge rows. Ap))arently not indigenous. Flowers jiiuk ; August.
A strong climber from a huge and ])ondeious root. I'ereunial.
Economic uses: Ornamental climl)er.
Type locality: "Near the sea shore of Ceorgia and Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Ipomoea paiidurata (L.) Meyer, Prim. Fl. Essequ. 100. 1818.
Wild Potato. Common White Bindweed.
('ouvolriiliis panditratiiH L. Sp. PL 1: 153. 17.")3.
Ell. Sk. 1:254. (jray, Man. ed. 6, 369. Chap. Fl. 343. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 211. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 290. Griseb. FL Krit. W. Ind. 468.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Ontario; southern New York west to Michigan
and Missouri, south to the Gulf, and from Florida to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Throughout the State in the A^alley lands. Most abundant south of
the Cential Pine belt to the Coast plain. In light warm soil, tields, pastures.
Flowers white, with a dark purple 8i)ot in center; .Inly, August. Seeds ripe August
to October, ^!any stems, from a large Ih^shy tuberous loot; most troublesome weed
in the rich agricultural lands. I'ereunial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virgiuiae arenosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ipomoea sagittata Poir. Voy. Barb. 2 : 122. 1789. AuKow-LKAr Morning Gloky.
CoiivolriiliiH speciosns Walt. Fl. Car. 93. 1788.
C. nagiitifoliiix Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1 : 13S. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:2.54. Chap, Fl. 344. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 212. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 290.
Cl'ra, Spain, North America.
Louisianian area. Coast of North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Littoral region. Slightly brackish and salt niarsaes.
Mobile County, river marshes; Dauphin Island and West Fowl River salt marshes.
Baldwin County, Point Clear. Flowers bright pink to light purple, closing early
in the forenoon; July, August; Irequent. Twining around tall marsh weeds.
Perennial.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ipomoea lacuuosa L. Sp. PL 1: 161. 1753. White Star Ipomoea.
Ell. Sk. 1:2.59. Gray, Man. ed. 6, .369. Chap. FL 343. Grav, Syn. FL N. A. 2. pt.
1:213. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:291.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio Valley, Missouri
and Arkansas, south to Florida aud along the Gulf to Texas.
MOENING GLOKY FAMILY. 681
Alabama: Mountain region. Metaniorphic hills to tlie Coast plain. In waste and
cultivated ground. Mobile County. Lee County, Auburn (Karle). Flowers white,
September, October; common. Plants with border of corolla pale purple are not
rarely met with (Mobile). Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ipomoea Carolina (L.) Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 145. 1814.
Carolina Morning Glory.
Convolvulus carolinus L. Sp. PI. 1 : 154. 1753.
Ipomoea trichocarpa Ell. Sk. 1 : 258. 1817.
Ipomoea commutata Roem. & Schult. Syst. 4:228. 1819.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 342. Gray, t^yn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 213. Coulter. Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2:291.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas and
southern Arkansas.
Alabama : Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Thickets and cultivated ground.
Mobile County, in damp rich ground. (JoroUa large, If inches long, 1 inch wide,
pink or purple, August, September; pods ripe, September, October. Trailing and
climbing over bushes. Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
JACQUEMONTIA Chois. Mem. Soc. Phys. Gen. 6 : 476. 1833.
About 36 species, mostly annuals, chiefly of tropical America.
Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. FL Brit. W. Ind. 474. 1864.
Blue-flowered Bindweed.
Ipomoea lamnifoUa L. Sp. PL 1 : 162. 1753.
Convolvulus tamnifolius Ell. Sk. 1 : 256. 1817.
Chap. Fl. 342. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 214. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 292.
Griseb. 1. c.
West Indies to Brazil.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida west to Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. In cultivated ground. Flowers azure;
July to October. Annual. Twining or trailing. A troublesome weed.
Type locality : "Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BREWERIA R. Br. Pr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1 : 487. 1810.
(Stylisma Raf. Neogen. 2. 1825.)
About 30 species, warmer regions of the globe. South Atlantic America, 4.
Breweria humistrata (Walt.) Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 217. 1878.
Low Breweria.
Convolvulus humisiraius Walt. Fl. Car. 94. 1788.
C. tenellus Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 111. 1 : 459. 1791.
Stylmna humistrata Chap. Fl. 346. 1860.
Ell. Sk. 1:250. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 370. Chap. Fl. 346.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia along the coast to Florida,
west to Louisiana.
Alabama : Central Pine belt to Lower Pine region. Dry pine barrens. Autauga,
Bibb, Clarke, Washington, Escambia, Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers white,
June to August; common, creeping. Perennial.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Breweria aquatica (Walt.) Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 217. 1878.
Aquatic Breweria.
Convolvulus aquaticus Walt. VI. Car. 94. 1788.
Sli/lisma aquatica Chap. Fl. 346. 1860.
Ell. Sk. 1:250. Chap. Fl. 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. c.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Florida, middle Georgia, North Carolina.
Alabama: Coosa Valley. Low damp pine woods. Etowah County, Ballplay, 450
feet. Flowers purple; .July (1880). Rare. Perennial.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv.
()Sl> I'l.ANT I.I IK nK A I,. M! A MA.
Breweria pickeringii (M. A. t'lirtiHi (Jruy, Syii. I'l. N. A. 2, i)t. 1 : 217. 187«.
I'lCKKItlNO'S i'.KKWKIMA.
I'onrolviiluii pirkrringii .M. A. ('nrtifl, Most, .loiirn. N. Hist. 1 : IL'it. 1KI7.
(Jr.ny. M.ui. oil. (J, :{70". Chap. Fl. :W>. Coiilt.r. Coutv. Nat. Herb. 2 : 'J\U.
("arojiiiijui an»a. New .lorsoy iind southiTii IllinoiH, south to North Camlina and
IV\»H.
Ai.ahama: .Mountain rt^ioii. WiiiHtoii County. r(']>ortc(l l>y T. M. I'l-terH. rnen-
uial.
Tyi"' lo<alit,\ : "Nortli Carolina, ahniit Wilmington {Curtis)."
CONVOLVULUS L. .^p. I'l. 1 : ir.S. 17.")3.
(CAl.YSTKtilA K. Ilr. Trodr. IS:j. 1«1(). >
Alioiit 1()0 sprcies, touijiorati' and wanner regions, l.irfrely in tlir .Mediterranean
region and Asiatic. North Aiueriea, 12.
Convolvulus repens L. 8p. I'l. 1: 15X. 1753. CuKKriM; I'.indwki:!).
('aljjuldjia cat(xlieiaua Pnrsh, V\. Am. Sept. 2 : 729. 1811.
C. Htpiiim var. piihesretia Gray, Man. ed. ">, .370. ]87().
Conrolniliia xepiiim var. repeus (iray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 2, i)t. 1 : 215. 1878.
Kll. ."<k. 1 : 255. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 370. ' Chap. Fl. 345, in part. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
1!.t1>. 2:2!t2.
Alli!,'henian to Lousianian area. Canada, New Jersey west to Michigan, south to
llorida, Texas, and New Mexico.
Ai.ahama: Central Fine Ixlt to Fpper division of Coa.st Pine helt. Damp shaded
tliickits. Tuscalousa County (IC. A. Smilh). Clarke County, Tliomasville. Flowers
white or faint rose-color ; April, May. Not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "llah. in Aniericae maritimis."
Herb. Geol. 8urv. Herb. Mohr.
Convolvulus arveusis L. Sp. PI. 1: 153. 1753. Common Fikld P.indweed.
Gray, Man. ed. H. 370. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 329. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 21G.
EfUOTE.
Naturalized in the Northern and Middle United .'^tates. ,
Ai.auama: A<lventive with ballast. Mobile County. Flowers pink; June, August.
Fmiuent. Spreading slowly to waste places and likely to become a troublesome
weed. Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in Europae agris."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Convolvulus incanus Valil, .'^ymb. Bot. 3:23. 1791. Hoary Hixdweed.
('onrolritliis lionaricnsit and C. dissectus Cav. Icon. 5, t. 480. 1799.
(Jray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 21H. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 292.
Louisianiau area. Arkansas, Texas, and Arizona.
Alabama: Adventivo from the Southwest. Mobile Countj\ In an oat field, most
probably introduced from Texas with seed oats. Flowers pink; .Inly, August.
Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in America australi.'"
Herb. (leol. Surv. Herb. Mohr
EVOLVULUS L. Sp. Pl.ed.2, 1:391. 1763.
Eighty-five species, of tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in South Amer-
ica. North America, (i; Southwestern.
Evolvulus alsinoides L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 392. Chickweed-like Evolvulus.
( Jray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 2. ))t. 1 : 218. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 3.30. Griseb. Fl. Prit. W. Ind. 475.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. llerij. 2 : 293.
THHOrciHOUT THE Tkoi'ics.
Louisianian area. Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Littoral region. Dry rich banks. Mobile County. Dauphin Island,
shell banks. Flowers pearl blue; .Inly, August. Rare and local. Perennial.?
Type locality : "Hab. in Malabaria, Zeylona, iiisnagaria, Bahama."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DODDER FAMILY. 683
DICHONDRA Forst. Char. Gen. PI. 39, f. 40. 1776.
Five species, warmer regions of the globe.
Dichondra evolvulacea (L. f.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 268. 1894.
Carolina DicHONDRA,
SiUhorjna evolvulacea L. f. Snppl. 288. 1781.
Dichondra repens Forst. Fl. Ins. Aust. Prodr. 2. 1786. Name only.
/>. carolinensis Miclix. Fl. Bor. Ara. 1 : 136. 1803.
Kll. Sk. 1:338. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 368. Chap. Fl. 346. Gray, Svn. Fl.N. A.2,pt.
1 : 208. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 289.
West Indies to Patagonia. Cosmopolitan in warmer zones of the globe.
Carolinian and Loiiisiauian areas. Southern Virginia along the coast to Florida,
west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Lower Pine belt. Coast plain. Damp, grassy banks. Mobile and Bald-
win counties. Flowers greenish; March, April. Abundant; perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Nova Granada. D. Mutis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
CUSCUTACEAE. Dodder Family.
CUSCUTA L. Sp. PI. 1: 124. 1753.
About 100 species, annuals, leafless winding parasitic plants, of warmer and tem-
perate zones, both hemispheres. North America, 21.
Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 77. As synonym. 1884.
Field Dodder.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 371. Chap. Fl. 347. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:220. Coul-
ter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 294.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Lonisianian areas. Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba,
New Yoriv west to Jlinnesota, Rocky Mountains to Oregon ; south to Florida, west
to Texas and California.
Alabama: Mountain region. Coast plain. Dry gravelly or sandy exposed places.
Cullman Connty. Lee County. Auburn (F. S. EarJe). Mobile County. Flowers,
June to August; on small herbs. Stem slender, filiform. Forms with larger flowers,
calyx papillose to verrucose, occur near the seashore on Solidago paucijlosculosa and
Myricas; not rare.
Type locality : " N. W. America. Douglas. "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cuscuta iiidecora Chois. Mem. Soc. Gen. 9 : 278, i. 3, f. 5. 1841. Seaside Dodder.
C. neuropi'fala Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45 :75. 1843.
Cuscuta pulcherrima Scheele, Linnaea, 21:750. 1848.
C. decora Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 1 :501. 1859.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 371. Chap. Fl. 347. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:221. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 294. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 476.
West Indies to Argkntina.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Southern Illinois to Florida, westward to Texas,
Arizona, and California.
Alabama : Coast plain. Littoral region. Dry sandy places near the seashore and
damp sandy borders of brackish swamps. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Petals
white, authors purple. August. On coarse herbs and small shrubs, such as Solidago
and Myrica; frequent.
Varies infinitely in the size of flowers, smoothness of calyx, and looseness or com-
pactness of inflorescence, the intergrading forms blending almost imperceptibly
with the varietal forms which have been described. Forms with large flowers in
looser cymes, the calyx and corolla less papillose, distinguished as C. piilcherrima
and C. neuropetaJa, occur in damp situations ; in the dry sands the flowers are smaller,
strongly verrucose papillose, the lobes of the corolla with a strongly in flexed point,
and the flowers in dense clusters, such forms responding to C. indecora Engelm.
Type locality (fide Engelmann): On the Rio Grande. (Berlandier.)
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cuscuta obtusiflora glandulosa Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 1 :492. 1859.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 382. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 294.
West Indies (Bahamas).
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas and New Mexico.
684 PLANT LI IK <'K ALAlLvMA.
Ai.aiiama: Coast jdain. Swampy thickotH. Mobih? Couuty, parasiti' <»ii I^iibiis
arijutiix. old tt'li'<jra])li road. Stqitciiibcr, October.
Type locality: 'I'lie distributioii ;^iveii is (Jcor;;i;i, I'lorida, LniiiHiaiia, western
Texas, Hahaiiia Islands, and ('iil>a.
Herli. (;eol. Siirv. Herl). Mohr.
Cuscuta grouovii Willd. ; Ivoeni. & Scbult. Syst. 6:205. 1820. Lakck L(>\ kvink.
('. vHlglvaqa Kngelm. Am. Joiirii. S<i. 43 : :W8, /. f>,f. 12-li;. 1842.
Ell. Sk. i:L'20. Gray, Man. ed. (i, 372. Cbap. V\. 317. (irav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:221. Coiilt.T, ("ontr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 2!».->.
Allefjbenian ti» Ijonisianian area. Nova Scotia, New LiimHwick, (Quebec, Ontario,
and tlir(mj:;boiit tlie Atlantic I'nited States.
Ai-.VHAMA : Over the State. In tbickets and borders of woods. I'lowejs white;
July, S(iptember. On varions shrubs and trees; the stoutest of on r species, the long
stems of deep orange color, ascending small trees and often entwining their crown.
Common.
Type locality: "In Virginia."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cuscuta compacta .Jnss. ; Choi.s. Mem. Soc. Gen. 9 :281, <. ^,/. 5. 1841.
Com PACT- FLOWERED LoVKNINE.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, ;572. Chap. Fl. 347 ; ed. 3, 332. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 222.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New York and Ohio to Missouri and
Arkansas, and from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Texas.
Ai.aiiama: Over the State. Shady damp tliickets bortlering water courses, infest-
ing large shrubs. Ilex, Andromeda, Rhus, etc. I'lowors white; Septemljer, October.
Common throughout; most abundant in the coast plain.
Typ(' loiality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cuscuta suaveolens Seringe, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric. et Indust. 3 : 519. 1840.
LucERX OR Ali'alfa Dodder.
Cuscuta racemosa var. chillana Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 1 : 505. 1859.
Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:221.
Chile, Brazil; introduced into Europe.
Adventive from Chile into California. Introduced in the South Atlantic region
with lucern seed from California.
Alabama: Montgomery Countyi Observed for the first time .Inly 10, 1889, in a
patch of lucern, growing luxuriantly, and i)roving most destructive to its host. In
order to prevent the spread of this plant, on advice, the croj) was plowed under
before the seeds were matured. It has since not been seen or heard of from any
other locality in the State.
Type locality not ascertained; ajtparently Chilean.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
POLEMONIACEAE. Phlox Family.
PHLOX L. Sp. I'l. 1 : 151. 1753.
Thirty species, mostly perennials, in temperate North America and Siberia. Ea.stern
United States, 12.
Phlox paniculata L. Sp. PI. 1: 151. 1753. Paniculate Phlox. Sweet William.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 242. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 3.54. Chap. Fl. 337. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
129.
Carolinian and Louisianian .areas. Pennsylvania west to Missouri and Arkansas,
south to Georgia.
Alaisa.ma: Central Prairie region. Thickets and rich copses. Montgomery
County. Flowers bright purple; October. Not freciuent.
Type locality : " Hab. in America septentrionali. Colliusou."
Herb. (teol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Phlox paniculata acuminata tPursh) (ibajt. Fl. 338. 1860.
Phlox acuminata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 730. 1816.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 242. Chap. Fl. 1. c.
A Avell-marked variety, well described by Pursh. At once recognized by the soft
pubescence, dark green foliage, and the ovate-lanceolate acuminate leaves attenu-
ated at the base into a more or less margined petiole, only the uppermost sessile,
and by the short calyx lobes.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Carolina and Georgia.
PHLOX FAMILY. 685
Alabama : Damp thickets along the banks of streams. Clay Connty, Shinbono
Valley, 1,200 feet; Coosa County, Mount Olive, 1,500 feet. Lee County, Auburn
(Baker iSEarle). Flowers pale pink to white; July, August; infreiiuent. Perennial,
2 to 2i feet high.
Our specimens are identical with a specimen from northwestern Georgia (Rome)
collected by Dr. Chapman.
Type localit.v : " On the mountains of Georgia and Carolina. Lyon."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Phlox maculata L. Sp. PI. 1 : 152. 1753. Spotted Phlox.
Phlox pyramidalis Smith, Exot. Hot. 2 : 55, t. S7. 1805.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 243 and 244. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 354. Chap. Fl. 338. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A.
2, pt. 1 : 129.
Carolinian and I^onisianian areas. New .Jersey and Virginia, west to Missouri
and Arkansas, south to Tennessee, Florida, and Mississippi.
Alabama: Mountain region to Central prairies. In damp flat woods. Cullman,
Tuscaloosa, an<l Montgomery counties. Lee County, Aul)urn. Flowers rose-pink;
June, July. Not rare; abundant on the Warrior table-land.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Phlox ovata L. Sp. PI. 1 : 152. 17.53. Carolina Phlox.
Phlox Carolina L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 215. 1762.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 245. Gray, Man, ed. 6, 355. Chap. Fl. 338. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 130.
Louisianian area. North Carolina.
Alabama: Upper division Coast Pine belt. Rich shaded hillsides. Calcareous
soil. Monroe County. Flowers pale pink; July. Rare. Stems weak; approaches
closely forms of the next.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Phlox glaberrima L. Sp. PI. 1 : 1.52. 1753. Smooth Phlox.
Ell. Sk. 1:246. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 355. Chap. Fl. 338. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 130.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Ohio Valley, Missouri, and Arkansas, south
to Tennessee and North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region to Lower Pine region. Open woods, in light soil.
Cullman County, 800 feet. Montgomery County. Autauga County, Prattville. Bibb
County, 500 feet. Washington County, Fairford, 200 ieet. Mobile County, Bayou
Sara. Flowers pink ; May, June. Not infrequent.
Type localitv : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Phlox floridaua Benth. in DC. Prodr. 9:304. 1845. P^'lorida Phlox.
Chap. Fl. 339. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 130.
Louisianian area. Middle and western Florida.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Rich open woods, thickets in the prairies.
Madison County, Huntsville, Montesano (Baker). Montgomery Connty, Pintlalla
Creek. Butler County, Georgiana. Flowers rose-purple; July. hare. Perennial;
1 to 1^ feet high.
Type locality: "In Florida (Chapmann!)."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Phlox pilosa L.Sp. PI. 1: 152. 1753. . Haiky Phlox.
Phlox aristata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 144. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:247. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 355. Chap Fl. 339. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 130. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 276.
AUeghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Ontario, Manitoba, Minnesota
and Nebraska, south to Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas, and from New Jersey to
Florida.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Central Prairie region. Open copses, border of
woods. Cullman County. Dallas County, Uniontown. Flowers jiink; May. Not
frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Phlox pilosa detousa Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 251. 1870.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 130. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 276.
Louisianian area. Florida to Texas.
r>8r> I'l.ANT I-IKK (»F AI-A15AMA.
Ai.ahama: Lowor I'iiic rejiion. 1 )i y siindy iiiiu! ii(l;^(is. Mohilr .nid I'.iildwin
counties. Klowcis pink ; April, May. Coiiiiiion.
Tyjto locality : " Fliirid.i, Alaliaiiia, Louisiana, Texas.''
Merit, (ieol. Snr\ . Herb. Mohr.
Phlox amoena SiniH, IU>t. Maj,'. 31: r /.?ftf. 1810. Kahi.y I'lii.o.x.
I'lilux piloiyit var. ivalleri ( iray, Man. ed. 2, 'A'M. IKS.
I\ pilom Walt. Ki. Car. itO. 1788, Not L,
/'. iniltrri Ciia]). I'l. :«!». 18t)(),
Kll. Sk. 1 : 217. (iray. Man. ed. 6, :?."w. Chap, V\. 1. c. Gray, Ryn. Fl. N. A. 2, ]>t. 1 : 130,
Carcdinian and Lonisianian area.s. Southern \'ir<i;inia west to Keutncky, houIIi-
western Missouri, and Arkansas, south along the mountains to Tennessee and I'lorida,
^ves^ to Mississippi.
Alahama: Tennessee Valley to the Coast plain. In lifjht silieeous soil, open hills
and ojieu eo])ses, Winston County, Sipsey N'alley, 1,2(K) feet. Cnllnian (.'ounty.SOO
feet, Lee County, Auburn {Earlv .f- I'lidencood). Clarke, Eseainbia, Mobile, and
l<ald\vin counties. Flowers purplish pink; March to May, F'retjueut, most so in
the f^rassy ])ine barrens of the Lower I'ine reofion.
Type locality: "Near the Sautce Caual, in South-Caroliua."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv, Herb, Mohr,
Phlox divaricata L. Sp, PI. 1 : 152. 1753, Blck Phlox, Swekt William,
Kll, Sk. 1 : 248. Grav, Man. ed, 6, 355. Chap. Fl. 338. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, ]it.
1:131.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario and uorthwestern New York, west to
Minnesota, Missouri, aud Arkansas, and south to the Gulf, Ironj F'lorida to western
Louisiana.
Alaijama: Mountain region to Tipper division of Coast I'ine belt. Kich open
woods. Madison County. Moutesano, 1,.500 feet, Franklin County, Kussellville.
Clarke County, Thoniasville. Tuscaloosa County (E. J. >)>mith). Flowers lavender-
blue; April. Not infrequent, mostly in the mountains.
Type locality: " Hab in Virginia."'
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb, Mohr.
Phlox reptans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 145. 1803. Crkeping Purplk Phlox.
Ell. Sk. 1:248. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 3.55. Chap. Fl. 338. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:131.
Carolinian area, Allegheny Mountains from Pennsylvania to Kentucky, Tennes-
see, and Georgia,
Alabama: Mountain region. Cullman County, 800 to 1,000 feet {Miss M. Mohr).
Flowers rose-purjde; June. Rare.
Type locality : "Hab. in excelsis montibus Carolinac occldentalis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb Mohr.
GILIA Ruiz & Pav. Prodr. Fl. Per. 25, t. 4. 1794.
About 75 species, Chile, Peru. North America, chiefly Western, about 50. South
Atlantic, 1.
Gilia coronopifolia (Willd.) Pers. Syn. 1:187. 1805. Spanish Cyprkss.
CantiKi eornnopifoVm Willd. Sj). I'l. 1:879. 1797.
Ijioinojisis tlcfiauH Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 142, 1803,
roJemonium rubnim L. Sp. PI. 1 : 163. 17.53.
Kll. Sk. 1 : 260. Chap. Fl. 339. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 145. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2:277.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Carolina to Florida, Arkansas, and
Texas.
Alabama: Lower hills. Dry exposed jdaces. Bibb County, Pratts Ferry. Flow-
ers scarlet; .June, .July. Biennial herb, U to 2 feet high, very showy.
Economic uses: Frecjuently cultivated for ornament, under the name " Spanish
larkspur.'"
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolinac citerioris arenosis."
Herb. (ieol. Surv.
POLEMONIUM L. Sp. PI. 1:162. 1753.
About 15 species, temperate Europe, Asia, Chile. North America, 8; mostly
Western.
Polemonium reptans L. Syst. ed. 10, 925. 1789. Greek Valerian.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 261. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 356. Chap. FL 340. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:151.
WATEE-LEAF FAMILY. fi87
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Minnesota, New York, Virginia, west to
Missouri, Arl^ansas, south along the mountains to upi)er Georgia and northern
Mississippi.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower hills. Shady rich woodlands. Madison
County, Montesano, 1,500 feet. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith). Flowers ceru-
lean blue ; April, May. Not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality (L. Sp. PI. ed. 2) : " Hab. in Virginia,"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE. Water-leaf Family.
HYDROPHYLLUM L. 8p. PI. 1:146. 1753.
Six species, temperate North America. Eastern North America, 4.
Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt. .Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 111. 1834.
Larger Water-i.eaf.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 357. Chap. Fl. Snppl. 639; ed.3, 355. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:154.'
Allegheniau and Carolinian areas. Southwestern Virginia, mountains, 4,000 feet,
to Missouri, south to Tennessee and northern Mississippi.
Alabama : Mountain region. Rich woods. Madison County, Montesano, 1,,500
feet. Flowers pale butf; April. Rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "In the forests of Kentucky. Discovered by Dr. Short."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
NEMOPHILA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2 : 179. 1822. Nemophila.
Nine species, mostly Western North America. Pacific slope, 7.
Nemophila microcalyx (Nutt.) Fisch. & Mey. Sert. Petrop. 1846.
Eastern Nemoimiila.
EUisia microcalyx Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 5: 191. 1837.
Chap. Fl. 334. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:157. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 279.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia, Tennessee, lower Georgia, and Flor-
ida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Damp shady borders of woods and
copses. Tuscaloosa County (£. ^, <Swii</t). Mobile County. Flowers white; March.
Not infrecjuent. Annual.
Type locality : "In Arkansas, Alabama, etc."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PHACELIA Juss. Gen. PI. 127. 1789.
About 80 species, Chilean Andes, mountains of Mexico. North America, .55 ; chiefly
southwestern and Pacific. Eastern North America, 9.
Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 134, t. 16. 1803.
Bipinnatifid-leaf Phacelia .
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 359. Chap. Fl. 335. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A, 2, pt. 1 : 161.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. West Virginia to altitude 3,500 feet; Ken-
tucky to Missouri, and along the Alleghenies to Tennessee and North Carolina.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Shaded rocky hillsides. Lau-
derdale County (M. C. Wilson). .lackson County, Gurley's farm, 1,000 feet. Madi-
son County, Montesano, 1,500 feet. Flowers sky-bhie; April. Not infrequent.
Biennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in sylvis oecidentalibus mowt'iwai Alk'ghenis et Kentucky."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Phacelia brevistylis Buckl. Am. Journ. Sci. 45 : 172. 1843.
Phacelia bipinnatifida var. brevistylis Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 161.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. c.
Alabama: Lower hilks. Tuscaloosa County (R. J. Nevius). Local and rare.
Biennial.
Type locality : " Limestone rocks, Hamburg, Wilcox County, Alabama."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
r>88 PLANT LIFK oK AI.AIJAMA.
Phacelia puishii Hiukl. Am. .loiiin. S( i. 45 : 171. 1S1;{. I'licsir's I'iiacki.ia.
J'harclia fimhrialtt I'lirHli, V\. Am. Sept. 1: 1 Id. isi I. Not Miclix.
Kll. Sk.i :!':{(). in part. (Jrav, Man. e.i. (!. M:')!*. Cliai). Fl. :«."i. (iniv. Svn. Fl. N. A.
2, pt. 1: 1()1.'.
(Jaroliiuan area. Western I't-nnsylvania and Nir^inia to MisHonri, Arkansas, and
Minnesota^ ?)> s<"ith to 'IVuucs.seo and Nortii Caroiiiia.
Ai.AB.VMA : 'I'cnncHsec \alley. Mountain n'gion. Sliaded banks, borders of woods,
(•(>]>ses. I'ranklin County, Kussellvillf. Matlisou County, Unntsville, shaded rocky
banks. Tuscaloosa County (A*. ^. 6'mj</i). Flowers pule blm* ; April, May. Not fre-
quent. Annual.
Type locality: "Western and Southern States."
Herb. Ueol. Snrv. Herb. Molir.
PhaceUa dubia(L.) 'Sinall. Hull. Torr. ( 'lub, 21 : 303. 1894.
Small- Ki,<»\vKKi:i> I'hackma.
I'olemoniiim diihiiim L. Sp. PI. 1: 163. 17.53.
I'hacelia parvitlora I'ursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 140 181(3.
r. ininilla Buekl. Am. Journ. Sci. 45 : 172. 1843.
Chap. ri. 33.5. Oray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 1(}2, Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 280.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Tenusylvania and Ohio to Missouri and Texas
and to North Carolina.
.\i.Ait.\MA: Metainorpliic hills. Central Prairie rej^ion. Shaded rocky banks. Lee
County, .\uburn (Karlv .i rndnirood). Wileox County ( fiiicklty). Flowers pale blue;
May. Local; iufre<|uent. Foui- to (> inches high. Annual.
Type locality: ''Halt, in Virginia."'
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Phacelia fimbriata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 134. 1803. Fkingk-klo wered Phacelia.
Cray, Man. ed. 6, 3.59. Chap. Fl. 335. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 162.
Carolinian area. Southwestern Virginia, 4,800 feet; North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region tide Gray. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in excelsis montibas Carolinae."
Herb. Geol, Surv. Herb, Mohr.
NAMA L. Sp. PL 1 : 226, 1753.
(Hydrolea L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1:.328. 1762.)
Nama quadrivalvis (Walt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2 :435. 1891.
Hydroha iinadrivalris Walt. FL Car. 110. 1788.
//. rarolhiiana Michx. FL Bor. Am. 1: 177, 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:336. Chap. Fl. 336. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1: 176.
L/Ouisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana and Missouri.
Alabama: Coast plain. Muddy banks, ditches. Mobile County. Flowers sky-
blue; August, September. Common. Perennial.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Mohr. Herb. Geol. Surv.
Nama ovata (Nutt.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:272. 1894. Ovatk-Leaf Nama.
Ilildrolta ovata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 5 : 196. 1835-1837.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 640; ed. 3, 357. Gray, Syn FL N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 176. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2:282.
Louisianian area. Southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas to Mississippi.
Alabama : Central Prairie region ; Itorders of ptmds and ditches. Hale County,
Gallion. Autauga County, Prattville {E. A. Smith). Flowers azure; June. Not
freijuent. Perennial.
Tyi»e locality: '' On the margins of ponds, Arkansas."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MARILAUNIDIUM Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2 : 434. 1891.
(Nama L. Syst. ed. 10, 2 : 950. 1759. Not L. Sp. PL 1 : 226. 1753.)
Two 8i)ecies, annual weeds. Western North America and West Indies.
Marilaunidium jamaicense (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2 : 434. 1891.
Jamaica ConeflowEr.
Nama jamaicensis L. Syst. ed. 10, 93. 1759
Chap.Fl. .337. Grav. Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 174. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 280.
Griseb. FL Brit. W. Ind. 477.
BORAGE FAMILY. 689
Wkst Indies, Mexico, Central America.
Louisianian area. Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Waste places, roadsides. Mobile Comitv. Flowers white ;
June to October. Coninion about the city. Annual.
Type locality (L. Sp. PI. ed. 2) : " Hab. in Jamaica."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
BORAGINACEAE. Borage Family.
HELIOTROPIUM L. Sp. PL 1 : 130. 1753.
One hundred and fifteen species, warmer regions of the globe. North America, 14,
Southern and Southwestern.
Heliotropium europaeum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 130. 1753. I^uropean Heliotrope.
Europe.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Sparingly naturalized from southern New
York to the Gulf.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley and Coast plain. Waste places. Morgan County,
Decatur. Lawrence County, Moulton, near dwellings. Mobile County, persistent
near the shipping aud on ballast heaps. Flowers white; August, October. Not
infrequent. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europa australi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Heliotropium curassavicum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 130. 1753. Seaside Heliotrope.
Ell. Sk. 1:221. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 361. Chap. Fl. 330. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1 : 185. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 285.
West Indies, Mexico to Chile, Australia.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. Seashore of southern Virginia to Florida, west to
Texas and southern Illinois. Saline desert region of the interior to Oregon.
Alabama: Littoral region. Saline marshes. Mobile and Baldwin counties.
Flowers pearl blue; July to October. Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Aniericae calidioris maritimis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Heliotropium teuellum (Nutt.) Torr. in Macy's Eep. 304, 1. 14. 1853.
lAthosperhium tenelltun Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 5 : 188. 1837.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 361. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 639; ed. 3, 359. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1 : 184. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 285.
South America, Australia.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Missouri and Kansas to western
Tennessee, Alabama, and Texas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Dry exposed places, pastures, roadsides. Mont-
gomery County. Flowers white; July. Infrequent. Annual.
Type locality : "In arid jdaces in the prairies of Red River," Arkansas.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Heliotropium indicum L. Sp. PL 1 : 130. 1753. Indian Heliotrope.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 224. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 362. Chap. FL 330. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 186.
Introduced from the Tropics. Fully naturalized in the Ohio Valley, and thence to
Florida and the eastern Gulf States.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley and along the river valleys to the coast. Cultivated
and waste grounds. "J'uscaloosa County. Flowers azure; August to October. Every-
where, southward common. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in India utraque."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Heliotropium anchusaefolium Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 3 : 23. 1813.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 639; ed. 3, 360. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1: 186.
Southern Brazil, Argentina.
Louisianian area. Si^aringly naturalized. Florida, middle Georgia.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Waste places near dwellings. Montgomery
County. Flowers rose-purple ; July. Not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: " Cette plante croit a Buenos- Ayres."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
15894 44
r)V»0 I'LANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
CYNOGLOSSUM 1.. Sp. PI. 1: i:M. 175S. lIoiNDs-TONciiK.
Seventy-oijjht spei-ics, temperate and waimer regions, Northern Hemisphere,
r,nri>]ic, northern Africa, western Asiu, India. North America, 7; endemic, (5.
Cynoglossum officinale L. Sp. PI. 1:131. 17r)3. Common IIound's-tongue.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 362. Chap. Fl. 333. Gray, Syii. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1: 187.
KlROI-K.
Allt'jihciiian and Carolinian areas. Naturalized in Canada, Missouri, and Arkansjis,
and from the Oliio Valley to North Carolina and upper (^eorgia.
Ai.AKAM.v : Tennessee Valley. Waste places, roadsides. Morgan County, Dc^catur.
Lawrence County, Moulton. Flowers dark purjilo; June to September. Not fre-
quent. Annual or biennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europac ruderatis."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Cynoglossum virginianum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 134. 1753. Wild Comfrey.
Ci/noi/lossitm amplexicaule Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 1.32. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 228. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 364. Chap. Fl. 333. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, 1 : 188.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario, Quebec; New England west to Minne-
sota, Ohio Valley to Missouri, Kansas, and Arkansas, south along the mountains
from New York to Tennessee and North Carolina.
Alahama: Mountain region. Rich woodlands. Lawrence County, 1,200 feet.
Winston County, 1,500 feet. Madison County, Montesano, 1,.500 feet. Oekalb
County, Lookout Mountain, 1,800 feet. Flowers sky-blue; April, May. Not rare.
Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr,
LAPPULA Moench, Meth. 416. 1794.
(Echinospermum Sw. ; Lehm. Asperif. 113. 1818.)
About 40 species, temperate regions, mostly Northern Hemisphere. South Africa,
Australia. North America, 7 or 8.
Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene, Pittonia, 2 : 182. 1891. Beggar's Lice.
Myosotia virginiana L. Sp. PI. 1 : 131. 1753.
Echinospermum virginicnm Lehm. Asperif. 117. 1818.
Cynoqlossum morrisoni DC. Prodr. 10 : 155. 1846.
Ell. Sk. 1:225. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 362. Chap. Fl. 333. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1 : 189.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick, Ontario, and Lake Superior;
New England west to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to the Ohio Valley, Missouri,
and Kansas, and from New York along the mountains to South Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region to Upper division of Coast Pino belt. Damp shady
borders of woods, copses. Cullman County, 800 feet. Tuscaloosa County. Clarke
County, Suggs ville, 300 feet (Z)j-. i>ewny). Flowers p.ale blue; July. Not fretjuent.
Biennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MERTENSIA Roth, Catal. Bot. 1 : 34. 1797.
About 14 species. Temperate Europe, Asia. North America, 7 or 8.
Mertensia virginica (L.) DC. Prodr. 10 : 88. 1846. Virginia Lungwort.
I'uhnonaria virginica L. Sp. PL 1 : 135. 17.53.
Ell. Sk. 1:228. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 364. Chap. Fl. 332. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1:200.
Carolinian .area. Southern Ontario and New York, Ohio Valley to Missouri and
Arkansas, south from New Jersey to the mountains of South Carolina.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Rich wooded banks of streams.
Lauderdale County, Florence (M. C. IVilaon). Winston County, Sipsey Valley {T. M.
Peters), Flowers purple; May. Infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BOKAGE FAMILY. 691
MYOSOTIS L. Sp. PL 1 : 131 . 1753.
Forty species, temperate and colder regions, mostly of the Northern Hemisphere.
Europe, northern Asia. North America, 6; endemic, 4.
Myosotis virginica (L.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N, Y. 37. 1888.
Vernal Forget-me-not.
Lycopsis virginica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 139. 1753.
Myosotis rcrita Nntt. (ien. Add. 1818.
M. stricta (iray, Man. 338. 1848. Not Link.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 365. Chap. Fl. 333. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1: 202. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 287.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Ontario; New England west to Minnesota,
the Ohio Valley, Missouri, and Arkansas, south from Virginia to middle Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast Pine belt. Open places, borders of fields.
Lee County, Auburn {Baker if- EarJe). Madison Co.i.ity, Huntsville, 800 feet. Dry
calcareous hillsides. Tuscaloosa Countj'. Montgomery County, prairies near
Pintlalla Creek, about 250 feet altitude. Clarke County, Thomasville. Flowers
white; April. Not rare. Annnal.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia ad vias."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Myosotis verna niacrosperma Chap. Fl. 333. 1860.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 203. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 287.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Florida to Texas, northwest to British Colum-
bia and Oregon.
Alabama : Metamorphic hills to Coast plain. Open dry prairies. Montgomery
County. Lee County, Auburn {Baker 4- Earle). Mobile County. Flowers April.
Annual.
Type locality: "Florida and westward."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LITHOSPERMUM L. Sp. PI. 1:132. 1753. Gromwell.
About 40 species, colder and warmer temperate regions of Europe and Asia. North
America, 11 ; Atlantic, 7.
Lithospermum arvense L. Sp. PI. 1 : 132. 1753. Gromwell,
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 365. Chap. Fl. 331. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1: 203.
Europe.
Carolinian area. Naturalized from southeastern Canada to Florida and west to
Arkansas.
Alabaaia : Over the State. In grain fields. Tennessee Valley. Mobile County.
Flowers white ; June, July. Found sparingly. Annual.
Type locality : '' Hab. in Europae agris et arvis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Asperif. 305. 1818. PuccooN.
Batschia canescens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 130. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:227. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 366. Chap. Fl. 332. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:204.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario to Saskatchewan; New York west to
Minnesota and Neljraska, prairies of Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, and New
Mexico; south from New Jersey and West Virginia to Tennessee and South Caro-
lina.
Alabama : Mountain region. Dry exposed hillsides. Madison County, Monte-
sano, calcareous rocky banks, 1,000 feet. Lauderdale County, Florence (M. C. IVil-
son). Lawrence County, open rocky woods aljout Gumi)ond, 800 feet. Flowers deep
yellow; April, May. Not infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in coUibus sylvaticis Tennassce."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lithospermum tuberosum Rugel; DC. Prodr. 10: 76. 1846.
Tuberous-rooted Gromwell.
Chap. Fl. 332. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 203.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Western Florida.
Alabama : Mountain region to Coast Pine belt. Rocky or gravelly banks. Lau-
derdale County, Florence {M. C. Wilson). Greene County, Kuoxville. Madison
County, limestone hills, flank Montesano, 800 to 1,000 feet. Tuscaloosa County {E.
()'.>'2 PLANT LIFE oF ALABAMA.
A. Smith). Clarkoroiinty. Sn<jgsvilli> (Dr. Deiinii). Mobile County, aHlouder depan-
ftiTiitt'd form. Flowers whiff ; Marcli, Ajtril. InlVoqiient. Srveral stems, more or
ess ileeumbeiit from the t iilieroiisly tliickoned root, i'erenuial.
Type loeality : "In I'loridjs propo Aspala^a (Kugel!)."
Herb. Geol. ."iiirv. Ilerl>. Mohr.
ONOSMODIUM Miehx. Fl. Hor. Am. I:i:i2. 1803.
Six species, temi)orate North Amci ica, Mexico. United States and Hritish >'orth
Anierie.i. .">.
Ouosmodium carolinianum (Lam.) A. DC. I'rodr. 10 : 70 ISK!.
t"Ai;()i,iNA Fal.sk Gkomwkix.
LHhonpermum carolinlatium Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1 : 367. 17!ll.
Gray, Man. ed. H, 3(i6. Chap. F1.331. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:206. Coulter,
Coiitr'Nat. Herb. 2 : 1'SS.
AUejihenian to Louisiaiiian area. Ontario, western New York, and western Penn-
sylvania to Missouri, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Colorado; Ohio X'alley to Missouri
and Arkansas; and from X(;w Jersey to Florida and Texas.
Alahama: Throughout the .State. Grassy o])en plaees. open woods and copses, in
light soil. Lauderdale, Cullman, Clarke, Washington, and ^lobile counties. Flowers
yellowish white; May, June. Fruit ripe July. Common. Most frequent in the Coast
Fine belt. Perennial.
Type locality : -'E Carolinia. D. Frascr.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Onosmodium virginiauum (L.) A. DC. Prodr. 10 : 70. 1846.
Virginia Falsk Gkomwell.
Lilho-ijiermiim virtjhiianitm L. Sp. PI. 1 : 132. 1753.
Onosmodium hisjyidum Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1 : 133. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 226. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 366. Chap. Fl. 331. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 206.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New England and New Jersey, west to Ohio,
Missouri, and Arkansas, south to the Gulf States from Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama : Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Grassy banks, open copses, light soil.
Tuscaloosa County (i\ .1. .Shu'//*). Autauga, Clarke, and Mobile counties. Flowers
dingy white; May. Not infre(|uent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
VERBENACEAE. Vervain Family.
VERBENA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 18. 1753. Vekvaix.
About 80 species, extratropical and tropical zones of both hemispheres, chiefly
South and Southwestern America. Europe, 1; North America, 16.
Verbena ofBcinalis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 20. 17.53. Common A'ervain.
I'erlirna spuria L. Sp. PI. 1 : 20. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2:07. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 401. Chap. Fl. 307. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
335. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:327. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1:608.
EuROPK. Cosmopolitan in warmer temperate regions.
Naturalized from New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas, Arizona, and southern
California.
Alabama: Throughout the State, waysides, borders of fields. Most frequent in
the Tennessee Valley and in the Coast plain. Mobile County, on the coast; a com-
mon wayside weed. Flowers lilac; July to October. Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae mcditerraneae ruderatis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Verbena xutha Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 1834.
J'erbena lucaeana M'alp. Kep. 4 : 23. 1844-1848.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 335. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 327.
Mexico.
Louisianian area. Louisiana and Texas to southern California.
Alabama: Littoral region. Baldwin County, Navy Cove, waste places. Most
probably adventive from the southwest. Flowers purple, August. Local and rare.
A coarse weed, 2 to 3 feet high. Perennial.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
VERVAIN FAMILY. 693
Verbena urticaefolia L. Sp. PI. 1 : 20. 1753. White Vervain.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 98. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 402. Chap. Fl. 307. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:335. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :327. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 493.
West Indies, Mexico, Central America.
Allegbeniau, Caroliiiiau, and Lonisianian areas. Quebec, Ontario; New England
west to Nebraska, south to the Gulf from Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Damp low thickets, borders of fields aud woods.
Flowers white or blue; July to October. Common everywhere. A coarse weed, 2 to
3 feet high. Perennial. A form with blue flowers and the leaves rougher with the
above in the Coast plain.
Type locality: "llab. in Virgiuiae, Canadae aridis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Verbena Carolina L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 29. 1762. Carolina Vervain.
Verbena caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 14. 1803.
Fhryma carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 166. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 99. Chap. Fl. 307. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 336.
Mexico, Guatemala.
Lonisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama : Central Pine belt to Lower Pine region. Dry sandy soil. Open copses
and open pine woods. Bibb, Autauga, Montgomery, Clarke, Washington, Escambia,
Mobile, aud Baldwin counties. Flower.s pink; June, July. Common. Perennial.
One to H ^«et high. Most frequent in the dry pine barrens of tbe Coast Pine belt.
Type locality : " Hal), in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Verbena augustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 14. 1803. Narrow-leaf Vervain.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 402. Chap. Fl. 307. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 336.
Allegbeniau aud Cai'olinian areas. Ontario; New England, west to Minnesota;
southern Ohio Valley, Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Central Prairie region. Exposed places, borders
of fields, pastures. Jackson County, Stevensou, 600 feet. Madison aud Marshall
counties. Morgan County, Decatur. Montgomery County. Flowers blue; May to
July. Frequent. Most frequent in the stiff calcareous clay soil all over the Ten-
nessee Valley. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Tennasso'e et in comitatu Carlisle, Pennsylvaniae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Verbena hastata L. Sp. PI. 1 : 20. 1753. Blue Vervain.
Verbena paniculata Lara. Encycl. 8 : 548. 1808.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 97. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 402. Chap. Fl. 307. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 336.
Allegbeniau and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia and Quebec to Manitoba; New
England west to Minnesota, Missouri, Arkansas, New Mexico, California, and south
through the Ohio Valley to Tennessee, South Carolina, and Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Jackson County, Stevenson (-&'. J. <Swn/7/.). Scarce.
Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Canadae humidis."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Verbena bracteosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 13. 1803.
Verbena canescens Chap. Fl. 307. 1860. Not H. B. K.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 402. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 336. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 327.
Allegbeniau to Lonisianian area. Saskatchewan, British Columbia; Minnesota,
Michigan, the Ohio Valley, Missouri, Arkansas, southern Tennessee, and from
Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Lawrence County, Moulton. Tuscaloosa, Mont-
gomery, and Mobile counties. Open sandy places, pastures, roadsides. Always
near dwellings. Flowers purjilish : July to September. Not frequent. Annual or
perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in regione Illinoensi et in urbe Nash-ville."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Verbena canadensis (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 :276. 1894.
Aublet's Verbena.
Bitchnera canadensis L. Mant. 1 : 88. 1767.
Verbena aubletia Jacq. Hort. Vindeb. 2 : 82, 1. 176. 1772.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 96. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 402. Chap. Fl. 307. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 337.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 328.
0)04 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Sonthfrn Illinois, Houtlieru Missouri, south to
Texas and cast to Florida and youth Carolina.
.Vi.aiiama: Prairie re;fion. Ilry prairies. Wilcox County {S. />'. liiickUy). Tus-
caloosa County (A'. .). Smith). Flowers rose-purple, showy; March, April. K'are;
tVeciucntly culti\ ated. I'ercunial.
Type locality : '' Hal), in Virjjiuia."
Herb. Geol. iSurv. Herb. Mohr.
Verbena rigida Si)renL'. Syst. Ve>:. 4, pt. 2: 230. 1827. Kicii) ^■EI:l!l•:NA.
Wrhena venom (lill tV Hook, in Hook. Hot. Misc. 1: 167. 1830.
Introduced tioni Hrazil and escaped from cultivation. Naturalized on the Gulf
coast and iu southern Texas.
Alabama: Mobile County, roadsides, waste places near dwellings. Flowers
carmine; April, May. Not infrequent. Perennial.
Tyjie locality : "Kio Grande. Sello." (Brazil.)
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Verbena bonariensis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 28. 1762.
Adventive from southern Brazil, Argentina.
Ai-ahama: Mobile County, fugitive on ballast. Flowers purplish; July. A coarse
branching plant, 2 to 3 feet high. Observed lirst July, 1S!)3, and subsecjuent seasons;
s])reading to roadsides. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in agro Bonariensi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Verbena tenera Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2 : 750. 1827.
Adventive from southern Brazil, Argentina.
Alabama: Mobile County, fugitive on ballast (Hunter's Wharf). Flower deep
blue; August, September. 1893-1895. Low creeping, the sunVuticosestem 1 to 2 feet
long. Perennial.
Type locality : "Montevideo. Sello."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Verbena canescens H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2 : 274, 1. 136. 1814.
Adventive from Mexico.
Mobile County, on ballast heaps. June to November, 1892-1891. Flowers lilac.
Perennial.
Type locality : "Crescit in montlbus Mexicanorum, prope Guanaxuato, Marlil et
fodinam Belgrado, alt. 1000-1250 hex."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
ABENA Xec.ker, Elem. Bot. 1. 1790.
(Stachytarpheta Vahl, Ennm. 1 : 205. 1805.)
About 10 species, tropical America.
Abena janiaicen.sis (L.) A. S. Hitchcock in Trelease, Rep. Mo. Bot. (iard. 1893.
Verbena javiaicennis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 19. 1753.
Stachytarpheta jamaicensiH Vahl, Enum. 1 : 206. 1805.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 334. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 494.
West Indies, South Amkrica.
Louisianian area. Southern Florida.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile County, September, 1893. Not observed
since. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Jamaica et Caribaeis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BOUCHEA Cham. Liunaea, 7 : 253. 1832.
Tropical regions of Africa, India, America.
Bouchea prismatica (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : 502. 1891.
Verbena prismatica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 19. 1753.
Stachi/tarplirla jn-ismaliia Xsihl, Enum. 1 : 205. 1805.
Bouchea ehrcnhcrtjii Cham. Linuaea, 7:253. 1832.
Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 334. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 493.
VERVAIN FAMILY. 695
West Indies, Mexico, Venezuela.
Louisianiiiu and Lower Sonorau areas. Southern Arizona.
Alabama: Fugitive ou ballast. Mobile County, September, 1893-94. Flowers
deep blue. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Jamaica."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LIPPIA L. Sp.P1.2:633. 1753.
Ninety species, cbiefly tropical America. West Indies to Brazil. Argentina.
Lippia nodiflora (L.) Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 15. 1803.
Spatulate-leaved Fog Fruit.
Ferbena nodifiora L. Sp. PI. 1 : 20. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 101. Chap. Fl. 308. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 339. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 329.
Cosmopolitan, on the coasts of warmer regions.
Louisiauian area. South Carolina and Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Littoral regions. Damp sandy places. Mobile County.
Baldwin County. Flowers pink ; May to November. Abundant. Closely creeping.
Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lippia Janceolata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 15. 1803. Lance-leaf Fog Fuuit.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 101. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 402. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 329.
Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Pennsylvania to Michigan, Missouri, Arkansas,
and Texas, and from West Virginia to Tennessee.
Alabama: Lower hills. Damp banks. Tuscaloosa County (^. ^. 5mj//(). Rare.
Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in Carolina juxta amniculum Ashley."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LANTANA L. Sp. PL 2 : 627. 1753.
Fifty species, tropical, chiefly of the West Indies and South America to Brazil.
Trees or shrubby.
Lantana camara L. Sp. PI. 2 : 627. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 102. Chap. Fl. 308. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 340. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 329. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 495.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil.
Louisiauian area. Southern Georgia, Florida, southwestern Texas.
Alabama : Coast plain. Waste places near dwellings, escaped from cultivation.
Flowers orange and deep flame color ; May to October. Fruit a bluish black, shining
berry. Not infrequent. Shrub 3 to 4 feet high.
Type locality: '*Hab. in America calidiore."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CALLICARPA L. Sp. PI. 1: 111. 1753.
About 35 species, eastern Asia, New Holland, West Indies. North America, 1.
Callicarpa americana L. Sp. PI. 1:111. 1753. French Mulberry.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 199. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 403. Chap. Fl. 309. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 340. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 330.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. West Virginia, central Tennessee to Florida,
and west to Texas.
Alabama : Mountain region to Coast plain. Dry open woods and copses. Clay
County, Moseley, 1,000 feet. Cullman County, 800 feet. Lee County, Auburn, 860
feet. Autauga, Clarke, Escambia, and Mobile counties. Flowers pink; June, July.
Fruit ripe September, October; rose-pink. Common. A form with white berries
not rare about Mobile. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia, Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
()*.)(') PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
PHRYMA L. Sp. I'l. 2:(;iU. 1753.
One species, oaHtorii Asia, .lapau, >i'orth Aiiieiica.
Phryma leptostachya L. Sp. I'l. 2: (501. IT.'i}. LoPSEED.
Kll. .Sk. 2:!iti. (Jiav, Man. ed. 6, 403. Chap. Fl. 3IG. Ciray, Syn. Fl. N. A.. 2, pt.
1 : 3:U.
Allegheuian to Loiiieiauiaii area. New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario; New Eng-
land west to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to the Ohio Valley, Missouri, and
Arkansas, and from New York to Florida and northern Mississippi.
Ai-abama: Tennessee Valley and valleys in the mountain region. Damp, rich
forests. Blount C'ounty, bottom lands of Mulberry Fork. Flowers purplish; .June.
Not common. Perennial.
Type locality: '' Ilab. in America septentrional!.''
Herb. Ueol. »Surv. Herb. Mohr.
NEPETACEAE. Mint Family.
MESOSPHAERUM P. Br. Hist. Jam. 257. 1756. Swamp Basil.
(Hyptis Jac<i. Coll. 1 : 101. 1786. )
About 250 species of tropical and subtropical America. West Indies to Brazil.
United States, 4.
Mesosphaerum rugosum (L.) Pollard, Bull. Torr. Club, 24:156. 1897.
Clhiopodium riif/ositm L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 822. 1763.
Hyptis ladiata NVilld. Sp. PL 3.- 84. 1800.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 78. Chap. Fl. 312. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, nt. 1 : 3.50. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 333.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama : Central Pine belt. Lower Pine region. Margins of ])ine-barren
ponds. Autauga County (^. A. Smith). Flowers white, purplish-dotted; .Inly,
August. Common. Stem from a creeping rootstock, simple, 2 to 4 feet high.
Abundant throughout the Lower Pine region. Perennial.
Tyi)e locality: "Hab. in Carolina, Jamaica, Gallia aequiuoctiali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
COLLINSONIA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 28. 1753. HoRSE Balm.
Four species, perennials. Eastern North America.
Collinsonia scabriuscula Ait. I fort. Kew. 1:47. 1789. Pukple Horse Balm.
Collinsonia tuberosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 17. 1803.
C. scabra Piursh, 1 : 20. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 35, 36. Chap. Fl. 316. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 351.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Carolina to I'lorida and eastern Louis-
iana.
Alabama: Mountain region to Lower Pine region. Damj} thickets. Cullman
Coimty, 800 feet. Cleburne County, Wood's mine, 1,000 feet. Lee County, Opelika.
Escambia County, Wilson Station, 2.50 feet, shaded borders of pine-barren streams.
Flowers yellowish white with purple spots; September, October. Not rare. From
a thick tuber-like root, 2 to 2i feet high.
Type locality: "Native of East Florida. Mr. John Bartram."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Collinsonia canadensis L. Sp. PI. 1: 28. 1753. Canadian Horse Balm.
Ell. Sk. 1:34. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 407. Chap. Fl. 315. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A.
2, pt. 1:351.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Western Ontario ; New England and New York,
west to Michigan and Wisconsin, south to the Ohio Valley and Tennessee, and alojg
the mountains to middle Florida and northern Mississippi.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich woodlands. Winston County, 1,500 feet ( T. ^.
Peters). Cullman County, 800 feet. Flowers leuiou-yellow; July, August. Two to 3
feet high. From a hard, knotty, thick rootstock; infrequent.
Economic uses: The root is the "stone root" of medicine.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginiae, Canadae sylvis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MINT FAMILY. 697
Collinsonia anisata Sims, Bot. Mag. 29 :t. 1213. 1809. Citronella.
Ell. 8k. 1 : 37. Chap. Fl. 316. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 351.
Louisianiaii area. South Carolina to Florida, west to ilississippi.
Alabama: Metaraorpbic hills. Coast Pine belt. Coast plain. Shaded banks. Lee
County, Auburn {F. S. Earle). Clarke County, Suggsville {Dr. iJennij). Mobile and
Baldwin counties. Flowers yellow; September, October. Frequent. Perennial.
From a ligneous root ; li to 2 feet high.
P.conomic uses : The anise-scented leaves yield " citronella tea," used medicinally.
Type locality: "A native of South Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
PERILLA Ard. ; L. Gen. PI. ed. 6, Add. 578. 1764. East India Basil.
One or 2 species, Eastern Asia, India, China.
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 277. 1894.
Ocimum frutescens L. Sp. PI. 2 : 597. 1753.
Perilla ocyinoides L. Gen. PL ed. 6, add. 578. 1764.
India, China.
Introduced and naturalized. District of Columbia and southward.
Alabama: Coast plain. In low shaded or exposed waste places. Flowers purple;
October. A coarse annual, escaped from cultivation, becoming a common wayside
weed.
Type locality : " Hab. in India."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MENTHA L. Sp. PL 2:576. 1753. Mint.
Thirty to 40 species, chiefly in temperate regions, Northern Hemisphere. Europe,
northern Asia. North America, endemic, 1. About 1 dozen species, naturalized from
Europe.
Mentha piperita L. Sp. PL 1:576. 1753. Peppermint.
Europe.
Escaped from cultivation to low damp places. Flowers pink ; July. Infrequent.
Perennial.
Economic uses: The herb forms the "jjeppermint" or "Mentha piperita" of the
United States Pharmacopana.
Type locality: "Hab. in Anglia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Mentha spicata L. Sp. PL 1: 576. 1753. Spearmint. Applemint.
Mentha viridis L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 2 : 804. 1763.
Europe.
Escaped from cultivation and naturalized; low damp places; ditches; more fre-
quent than the last. July, August. Perennial.
Economic uses: The herb is the "Spearmint," "Mentha viridis" of the United
States Pharmacopceia.
Type locality: "Hab. in Dania, Germania, Anglia, Gallia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds.Fl.Angl. 221. 1762. Applemint. False Catnip.
Mentha spicata var. rotundifolia L. Sp. PL 1 : 576. 1753.
SouTHEKN Europe.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Naturalized on the Atlantic coast from south-
ern New England to Florida and on the Gulf coast.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low damp places, ditches. Mobile County. Flowers,
June to September. Common. An aromatic perennial, 1^ to 2 feet high.
Economic uses : The herb is used as a substitute for catnip.
Type locality: Same as of last.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LYCOPUS L. Sp. PL 1 : 21. 1753. Water Hoarhound.
Ten species, temperate regions of the Old World. Australia. North America, 6.
Lycopus virginicus L. Sp. Pl.l:21. 1753. Bugleweed.
Ell. Sk. 1:25. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 408. Chap. FL 313. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1: 353.
Boreal zone to Louisianian area. Labrador across the continent to British Co-
lumbia and Oregon; New England to Nebraska, south to Florida and Louisiana.
(U)8 PLANT LTFK OK ALABAMA.
Alabama: Tonnessec Valley to T^ower hills. Low, wet, shaded places, hottoiii lands.
Lff County, .\iiliimi { F. S. Farle). I.auderdalu, Hlonnt, and .leflersou connties.
Flowers ])niplirtli : .liiiic. K'ools stoloniferoiis. I'erennial.
Kionoinic uses: The liorb. iiiidtr the name of " buglcweed/' is used medicinally.
Typo loeality: "llab. in \'irv;inia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Alohr.
Lycopus rubellus Moench, Meth. Snppl. 146. 1802. Reddish Buglewekd.
Gray. Man. ed. tl. 108. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 375. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 353.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana,
Arkansas and southwestern Missouri.
Alabama: Lowit Pine region. Coast plain. Borders of swamps, ditches. Mobile
County. Flowers white to ]»ale pink ; August to October. Common. .Stohmiferoua,
2 to '2k feet high. I'erennial.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CUNILA L. Syst. ed. 10, 2 : 1359. 1759.
Fifteen species, North America, Mexico. South America to Argentina.
Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 278. 1894. American Dittany.
Satiireia orh/anoides L. Sp. PI. 2 : 568. 1753.
Ciiniht mariana L. Syst. ed. 10. 1359. 1759.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 27. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 409. Chap. Fl. 313. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 353.
Carolinian area. New Jersey, Virginia, and the Ohio Valley to Missouri, Arkansas,
and Tennessee, and along the mountains to North Carolina and northern Mississipjji.
Alaba.ma : Tennessee Valley, Mountain region, Lower hills. Dry rocky woods and
hillsides. Lauderdale County. Cullman County, 800 feet. Blount and Tuscaloosa
counties. Flowers purplish ; July, August. Freiiuent. Perennial.
Economic uses: The herb called "mountain dittany" is used in domestic medicine.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
KOELLIA Moench, Meth. 417. 1794.
(Brachystemon Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 5. 1803.)
(Pycnanthemu.m Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 7. 1803.)
Sixteen species, perennial herbs, Atlantic America, Alleghenian, and Southerr.
Pacitic, 1.
Koellia nuda (Nutt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : 520, 1891.
Bare STEMMED Horsemint.
Pycnanthemnm nudum Nutt. Gen. 2 : 34. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 81. Chap. Fl. 315. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 3.54.
Louisianian area. South Carolina (low country) and Georgia.
Alabama: Upper division Coast Pine belt. Grassy shaded banks in sandy soil.
Dale County (Chapman). Flowers white; August, September, rare.
Type locality : " In the mountains of Carolina and Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Koellia hyssopifolia (Benth.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 279. 1894.
Hyssop- leaf Mountain Mint.
Pycnanthetnuvi hyaaopifolium Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 329. 1834.
P. aristatum var. htjsKopifolinm Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 354. 1878.
Chap. Fl. 314. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 409.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida.
Alaba.ma: Central Pine belt. Dry open places. Tuscaloosa County. Chilton
County (E. A. Smith). Flowers white; July. Rare.
Type locality: " Hab. in America boreali: in Virginia herb. Hooker! Carolina
Bosc! Georgia Torreii! Louisiana Drummond!"
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr,
Koellia flexuosa (Walt.) MacMillan, Metasp. Minn. Val.452. 1892,
Virginian Thyme.
Satureja thymus virginicus L.Mant. 2: i09. 1771. liiot Satureja virginiana L. 1753.
Origan nm flexuosiim Walt. F\. Car. 165. 1788.
Pycnanthemum linifoJium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 409. 1814.
MINT FAMILY. 699
Ell. Sk. 2 : 82. Gray, Man. etl. 6, 410. Chao. Fl. 315. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
354. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 334.
Carolinian and. Louisianian areas. Ontario and southern New England to A"ir-
ginia, west to Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee, sou*h to Florida and west to
Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region to Central Prairie belt. Close
damp exposed ground, meadows, and prairies. Lauderdale County, abundant in the
barrens. Cullman County, 800 feet altitude. Tuscaloosa County (E. J. Smith).
Montgomery and Dallas counties. Flowers June, July. Abundant in low wet
prairies and in the barrens.
Economic uses: The herb known as "mountain mint" or "Pycnanthomum" is
used medicinally.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Koellia pycnauthemoides (Leavenw.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : .520. 1891.
Mountain Basil.
Tullia pycnanthemoides Leavenw. Am. Journ. Sci. 20 : 343, t. 5. 1830.
Pycnanthemum tullia Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 328. 1834.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 410. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 376. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 355.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia and along the mountains to
Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region, Coosa hills. Dry copses and borders of woods.
Clay County, Talladega Mountains to 2,200 feet altitude. Cullman County, 800
feet. Talladega County, Chandler Springs, 1,200 feet; Kenfroe, 800 feet altitude.
Lee County, Auburn. Calhoun County, Anniston. Flowers purplish; August,
September. Frequent.
Type locality: ''Paint Mountain in Eastern Tennessee."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Koellia albescens (Torr. & Gr.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 2 : 520. 1891.
Whitish Basil.
Pjicnanthemum albescens Torr. & Gr. ; Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 42 : 45. 1842.
P. incanum var. albescens Chap. Fl. 314. 1860.
Chap. Fl. 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 356. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 335.
Louisianian area. Florida to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Dry borders of woods, fence rows.
Flowers white; July to September. Slightly fragrant.
Type locality: "Hab. in Louisiana, /«r/a/Zs, Hale, et Alabama, Gates."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Koellia montana (Michx.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : 520. 1891.
PyciHinthemtnn montanum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 8. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 80. Chap. Fl. 315. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 356.
Carolinian area. Mountains southern Virginia, Tennessee to Georgia.
Alabama. Mountain region. Fide Gray. Not observed lately.
Type locality : " Hab. in altis montibus Carolinae."
HEDEOMA Pers. Syn. 2 : 131. 1807.
Twelve species. South and North America, 10 ; mostly Southwestern in the Lower
Sonoran area.
Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Syn. 2 : 131. 1807. American Pennyroyal.
Melissa pulegioides L. Sp. PI. 2 : 593. 1753.
CuniJa pulegioides L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1 : 30. 1762.
Ell. Sk. 1:28. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 412. Chap. Fl. 316. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 362.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Coast of Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario; southern New England west to Iowa, south to
the Ohio Valley, Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee, and along the mountains to
Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Metamorphic hills. Dry open
woods and hillsides. Madison County, Huntsville. Lauderdale County. Cullman
County, 800 feet. Tallapoosa County, Dadeville. Tuscaloosa County. Abundant
wherever it occurs. Annual.
Economic uses: The herb is the "pennyroyal" or "Hedeoma" of the United
States Pharmacopoeia.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Mohr.
700 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
DICERANDRA J5eiitb. Hot. Keg. 15, suh 1. 13(>(). 1K29,
(Ckraniiikka 1:)1. Sk. 2 : !I3. 1821-24. Not Hciiiv. ISO?, nor Kiif. 1818. )
Two spi'iics, annuals. Soiitlicaatern North America.
Dicerandra Uuearifolia (Ell.) IJeuth. liot. Reg. 15, nuh t. ISOO. 182!t. -
LaUOE-FI.OW EKK1> I'ennyroyal.
dranthera UnearifoUa VAX. Sk. 2 : 94. 1821-24.
IHccvaudru linearis Heutb. Lab. Gen. Ar Sj). 413. 1834.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 318. Gray, Syii. Fl. N. A. 2, i>t. 1 : 3(;5.
Loulsianian an-a. Georgia and Florida.
Ai.auama: t^oast plain. Dry sandy pine barrens. Dale Conuty (^E. A. Smith).
Haldwin County, Stoekton. Flowers pah- pink, puridc-siiotted; August, September.
Not frequent. Local. Iligbly aromatic.
Tyi»e locality: "(JrowB abundantly in tbr bigli pim; barren ridges between the
Flint and ("batabouchie rivers."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CLINOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 2:587. 1753.
(Cai.amintiia Moencb, Moth. 408. 1794.)
About 40 species, temperate regions Northern Hemisphere. Europe, northern
Asia. North America, 9.
Cliiiopodium uepeta (L.) Kunt/.e, liev. Gen. I'l. 2:515. 1891.
European Basil Thyme.
Melissa nepeta L. Sp. PI. 2 :593. 1891.
Calamintha uepeta Savi, FL Pis. 197. 1798.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 411. Chap. Fl. 317. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:359.
Ei:koi'E.
Carolinian area. Naturalized from Maryland and Tennessee to upper Georgia.
Alahama : Tennessee Valley to Central Pine belt. Dry rocky or gravelly exposed
ground. Morgan County, Decatur. Lawrence County, Monlton. Blount County,
Blount Springs. Etowah County, Gadsden, banks of Coosa Kiver. Tiiscaloosa
County. Mobile County, on ballast. Flowers July to September. Most frequent iu
the calcareous soils of the Tennessee Valley and all the higher river valley.s where the
limestone is expo.sed. Perennial.
Ty]ie locality: " Hab. in Italiae, Galliae, Angliae, Helvetiae, aggeribns glareosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herlj. Mohr.
Clinopodium carolinianum (Walt.) Kuntze, Rev. Hen. PI. 2:515. 1891.
Carolina Thyme.
Thymhra caroUniana Walt. Fl. Car. 162. 1788.
Thymus carolinianus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 9. 1803.
Calamintha fircnidi flora FurHh,V\. Am. Sept. 2:414. 1814.
Melissa caroUniana Benth. Lab. Gen. «fe Sp. 388. 1834.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 93. Chap. Fl. 317. Gray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 360.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi.
Alabama: Central region to Coast Pine belt. Dry hills, open woods. Lee County
(E. A. Smith). Coffee County, Elba. Choctaw County, Butler. Mobile County,
Pierce's Landing, in dry ])ine woods. Flowers purple. Local, not frequent. Shrubby
at the base. Perennial.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Clinopodiam coccineum (Nutt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2 : 515. 1891.
Scarlet Balm.
Cunila coccinea'Nntt.; Hook. Exot. Fl. 2 : 1. 103. 1825.
Melissa coccinea Sjtreng. Syst. 2 : 224. 1827.
Calamintha coccinea Grav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 360. 1878.
Chap. Fl. 317. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1. c.
Louisianian area. Western Florida.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast i)lain. Dry sandy pine ridges. Mobile
County, Si)ringhill. Baldwin County, Montrose. Flowers deep scarlet, not rarely
orange or saturn red; September, November. Local; frequent on the hills near the
coast, covering large patches. Shrub Ih to 2 feet; when in full bloom, one of the
handsomest of our pine-barren plants.
Type locality: " So named by Mr. Nuttall, from a dried specimen brought by Mr.
Ware to Philadeljjhia from Florida. "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MINT FAMILY. 701
CONRADINA Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 244. 1872.
Two species, southeasteru United States.
Couradina canescens (Torr. & Gray) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:244. 1872.
Seaside Balm.
Calaminiha canescens Torr. & Gray ; Beuth. in DC. Prodr. 12 : 229. 1846.
Chap. Fl. 318 ; ed. 3, 380. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 361. 1878.
Lonisianian area. Sandy seashores, eastern Florida, Indian River, Tampa Bay,
western Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Drifting sands, mostly close to the seashore. Mobile
County, Navy Cove. Baldwin Conuty, Perdido Bay. On the road from Bay Min-
nette to Stockton, higli sandy ridges. Flowers lilac; September, October. Not
rare. Shrub li to 3 feet high.
Type locality: "In Florida ad Tampa Bay (h. Gray!) ad Apalachicola (Drumm. !)."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SALVIA L. Sp. PI. 1:23. 1753. Sagk.
Four hundred and fifty species, temperate and warmer regions, cosmopolitan.
Salvia cocciuea Juss. ; Murr. Comm. Goett. 1:86, t, 1. 1778.
SCAULET-FLOWEREI) SALVIA.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 32. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 368. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 338.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil.
Louisianian area. Coast of South Carolina, Florida, and southern Texas.
Alabama: Coast ]dain. Adventive from the adjacent tropical regions. Mobile
County, waste places, hedge rows, near dwellings. Flowers scarlet; June, July.
Infrequent. Perennial.
Economic uses : Ornamental.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Salvia azurea Lam. Jouru. Hist. Nat. 1 : 409. 1792. Azure Salvia.
Ell. Sk. 1:33. Chap. Fl. 319. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 369. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 338.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas and
Arkansas.
Alabama: Lower hills to Coast plain. Cullman County, southern border, about
500 or 600 feet. Lee, Bibb, Montgomery, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. Flowers
azure; September, October. Most frequent in the Lower Pine region. A form with
white flowers is not rarely met with. Two to 4 feet high. Perennial.
Tyi>e locality (Lam. Encycl.) : "Cette plante croit dans la Caroline mei;idiona,le."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Salvia urticifolia L. Sp. PL 1 : 24. 1753. Nettle-leaf Salvia.
Ell. Sk. 1 : .32. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 413. Chap. Fl. 319. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 370.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Kentucky and Tennessee, along the
mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region to Central Pine belt. Lee County, Aul)urn {Baher 4'
Earle). Madison County, Huntsville, 600 to 700 feet. Bibb County {E. A. Smith).
Tuscaloosa County. Elmore County, Robinson Springs. Flowers deep blue ; May.
Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Salvia chapmani Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 370. 1878.
Salvia nriicaefoHa var. major Chap. Fl. 319. 1860.
Chap. Fl. 1. c. ; ed. 3, 387. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1. c.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Georgia and Florida.
Alabama: Buckley, tide Gray, I.e. ; not collected lately in the State. Perennial.
Type locality : "Middle Florida, Chapman. Alabama, i>«cA;?ei/."
Herb. (leol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Salvia lyrata L. Sp. PI. 1:23. 1753. Meadow Sage.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 31. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 413. Chap. Fl. 319. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
367. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 337.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey to Virginia, west to Missouri and
Arkansas, south to Florida and the Gulf coast to Texas.
702 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
Ai.ahama: Tonnossoo Valley to tlu' Coast plain. Uuini> grassy woodlands and
banks. Mobile County. Flowers sky-blue; early in ApriL Common. Pennnial.
lyiie locality : " Mali, in \ir}j;inia.''
Herb. (ieol. Surv, Herb. Mobr.
Salvia verbenacea L. Sp. PI. 1 : 2.3. 1753. Vkkvain-leak Sack.
Sahia claiitoiii Kll. Sk. 1: 32. ISlfi.
Gray, Syii. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 372.
Adventive from Europe. Sparinj^ly naturalized on tbe co.ast of South Carolina.
Ai.AitAMA: Adventive on ballast. Mobile County. Hecominjr sparingly natural-
ized, not spreading. Observed for the past ten years. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Euroi)ae pascuis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MONARDA L. Sp. PI. 1:22. 1753. IIorskmint.
Ten species, Atlantic North America, chiefly Alleglieuian.
Monarda fistulosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 22. 1753. Wild Beroamot.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 29. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 414. Chap. Fl. 320. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
374. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herl». 2 : 339.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario to Lake Superior; Quebec and New
England west to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Dakota; west and south from Virginia
to Missouri and Texas.and along the mountains to Georgia.
Ai-ahama: Mountain region, Coosa hills. Open rocky woods, fence rows, thickets.
Cullman County. St. Clair County, Springville. Madison County, Huntsville,
Flowers pink; June. Common. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Monarda scabra Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10 : 260. 1826. Scabmous Wild Bergamot.
Monarda I'lsfiilosa var. inoUiH Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 317. 1833. In part.
Ell. Sk. l": 28. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 414 ; Syn. FL N. A. 2, p^ 1 : 374.
Carolinian area. Canada across the plains to the Pacific coast; Tennessee, Ar-
kansas, and Indian Territory to Arizona and Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region, Cullman County, rocky woods, copses ; .lune. Not
fre<iuent. I'erennial.
Type locality: "Woods on the banks of the Mississijipi Kiver, one mile north of
St. Louis,"
Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Monarda bradburyana Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10:260. 1826.
Bradbury's Moxarda.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 414, Chap, FL ed. 3, 382. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 374.
Carolinian area. Tennessee, southern Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas, and
along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Coosa hills, sunny hillsides, open woods. Madison
County, Huntsville, 1,000 feet. Cullman County, 800 feet. St. Clair County, hills
of Shoal Creek, 650 feet. Flowers pink; June. Not rare. Perennial.
Type locality : " Barrens north of St. Louis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Monarda punctata I.r. S]). PL 1 : 22, 1753. Dotted Horsemint.
Monarda httea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am 1 : 16. 1803. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 339.
Ell. Sk. 1:30. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 414. Chap. Fl. 320. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 375. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 339.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New York west to southern Minnesota and
Colorado, south to the (Julf from Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Throughout. Dry sandy soil, borders of fields, pastures, waysides.
Flowers yellow with dark dots; July to October. Conunon. Perennial.
Economic uses: The leaves and tops, called "horsemint," or "Monarda," are an
obsolete medicinal agent.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Monarda citriodora Cerv. ; Lag. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2. 1816.
Lemon-scentkd Monarda.
Monarda aristata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, n. ser. 5 : 186. 1833-1837.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 415. Gray, Syn. Fl. N, A, 2, pt, 1 : 375, Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 339,
Carolinian and Louisianian areas, Nebraska to Colorado, Arizona, and Texas.
MINT FAMILY. 703
Alabama: Prairie region. Borders of fields and grassy banks. Hale County,
Gallion, associated with Xylopletirum speciosuvi in the black prairies. Flowers pink,
the bracts rose-colored; June, July. Mobile County, adventive from the Southwest;
waste places. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Nova Hispania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BLEPHILIA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89 : 98. 1819.
Two species, perennial, Atlantic North America.
Blephilia ciliata (L.) Eaf. Journ. Phys. 89 : 98. 1819. Ciliated Blephilia.
Monarda ciUata L. Sp. PI. 1 : 23. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1: 30. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 415. Chap. Fl. 321. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 376.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New York west to Wisconsin, south to the Ohio
Valley to Tennessee, and along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Drybordersof woods, open copses.
Lauderdale, Franklin, Madison (Huutsville), and Cullman counties. Flowers mauve
color; June, July.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. 8urv. Herb. Mohr.
NEPETA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 570. 1753.
Temperate and warmer regions of the Old World.
Nepeta cataria L. Sp. PI. 2 : 570. 1753. Catnip.
Ell. Sk. 2:71. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 416. Chap. Fl. 321. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 377.
Europe, Western Asia.
Introduced and naturalized throughout Atlantic North America.
Alabama: Mountain region. Clay County, Shinbone Valley. Talladega County,
Chandler's Spring, September, 1892. Perennial.
Economic uses: Leaves and tops, under the name of "catnip" or "cataria," are
an obsolete medicinal material.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europa."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SCUTELLARIA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 598. 1753. Skullcap.
About 100 species, chiefly perennials, temperate regions of the globe. Within the
Tropics in the mountains. North America, 23; Atlantic, 13; Pacific, 7.
Scutellaria lateriflora L. Sp. PI. 2 : 598. 1753. Mad-dog Skullcap.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 92. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 417. Chap. Fl. 324. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
378.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Canadian Provinces from Auticosti to Oregon ;
New England (Mount Desert Island), west to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to the
Gulf from Florida to Texas, and in New Mexico.
Alabama: Over the State. Wet thickets along streams. Mobile County, banks
of Mobile River. Flowers pale blue. Plant 2 to*3 feet high. Perennial. Not
common.
Type locality: " Hab. in Canada, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Scutellaria cordifoUa Muhl. Cat. 56. 1813. Heart-leaf Skullcap.
Scutellaria versicolor Nutt. Gen. 2 : 38. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 91. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 417. Chap. Fl. 322. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
378.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
and the Ohio Valley to Missouri and Arkansas, south to Tennessee, and along the
mountains to South Carolina.
Alabama : Mountain region to Lower hills. Shady borders of woods. Madison
County, Huntsville. .Jackson County, Gurley, 1,000 feet altitude. Tuscaloosa
Coxiuty {E. A. Smith). Corolla sky-blue, white in the tube. Flowers in June. Per-
ennial.
Type locality : "Car. Pens. * * * Missis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Scutellaria cordifolia minor (Chap.).
Scutellaria versicolor minor Chap. Fl. 323. 1860.
704 I'LANT Lll'K OF ALABAMA.
S. riif/ona Wood. I'roc. Am. Assoc. 1715. 18.").3.
Carolini.in and Louisiaiiiau areas. Virginia? and (Jeorgia.
Alabama: Monntain region. Motaniorphic hills. Leo County, Auburn ( F. S.
Earle). (.'oosa bills. St. Clair County, Ashville. I'lowers .June, .luly. Not fre-
qiu'iit. rcrcunial.
Tv]n' localitv : "Xcar Washington, Wilkes County, Ga."
ll'cri.. Mohr.'
Scutellaria moiitana Chap. Bot. Gaz. 3:11. 1878.
Chap. Fl. 0(1. 3, :}8.^. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2, pt. 1 • Tt\^.
Carolinian area. Southern Tennessee, Cumbt>rland Mountains. Georj^ia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry open woods. Jackson County, near Stevenson
(L. Bojiiifoii, May, 1899).
The specimens from .Jackson County differ from the type by the but slightly
pubescent stem and ;;labrou8 leaves with prominent jjale nerves.
Scutellaria incaua Mulil. Cat. 56. 1813.
Scutellaria canesretis Xutt. Gen. 2 : 38. 1818.
S. scrrata Spreng. Syst. 2 : 703. 1825. Not Andr.
S. canescens ))H)ictat(i Chap. Fl. 323. 1860.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 417. Chap. Fl. ed. 3. 385. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2. pt. 1 : 379.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Pennsylvania to Illinois, south to North Caro-
lina, (ieorgia, and Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region to Lower Pine belt. Open copses, borders of woods.
Cullman, Blount, Tuse.iloosa, Monroe, and Mobile counties. Flowers azure, June,
July. Not frecjuent. ^'a^iable.
Our si)ecimens from various localities in the State agree more, or less closely with
th(! Southern form of this polymorphous species described by Chapman as Scutellaria
canesrenH piincfatd, which is too closely connected with the typical form Ijy inter-
gradations to bo considered of varietal value.
Tj'pe locality : "Pens. Ohio.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Scutellaria pilosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 11. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 9L Gray, Man. ed. 6, 417. Chap. Fl. 323. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
379. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 341.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New York, Virginia, west to Michigan,
south to Florida and Texas.
Alaba.ma: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Dry sterile soil, open woods. Lee
Countv, An))urn (Baker .(• Earle). Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith). Mobile and
Baldwin counties. Flowers azure; May. Frequent. Chiefly in the Lower Pine
region on barren sandy ridges.
Type locality: ''Hai). in Carolina et Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Scutellaria iutegrifoUa L. Sp. PI. 2 : .599. 1753.
Scutellaria hiisaopifolia L. Sp. PI. 2 :599. 17.53.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 88. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 418. Chap. Fl. 323. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 379.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herl). 2 : 341.
AUegheuian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Massachusetts to New .lersey,
Virginia, Tennessee, and Florida, west to Texas, Arkansas, and southern Missouri.
Ar.Ai'.AMA: Mountain region to Coast ])lain. Dry open woods. Dekalb County,
Mentone, l,tiOO feet. Cullman County, 800 feet. Dallas County, Marion Junction.
Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers pale blue; May, June. Perennial. Frequent.
Type locality : " Ilab. in Virginia, Canada."
Scutellaria integrifolia major Chap. Fl. 323. 1860.
A well-marked variety, readily distinguished by the stouter habit of growth, the
larger leaves ( I to 2 inches long), the upper oblong to oblong-ovate entire, coarsely
crenate, long-petioled, and rounded at the a])ex.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Monntain region. Central Prairie belt. Low places. Dekalb County,
Lookout Mountain, 1,600 feet. Dallas County, Marion .Junction. Not infrequent.
Flowers pale blue; May.
Type locality : "Swamps, Florida, and northward."
Scutellaria campestris Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 :283. 1894.
Campestrian Skullcap.
Scutellaria parrula viiv. wtoWw Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1: 380. 1878. ^ot Scutel-
laria mollis R. Br.
MINT FAMILY. 705
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. c.
Carolinian area. Southern Illinois and Tennessee.
Alabama: Mountain region. Calcareous hills. Madison County, Huntsville.
Jackson County, Scottsboro, cedar flats. Flowers dark blue; May. Not frequent.
Stem low, ascending. Perennial.
Type locality : " Sandy banks of the Mississippi, at Oquawka, S. Illinois, etc., H. N.
Patterxon.
Herb. Geol. Siirv. Herb. Mohr.
PRUNELLA L.Sp. PL 2:600. 1753.
Five species, cosmopolitan iu temperate regions.
Prunella vulgaris L. Sp. PL 2 : 600. 1753. Self-heal.
Ell. Sk. 2:87. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 419. Chap. Fl. 322. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 382.
Temperate Europe, Asia, Northern Africa, Australia, America.
Horeal region to Louisianian area. From Canada across the continent to the
Pacific, Alaska, and California, and through the Eastern United States to Nebraska
and New Mexico.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley to Central Prairie belt. Damp pastures and open
woods. Lauderdale and Montgomery counties. Flowers purple; July, August.
Common. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae pascuis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 504. 1834.
Three species, North America.
Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. Lab. Gen. *fe Sp. 504. 1834.
False Dragon's-head.
Dracocephalum virginiannm L. Sp. PL 2 :594. 1753.
Pm.Sk.2:84. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 419. Chap. FL 325. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 383. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 342.
Mexico.
Alleglienian to Louisianian area. Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba; New England west
to Dakota; Ohio Valley to Missouri and Arkansas, and south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Bibb County {E. A. Smith). Flowers pink purplish;
July. Not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in America sejjtentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
M ARRUBIUM L. Sp. PL 2 : 582. 1753.
About 40 species, cooler and warmer temperate regions of the Old World.
Marrubium vulgare L. Sp. PL 2 : 583. 1753. Hoarhound.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. Introduced from Europe and naturalized from
Ontario to the Gulf.
Alabama: Over the State. In open waste ground, near dwellings. Frequent in
many localities. Flowers white; July to September. Perennial.
Economic uses: The herb is the "Marrubium" or "hoarhound" of the United
States Pharmacopcpia.
Type locality: " Hab. iu Europae borealioris ruderatis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
STACHYS L. Sp. PL 2 : .580. 1753. Woundwort.
One hundred and fifty species, temperate regions and tropical mountains, cosmo-
politan.
Stachys agraria Cham. & Schlecht, Linnaea, 5 : 100. 1830.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 386. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 343.
Mexico.
Louisianian area. Southwestern Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Mobile County, fugitive on ballast. Flowers carmine;
July. Observed in 1893 and subsequently. Annual.
Type locality: " Jalapae, circa urbem."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
15894 45
70r> PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
Stachys cordata Kidd.ll, Sniipl. ( at. < )li. I'l. ir>. ISlC.
Woodland WofNDWoijT.
Stachi/H m/lratica Nutt. Gen. 2 : '.UK 181H. Not L.
Grav," Man. M. (>, 122. Chap. Fl. Snppl. 63M; ed. .'i, 380. (Jrav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pi .
1 : 387.
Carolinian and IjOuiHianian areas. New Jersey to West \'irj^inia, ( diio, and Tcn-
neeseo.
Alabama: Mountain region. Shady damp borders of woods, thickets. IJloiint
County banks of Mnlbt^rry Kiver. Flowers red; June. Infrequent, rcrcnnial.
Typo locality: "Grows in woods throughout middle, southern, and western por-
tion.s of Ohio.''
licil). (icol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr. (typo 8])ecimL'n).
Stachys aspera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:5. 1803. llisiuu Wolndwokt.
Stitchi/n hispida Pursh, V\. Am. Sept. 2 : 407. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 75. (irav, Man. ed. 0, 422. Chap. Fl. 326. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:387.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Ontario; New England and throughout the
Eastern Uuitod States to South Carolina, west to Arkansas.
Alahama: Central Pine belt. Shaded banks along streams. Tuscaloosa County
(E. A, Stnith). Flowers crimson ; June to August. Perennial.
Type locality: ''Hab. in carapestribus Carolinae."
Kerb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BALLOTA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 582. 17.53. Black Hoaruound.
Twenty- live species, perennials of the Old World, Europe, northern Africa, north-
ern Asia.
BaUota nigra L. Sp. PI. 2 : 582. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 420. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2, pt. 1 : 384.
Europe.
Naturalized in New England, New York, and Pennsylvania.
Alabama: Adventive with ballast. Mobile County. Flowers crimson; July to
October. Observed for a scries of years in the same locality, not si^reading.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europac ruderatis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LEONOTIS K. Br. ; Ait. f. in Ait. Ilort. Kcw. ed. 2, 3 :409. 1811.
About 12 species widely diffused through tropical countries of both hemispheres.
Leonotis nepetaefolia (L. ) R. Br. Bot. Reg. 4 : t. 281. 1818. Lion's Ears.
Phlotnis nepetaefolia L. Sp. PI. 2 : .586. 1753.
Chap. Fl. 326. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 384.
Tropical Africa and Asia.
Louisianian area. Naturalized in Georgia and Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Waste places, roadsides, perfectly naturalized. Flowers
orange; July to October. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. Surinami?"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LEONURUS L. Sp. PI. 1 : 584. 1753.
Ten species, Europe, northern Asia.
Leonurus cardiaca L. Sp. PI. 2:584. 1753. Common Motherwort.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 77. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 420. Chap. Fl. 326. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 385.
Europe.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Naturalized from Canada to Florida and Loui-
siana.
Alabama: Over the State. Waste places, in manured ground near dwellings.
Flowers pale pink; June to August. Not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab; in Europae ruderatis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MINT FAMILY. 7 07
L AMIUM L. Sp. PI. 2 : 579. 1753. Dead Nettle.
Forty species, Old World, Europe, northern Asia, northern Africa.
Lamium ainplexicaule L. Sp. PL 2 : 579. 1753. Common Garden Dead Nettle.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 73. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 421. Chap. Fl. 325. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 385.
Europe.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Naturalized from Ontario to the Gulf.
Alabama: Over the State. Everywhere in culivated land. Flowers purple;
February to May. A most abundant winter annual.
Type locality : " Hah. in Europae cultis."
Herb. Geo!. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TRICHOSTEMA L. 8p. I'l. 2:598. 1753. Blue Curls.
Eight 8j)ecies, North America, Atlantic, 2.
Trichostema dichotomum L. Sp. PI. 2:598. 1753. Common Blue Curls.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 94. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 405. Chap. Fl. 327. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 348. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 332.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New England and central New York
west to Missouri and Arkansas, south to the Gulf from Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Throughout. Sandy fields and pastures. Lauderdale, Tuscaloosa,
Montgomery, and Mobile counties. Flowers azure; July to September. Frequent.
Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Pennsylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Trichostema lineare Nutt. Gen. 2 : 39. 1818. Linear-leaved Blue Curls.
Trichostema hrachiatum Lam. Encycl. 8 :84. 1768. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 95. Grav, Man. ed. 6. 405. Chap. Fl. 327. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:348.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern Connecticut, along the coast to
Florida, west to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Sandy pastures, borders of fields,
dry copses. Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers
azure; July, August. Freciuent. Annual.
Type locality : "In the sandy fields of New Jersey, also in the vicinity of Phila-
delphia, in arid situations."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ISANTHUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:3, t. 30. 1803. False Pennyroyal.
One species, Eastern North America.
Isanthus brachiatus (L.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 44. 1887. False Pennyroyal.
Trichostema irachiatum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 598. 1753.
Isanthus coeruleus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 3, i. SO.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 406. Chap. Fl. 327. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2, pt. 1 : 34!). Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 332.
Carolinian area. Ontario aud New England west to Michigan, south to New Jer-
sey, through the Ohio Valley to Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee, aud along the
mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Lower hills. Dry sterile places. Lauderdale
County, barrens. Jefferson County, Jonesboro (E. A. Smith). Flowers cerulean
blue; July. Not fre([uent. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TEUCRIUM L. Sp. PI. 2 : 562. 1753. Germander.
About 100 species, cosmopolitan excepting boreal regions. Europe, Asia. North
America, 4.
Teucrium canadense L. Sp. PI. 2 :564. 1753. Wood Sage.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 69. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 406. Chap. Fl, 328. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 349. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 333.
Mexico.
708 PLANT LIFK OF ALABAMA.
Allegbenian to I^onisianian area. Nova Scotia, Ontarin; Now England west to
Nobraska, south to Florida aud the Gulf, west to Texas.
Ai.ah.vma: Over tlie ."^talc Damp thickets, low hanks. Cullman, Tuscaloosa,
Montgomery, and Mobilo counties. Flowers rose-purple; July to September. Not
iulre(|iu'nt. reronnial.
I ype locality : "' Hab. in Canada."
llVrl>. (icol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Teucriiim nashii Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: liSl. 18!t4. Nash's Gkkman'dek.
Canescent by a fine closely appressod ])ubesceuc(! ; leaves shorl-petifded, oblonj^-
lanceolate, acute at both ends, dark j^reeu and minutely a])pressed-pnbe8(ent above,
beneath white tomentose witli the veins prominent, iiuely c(]ually serrate; calyx
white tomentose.
Louisianian area. Florida.
Alahama: Coast plain. Damp shaded banks. Mobile County, foot of Springhill,
PortersN ille. Flowers pale pur]de; May. Not frerjuent. Perennial.
Type locality : "'Collected in middle Florida in lS3t), by Dr. Chapman; in Duval
County, Florida, by Mr. A. IL Curtiss *^ * ', aud near Eustis, Florida, in 1894,
by Mr. George V. Nash."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Teucrium cubense L. Mant. 1 : 80. 1767.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 349. Coulter, Contr. Nat. 1 lerb. 2 : 333.
West Indies, Mexico, Brazil, Akgkntina.
Louisianian .area. Southern Florida to southwestern Texas aud sontlieastern
California.
Alabama: Adventive on ballast. Mobile Countv; August, September; collected
in 1889 and 1893. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Cubae bumidiusciilis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SOLANACEAE. Nightshade Family.
PHYSALODES Boelim. iu Ludwig, Def. 42. 1760.
(NiCANDliA Adans. Fani. PI. 2:219. 1763.)
One species, Peru.
Physalodes physalodes (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 287. 1894.
Apple of Peru.
Atropa physalodes L. Sp. PI. 1: 181. 1753.
rhysnlis peruriaua Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 16. 1768. Not L.
Eli, Sk. 1 : 277. Gray, Man. ed, 6, 376. Chap. Fl. 351. Gray, Svu. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 237.
Carolinian area. Adventive and naturalized from southern Ontario to Pennsyl-
vania, Ohio, and Missouri, and along the mountains to North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Waste places, near dwellings. Winston County,
1,500 feet. Clay County, summit of Delta divide, 1,600 feet. Flowers purplish;
July, August. Not frequent. Annual,
Type locality : "Hab, in Peru, D. B. Jussiou."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. ]\Iohr.
LYCIUM L. Sp. PI. 1: 191. 175.3,
Seventy .species, warmer and tropical regions, both hemispheres. Shrubs often
spinose. Northern Euroi)e, Asia, north and south Africa, West Indies to Brazil.
North America, 14; South Atlantic States, 1,
Lyciura carolinianum Walt. Fl. Car, 84, 1788, Carolina Box Thorn.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 200. Chap. Fl. 351. Gray, Syn, Fl. N, A, 2, pt. 1 : 238. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2:302.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas,
Alabama: Littoral region. Swampy sea beach. Mobile County, West Fowl
River. Baldwin County. Flowers blue, June; fruit ripe October, flame scarlet.
Not infrequent. Shrub 2 to 3 feet high.
Type locality: South Carolina,
. Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb, Mohr.
>
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 709
PHYSALIS L. Sp. PI. 1 : 182. 1753.'
About 50 species, perennial herbs aud auuuals. Warmer regions of the globe,
chiefly American. North America, 37.
Physalispubesceus L. Sp. PI. 1:183. 1753. Soft-haihy Ground Cherry.
Physalis hirsuta Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1 : 445. 1852.
Gray, Man. ed. 6. 375. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 323. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 234. C(ml-
ter, Contr. Nart. Herb. 2 : 300. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 541.
West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America.
Carolinian aud Louisianian areas. Maryland to Florida, Pennsylvania, southwest
to Missouri, Arkausas, Texas, Arizona, and Calilornia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Borders of fields, pastures. Cullman County, 800 feet
altitude. August. Not t'reqneut. Annual. *
Type locality : " Hab. in India utraij^ue."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Physalis pruinosa L. Sp. PL 1 : 184. 1753. Primrose Ground Cherry.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 280. (?)
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. New England west to Michigan and Iowa,
south to Georgia and Florida.
Alabama : Mountain region. Waste places. Winston Countj^, near Colliers
Creek, ], 500 feet altitude. May; rare. Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Physalis barbadeiisis Jacq. Misc. 2 : 359. 1781. (Icon. t. 39. )
Barbadoes Ground Cherry.
Physalis obsciira viscido-puhescens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 149. 1803.
P. obscura piihescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 157. 1814.
P.priihiosa Ell. Sk. 1 : 279. 1817.
Annual, stem erect or spreading acutely 3 or 4 angled, pubescent, viscid, or nearly
glabrous, lea\es lieart-shajjed, acute or abruptly acuminate, sharply repand-dentate,
pubescent with short hairs ; jieduncles short ; calyx generally denselj^ viscid-hirsute,
lobes lanceolate-acuminate, corolla f inch wide, anthers purplish, fruiting calyx
about 1 inch long, acuminate, reticulate, retuse at the base.
Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. Pennsylvania to Missouri and Indian Territory,
south to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Waste ground. Mobile County. September. Frequent.
Annual.
Type locality not given except as implied in the name.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Physalis barbadeiisis obscura (Michx.) Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 4:327. 1896.
Physalis anriulata Walt. Fl. Car. 99. 1788. Not L.
P. obscura Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 149. 1803.
P. brasiliensis Sendtner in Mart. Fl. Bras. 10 : 131. 1854.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 234. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 323.
West Indies, Mexic ) to Brazil.
Louisianian area. Georgia aud Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Cultivated ground, waste ])laces about dwellings. Flow-
ers small, corolla gieenish yellow, brown in the throat; July to September. Fruit
rij»e September, October. Berry yellowish green. Common garden weed. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Physalis carpenter! Riddell ; Chap. Bot. Gaz. 3 : 11. 1878. As synonym.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 325.
Louisianian area. Louisiana and Florida.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Wilcox County (S. B. Buckley), 1840; not col-
lected since.
Type locality: "East Feliciana, La. (Prof. Carpenter)."
* P. A. Rydberg, The North American Species of Physalis and Related Genera,
Mem. Torr. Club, vol. 4, pp. 297 to 364. 1896.
710 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
Physalis angulata L. Sp. Tl. 1 : 183. 1753.
I'hi/Htilix /i»iA i(/;ia Necs, Liiiiiiieu, 6:471. 1831.
r.'aiKinlala var. Unkiaiid (Jray, Syii. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:231. 1878.
Ell. Sk. 1:278. Gray, Mau. ed. i), 375. Chap. Fl. 351. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 300.
West Indies, Mkxico to Bra/.u., 1'kku.
Carolinian ami Lciuisiaiiiaii areas. Soutliorn Illinois to Missonri and Arkansas;
North Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Ai.akama: Over the State. Borders of pastures, fields. Clay Connty, l)enii)sey,
1,000 iV-et altitndi'. Eei^ County, Anhurn {Ikirh). Franklin County, Knssellvillo.
Calhoun and Mol)il(^ counties. Flowers dingy yellow; August to October, lierry
greenish yellow. Common ; an abundant weed in the Lower I'iue region. Annual.
Type locality : " Hub. in India ntracxue."
Herb. Gaol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Physalis virgiuiana Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 1, t. LIS. 1768.
VlK(iINIA GUOUNI) ClIKUKY.
riiysalis lanccolata Roem. &, Schult. Syst. Veg. 4 : 673. 1824.
P. 2>i'nn8ylranica Gray, Man. ed. 5, 382. 1867. Not L.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 375, mainly. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:301, under /'. htu-
ceolaia,
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario to Manitoba; New York west to Michi-
gan, Kansas, and Colorado, south to Florida, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alaijama: Over the State. In rich soil, exposed places, open copses, borders of
fields and woods. \\'iust()n Connty, Colliers Creek, 1,500 feet altitude — the specimens
roughish-jinbescent by short, flat, somewhat I'ecnrved hairs, ]iarticiilarly along the
angles of the stems and branches, and on the margins of the leaves. Tuscaloosa
County (7>'. A. Smith), specimens responding to the ty])ical form; of yellowish hue,
villous-pubescent, the broader leaves obtusely sinuate-dentate. I^ee County, Auburn
{Karh), a form very similar to the plant from Winston County. Autauga County,
Prattville, very low-branched from the decumbent base, else like the typical Ibrm.
Clarke County, Thomasville. MobileCounty, narrow-leaved forms of a darker green,
the leaves from 1 to l]- inches long, f to scarcely over -| inch wide, more or less jtube-
scent, but less so than the tyj)e, corolla lemon-yellow, fuscous in the center, anthers
yellow. Frequent, widely diffused, and variable; the typical form in richer soil.
Tyi)o locality : " The seeds * * * were sent me from Philadelphia by Dr. Ben-
sil, who found the jjlants growing there naturally.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Physalis virginiana intermedia Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 4 : 345. 1896.
I'erennial from a stout rootstock; stem slightly angled, slender, 8 to 10 inches
high, sparsely hairy; leaves membranaceous, dark green, almost glabrous, ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse, taiiering into a winged petiole, entire or slightly
sinuate.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Indiana and Mississipjii to Texas.
Alabama. Upper division Coast Pine belt. Shaded copses. Clarke County,
Thomasville. Hale County, Gallion. Flowers pale yellow, purplish in the center;
Ai)ril, .June. Not frequent. Perennial.
Typo locality: "Southern States: S.B.Buckley (type)."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Physalis ciliosa Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 4:. 346. 1896.
Ciliate Ground Cherry.
Perennial from a slender creeping rootstock, erect, branched, 8 to 10 inches high,
stem terete, like the pedicels and calyx lobes ciliate with long Jointed hairs, leaves
1^ to 2 inches long, ovate, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, subentire,
sparsely hairy on the veins, thin ; peduncles very slender, fruiting calyx ovoid-
pyramidal, sunken at the base.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Tennessee, Georgia, and Florida.
Alabama : Upper division of Coast Pine belt. Borders of woods. Clarke County,
Thomasville. Flowers yellow, faintly darker in the throat; April. Rare; only
locality known in the State.
Type locality : "Florida: Chapman."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
Physalis arenicola T. II. Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 21:485. 1894.
Perennial, branched from the rootstock ; branches erect, slender, pubescent with
simple hairs; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, irregularly angulate, or angulate-den-
tate, obtuse, une«iual at the base, ajipressed ciliate; flowers on slender pubescent
pedicels as long as or longer than the petioles; calyx pubescent; corolla light yellow
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 711
with a brown-purple spot in the center; anthers yellow; fruitinf? calyx ovate-pyram-
idal with the teeth much shorter than the tube; berry light yellow.
Louisianian area.
Alabama : Lower Pine belt. Grassy pine barrens. Mobile County, Springhill
(Bush). July, August; perennial.
Type locality : "Collected in light sandy soil along railroad embankments near
Eustis, Fla., in 1894, by Mr. George V. Nash."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Physalis heterophylla Nees, Linnaea, 6 : 463. 1831. Viscous Ground Cherry.
I'hysalis riscosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 157. 1814.
P. virginiana Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 235. 1878.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 375. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. c. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 324. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 300.
Allegheuian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick to Saskatchewan; Illinois to
Nebraska and Colorado, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Lower hills. Dry woods. Tuscaloosa County (J5. J. iSmi77t). Flowers
yellow, brownish in the throat; anthers yellow. June; not infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in America boreali. Herb. Willd., ad exemplum a Muehlen-
bergio missum. lu collibus argillosis Pennsylvaniae Poeppig legit," etc.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Physalis heterophylla nyctaginea (Dunal) Eydberg in Chap. Fl. ed.3, 324. 1897.
Physalis obseura Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. U. S. 233. 1824. Not Michx.
P. nyctaginea Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13. pt. 1 : 440. 1852.
Chap. Fl. 1. c. Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 3 : 131.
Closely allied to Physalis heterophylla ambtgua, from which it differs in the firmer,
almost silky-pubescent, more acuminate, dark-green leaves, and the shorter, more
acute lobes of the calyx.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Khode Island to Iowa, south to Florida and
Louisiana.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Dry sandy pine woods. Mobile County, Spring-
hill. Flowers July; infrequent.
Type locality : " In America boreali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Physalis monticola sp. nov. Mountain Ground Cherry.
Perennial from a horizontal rootstock. Stem 12 to 16 inches high, simple and
slightly strigose-pubescent below, assurgent; branches erect, becoming villous-
pubescent like the inflorescence by flat-jointed, not stellate, hairs; leaves oblong-
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, acutish, very oblique at the base,
decurrent on the narrowly wing-margined petiole, repand-toothed, or subentire,
ciliolate on the margin, the blade 1^ to 2^ inches long and f to 1|^ inches broad,
almost glabrous above, slightly pubescent beneath, densely so along the midrib ;
peduncle i inch long, suberect and like the base of the calyx and margins of its lobes
villous-pubescent and more or less viscid; calyx lobes broadly lanceolate ; corolla
about f inch wide, dingy yellow, sordid purplish in the center; anthers pale yellow;
fruiting calyx ovoid, acuminate, deeply sunk at the base, obtusely angular; berry
yellowish geeen.
Readily distinguished from the varieties of Physalis heterophylla, its nearest allies,
by the more slender habit of growth, the smoother stem, the almost glabrate, more
membranaceous leaves, cuneate at the base, etc. June. Specimens just coming
into bloom, collected near Mentone in 1892, were by Mr. Rydberg pronounced to
belong proba)>ly to an undescribed species, the imperfect material, however, not
warranting a description. This opinion was confirmed by the perfect fruiting speci-
mens collected at the same locality in September, 18£3, which fully reveal the char-
acters of this apparently strictly local species.
Carolinian area.
Alabama : Mountain region. Borders of copses, exposed places, in gravelly or
rocky soil. Dekalb County, table-land of Lookout Mountain at Mentone, 1,800 feet
altitude, near Loring Spring Hotel. Flowers in June; fruit September 16 (1898).
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Physalis viscosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 183. 1753. Stellate Ground Cherry.
Physalis pennsylvanica L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1670. 1763.
P. tomentosa Walt. Fl. Car. 99. 1788. Not Medic.
P. walteri Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7 : 112. 1834.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 376. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 324. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 301. Gray,
Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 236.
712 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
Mexico to Brazil, Auoentina.
LouiFiauiau area. Seashore from Virginia to Florida, west to Texas.
Ai.AiiAMA: Coast plain. Dry fjjravelly banks of Mobile Kiver, Mobile and Obio
Kallroad wharf. To all ap])earance adveutivc with ballast. Observed from 1890
u]) to 18!i7, when the locality was covered with Imildings. Flowers pale yellow,
with a ttrownish tenter; Juno to October. Berries clammy yellow. Perennial.
Tyjte locality : "Hab. in Virginia. Bouaria."
Herb. Mohr.
Physalis viscosa maritima (Curtis) Kydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 4 : 357. 1897.
Sea.sidk .Stellate Ground Cherry.
Physalis maritivia Curti.s, Am. .lourn. Sci. ser. 2, 7 : 407. 1849.
r. viacosa xpaihulacJ'olUi Grav, Syji. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 236. 1878.
Gray, 1. c. Coulter. Contr. Nat.' Herb. 2 : 301.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Alahama: Littoral region. Sands on the seashore. Baldwin County, eastern
shore Mobile Bay near Point Clear, .July, 1881 ; very rjire. Collected also at Spring-
hill near the hotel, in sandy pine uplands, more than 30 miles distant from tht, sea-
shore, August 8, 1897. Perennial.
Our specimens agree perfectly with the type duplicate of Curtis from the Kiddel-
lian herb, in Herb. Mohr. Readily distinguished by the closer and denser pul)e8-
cenceand the obhmgspathulate leaves gradually tajjering into the petiole, of a firmer
texture. Peduncles about 1 inch long, like the calyx more densely pubescent than
in the type; corolla largei-, i to J inch wide. Perennial.
Type locality: " Sandy seashore of North Carolina, and occasionally a few miles
in the interior."
Herb. Geol. Suiv. Herb. Mohr.
Physalis fuscomaculata De Rouville; Dunal, in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 437. 1852.
SoLTU America.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast, Mobile County. Corolla dingy yellow with dark
spot in the center; anthers yellow.
Perennial from a stout simple rootstock, decumbent or ascending. Stems terete
with decurrent ridges, a little pruinose stellate-pubescent; leaves 2 to 3 inches long,
1 to li inches wide, ovate, entire or repand, somewhat oblique at the base, the upper
often opposite; petioles ^ to 1 inch long; peduncles as long as or longer than the
petioles; calyx pruinose on the margins, stellate- ciliate ; lobes triangular, shorter
than the tube (Ilydherg).
Varies greatly in size and form of the leaves, which on vigorous stems are 3 to 4
inches long and fully 2 inches wide, obtusely repand or sinuate dentate, sparsely
pruinose by the very short stellate hairs. Easily distinguished by the dark green
color of the leaves, the pubescence, and the low ))ranching habit from 1\ viscosa.
This interesting waif from the La Plata River country associated with Verbena
honariensis, from the same region, has held its own, confined to a single spot, for the
past dozen years without spreading.
Type locality : "E Buenos Ayresf cum lanis allata ad portem .Juvenalem prope
montem Pessulanum legit cl. Touchy."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Physalis angustifolia Nutt. .Journ. Acad. Phila. 7 : 113. 1834.
Nari;()w-leaf Seaside Ground Cherry.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 236. Chap. Fl. 350.
Louisianian area. Seashore of Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Littoral region. Drifting sand, shores of Mobile Bay and the Gulf.
Flowers May, .June; corolla yellow, purplislv in the center, anthers yellow. Fruit
ripe .July, August; berries deep orange, the creeping base of the stems deeply l)uried
in the sand. Perennial.
Type localify : " West P'lorida, probably on the sandy coast. N. A. Ware, Esq."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Alohr.
SOLANUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 184. 1753.
About 900 species, herbaceous and woody perennials and annuals of warmer tem-
perate and tropical regions.
Solauum nigrum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 186. 17.53. Common Nightshade.
Ell. Sk. 1:280. Gray, Man, ed. 6, 374. Chap. Fl. 348. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 297. W.ats. Bot. Calif 1 : 583.
Cosmopolitan in Te.mperate and Warmer Regions.
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 713
Alabama: Over the State ; -waste places. Flowers white, June to October ; fruit
ripe Aus;u8t to October. Abundant. Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in Orbis totius cultis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solanum gracile Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1 : 54. 1852. Slender Nightshade.
Erroneously referred to S. hirsiitum by Mohr in Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 26. 1897.
Annual, 1^ to 2 feet high, erect or decumbent at the base, stem and branches terete,
somewhat cinereous by the close pubescence ; leaves oblong-ovate, attenuated, cuneate
at the base, acutish, jiubescent and eiliate, f to H inches long, f to | inch wide, short-
petioled ; peduncles extra-axillary, about I inch long, spreading-retlexed in fruit;
}»e(licels umbellate or subumbellate, shorter than the peduncles ; flowers small ; calyx
Jobes short, rather obtuse ; ti laments smooth; style bearded at the base ; fruit black,
of a bronzy hue, i inch in diameter.
Southern Brazil, Argentina.
Alabama : A common ballast weed spreading over low waste places. Mobile
County, abundant in thickets bordering the swamps along the Mobile River. Pro-
ducing its fruit to perfection throughout the summer and fall.
Type locality : "In Brasiliae provincia Rio de Janeiro * * * circa Buenos
Ayres * * * iu ^Montevideo * « * in Chili ad Rancagua."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solanum rubrum Mill. Diet. ed. 8, no. 4. 1768. Red Nightshade.
Solanum nodiftorum var. rithrum Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Tnd. 437. 1864.
The form with black berries. '
Annual froiu a long tibrous root. Stem smoothish, muricately denticulate along
the angles, like the branchlets; leaves repand-denticulate or subentire, peduncles
erect-spreading, about ^ inch long; pedicels somewhat shorter, strongly reflexed in
fruit, flowers smaller than in the last with the short calyx lobes oval, obtuse.
Tropical America.
Louisianiau area. Western Florida.
Alabama : Mobile County, like the last, a common and persistent ballast weed
slowly spreading to waysides along the river front. .June to October.
Type locality : "The seeds * * * came from the West Indies."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solanum pseudocapsicum L. Sp. PL 1 : 184. 1753. Jerusalem Cherry.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 228.
Madeira, Azores.
Louisianiau area. Naturalized in Florida and South Carolina.
Alabama: Metamorphic hills. This erect low shrub appears to be well estab-
lished in thickets and hedge rows. Tallapoosa County, near Dadevillc Lee County,
Auburn {Earle iS' Inderivood). Flowers in June. Fruit globose, scarlet.
Type locality : " Hab. in Madera."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. Icon. Rar. t. 41. 1781-1793. Spiny Nightshade.
Solanum mammosum Ell. Sk. 1:281. 1817. Not L. ( ?)
Chap. Fl. 349. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 230. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 298.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 442.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil, Ceylon.
Louisianiau area. Texas along the coast to Florida and North Carolina.
Alabama: Lower Pine belt to Littoral belt. Dry sandy pastures. Baldwin
County, shores of Fish River Bay, October 4, in fruit; berries f inch in diameter,
bright flame-scarlet. Infrequent. Sufl'rutescent. Springhill, Avaste ground, near
the hotel.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 2 : 25. 1793.
Solanum balbisii Dunal, Hist. Solan. 232, t. 3. 1813.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 641 ; ed. 3, 322. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 230. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 298.
Perk, Southern Brazil, Buenos Ayres.
Louisianiau area. Naturalized from Georgia and Florida to Texas.
Alabama : Central Prairie belt to Coast plain. Adventive from South America.
Waste iilaces, near dwellinjis. Montgomery, roadsides in the suburbs. Mobile
County, waste places aloug the bauks of the river. Flowers pale blue, May to July;
714 PLANT LIFE OK ALABAMA.
fruit ripo Aiip;"st to October, size of a cherry, carmine-rod, shining. Perennial,
shrulil)y at the base, (binsely braiicheil, forming bushes 2 to 3 feet high, attractive
Avhen in full bloom or loaded with fruit. The most freijueut and persistent of our
ballast plants. Pereniiial.
Type locality : "Ex agro Bonariense. * * » Commers. herb.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solanum caroliueuse L. 8p. PI, 1 : 187. 1753. Horsk Nettle.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 2S2. (iray, Man. ed. d, 374. Chap. Fl. 319. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1: L'3(». Com Iter. Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 298.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Southern Connecticut and New York west to
Missouri and Arkansas, south to Floiida and Texas.
Alauama : Over the State. In high sandy ojKn ground, fields, pastures, roadsides.
Corolla white or pearl blue; .June to October. Fruit ripens August to October;
orange. In all sections equally al>undant. A most ijeruicious weed in garden and
Held. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. Icon. 3 : 22, t. 24S. 1794. Silvkr-lkaf Nightshade.
Gray, Man. ed. 0, 374. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:230. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb."2 : 298. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 :"539.
Chile, Mexico.
Carolinian, Lonisianian, and Sonoran areas. Texas, Kansas, and California.
Alahama: Adventive from the Soutjiwest. Waste places Mobile County, road-
sides, ballast grounds. Flowers pale blue; .June. Rare. One to 1^ feet high.
Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in America calidiore."
Herl). Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solanum torvum Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 47. 1788.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 441.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil, I^cuador, East Indies.
Alabama: Adventive with ballast. Mobile County. Flowers pale blue or pur-
plish; August, September. Fruit rip6 in October; berries black. Three to 4 feet
high.
This coarse shrubby plant rarely survives the winter. It propagates from the
perfectly nuiture seed almost one year after another.
Type locality : " India occideutalis."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CAPSICUM L. Sp. PI. 1:270. 1753. Cayenne Pepper.
Thirty species, tropical America.
Capsicum baccatum L. Mant. 1 : 47. 1767. Bird Pepper. Chili.
Gray, Syn. Fl. \. A. 2, pt. 1 : 231. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 299. Wats. Bot.
Calif. 1:340. Griseb. 11. Brit. W. Ind. 436.
Introduced from Solth America and naturalized in all Tropical Countries.
Lower Sonoran and Lonisianian areas. Escaped from cultivati<m and partially
naturalized from California to Florida.
Alabama : Waste placc-s about dwellings. Mobile County, Dauphin Island, where
it is frequent, of spontantsous growth. June, 1893. Shrubby.
Economic uses: The highly pungent berries are used as a condiment — the chili of
the Mexicans. They furnish Cayenne pepper, the Capsicum of the U. S. Pharma-
copaia.
Type locality: " Hab. in Indiis."
Herb. (!eol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DATURA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 179. 1753. Thorn Apple.
Fifteen species, warmer regions, Northern Hemisphere.
Datura tatula L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1 : 2,56. 1762. Purple Thorn Apple.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 277. Gray, Man, ed. 6, 377. Chap. Fl, 352. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
240. Wats. Bot. Calif 1 : 544. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 434.
South America.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Naturalized from Ontario and New York, west
to Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas, south to Florida and Louisiana. Perhaps indig-
enous on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 7l5
Alabama: Over the State. Rubbish heaps, yards, pastures, about dwellings.
Flowers violet ; .luly to October; fruit ripe, September, October. Common every-
where. Annual.
Economic uses : The leaves are used in domestic practice as a substitute for Stra-
monium.
Type locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Datura stramonium L. Sp. PI. 1 : 179. 1753.
Common Thorn Apple. Jamestown oh Jimson Weed.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 275. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 377. Chap. Fl. 352. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 240. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 434. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 544.
Temperate and Tropical IIegions of the Globe. Mexico, Brazil.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario, to Flor-
ida and Louisiana, west to Missouri, Arkansas, and California.
Alabama: Adventive, coast region. Waste places, ballast ground. Mobile
County. Flowers white, .Julj' to September ; fruit ripe, September, October. Of late
years frequently observed on ballast heaps, spreading to adjacent waste places.
Not recorded from the interior. Two to 3 feet high. Annual.
Economic uses: The leaves and seeds are used medicinally, forming the Stramo-
nium leaves, thorn-apple seeds; "Stramonii folia," "Stramonii semen" of the United
States Fharmacopffiia.
Type locality : " Hab. in America, nunc vulgaris per Europam."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Datura meteloides Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. t : 544. 1852. Metel-like Datura.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:240. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 302. Wats. Bot.
Calif. 1 : 544.
Northern Mexico.
Lower Sonoran and Louisianian areas. Southwestern Texas, Arizona, and southern
California.
Alabama: Adventive from southwestern Texas. Autauga County, near Pratt-
ville. Roadsides. Floweis mauve purple; June. Infrequent. Annual.
Type locality: " In calidis Novae Hispaniae regionibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
NICOTIANA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 180. 1753.
Fifty species, warmer temperate and tropical America. Northern and Southern
hemispheres. North America, 10, endemic.
Nicotiana glauca Graham in Hook. Bot. Mag. 55 : 2837. 1828.
Arborescent Tobacco.
Brazil, Argentina.
Adventive with ballast, western Florida, Pennsacola (1872 and 1893.)
Alabama: Baldwin County, Navy Cove, August, September, 1896 (Dr. Fowler).
Arborescent, 10 to 12 feet high.
Typo locality: Raised from seeds sent "from Buenos Ayres."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Nicotiana longiflora Cav. Desc. 106. 1802. Long-flowered Tobacco.
Adventive from Chile, Buenos Ayres.
Alabama: ilobile County, fugitive on ballast. Flowers greenish white; July.
Annual.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Nicotiana repanda Willd.; Lehm. Nicot. 40, <. 5. 1818. Repand-leaf Tobacco.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N, A. 2, pt. 1 : 242. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 303.
Mexico, Cuba.
Lower Sonoran area. Southwestern Texas.
Alabama: Autauga County, Prattville; waste places. Adventive years ago from
southwestern Texas or Mexico with wool. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Cuba."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
7l() PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
JABOROSA .I11S8. (icii.Pl. 125. 1780.
Six species, southern Hra/.il, Ait^cntiua, Cliile.
Jaboiosa iiitegiifolia Lam. Kiicvcl. 3 : 18!t. 1789.
rciciiiiial, low, Htt'iuless; leaves and scapes from a l(mg creeping rhizoma, deeply
Imried beneath the surface.
I5rKXt>s AVKKS.
Advontivo with l)alhist. Mobile County. Flowers wliite, fragrant, opening in the
eveniug; .Inly to October; seeds ripen perfectly. I'ersistent in the same locality for
years. Trausjdanted into gardens proves to bo a rapidly spreading weed, dillicult
to eradicate. I'erenr.ial.
Type locality : " Commerson a trouve cette plante aux envircms de Buenos-Aires."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb.Mohr.
PETUNIA Juss. Ann. Mns. Par. 2 : 215, t. 47. 1803.
About 12 sj)e(ies, South American herbs.
Petunia parviflora Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. 2 : 210, t. 47. 1803.
Small-klowkrei) Petunia.
Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 2, pt. 1:243. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:304. Wats. Bot.
Calif. 1 : 546.
Mexico to Argentina.
Louisianian area. Texas, west to California, east to Louisiana and Florida.
Alabama: Coast plaiu. Waste ground, also on ballast. Mobile County. -Tuly;
not infrequent. Annual.
Type locality : " De Fenibouchure de la Plata."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Petunia violacea Lludl. Bot. Reg. 19 : t. 1G2G. 1833.
Argentina, Uruguay.
Adventive on ballast. Mobile County. Flowers rose-])urple; June. First ob-
served in 1896. Annual.
Type locality : "A native of Buenos Ayres."
Herb. Geol. Surv,
SCROPHULARIACEAE. Figwort Fanuly.
VERBASCUM L. Sp. PI. 1:177. 1753. Mullein.
One hundred and sixty species, temperate and warm regions Northern Hemis-
phere, largely Mediterranean Europe. North America. 4. Naturalized from Europe.
Verbascum thapsus L. Sp. PI. 1:177. 1753. Common Mullein,
Throughout Atlantic North America from Ontario to the Gulf.
Alabama: Over the State. Dry fields, pastures. Flowers yellow; April, May.
Common. Annual.
Economic u«es: The flowers and leaves, under th(", name of "mullein flowers,"
"mullein leaves," .ire used medicinally.
Typo locality: '• Hab. in Europae glareosis sterilibns."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Verbascum blattaria L. Sp. PI. 1: 178. 1753. Moth Mullkin.
Of the same distribution as the last.
Alabama: Over the State. Flowers pale yellow or rose-tinted; .July, August.
Annual. A fro<[uent wayside weed, less common than the last.
Type locality : '" Hab. in Europae australioris locis argillaceis."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
ELATINOIDES Wetts. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4, Abt. 3b : 58. 1891.
Twenty-three species, Mediterranean region Europe, Africa. North America, 2;
naturalized.
Elatinoides elatiue (L.) Wetts. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4, Abt. 3b : 58. 1891.
Antirrhinum elaiine L. Sp. PL 2 : 612. 1753.
Linaria elatine Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 16. 1768.
Europe.
FIG WORT FAMILY. 7 17
Carolinian area. Naturalized from Canada, along the Atlantic coast to North
Carolina. Auunal.
Alabama : Fugitive on ballast. Mobile County. Flowers .June, July.
Type locality : " Hab. in Germaniae, Angliae, Galliae, Italiae arvis."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Elatinoides spuria (L.) Wetts. in Engl. & Prantl. Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4, Abt. 3b : 58. 1891.
Antirrhinum spiirium L. Sp. PI. 2 : 613. 1753.
Linaria sj>«rm Mill. Gard. Diet, ed 8, no. 15. 1768.
EuiiOPE.
Sparingly naturalized on the Atlantic coast. Philadelphia, on ballast.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast with the last. Mobile County. Flowers yellow;
July. Both species ripen their seed perfectly, and make their appearance almost
every season without sspreading.
Type locality : "Hal), in Germaniae, Angliae, Galliae, Italiae arvis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LINARIA Juss. Gen. PI. 120. 1789.
About 150 species, temperate regions, Northern Hemisphere. North America, 2.
Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumoiit, Bot. Cult. 2:96. 1802. Wild Toad-flax.
Antirrhinum canadenseLi. Sp. PI. 2:618. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 113. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 379. Chap. Fl. 290. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 250. Coulter, Coiitr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 306. Wats. Bot. Cal. 1 : 548.
Mexico.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick; New England
south to Florida, west to Texas, the Rocky Mountains, and California.
Alabama: Over the State. In gravelly or sandy soil. Cultivated and waste
ground. Flowers purplish blue; March, April. Common. Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Linaria floridana Chap. Fl. 290. 1860. Florida Toad-flax.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 309. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 250.
Louisianian area. Western Florida to Mississippi.
Alabama: Littoral region. Drifting sands at or near the seashore. Baldwin
County, eastern shore Mobile Bay, I'erdido Bay. Flowers blue ; April, May. Fre-
quent. Biennial.
Type locality: "Drifting sands near the coast, West Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Linaria linaria (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 947. 1880-1883. Common Toad-flax.
Antir7'hinum linaria 1j. Sp. PI. 2:616. 1753.
Linaria vulgaris Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 1. 1768.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 379. Chap. Fl. 290. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1: 2.-)l.
Europe.
Naturalized. New Brunswick and New England, and throughout the Atlantic
States to Mississippi and Tennessee.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley to lower hills. Waste places. Lauderdale and Tusca-
loosa counties. Flowers yellow; May, .June. Not frequent; most probably escaped
from cultivation. Perennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in Europae ruderatis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. H(*rb. Mohr.
SCROPHULARIA L. Sp. PI. 2:619, 1753. Figwokt.
About 120 species, warmer temperate regions, Northern Hemisphere, Europe, Asia.
North America, 3.
Scrophularia marilandica L. Sp. PI. 2 : 619. 1753. Maryland Figwort.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 106. Gray, Man, ed. 6, 380. Chap. Fl. 289, Gray, Svn, Fl. N. A. 2, pt,
1 : 258.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Quebec, Ontario; New England west to Minne-
sota, Nebraska, and Oregon, south to Florida, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Colorado,
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Damp thickets, borders of woods.
Morgan County, Falkville. Talladega County, Chandler Springs, 1,200 feet. Cle-
718 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
biirue Comity, WoodBminc. Flowers greeuish ; August, September. Not common.
I'creimiiil.
Type locality : "llab. in Virginia."
Herb, tieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CHELONE I.. Sp. ri. 2:till. 17.">3.
Three species, perennials, North American.
Cheloue glabra L. Sp. I'l. 2 : 611. 1753. Turtlk-iikad.
Ell.Sk.2:ll'(i. (irav, Man. ea.6, 3«1. (.'hap. Fl. 289. Gray, Syn. I'l. N. A. 2, pt.
1: 2oX.
Canadian to Lonisianian area. Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec; New Eng-
land to New Jersey, west to Missouri and Arkansas, and south to Florida?
Alabama: Mountain rej^iou to Central Prairie rej^iou. Uamji shaded banks.
Tallade<;;a County, Kenfroe, (500 feet. Cleburne County. Autauga County, Pratt-
ville. Pike County, Troy {D. Langdon). Flowers white; September, October.
Not infrequent.
Economic uses: The leaves, called "snake-head leaves," arc used in domestic
medicine.
Type locality : *' Hab. in Virjiinia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Cheloue lyoni Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. 2 : 737. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 127. Chap. Fl. 289 ; ed. 3, 308. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 259.
Carolinian area. North Carolina, Gleorgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Damp woods and copses. .Jackson County, Sand
Mountain {C. L. Jioijnton), Pisgah.
Type locality : " In Upper Carolina and Georgia. Li/on."
Herb. Geol. Surv. ex Biltmore Herb.
PENTSTEMON Soland. in Ait. llort. Kew. 3 : 511. 1789.
About 100 species, perennial herbs, rarely shrubby. Mexico. North America,
71. East of the Mississippi, 5.
Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 227. 1801. Pubescent Beard-tongue.
Cheloue hirsiita L. Sp. PI. 2 : 611. 1753.
Penstemon i)uhe8cen8 Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : .360. 1789.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 129. Gray, Man. ed. 6, .381. Chap. Fl. 290. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 268. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 309.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. (Ontario to Minnesota and Iowa; New England
west to Missouri and Arkansas, south to Florida, and along the Gulf to Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Dry sandy or gravelly soil. Borders
of thickets and woods. Lauderdale County. Cullman County, 800 feet. Mont-
gomery, Clarke, and Mobile counties. Flowers pale rose-purple; April, June. Fre-
quent.
Varies greatly according to exposure and soil conditions. In the sterile, dry soil
of the pine barrens the pubescence is fine and close, the leaves narrowly lanceolate,
smoothish, and slightly denticulate. In the nu)iintains on shaded bonlers of woods
and in thickets of a richer soil forms prevail with the stem sparingly hairj' and the
intlorescence as well as the leaves viscidly hirsute, the latter more broadly sinuate
or repand-de.iticulate, agreeing closely with the type described by Willdenow.
(Specimens from Cullman County belong here.)
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pentstemon digitalis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 5 : 181. 1833-1837.
Foxglove Beard-tongue,
Chelone digitalis Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 : /. ISO. 1825-1827.
Pentstemon laevigatits var. digitaliH Grav, Syn. FI. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 268, 1878.
Gray, Man. ed. 6," 382. Britt. & Br. Ill.Fl. 3 : 152. 1898.
Carolinian area. New York, Illinois, south to Georgia, west to Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dekalb County, Mentone. Cullman County (Miss
Mary Mohr). Madison County, Huutsville {Underwood). Flowers white; May,
June. Not frequent.
Type locality: "Arkansas Territory." "In wet woods and prairies; common."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb, Mohr.
FIG WORT FAMILY. 719
Pentstemon pentstemon (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:291. 1894.
Smoothish Beard-tongue.
Cheloiie pentstemon L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2: 850. 1762.
Pentstemon laevigatus Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 361. 1789.
P. laevigatus var. mnUifiorm Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 309. 1897.
EU.Sk. 2:128. Gray", Man. ed. 6, 381. Chap. Fl. 290. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:268.
Carolinian area. Virginia and Pennsylvania west to Missouri and Arkansas, south
to Tennessee and Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Madison County, Huutsville (Pro/. L. J/. Underwood').
Flowers in April. Infrequent.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pentstemon smallii Heller, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 25. 1894.
Perennial, lito 4 feet high, glabrous below. Kadical leaves oval to ovate j cauline
leaves lauceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long, 1 to 3 inches wide, almost
connected by the clasping bases, smoothish or softly pui)oscent, serrate, the upper-
most entire; inflorescence more or less pubescent like thescarious-margined, lanceo-
late calyx lobes ; corolla bright purple, the lower lip densely bearded with yellow
hairs; sterile lilament bearded to the base, most densely above.
Carolinian area Tennessee, North Carolina, and northern Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry open woods. Madison County, Huntsville (i.
M. Underwood). Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain, near Loring's Spring Hotel,
altitude 2,000 feet (C. Mohr).
Type locality: "Collected by the writer on Blowing Rock Mountain, Caldwell
County, N. C."
PAULOWNIA Sieb. & Zucc. Fl. Jap. 1 : 25, t. 10. 1835.
One species, Jajian.
Paulownia tomeiitosa (Thuub.) Baill. Hist. PI. 9:434. 1888. Paulownia.
Bigtionia tomentosa Thunb. Fl. Jap. 252. 1784.
Pauloivnia imx)erialis Sieb. & Zucc. Fl. .Jap. 1 : 27. 1835.
Louisianian area. Introduced, and in the lower Southern States here and there
escaped from cultivation.
Alabama : Central prairies. In waste places about dwellings. Pike County, Troy.
Montgomery County. Flowers cerulean blue; February, March.
Type locality : "Crescit in insula Nipou et projie Nagasaki."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
MIMULUS L. Sp. PL 2:634. 1753. Monkey Flowek.
Over 60 species, perennial herbs, about 59 eastern tropical America, Mexico, and
chiefly northwestern America. United States 28. Atlantic, 3.
Mimulus alatus Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2:361. 1789.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 125. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 383. Chap. Fl. 291. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 276. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 309.
Carolinian area. New York west to Michigan, the Ohio A'alley, Missouri, and
Arkansas; south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama : Mountain region to Lower hills. Damp grassy banks, margin of rivulets.
Clay County, Moseley, 1,000 feet altitude. Cullman and Blount counties. Bibb
County {E. A. Smith), Tuscaloosa County. Flowers mauve-purple; August. One
and one-half to 2 feet high. Not common. Perennial.
Type locality: "Native of North America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GRATIOLA L. Sp. PL 1 : 17. 17.53. Hedge Hyssop.
Twenty-five species, low perennials; temperate Europe. North America, 14,
Atlantic, 12, mostly Southern.
Gratiola floridana Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7 : 103. 1834.
Flokida Hedge Hyssop.
Chap. Fl. 292. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. pt. 2, 1 : 281.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern Tennessee, Georgia, and Florida.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Central Prairie region. Wet places in the woods.
Lawrence County, Moulton, 600 feet. Franklin County, Russellville. Cullman
720 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA.
Coniity, 800 feet. Leo County, Auburn {Earle <f- Vndcrwood). Etowah County,
Attallii (/v. A. Smith). Mont<^<>niery County. Flowers whito, limb rose-jiuiple; April,
May. 1 rt(|nei)t.
'fypo locality: "Near Cbiixda, in West Florida."
llerli. (ieol. ."^urv. Kerb. Molir.
Gratiola virginiaiia L. Sp. I'l. 1: 17. 175:1 Common Hkdgk Hvssor.
Gray, Man. e<l. G, 3X4. Cbap. I'l. 2!»2. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 281. Coul-
ter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:311. Wats. Hot. Calif. 1:570.
Allef^lieiiian, Carolinian, and Lonisianian areas. (Quebec and < >ntario west to Brit-
isli Cidnnibia. Orej^on, and California; New Enffhuul west to Minnesot.a an<l
Nebraska, ,>iOuth from the Ohio Valley, Missouri, and Arkansas to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Muddy banks. Dekalb County, Mentoue. .Sj)rinf;y
banks of Little Kiver, 1,800 feet. FloAvers yellowi.sh white ; June. Apparently rare
in the .State.
Type locality: ''Hab. in Virginia."'
Herb. Geol. 8urv. Herb. Mohr.
Gratiola sphaerocarpa Kll. Sk. 1 : 14, 1816. Round-fruitkd Hedgk Hyssop.
(iratiohi aciimhiaia Vahl, Enum. 1:92. Not Walt.
Ell. «k. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 384. Chap. Fl. 292. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 282. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 311.
Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Coast of New .Jersey, West Virginia, south-
ern Illinois, southern Missouri and Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas.
Alahama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Springy banks, borders of rivulets.
Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith). Dekalb County, Mentone. Mobile County.
Flowers white; May. Frequent.
Type locality : "Grows in ponds 4 miles from Charleston, on the Neck."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gratiola aurea Muhl. Cat. 2. 1813. Yellow-flowered Hedge Hyssop.
Ell. .Sk. 1 : 13. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 385. Chap. Fl. 293. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:2X2.
Allegheuian, Caroliuiau, and Louisianian areas. Quebec, Ontario, and New Eng-
land to Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Borders of ditches. Flowers golden yellow; April to
September. Not common.
Type locality : " N. Angl. N. Caes. Car."
HerV). Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gratiola pilosa ilichx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 7. 1803. Pilose Hedge Hyssop.
Gratiola peruviana Walt. Fl. Car. GQf. 1788. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 13. Gray, Man. ed. (i, 385. Chap. Fl. 293. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 283. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 311.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Coast of New .Jersey to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Central I'ine belt to Coast plain. Low damp places, borders of ponds.
Dekalb County, \ alley head. Autauga County (/s. A. Smith). Monroe, Mobile, and
Baldwin counties. Flowers July to September; frequent. Most common in the
low sandy ])ine Hats of the Coast plain.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolinae inferioris uliginosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gratiola hispida (Benth.) Pollard, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 157. 1897.
Rough Hedge Hyssop.
Sophronanthe hispida Benth. ; Lindl. Intr. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 445. 1836.
Gratiola subiilata Baldw. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 405. 1846.
Chap. FL 293. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 283.
Louisianian area. Florida, along the coast to Mississippi.
Alabama: Littoral region. Dry sands on the Gulf shore. Baldwin County, Navy
Cove, Bon Secour Bay. Flowers white; .June, July; plant shrubby at the base.
Frequent.
Type locality (DC. Prodr.): "In Florida (Chapman! Baldwin!), ad Apalachicola
(Drummond!).'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
FIGWOET FAMILY. 721
CONOBEA Aubl. Pl.Guian.2:G39, t..?JS. 1775.
Seven species, tropical America.
Conobea multifida (Michx.) Beiith. in DC. Prodr. 10 : 391. 1846.
CuTLKAi' Conobea.
Capraria multifida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 22. 1803.
Gray, Man. cd.'e, 383. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 636 ; ed. 3. 311. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 •
279. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 310.
Carolinian and Loiiisianian areas. Ohio to Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas.
Adventive on ballast at New York and Philadelphia.
Alabama: Coast region. Adventive on ballast from the west. Mobile County.
Flowers June, July ; rare. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in ripis areuosis lluminum aniniciilorum([ue, in Teuuassee et
lllinoensi regione."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MONNIERA P. Br. Hist. Jam. 269, t. 2S,f. .?. 1755.
( Bacopa Aubl. PI. Guiau. 1 : 128, t. 40. 1775. )
(Herpestis Gaert. Fruct. 3 : 186, t. 214,/. 6. 1805.)
About 60 species, perennial herbs, subtropical and tropical regions of both hemi-
8i)heres. Asia. Chiefly American. North America, 6.
Monniera acuminata (Walt.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PL 2 :463. 1891.
Blackening Hedge Hyssop.
Gratiola acuminaia Walt. Fl. Car. 61. 1788.
Herpestis nigrescena Benth. Com]t. Bot. Mag. 2 : 56. 1836.
Ell. Sk. 1:15. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 383. Chap. Fl. 291. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 280,
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 310.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Maryland, ahmg the coast to North Carolina
and Florida, west to Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Low damp places, thickets, and pas-
tures. Morgan County, Falkville, covering low abandoned fields. Tuscaloosa,
Montgomery, Clarke, Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Frequent; 1 to 1} feet high.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Monniera chamaedryoides peduncularis (Benth.).
Peduncleu Gekmandek-like Hedge Hyssop.
Herpestis peduncularis Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2 : 56. 1836.
H. chamaedryoides \ &y. peduncularin Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 280. 1878.
Chap. Fl. 291. Gray, 1. c. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 310. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 310.
Northehn Mexico?
Louisianian area. Florida to Texas.
Alabama : Upper Division Coast Pine belt to Coast plain. Low waste places, bor-
ders of ditches. Clarke County, Suggsville {Dr. Jicuni/). Molnle County. Flowers
yellow; April, May. Not freciuent. Low, diffusely branching.
Type locality: "Texas on the Rio Brazos, iJrummond."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Monniera monniera (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 292. 1894.
Creei'Ing Monniera.
Gratiola monniera L. Cent. PI. 2 : 1756. (Amoen. Acad. 4 : 307.)
i/oHM(e/-a c«»/e(7'oiia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.2 :22. 1803.
Herpestis monniera H. B. K. Nov. Gen. »t Sp. 2 : 366. 1817.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 103. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 384. Chap. Fl. 292. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1;
281. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 310. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 430.
Cosmopolitan on Tropical and Suptropical Coasts.
Louisianian area. Maryland (Gray), coast of North Carolina to Florida, west to
Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain and Littoral region. Margin of tide-water swamps, fresh
and brackish, to the seashore. Flowers pale blue; May to October. Abundant.
Low, creeping, 1 to 2 feet long; perennial.
Tyjte locality : " Hab. in Jamaica."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
15894 4U
7'J2 IM.ANT lAl'K t)K ALAHAMA.
Monniera caroliniana ( W iilt.) Kunl/.r, hNn. (ini. I'l. 2 : lti.{. 1S!(1.
Cauoi.ina MoNN'IKKA.
Olxildiia rtnoHuidVK Walt. l'"l. Car. lti(i. 17W.
}t()iniir)<i (imiilijiniiilia Miclix. Fl. lior. Am. 2 .22. 1S(W.
Ilrrpistix iimjilej-irdiilis I'lirsh, Fl. Am. .Sept. 2 : 41S. 1><1 1.
Kll. Sk. 2 : 101. (Jray, Man. od. (!, 381. Cha]). Fl. 2!I2. (iray, Syn. Fl. X. A. 2, pt. 1 :
2X0.
Caroliiii.ni and Loiiieianian areas. Maryland to llorid.i, wiisl to Louisiana.
Ai.AiiAM.v : Central Prairie re<.jioii. IJorders of jpoiids. Harliour (,'ouuty, Knfaula
{]■:. .1. Smilli). Flowers i>lni-, Aiij;nst. Rare.
Tyjie locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
MICRANTHEMUM Miclix. Fl. I'.or. Am. 1 : 10. 180:3.
Sixteen Bpccies, low herbs, tropical and subtropical America. Atlantic North
America, 2; low acinatics.
Micranthemum orbiciilatum Michx. Fl. IJor. Am. 1 : 10, t. ,.'. 1803.
FIl. Sk. 1 : 17. Chap. Fl. I'!t5. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 284. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2:312.
Wkst Inuiks, Ckntkai, America, Brazil, Pkku.
Louisiaiiian area. North ('arolina to Florida and western Texas.
Alabama : Coast plain. Muddy banks, shallow ponds. Mobile, and Baldwin
counties. Flowers white; May to October. Common; creeping in dense tufts.
Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in iidis opacisfiue sylvarum Carolinae el (ieorgiae."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Micranthemum orbiculatum emarginatum (FU.) Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club, 24:2(>.
1S!I7.
MirrantheDiiiiii emarf/iruitiim Fll. Sk. 1: 18. 1816.
Loiiisianian area. Georgia, Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast i)lain. Gently-flowing brooklets. Baldwin County, Daphne.
Not fre(iiient. Perennial.
The orbiculate leaves from ^ to over i inch wide, slightly emarginate, the 3 basal
nerves more prominent. Flowers closely sessile, smaller than in the type. Stems
0 to 8 inches long, floating in clear brooklets.
Type locality : " ( Jro ws in ditches and wet ])laces — Vail' Ombrosa, ( ireat Ogeechee.
In the upper country, common."'
Herb. Gcol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ILYSANTHES Kaf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820.
Ten species, annuals, warmer regions of the globe. Atlantic North America, 5,
chiefly Southern.
Ilysanthes gratioloides (L.) Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 : 1 1!). 1816.
Hedgk-iiyssop-lik k Ilysanthes.
Capraria (iratioloides Ij. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 876. 1763.
Graiiola aniujallidea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : .5. 1803.
Jhjxanthes riparla b'af. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820.
Lindernid dilaUda Mulil. Cat. 50. 1813.
Fll. Sk. 1 : 16. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 385. Chai). Fl. 204. (iray, Svu. Fl N. A. 2, i>t. 1 :
283. Coulter, Conir. Nat. Herb. 2:311.
South America, kastkrx Asia.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Brunswick, Ontario, and Minnesota to
Oregon and the Sierra Nevada; throughout the States east of the Mississippi River.
Alai'.ama: From the Tennessee Valley to the Coast plain. Muddy borders of
streams, exposed muddy banks. Flowers white; June to September. Abundant.
Type locality : " Hab. in ^'irgiuiae aquosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ilysanthes attenuata (Muhl.) J. K. Small, T'.ull. Torr. Club, 23:207. 1896.
Lindernia attenuata Muhl. Cat. 59. 1813.
Gratiola attenuata Spreng. Syst. 1 : 39. 1824.
By later authors confounded with the last.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario, Wisconsin, Missouri, south to
Georgia.
FIGWORT FAMILY. 728
Alabama: Monntaiii region, uiiry places. Dekalb County, Mentone. Lee County,
Auburn {Jtaher ^S■ Eaile). Flowers July. Kare and local.
Type locality : " Pens."
Herb. Geo!. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ilysanthes refracta (Ell.) Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 : 418. 1846.
Lindernia refracta Ell. Sk. 1 : 579. 1821.
L. moiiticola Nutt. Gen. Add. 1818.
Ell. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 2!»4, ed. 3, .313. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 283.
Carolinian area. North Carolina to Georgia.
Alaba:\ia: Mountain region. Wet rocks. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain,
Desoto Falls, May (C. L. Boytiton) and near Gadsden. Etow;ih Couutv, Black Creek
Falls.
Type locality : "Grows .around the margins of ponds in liarn well district, South
Carolina; in Bnrke County, and near Milledgeville, Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surw ex Biltraore Herb.
SCOPARIA L. Sp. PI. 1: lit). 1763.
About 6 species, small undershrubs or herbs, tropical America to Brazil.
Scoparia dulcis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 116. 1753.
Chap. Fl. 296. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 284. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herl). 2 : 312.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 427.
COSMOrOLITAN IN THE THOPICS.
Louisianian area. Florida to southwestern Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Fugitive on ballast. Mobile County, .July, 1885; rarely
met with. Annual.
Type locality: "llab. in Jamaica, Curassao."
Herb. Mohr.
VERONICA L. Sp. PL 1 : 9. 1753.
About 200 species, annuals and perennials, cooler temperate regions both hemi-
spheres. Europe, western Asia, New Zealand. North America, 11.
Veronica peregrina L. Sp. PL 1 : 14. 1753. Neck weed.
Veronica caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 61. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 1:10. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 387. Chap. Fl. 295. Grav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 288. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 312. Wats. Bot. CaliL 572.
Mexico, South America.
Boreal region to Louisianian area. Throughout the continent. From near the
arctic circle to the Gulf of Mexico.
Alabama: Over the State. In damp cultivated ground. Flowers pale blue; Feb-
ruary to May. A most common winter annual, 4 to 6 inches high.
Type locality : "Hab. in Europae hortis, arvisque."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Veronica arvensis L. Sp. IT. 1 : 13. 1753. CouN Speedwell.
Ell. Sk. 1:9. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 387. Chap. Fl. 296. Grav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:288.
EUROI'E.
Naturalized. Maritime i)rovinces of Canada and along the Atlantic coast to
Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast ])laiu. Cultivated ground, waste places. Flowers blue; Feb-
ruary to May. Common winter weed; annual.
Ty]ie locality: " Hab. in Europae arvis, cultis.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Veronica agrestis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 13. 1753.
Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 3S7. Chap. Fl. 296. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 288.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. Introduced along the Atlantic ;ind Gulf coasts
from New England to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast region. Ballast ground. Mobile County, May ; rare. Annual.
Type locality : "Hal), in Europae cultis, arvis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Veronica serpyllifolia L. Sp. PI. 1 : 12. 1753. Thyme-leaf Speedwell.
EB.Sk. 1:8. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 387. Chap. Fl. 295. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:288.
Europe, Asia, Northern Africa.
7l'4 IM.ANI' LIKK (»K AL.M5A.MA.
Itoreal r»>}fioii to ("arolinian area. Lalirador. 'riiroiifrhoiit Canada to the arctic-
cinli*, across Mio continenl, ami tliroiijjjlioiit tlui Nortli Atlantic States west to N«w
Mexico and Nov tula, soiitli alonjf the monntains to (Jcorj^ia.
Alabama: Tcnncssoe \'alley. Damp shady j)laces on caicaromis banks. Madisou
County, .Montcsano, SOO fcot. ■lac,ks(Hi (jOiinty, 'Jurlftys, 1,()()0 I'oet altitude; Scotts-
boro, 800 t'ei't. Flowers lilac, May ; not I'rcijuont. IV-nMinial.
Type locality: "In Kuroi)a et America septentrionali ad vias, a<;ro8.''
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Veronica aiiagallis-aquatica L. Sj). PI. 1: 12. 17;");!. Wati;u Si'kkdw ki.i..
(Jray. Man. oil. O. oSd. chap. Fl. ed. S, :S1 1. Cray, .Syn. I'l. N. A. 2, ]>t. 1 : -'X7.
Kn.ui'K.
Allejj;hcnian to Louisiauian area, (^inadu to I'.ritish Columbia, south to Tennessee.
Ai.auama: Fu<;itive on ballast. Mobile County, .lune, 18'J4. Wet bankH, Mobile
Kiver.
Tyj»e locality: " I lab. in Kuropa ad lossas."
Herb, tieol. fiurv. Herb. Mohr.
LEPTANDRA Niitt. (ien. 1 : 7. 1818.
Two species, perennial, eastern Asia, Siberia. North America, 1.
Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt. (ieu. Tl. 1 : 7. 1818. Culver's-Root.
I'croitiia rinjiiiica L. Sp. I'l. 1: 9. 1753.
(iray, Man. ed. 6, 38t5. Chap. Fl. 295. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 28)j.
Allegheuiau to Louisianiau area. Ontario to Manitolia, Minnesota, and Nebraska ;
New Enj^land south to New .Jersey, and from the Ohio \'alley to Missouri and
Arkansas, and alon"^ the mountains to Tennessee and (ieor^ia.
Alai!AMa: Mountain region to Central Praiiies. Rich woods. Cullman ami
Bibb counties. Autauga County, Prattvillo. Sumter County. Flowers cerulean
l)lue; August. Not frequent; 2 to 3 feet high.
Economic uses: The root is the "blackroot" or "Leptandra'' of the United States
Pharmaco])ieia.
Tyiie locality: "Ilab. iu ^'irginia."
Herb. Cleol. Surv. Herl). Moiir.
AFZELIA .J. (;. (Jmelin, Syst. 2 :927. 1796.
(Seymkima Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2:73G. 1814.)
Nine species, .iiinual or perennial herbs. Mexico. North America, 5. Madagas-
car, 1.
Afzelia cassioides .J. G. Cmeliu, Syst. 2 :927. 179(i. Tiiin-i.eavku Af/klia.
Avonymos (■(Hisioidcs Walt. Fl. Car. 171. 1788.
<lerardia af^cliti Miclix. V\. Bor. Am. 2 : 20. 180;>.
Seiimcria tctnii/olia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sejtt. 2 : 737. 1814.
EH. Sk. 2 : 122. Chap. Fl. 297. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, ])i . 1 : 2S9. Coulter, Contr.
Kat. Herb. 2:313.
Car<dinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida, west to southeastern
Tennessee and Mississi])pi.
AiAiiAMA : Central Pine belt to Lower Pine region. iM'v sandy ))ine forest. Hibb
County ( A, .4. Smith), lialilwin and Mobile counties. Corolla of llowers yellow,
witli rufous lip; Septemlier to November. Not infreciuent. Annual.
'i'yy)e locality: South Carolina.
Herl). (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Afzelia pectiiiata (Pursh) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : 457. 1891.
PeCTINATK-I.KAK AlZKUA.
Seymeria iicciinata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 737. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 122. Chaj). Fl. 297. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2, pt. 1 : 290. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2 : 313.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Ai.AiiAMA: ^Mountain region. Metamorphic hills to Lower Pine region. Dry pine
ridges. Lee County, Auburn (A'ar/e). Mobile County, Chastang's Bluff. Flowers
yellow; September, October. Not frequent. Annual.
Type locality : "'In South Carolina. Catesby."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr,
FIGWORT FAMILY. 725
MACRANTHERA Torr. ; IWitli. hi Hook. Com]). Rot. Mag. 1:203. 183.5.
One species, .South Atlautic Nortli America.
Macraiithera fuch§ioides (Nutt.) Torr.; Kentb. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1:203.
1835. Fuchsia-like Mackantheha.
Conradiafiichsioides '^utt. .Jouru. Acad. Pbila. 7:88, /. 11, 12. 1834.
Chap. Fl. 297. Gray, 8yn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:290.
Louisianian area. Georgia, Florida, and eastern Louisiana ( ?).
Alabama : Central Pine belt to Lower Pine region. Sandy borders of swamps and
brooks. Tuscaloosa County ( A\ J. »Sm(7/(). Escaml>ia County. Baldwin County,
.Stockton. Mobile County, Springbill. Flowers yellow to Hame color; August,
September. Not infrequent. A coarse liiennial.
Type locality not specifically given. In Bentham: "Southern .States of North
America. IjOuisiana. (Ilruvivtond.)"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
DASYSTOMA Raf. .Journ. Pbys. 89 : 99. 1819.
Eight species, coarse perennial yellow-flowered herbs, Atlantic North America, 8.
Dasystoma pectinata (Nutt.) Benth. in DC. I'rodr. 10:521. 1846.
Pectinate False Foxglove.
Gerardia pedicularia pectinata '^ntt. Gen. PI. 2:48. 1818.
Chap, Fl. 298. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:291.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina! to Florida, west to Mississip]>i
and Arkansas.
Alabama: Throughout the State. Arid rocky or sandy soil. Clay County, Che-
aw-ha Mountain, 2,200 feet. Washington, Escambia, Clarke, Mobile, and Baldwin
counties. Flowers yellow ; August, September. Frequent.
Type locality : " In the sandy pine forests of Carolina and Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Dasystoma flava (L.) "Wood, Bot. ct Flor. 230. 1873. Downy False Foxglove.
Gerardia Jlava L. Sp. PI. 2 : GIO. 1753.
Dasi/stonia puhescens Bentii. in DC. Prodr. 10:520. 1846.
Ell." Sk. 2:119. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 389. Chap. Fl. 298. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1:291.
Carolinian area. Ontario and New England, west to southern ilichigan, through
the Ohio Valley to Missouri and Arkansas, and from Tennessee along the mountains
to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Coosa hills. Metamorphic ranges. Rocky woods.
Calhoun County, Anniston, about 1,000 feet. Clay County. Che-aw-ha Mountain,
2,400 feet altitude. Flowers yellow; August, September. Not infrequent on the
Metamorphic formations of greatest elevation.
Type locality : "'llab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Dasystoma virginica (L. ) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 2y."'). 1894.
Virginia Falsk Foxglove.
Ehinanthus virf/iniriia L. Sp. I'l. 2 : 603. 1753.
Gerardia </iiercifoUa Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 423. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 120. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 389. Chap. Fl. 298. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
291.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Ontario and New England, west to Michigan,
south to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Lauderdale and Culhnaii coun-
ties. Calhoun County, Anniston.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Dasystoma laevigata (Raf.) Chap. Fl. Suppl. ()36. 1883.
Smooth False Foxiu.ove.
Gerardia laevigata Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820.
Dasystoma qnereifoVia var. ( ?) inteqrifolia Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 520. 1846.
Gray, Man. erl. (i,"389. Chap. 1. c. ;' ed. 3, 313. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 291.
Carolinian to Louisianian area. .Southern Michigan. Illinois, ami Tennessee to
Georgia.
Al.\bama : Lower Metamorphic hills. Cent7-al Pine belt. Chilton County (7?. J.
Smith). August. Lee County, Auburn {Jiaker <S' Karle).
TlM) I'l.AN'l" ]AIV. (IK ALA1?AMA.
'I'ypo lociility : " It .<;ri>WH <>ii tin* Unnl> hills <il' KciilmK v, tlir ( 'iiiiiln rhmd iii<»iin-
taiiiH anil llif Alli<;li.iny."
lliTli. (Jcol. Siiiv. II. rl>. M.)|ir.
GERARDIA 1..S]). I'1.2:t;i(). IT.".:!. (!i:ii.\i;i.iA.
About lUty sjiccios. ]ieieniii:il or aiimial )iiir]»ie lioweivd beiba. Mexi<o, South
Aiiioiica. Kra/il. WnimiT tiiiiipcnitc iNortii Aiii(iri(;a, 2'A, mostly llastern.
Gerardia auiiculata Miclix. I'l. Hor. Am. 2 : 20. ISOIi.
Aruicri.ATi: Falsk Fi).\<;m»\ k.
(Hi)j)h>iU(i miclKdixii Lieiith. ]>C. I'lodr. 10: 512. ISKi.
( Jray.Mau. .d. (i, :!!^9. Chaj). Fl. 29.S. Gray, .Syii. Fl. 2, pt. 1 : 292.
Alh'.ulii'iiian To l.oiiisiaiiiaii area. Western I'eunsylvauia to Missouri .iiid Min-
nesota, south troui New Jersey to North Carolina.
Alahama: ( /.'Hc/.7e//, ISIO). Station not j;! van and ])lant not found siuee. Annual.
TyiK' loialitv: " llah. in ]iratis re^ionis llliuoensis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gerardia liuifolia Xutt. Gen. PI. 2 : 47. 1818. Flax-leaf Gkrakdia.
Ell. Sk. 2: lis. Gray, ^lan. ed. fi, 389. Chap. Fl. 299. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 292.
CruA.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Delaware to Florida.
Alabama: Central Pine btdt. Open pine forests. Elmore County (Ii. J. Smith).
Flowers Auj^ust, rare. Perennial.
Tyi)e Icteality: "From Wilmington, North Carolina, to Florida."
Herb. (iecd. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gerardia purpurea L. Sp. PI. 2 : BIO. 1753. Pt'RPLK Geuardia.
Ell. Sk. 2: 110. Gray, Man. ed. (5,390. Chap. Fl. 299. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:293. Coulter, C<mtf. Nat. Herb. 2: 31 1.
Alleiiheniau and tJ.irolinian areas. Southern Ontario and New England, west to
Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Arkansas, and from New York to Florida, and
west to Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Metamor])hie bills. Damp copses. Clay County
(A'. J. .S'>(m7/i). Cullman County. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in A'irginia, Canada.'*
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Gerardia fasciculata Ell. Sk. 2 : 115. 1817. F^'ascicled Gkrakdia.
(Icrardia purpurea \'AT. fasciculata Chap. Fl. 300. 18(50.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 293. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2 : 314.
Alabama : (.'oaat plain. Low damj) i)ine barrens, borders of rivers, marshes, fresh
or braeki.sh. Flowers September, October. One and one-half to 2i feet high.
Fremieut.
Gr.idnally i)as8e8 into forms with simpler stems, and leaves and (lowers much
reduced in size, ap]iro;iching (i. jxnrpcreuln. Annual.
Tyjie locality: "On Edings Island nt^ar Hcaufort very common."
Heib. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gerardia paupercula (Gray) P.ritton, Mom. Toir. Club. 5 : 295. 1.S91.
Detai pkuatk Gerardia.
Gerardin purpurea XiW. paupercula Gray, Syn. Fl. 2, \>X. 1 : 293. 1878.
Gray, Man. ed. (5,390.
AUeghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Ontario to Saskatchewan; coast
of New England west to Pennsylvania, northern Hlinois, and Wi.sconsin.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low pine barrens. Mobile County. The maritime form
the stem weak, slender, fully 2 feet high, branched from the base, the numerous
branches elongated, spreading. Flowers numerous, small, | to | inch long. Sep-
tember, Octol)ei ; not infre(|uenf. Annual.
Type locality: "Lower Canada to Saskatchewan, .and southward from coast of
New England to Pennsylvania, northern Illinois, and Wisconsin."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gerardia maritima Raf.N. Y. Med. Kep. .ser. 2, 5:361. 180S, Sea.side Gerardia.
Gerardia purpurea v.ar, crassi folia Pursh, VI. Am. Sept. 2 : 422, 1814.
(Jray, Man. ed. (J, 390. Chap. Fl. 300. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:293- Conlter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 314.
FTGWORt FAMILY. 727
AUeghenian to Louisianiau area. Coast of Maine, along the seashore to Florida,
west to Texas.
Alabama: Littoral region. Salt marshes. Baldwin and Mobile counties. Flowers
pink; June, July. Frequeut. Annual.
Type locality: "Found iu the islands of Egg-Harl)our, in New-Jersey.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gerardia plukenetii Ell. Sk. 2 : 114. 1817. Plukenet's Gerardia.
Gerardia setacea Chap. Fl. 300. Not Walt., Ell., Pursh, or Nutt.
Ell. Sk. 2 : lU. Chap. Fl. 300. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 293.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Georgia and Florida to Mississippi.
Alabama: Mountain region to Lower Pine region. Dry gravelly or sandy woods,
Lee County, Auburn, 800 feet altitude (Earh). Talladega County, Renfrde, rocky
hillsides, 700 feet. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers rose-pink; September,
October. Common. Abundant in dry open pine barrens of the Lower Pine region.
Annual.
Plants with white flowers not rare about Mobile.
Type locality : '"Grows in wet spungy soils, very common between the Oakmnlgee
and Chatahouchie rivers."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gerardia setacea Walt. Fl. Car. 170. 1788.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 294.
Louisianian area.
Alabama: Coast plain. Dry sandy pine woods. Mobile County. October;
infrequent.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
Gerardia filifolia Nutt. Gen. PI. 2:48. 1818. Filiform-leaved Gerardia.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 116. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 319. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 293.
Louisianian area. Southern Georgia to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Alaliama (fide Gray). Annual.
Type locality: "In West Florida. Dr. Baldwyn.'"
Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3 : 79. 1794. Thin-leaved Gerardia.
Anoniimos erecta Walt. Fl. Car. 170. 1788 ( ?)
Ell. Sk. 2 : 117. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 390. Chap. Fl. 300. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:294.
AUeghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Ontario and New England west
to Minnesota; Ohio Valley to Missouri; south along the mountains to Tennessee,
Georgia, and Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry open woods. Cullman County. Flowers pale
rose; August. Annual.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Mohr.
Gerardia tenuifolia asperula Gray, Bot. Gaz. 4 : 153. 1879,
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 390. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. ed. 2, 2, pt. 1 : 4,52.
Carolinian area. Michigan to Indiana, Missouri, western Louisiana, and Ten-
nessee.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry rocky hillsides. Talladega (bounty, Chandler
Spring, 1,000 feet. Flowers ])ale purple; September, October. Annual.
Type locality : "Collected at St Croix, Wisconsin, and in Fillmore Co., Minne-
sota"; also received from Michigan and St. Louis,
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gerardia skinneriana Wood, Classbook, 408. 1847. Small-leaved Gerardia.
Gerardia parvifoUa Chai>. Fl. 300. 1860.
Gray, Man. ed.'6, 390. Chap. 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 294.
Carolinian area. Southern Massachusetts, along the coast to North Carolina and
Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. In damp sandy pine woods. Mobile and Baldwin coun-
ties. Flowers pale pink; Octol)er. Frequent. Low spreading. Annual.
Type locality: "I detected this delicate species iu .Inly, 1846, in Greene, Co., la."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gerardia aphylla Nutt. Gen. 2 : 47. 1818. Leafless Gerardia.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 114. Chap. Fl. 299. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 295.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
'JS PLANT LIFK <>K ALABAMA.
Ai.a»a:\ia: Coast i>laiii. Low samly <l:iin]) i)ine liiirrciiH. Mobih- ("onnty. Flow-
ers rosc-imrplf; <)<'toluT, N'o\ t'liilitT. Not iurieciiii'iit, in the pine llatH near i >ojj
KiviM- and WhiHtltT. One to U feet loiif;, :i8(»Mi(lin<x. Annual.
ry]'<^ locality: ''From North Carolina to Florida, where it was tirst detected hy
Dr/Haldwyn.""
Herb. Geol. Snrv. llerh. M<dir.
BUCHNERA L. Sp. PI. 1:630. 17r.3.
Thirty species, erect ]>(rfniiials or biennials, tropi(^al regions both heniiH])herc8,
<hicllv American. I'nitcd States and Mexico to IJrazil. New iiidland, Sonth
Africa, East Indies. Nortli .America, 2.
Buchnera americana L. Sp. I'l. 2 : 630. 1753. Blue-hearts.
Kll. Sk. 1:11L'. (iray, Man. ed. 6,388. Chap. Fl. 297. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1:281 1.
Allciiheuian to Carolinian area. New York west to Miehijfan and Wisconsin;
southern \ irginia to Ohio, Tennessee, sonthern Mi.ssonri, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Lower hills. Dry open woods Cullman, Walker,
anil Tnscaloosa counties. Clay County, Moseley, 1,200 feet. Flowers violet, May to
July. Not rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
iferb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Buchnera eloiigata Sw. Prodr. Yeg. Ind. Occ. 92. 1788. Southern Blue-hearts.
Chap. Fl. 297. Gray, Svu. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 289. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 313.
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 428.
West Indies, Mexico to Brazll.
Louisianiau area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Dry pine woods. Washington
County, Yellowpine. Escambia, Baldwin, and M(djilc counties. Flowers violet to
deep blue; May, June. Common. Perennial.
Type locality: "India occidentalis, Jamaica."
llerb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
SCH"WALBEA L. Sp. PL 2:606. 1753.
One species, Atlantic North America.
Schwalbea americana L. Sp. PI. 2 : 606. 1753. Chafk-seed.
Ell. Sk. 2:131. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 391. Chap. Fl. .301. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:305.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Southeastern New England along the coast
to Florida, Avcst to Louisiana.
Alai5a:ma: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Grassy pine barrens. Mobile
County, Bayou Sara. Flowers yellow; May. Not rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CASTILLEJA Mutis; L. f. Suppl.47. 1781.
Thirty to 40 species. American, cbielly South Americia, northern Asia.
Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2 : 775. 1825. Painted cup.
Bartsia corcivea I.. Sp. PI. 2 : 602. 1753.
Graj', Man.ed.6, 390. Chap. Fl. 301. (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:295. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 315.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario to Manitoba, Maine to northwestern
New York and Minnesota; southern New Jersey, throughout the ( )hio \'alley to
Missouri, south to Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas.
Alabama: Coosa Valley. Etowah County (A'. J. Smith). July. Corolla green-
ish yellow, tloral bracts scarlet. Tiifre(|iieiit. Annual.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia, Noveboraco."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PEDICULARIS L. Sp. PI. 2:603. 1753.
About 125 species, of arctic and temperate regions of Europe, North America,
northern Asia, Himalayan India.
Pedicularis canadensis L. Mant. 1 : 86. 1767.
Wood Betony. Canada Lousewort.
BUTTER WORT FAMILY. 729
Pedicnlaris gladiata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 18. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 :]23. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 392. Chap. Fl. 301. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 307.
Mexico.
Alleghenian and Louisianian areas. Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Saskatchewan ;
New England to Dakota, south to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Over the State. Flowers April, greenish yellow. Common. Perennial.
Ty 1)6 locality : "Hab. in America septentriouali. Kalm,"
Herb. Geol, Surv. Herb Mohr.
PINGUICULACEAE. Butterwort Family.
PINGUICULA L. Sp. PI. 1:17. 1753. BuTTF,R^voRT.
Thirty species, perennial herbs, insectivorous, belonging to temperate and sub-
tropical regions. Nortli America, 5.
Pinguicula lutea Walt. Fl. Car. 63. 1788. YKLLO^v Buttekwort.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 19. Chap. Fl. 284. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 318.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low damp pine barrens. Mobile and Baldwin counties.
Flowers lemon-yellow, March, April; common.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pinguicula elatior Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 11. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 18. Chap. Fl. 284. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 318.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Louisianian area. In the low country of Alabama (Gray, Syn. Fl.).
Type locality : "Hab. in paludibus apricis Georgiae et Carolinae."
Pinguicula planifolia Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 303. 1897.
PinguicuJa australis Chap. Fl. 284. 1860. Not Nutt.
Chap, 1. c. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:318, in part.
Louisianian area. Lower North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower division of C'oast Pino l)elt. Inundated borders of ])ine-barren
streams. Mobile County. Flowers amethyst-blue, April, May ; not infrequent.
Type locality: "Shallow ponds, west Florida, near the coast."'
Heib. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pinguicula pumila Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 11. 1803.
Pinfjuicula australis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 103. 18.34.
Ell.'Sk. 1 : 19. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 317.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida to southwestern Louisiana. (C!alcasieu
Kiver).
Alabama: Louisianiau area. Damp sandy pine barrens. P>aldwin and Mobile
counties. Flats of Mobile River, Mount ^"er^on.
Type locality: "^Hab. in humidis apricis Georgiae."'
UTRICULARIA L. Sp. PL 1 : 18. 1753.
(Lentibularia Adans., including Megacista DC.)
About 150 species, aquatic perennials, insectivorous, of the temperate and warmer
regions of the globe. North America, 15.
Utriculariainflata Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788. Whorled Bladderwort.
Ufrituhtria ceratophijlla Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:12. 1803.
Ell. Slv. 1:20. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 396. Chap. Fl. 282. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 315, Coulter, Contr, Nat. Herb. 2 : 317.
Allegheuiiiu, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Maine (Mount Desert Island)
along the coast to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Floating in stagnant water, ponds. Mobile County,
Flowers yellow; June, .July; not frequent.
Typo locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. lljrl). Mohr.
Utricularia vulgaris L. Sp. I'l. 1 : 18. 1753. Common Bladderwort.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 396. Chap. Fl. 282. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 315. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb, 2:317. Wats. Bot. Calif.'l: 581.
7lM) PLANT LIKE <)F A LA HA MA.
Kl'KOI'K, NoKTIlKKX AsiA, NOUTM AKKICA.
B()r«MiI ipjijidii to Louisiiiniau iiroa. Over tbo cDiitiixMit from subarctic rogions to
till' (iiiir, and froiii the South Atlantic States to tin' Sierra Nevada, Calil'ornia.
Ai.aha.ma: So far only kiKiwn from the Coast jilain. In dtM-p still-liowin;; water.
Mobile Connty, Do}^ K'iver, near the estuary ; rare. A robnst jtlant, totally immersed;
steins 3 to 4 feet in leuj^th, profnsely biaucbed.
Tvjie locality: " llab. in Enrojjac fossis palndibus profniidioiihns."
Herb, (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Utricularia gibba L. Sp. PI. 1: IS. 1753. Lksskii ]tLAi>i>KinvoKT.
I'Iririiltnia foruirata Le C'onte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1:7<). 182L
/ . miuov Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2:21. 1843. Not L.
Kll. Sk. 1:22. Gray, Man. ed. 0, 396. Chap. Fl. 283. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:315.
Allejihenian and Lonisianian areas. Ontario to New Enfjland; Maine (Monnt
Desert Island) west to Miehiyan, south to southern Tennessee, North Carolina, and
Florida.
Alahama: Shallow grassy pine-barren ponds. Mobile County. September, Octo-
ber.
Type locality: " Hab. in Vir<;inia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Utricularia biflora Lam. Tabl. Kucycl. 1 : 50. 1791.
TWO-FLOWEKKD PLAIM)KinVOUT.
utricularia lonoirosiris Le Conte, Ann. Lvc N. Y. 1:70. 1824.
C. fibrosa Chap. Fl. 283. 18(10. Not Walt.
Ell". Sk. 1:23. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 39(). Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 301. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A.
2, pt. 1 : 315. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 317.
Lonisianian area. Southern Illinois, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
Alahama: Coast plain. Shallow ponds. Floating or rooting in the ooze and
mud. Mobile County, shallow ditches with Eleo(diaris and Hydrochloa. Mont-
gomery ('ounty. Flowers yellow; July to September ; not iufre(iuent.
Tyi»e locality: "ECarolinia. Eraser."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Utricularia fibrosa Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788. Fibrous ]5lai)I>kuw()1{T.
Utricularia striata Le Conte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1 : 75. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 1:20. (Jrav, Man. ed. 6, 396. Chap. FL 282; ed. 3, 301. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A.
2, pt. 1:316.
Carolinian and Lonsianian areas. Coast of New .lersey to Florida, west to Mis-
sissippi.
Alabama : Coast plain. Open sphaguous swamps, rooting in the oozo and tloatiug
in shallow ])oud8. Mobile County, Grand Bay. Baldwin County, Zundels, in sphag-
uous swamps. Flowers yellow; August. Not fre(|nent. Floating stems 3 to 4
inches long; whorls of the (inely divided leaves crowded. Scape 6 to 8 inches high.
Ty]ie locality : South Carolina.
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Utricularia purpurea Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788. Purple Bladderwort.
Utricularia saccata Ell. Sk. 1 :21. 1817.
Ell. 1. c. ( Jray, Man. ed. 6, 397. Chap. Fl. 283. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 316.
AUegheuian to Lonisianian area. Coast of Maine (Mount Desert Island) to Flor-
ida, west to northern Pennsylvania and Indiana.
Alaua.ma: Coast Pine belt. Deej* ponds or still-ilowing water in pine-barren
streams. Baldwin County, Sibley's mill. Washington County, Yellowpine. Geneva
County {E, A, Smith). Flowers rose-purple; .July to September. Floating stem 1 to
2 feet long.
Dift'ers from the northern plant in its smaller (lowers, as also observed by Pursh.'
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Utricularia juucea Vahl, Enum. 1 : 202. 1805. Rush-like Bladdkrwort.
Utricularia jjereonata Le Conte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1:77. 1824. Fide Gray.
Ell. Sk. 1:23. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 302. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. ed. 2, 2, pt. 1 : 455. 1886.
Cuba, Brazil.
Louisianian area. Eastern North Carolina in the coast region, Florida, and Texas.
' Fl. Am. Sept. 1:1.5.
BROOM RAPE FAMILY. 731
Alabama : Lower Pine region anil Coast plain. Low, wet, grasay pine barrens.
Escamliia County, Wilson's Station. Mobile County, Bayou Labatre. Flowers deeji
yellow; September. Frequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Cajenna. liichard; Portorico. IVest."
Herb. Geol. Sur\\ Herb. Mohr.
Utricularia subulata L. Sp. PI. 1 : 18. 1753. Setaceous Blaodkrwort.
rtricularia setacea Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 12. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 23. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 397. Chap. Fl. 283. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
316. Coulter, Contr. iSTat. Herb. 2 : 317. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 391.
West Indiks, Mexico to Brazil.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. From New Jersey to Florida and Texas near
the coast.
Alabama : Throughout the Coast Pine belt and Coast plain. In sandy wet places.
Borders of springs, very common. Flowers from April throughout the summer.
The leaf and bladder-bearing radical shoots form, before the development of the
scapes, dense green tufts which disappear before the spring season is over.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
OROBANCHACEAE. Broom Rape Family.
THALESIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2 : 267. 1818.
(Apiiyllon Gray, Man. 290. 1848.)
About 3 species, root parasites. Atlantic North America, 2.
Thalesia uniflora (L.) Brittou, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:298. 1894.
One-1'lowerrd Cancer Root.
Orohmiche miiiiora L. Sp. PL 2 : 633. 1753.
AphiiUon uniflorum Torr. & liray; Gray, Man. 290. 1848.
ElLSk. 2:135. (kav, Man. ed. 6, 394. Chap. Fl. 287. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 2, pt. 1:
312. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 316. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 584.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Newfountlland and Ontario to Lake Superior,
and through British Columbia to Vancouver Island, Oregon, and California.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry gravelly hillsides. Cullman Countj' (Miss M.
Mohr) ; rare. Parasitic on roots of various i^iants.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CONOPHOLIS Wallr. Orob. 78. 1825. Root Parasite.
Single species. United States. Mexico.
Conopholis americana (L.) Wallr. Orob. 78. 1825. Squaw Root.
Orohanche americana L. Mant. 1 : 88. 1767.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 135. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 394. Chaj). Fl. 286. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. ?,
pt. 1 : 313.
Alleghenian to Carolinian area. Ontario and New England west to central Mich-
igan, south to the Ohio Valley, North Carolina, and Florida {Chapman).
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower hills. Shady rich woods, auiong decaying
leaves. Madison County, Huntsvilli', 1,000 feet. Cullman County. Flowers in
April. Rootstocks forming dense clusters, undoubtedly parasitic on rootlets of
slirubs, etc. Never observed in the low country.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina ad radices arborum et fruticum. Garden."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LEPTAMNIUM Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2 : 267. February, 1818.
(Epifagus Nutt. Gen. 2 : 60. 1818.)
Single species, root parasite, Eastern North America.
Leptamnium virginianum (L.; Raf.; Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:314. 1878. As
synonym. Beech-drop.s.
Orobanche rirginiana L. Sp. PI. 2:633. 1753.
Epifagus americana Nutt. Gen. 2 : 60. 1818.
(:?L> I'l.ANT LIFK <>K ALAHAMA.
EpiphtiiHs lirqin'iaiKi Hart. Com]). Fl. I'liil. 2 :")(). 181S.
Kll.Sk. 2: i:i(i. (Jrav, Mail. ed. 0,391. Chap. Fl. :i8G. (irav, .Svii.Fl. N. A. 2, i>t.
1:311.
Mk.vico.
Allij:;hcniaii and Carolinian areas. Ontario, Nova Srotia, Nrw Knj,'lanil, wcni to
Wisconsin ami Missonri, soutli to Florida.
Alauama: Tennesser Valley. Monntain rc^rion. Lower hills. In the sliado of
hoefh trees, i.anderdalo Connty, Florence (.If. C IFilsoii). Cnllnian Connty,
800 tfi't altitnde. Talla(lej;a County, near Ivcnfroc, SOO fV-et altitndc, ( (ctolxii-.
CluHttTt'd on roots oC he<'<;h.
Type locality : ''1 lab. in Virp^inia.''
lierb. (jteol. Surv. llerl). ISIohr.
BIGNONIACEAE. Bignonia Family.
BIG-NONIA L. Sp. ]•]. 2 : ()--'2. 175.3.
Abont 150 species, extensively in warmer and tropical Anieri(3a. North America, 1.
Trees and woody elimhers.
Bigiionia crucigera L. Hp. I'l. 2 :r>24. 1753. Ckos.s-Vink.
li'uinonia caprcolala L. Sp. PI. 2 : ()24. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 107. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 398. Chap. Fl. 285. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:319.
Carolinian area. Lower Ohio Valley to Missonri and Arkansas, sontli to I'lorida
and Lonisiana.
Alabama: Over the State, cxeey)tin.<; the hifjjher monntain ranj^es. In rich gronnd.
Clay Connty, Elders. 1,000 feet, to Mol)ile Connty. Flowers oran,i;e and dull red;
April. A vijjorous woody climber, asceudinjjj tall trees. Common.
Economic uses: An ornamental vine.
Type locality: •'Hab.iu Virginia et australiori America."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohi
TECOMA .Tuss. Gen.134. 1789.
Twenty-three species of the warmer regions in both heini8])heres.
Tecoma radicans (L.) DC. Prodr. 9:223. 1845.
Biffnonia radicanii L. Sp. PI. 2 : 624. 1753.
Eli. Sk. 2 : 107. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 398. Chap. Fl. 285. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 319.
Candinian and Lonisianian areas. Sonthern Ontario, probably naturalized.
Southern Pennsylvania to sonthern Missouri and Ark.insas. south to Lonisiana and
Florida.
Alabama : Range as in th(! last. Borders of woods and fields. Flowms orange to
flame cohtr. June to August. Climbing high by aerial rootlets; becoming in ojien
cultivated ground a pernicious creeper. Common.
Economic uses: (Ornamental.
Typo locality: " Hab. in America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CATALPA Scop. Introd. 170. 1771.
Six species. West Indies, south Atlantic North America, China, .Japan.
Catalpa catalpa (L.) Karst. Deutsch.Fl. 927. 1880-188.3. Catalpa Tree.
Bh/notiia catalpa L. Sj). PI. 2 : 022. 1753.
Caialpa hiqvnnUndis Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 24. (Jray, Man. ed. 6, 399. Chap. Fl. 285. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :
319. Sargent, Silv. N. A. 6 : 86, t. 2S8, 289.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Southwestern Georgia, western Florida, to
Mississip])!.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. In the valleys. River banks. Win-
ston County, east fork Sipsey River, 1,.500 feet. Baldwin County, Stockton, delta of
Mobile River. Flowers white, mottled with purple and orange; April, May. Tree
40 to 60 feet high. Not rare.
Economic uses: Valuable for the timber; ornamental sha<le tree.
Type locality: "Hab. in .Japonia, Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
ACANTHUS FAMILY. 733
PEDALIACEAE. Sesame Family.
MARTYNIA L. 8p. I'l. 2: (518. 1753.
About a dozen species, of warmer America.
Martynia louisiaua Mill. Diet. ed. S, uo. .3. 1768. Unicorx Plant.
Mdrtijnia proho>icidea Glox. Obs. 11. 1785.
Ell. yk. 2 : 130. Gray, Mau. ed. 6,399. Chap. Fl. 285. Gray, S\n. Fl. 2, pt. 1 : 321.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 319.
Mexico.
Soutberu Ohio west to southern Missouri and Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Waste places. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith).
Flowers July; rare. Annual.
Type locality: "Grows naturally in Louisiaua."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Martynia diaudra Glox. Obs. 14, 1. 1. 1785.
Adventive with ballast from Mexico. Flowers yellow with purple spots; June,
July. Fetid. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. ad Americae Veram Crucem."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ACANTHACEAE. Acanthus Family.
HYGROPHILA R. Br. Prodr. Nov. Holl. 1 : 179. 1810.
Fifteen species, lacustrine perennials, of tropical America, tropical Asia, New
Holland, North America. South Atlantic States, 1.
Hygrophila lacustris DC. Prodr. 11 : 86. 1857. Small-floweued Hygrophila.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 673 ; ed. 3, 364. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 321.
Mexico.
Louisianian area. Western Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Shaded muddy banks. Mobile County. Flowers pale
blue, June; not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality: "In lacu (laguna) de Jalapa * * * , in Louisiana * ^ * ^
Madissonville."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
RUELLIA L. Sp. PI. 2:634. 1753. (Inclusive of Dipteracanthus Nees.)
One hundred and twenty species, perennials, chiefly tropical America, a few in
South Africa and tropical Asia. Atlantic North America, 7.
Ruellia peduuculata Torr. ; Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,pt. 1: 325.
Pedunclei) Ruellia.
Louisianian area. Western Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Pine woods. Mobile County, Grand Bay. Flow-
ers purplish blue; July. Rare and local.
Type locality: "Dry woods, in W. Louisiana, J. ilaZe. Arkansas, Bigcloiv, Mrs.
Harris."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ruellia noctiflora (Nees) Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1: 326.
Night-blooming Ruellia.
Dipceraeanfhua nocliiioras Nees in DC. Prodr. 11 : 123. 1847.
Chap. Fl. 304. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. c.
Louisianian area. Louisiana and Mississippi to western Florida and Georgia.
Alabama: Coast plain. Flat grassy pine barrens along the coast. Mobile
County, Bayou Labatre. FIowcms white, fragrant, opening in the evening and
during the night; September, October. Six to 12 inches high. Not frequent; local.
Type locality: "In Savannahs Altamahae Georgiae (Le Conte 1. c), in campis
graminosis inter S. Marks et Port Leon Floridae (Rugel! '***), Texas,
(DrunniU)nd * * * )."
Herb. Mohr.
Ruellia ciliosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 420. 1814. Fimbriated Ruellia,
Ell. Sk. 2 : 110. Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 400. Chap. Fl. 303.
T.'U IM-ANT \AVK OK AI.AHAMA.
Carolinian art'ii. NN'ost N'iijjiiiia to Mirliijxaii, lllinni^, anil MisMoiiii. Hoiitli to
Floiiila anil western l<ouisiana (IhiU).
Ai.AHAMA : 'r«Mini'Hsy(( N'lillcy to the (.'oiist I'incs holt. Monroe < onnly, l'<rilno Mill.
I'lowt-r.s pair pnrpliHJi hlno; .Inly. Scaltcri'il, not Crciiuout.
T.vjie locality : " Near Savannah, Georgia."
nVrh. (Jool. Siirv. Ilorh. Mohr.
Ruellia ciliosa humilis (\ntt.) Britton, TraiiN. Am. .\cail. iS<m. 9: IS."). JSilO.
Low FlMliiaATICl) KMl-.M.IA.
h'ltcllia hinnilis Nntt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. sor. 1'. 5 : IH2. 183:5-37.
/.'. riliiim lomiillnra (Jray. Syii. Fl. N. A. 2. pt. 1 : 3L'(i. 1K78.
(May. 1. c. Coultor. Coiitr.^Nat. llorh. 2 : 322.
("aroiiiiian and Louisianian areas. Wcsttuii l-'lurida to Texas, Arkansas, .ind
suntliern .Missonri.
.\i.AitAMA: Central Pine helt to Co.ast jilain. Dry open woods. i)ine (ornsts. Tns-
caloosa County {E. A. Smith). Clarke County, Thomasvillo. Baldwin 'Uid Mohilc
counties. Flowers pale purplish (lilac) ; ,\])ril to .June. Common.
Type locality: "On rocks in the upland forests and prairies,'' .Vrkansas.
llcrh. (Jeol. Surv. Ilcrh. Mohr.
Ruellia ciliosa parviflora (Nees) IJritton, Mem. Torr. Cliih, 5:300. ISitl.
Smai-l-flowkkkd Fimbkiatki) Ruki.lia.
DiptvvaeanthuH cUiosits var. ixirvijlorus Nees in DC. I'rodr. 11: 123. 1847.
RueUia ciUosa ambigua ( iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 326. 1878.
(iray, Man. ed. 0, 4*00. Gray, Syu. Fl. 1. c.
Carolinian and Louisianiuu areas. X'irginia and Kentucky south to Florida, west
to Mississippi.
Ai.AiiAMA: Mountain region, Mctamorphic hills. IJiiper division Coast I'iue helt.
Hilly open woods. Lee County, Auhurn (liakvr <('• Karle). Monroe and Clarke coun-
ties.
Type locality : "Ad Ky lluvinni."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ruella ciliosa hybrida ( I'lirsh ) Gray. Syu. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 326.
lIlKSUTE FlMHKIATEl) KUKLLIA.
liiirUia hi/hrida Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. 2: 420. 1816.
/.". hiisKla Ell. Sk. 2 : 109. 1817.
Ell. I.e. Gray, I.e.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey (liritlon), .Soutli Carolina, (Jeor-
gia, iind Mississippi.
Alabama: Mountain region. Metamorpliic hills. Central Prairie region. Dry
open ground, ]iastures. Lee County, Aul)urn ( linker <y- Karle). Montgomery County,
Piutlalla Creek, .July. 18S2. Flowers purplisli blue to white; July. Not Ireiiuent.
Ty]'e locality: "In sandy fields near Savannah, Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ruellia strepeus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 634. 1753. Diitkkacaxthu.s.
Diliierdcanihiii iitrepens Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 123. 1847.
Ell. Sk. 2:108. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 400. Chap. Fl. 304. Grav, Syn. FL N. A. 2,
pt. 1 : 327. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 322.
Alleghenian ami Carolinian areas Pennsylvania west to Michigan and Wiscon-
sin, south to the, Ohio Valley and Tennessee to Georgia and Texas.
Alabama : Mountain region to Lower hills. Borders of woods and thickets. Clay
County, Moselcy, 1,000 to 1,200 feet. Talladega County, Ironaton. Tuscaloosa
Cowuty (E. A. Smilli). Flowers blue; .June. .July. Not freijuent.
Type locality: " Hab. in \irginia, Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DIANTHERA L. Sp. PI. 1:27. 17.53.
One hundred .species, paludial perennial lierl).s, mostly of warmer regions, chiefly
American.
Dianthera aiuericana L. Sp. PI. 1:27. 1753. Den.sk-fl<)\vkrki> Water Willow.
■hislicia pediniculoDu Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 7. 1803.
■Jitatieia aiuericana \'ahl, Enum. 1:140. 1805.
Ell. Sk. 1: 11. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 401. Chap. Fl. 304. (Jrav, Syu. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:320. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:324.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Quebec, Ontario; New England west to Michi-
gan ; Ohio \alley to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas.
PLANTAIN FAMILY. 735
Alabama: Tenueasee Valley to Coast plain. Gently-flowing water. Cullman
County, 800 feet altitude. Mobile County. Flowers azure; June. Frequent.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virsiinia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Diauthera ovata Walt. Fl. Car. 63. 1788. Low Water Willow.
Jiistkia hiunUis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 8. 1803.
IHanthera humilis Engelm. & Gray; Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, \)t. 1 : 329.
Chap. Fl. 304. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. c. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb 2 : 324.
Louisianian area. Lower South Carolina to Florida, Avest to Texas and Arkansas.
Alaha.ma: Coast plain. Wet muddy banks of streams, shaded ditches, shallow
]»ool8. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers blue; July to September. Not in-
frefjuent.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Dianthera ovata lanceolata Chaj). Fl. 304. 1860.
Louisianian area. Florida.
Alabama: Upper division Coast Pine belt. Muddy banks. Wilcox County. Allen-
ton, June 27, 1893.
Type locality: "River banks, Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
YEATBSIA Small. Bull. Torr. Club. 23 : 410. 1896.
(Gatesia Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 13 : 365. 1878. Not Bertol. 1848.)
Perennial monotype, south Atlantic America.
Yeatesia laetevirens (Buckley) Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23 : 410. 1896.
Rhytujlosm viridiflora Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 9 : 346. 1840.
Justicia laetevirens Buckley, Am. Journ. Sci. 45 : 176. 1843.
DicUptera halei Riddell, N. Orl. Med. Journ. 1852. (Cat. Fl. Lu<l.) Chap. Fl. 305.
1860.
Gatesia laetevirens Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 13 : 365. 1878.
Chap. Fl. 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 330. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 325.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Louisiana to western Texas.
Alabama: Lower hills. Central Prairie region. Rich copses, Itorders of woods.
Bibb County, Pratt's Ferry. Montgomery County, banks of Pintlalla Creek. Flow-
ers pale purple; June, July. Said to open in the night, the corolla dropping early
next day {Dr. Cahell)
Type locality: "Near rivers in shady woods, Wilcox Co., Alabama."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PL ANT AGIN ACE AE, Plantain FamUy.
PLANTAGO L.Sp. PI. 1:112. 1753. Plantain.
About 200 species, mostly temperate regions.
Plantago major L. Sp. PI. 1 : 112. Common Wayside Plantain.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 423. Chap. Fl. 277. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 389.
Europe, North Africa, Northekn and Western Asia.
Naturalized from Europe. Almost throughout the continent.
Alabama : Over the State. Low waste places near d wellings, waysides, borders of
ditches. Flowers May to August; common. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europa ad vias."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Plantago cordata Lam. Tabl. 1 : 338. 1796.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 389. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 423.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New York, Wisconsin, Louisiana.
Alabama: Fide Gray.
Tyi)e locality : "E Canada."
Plantago rugelii Decsne. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1:700. 1852.
I'lantat/o major Ell. Sk. 1 :201. 1817.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. ' Gray, Man. ed. 6, 423. Chap. Fl. 277. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 389.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :344.
T.'>)'> PLANT 1,1 KK OK A I- A liA M A .
Allrj^ln'iiiaii .111(1 Caniliniaii .•iroiiH. t^iiolioc, Oiiturio; New Ijij^liiml, wi-st to Miiiim-
8i>iii anil NtUtiiiHka. Noiitli to (MM)r;,Ma ami ArkaiiHas.
Ar.AHAMA: OviT till- State. In dese (laiup soil, pastnros, wasle |)late.s, iMinlt-rs of
fu'lcls. Common. Most almndant in npper ilistriits. Perennial.
Type locality: "Am.sept. a<l eolies et ad vias, piopc Dicalnr, Alaliania Hept."
Herb. (ieol. Siirv. Herb. Mohr.
Plantago maritima L. Sp. PI. 1:111. ITr.S. Ska.sidk Pi.antain.
Adveiitive from Kmoiie with ballast. Mobile County ; rare. Pereuuial.
Type loc.ility : " Hal), in iittorihiiH Mi:iri[ ti jiiiis Europae borealis."
Herb. (Jeol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Plantago corouopus L. Sp. PI. 1 : lir>. IT.")^.
Adventive with ballast. Mobile Comity ; rare,
rvjie locality: " Ilab. in Kuropae jj^lareosis."
H'.rb. Mohr.'
Plantago lauceolata L.Sp. PI. 1:113. 17.53. K'ih Gka.s.s. Engusii Plantain.
Ell. Sk. 1: 202. Grav, Man. ed. 0, 123. Chap. Fl. 278. Gray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1:391.
Euuori:.
Extenaively naturalized in Atlantic North Ameiica from Canada to the Gulf.
Ala]5ama: Over the State. In cultivated ground. Mobile County. May to .July.
Perennial.
Type locality : " Ilab. in Europae campis sterilibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Plantago aristata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : a">. 1803.
ridntayo pataiioniva aristata Gray, Man. ed. 2, 2(59. 1859.
Grav, Man. ed'. IJ, 424. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 634; ed. 3, 391. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 391.' Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb 2 : 345.
Carolinian and Lonisianiau areas. Southern New York to Tennessee and upjier
Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region to Central Pine belt. Dry. sandy ground. Clay
County, Moseley. Tuscaloosa County. Flowers July, August. Not rare. Perennial.
Type locality: "Ilab. in jnatensibus Illiuoensium."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Plantago virginica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 113. 1753. Common Plantain.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 201. (hay, Man. ed. (5, 424. Chap. Fl. 278. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt.
1 : 391. Coulter, Cimtr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 345.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Soutnern New I'.ngland to southern Illinois and
Missouri, south to Florida, and west to Texas and Arkansas.
Ai-auama: (Jver the State. Dry sandy helds. April to .June, .\buiidaut. Annual.
Type locality : ''llab.iu N'irginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Plantago virginica purpurascens (Nutt.).
rtantaijo piirpiiraHcenn Nutt. ; Ra])in, Mc'iii. Soc. Linn. Par. 6 : 454. 1827.
/'. otcMentaUs Decsne. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1 : 722. 1852.
/'. lirghika lonqifolia Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 392, 1878.
Gray, Syn. FI.N.'A. I.e. Coult. Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 345.
Mkxko.
Eouisianian area. Southern Arkansas and Texas to southern Arizona.
Alabama: Coast plain. Pastures and waysides, in sandy soil. Moliile County,
Summerville. .June. Only locality known in the State.
Plantago heterophylla Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 5 : 177. 1833-1837.
Many-seedkd Plantain,
Grav, Man. ed. 6, 424. Chap. Fl. 278. Graj', Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 392. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:. 345.
Carolinian and Lonisianiau areas. Virginia to Tennessee and Florida, west to
Texas and Arkansas,
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Low damp helds, pastures. Lawrence
County, Moulton. Tuscaloosa County. LeeCouiitj-, Auburn {Earle). Mobile County,
Flowers, April, May; frequent. Annual.
Type locality: "On the banks of the Mississippi and Arkansas; abundant."
Herb. (ieol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
Contf. Nat Herb,, Vol. VI.
Plate VIII.
^-—;y^j_M:^'Cr^^-^ '^ .
OLDENLANDIA LITTORALIS MOHR.
MADDER FAMILY. 737
RUBIACEAE. Madder Family.
OLDENLANDIA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 119. 1753.
About 175 species, auimal and pereiiuial herbs, subtropical aud tropical regions.
West ludies, South America. North America. 3.
Oldenlandia boscii (DC.) Chap. Fl. 181. 1860.
Hediiofis boscii DC. Prodr. 4 : 420. 1830.
Chap. Fl. 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl.N.A.l,pt.2:27. 1878. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:160.
Louisianian area. Soiith Carolina to Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Border ponds, ditches. Mobile County. Flowera pale
pink, July; not rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "In Carolina legit cl. Bosc."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohi-.
Oldenlandia uniflora L. Sp. PI. 1 : Hit. 1753.
Oldenlandia qlomerala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 83. 1803.
Ifediiotis (/lomerata Ell. Sk. 1 : 188. 1817.
Ell.Sk. I.e. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 224. Chap. Fl. 101, in part.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 27, in part. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 160, in part.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Long Island, New York to Florida, west to
Louisiana
Alabama: Coast plain. Springy sandy places. Mobile County, Chastang's Bluff.
This pl.int agrees in its essential charactei's with the plant described by Linnaeus
and Micliaux, ami subsequently by Pursh and Elliott. A low perennial, the stem
prostrate, 6 to 8 inches long, profusely branched from the base; the slender grooved
stems hirsute on the angles; the leaves membranaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
attenuate toward the base into a winged, ciliate, distinct petiole; the flowers in
close axillary and terminal clusters, the calyx lobes foliaceous, longer than the glo-
bose, hirsute capsule.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Oldenlandia littoralis Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 27. 1897.
iZerf^oiis .^/onie/'ato Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 42. 1841. In part.
Oldenlandia ijlomerata Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 27. 1878. In part.
0. glomerata Chap. 184, in part.
Confounded with the last, from which it is, however, clearly distinct. A more
robust plant, the stem mostly erect or with a slightly decumbent Ijase, simple or
with erect-spreading branches, terete, smooth; the leaves thickish, lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate, acute, sessile, glabrous, only slightly hirsute on the midrib and
the margin, i to |^ inch wide, | to f inch long; the flowers mostly in sessile axil-
lary clusters, the calyx lobes as long as or shorter than the smoothish capsules.
Flowers pearl-blue; September, October. Annual. Plate VIII.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, and west to Mississippi.
Alabama: Coast plain. Muddy l)anks in the tide-water region, borders of brack-
ish and saline swamps. Fre((nently covering large patches on the salty Hats flooded
only by the highest tides. Mobile and Baldwin counties.
Type locality : "Mobile."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HOUSTONIA L. Sp. Pl. 1 : 105. 1753.
About 25 species, Mexican and North American. Eastern United States and
Texas, 17.
Houstonia caerulea L. Sp. PI. 1 : 105. 1753. Bluets.
Hediiofis caerulea Hook. Fl. Am. Bor. 1 : 286. 1833.
Ell. Sk. 1:192. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 223. Chap. Fl. 180. Gray, Syn. Fl.N. A. 1, pt. 2:24.
Mexico.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, New
England, west to Michigan; Ohio Valley south to upper Georgia.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley. Mountain region to Upper division Coast Pine belt.
Open woods, pastures. I^auderdale County,. Florence. Cullman County, 800 feet.
Jefferson County, near Birmingham. Clarke County, Choctaw Corner. Flowers
158«J4 47
7.SS I'l.ANT Mil-: i>V ALABAMA.
lilac ]iiir]»li' to luMily wliitc, yt'llow in tlii' ctiitii. AjHii. r<T<iiiii:il. fniiii hlt'iidi r
riiiiiiiiiji shoots.
Tjiui locality : " Hal>. in \ ir;j;iiiiii."
Herb. (ieol. Siirv . llcrh. Molir.
Houstonia minor (Miclix.) I'.rittoii, Mom. Torr. (Mult, 5:'M^'2. 1804.
SOUTHKKN JiM'KTS.
Honnioniii Unnaci var. minor Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:8."). 1S(W.
n. painiH Kll. Sk. 1:191. 1817.
Chap. Fl. Siipj)l. G-J-}; ed. :^. 199. Gray, Syn. Fl. N.A.I. i)t. L':LM. Coulter, Coiitr.
Nat. ll.rl). 2: l.")S.
Carolinian and Luuisianian areas Southern \'ir<iinia, southern TeiincHHee from
North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Ai.AitAM.\: Coast plain. Dry and damp lij^ht ex|)08eil i,'roniid. .Mohilcaud Bald-
win counties. Flowers cerulean blue; early in February, .March. Common. Win-
ter annual.
Ty])e locality: "Ilab. in maritimis arenosis, a N'irginia ad Fhuidam."
lierb. Geol. 8urv. Herb. Mohr.
Hou.5tonia minima Heck, Am. Jouru. Sci. 10:262. 182t). Smallkst Hi.ckts.
Urdyotis minima Torr. vV- Gray, Fl. X. A. 2:38. 1841.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 223. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 27>. C<uilter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:l.oS.'
Carolinian area. Missouri, Arkan.sas, and Texas.
Ai.ahama: Mountain reji^ion. Dry grassy banks and hillsides. Madison ("ouuty,
Huntsville, 7.")0 feet altitude. Flowers sky-blue; March. liarc. Annual.
Ty])e locality: " Fields about half a mile west of St. Louis.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Houstonia rotundifolia Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:85. 1803. Roundleak Hor.sTOMA.
Oldenlandia rotundifolia Chap. Fl. 180. 1860.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 193. Chaj). Fl. 1. c (hay, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, yt. 2 : 25.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Sandy damp or wet pine barrens.
Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers white; early February, March. Common;
dense tufts. Perennial.
An apetalons form, in dry sandy pine barrens. Flowers May and June. Frecjuent
in the Coast Pine belt. Choctaw County, Bladen Springs. Escambia County near
Flomaton.
Type locality: "Hab. in apricis submaritimis Floridae, et Caroliuae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Houstonia purpurea L. Sp. PI. 1: 105. 1753. Plui'LE HousTf)NiA.
Hedyotis purpurea Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2: 40. 1841.
Oldenlaiidia jyurpurca Grav, Man. ed. 2, 173. 1856.
Ell. Sk. 1: 193. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 223. Chap. Fl. 180. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:26.
Carolinian area. Maryland to Missouri and Arkansas, south to middle Georgia.
Alab.\ma: Mountain to Central Prairie region. Open woods, copses. Metamor-
phic hills. Lee County, Aubui'u, 860 feet (Earle <y- I'liderwood). Tuscaloosa County
(K. J, Smith). Montgomery County, wooded hills. Flowers pale rose-purple; April.
Perennial.
In the Alabama plant the corolla la scarcely double the length of the calyx.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Houstonia longifolia Gacrt. Fruct. 1:226, i. 4.9,/. ,S\ 1788. Longleak Houstonia.
Oldrnlaudin purpurea var. loiujifolia Gray, Man. ed. 2, 173. 18.56.
Hou-tlvuia purpurea loui/ifolia (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, ]tt. 2: 26. 1884.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 223. Chap. Fl. 181. ' Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. c.
Canadian zone, Allegheniau and Carolinian areas. Canada to Saskatchewan;
New England west to Missouri and Arkansas, south from New Jersey along the
mountains to Georgia.
Alaba.ma : Mountain region. Dry open woods. Lee County, Auburn {Earle i^'-
Underwood, 1896). Flowers purplish; April. Rare and local. Perennial.
Type locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Houstonia tenuifolia Nutt. Gen. 1:95. 1818. Narrow-leaf Houstonia.
Ihdijotis lougifolia var. tenuifolia Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 40. 1841.
HouHtonia purpurea var. tenuifolia Gray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, ]tt. 2:26. 1884.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 224. Chap. Fl. 181.
MADDER FAMILY. 739
Carolinian area. INIonntains of West Virginia, sontlieastern Tennessee, and of
Nortli Carolina.
Alabam.\: Mountain region. Dry gravelly or rocky woods. Clay Connty,
Clie-aw-lia Mountain, 2,400 IVet altitude. Cullman County, 800 feet. Etowah
County, Lotdvout Mountain, 1,200 feet. Flowers pale purplish; July, August. Not
rare. Perennial.
Type locality : " Near the confluence of Pidgeon river, and the French Broad, Ten-
nessee, on dry gravelly hills."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Houstoiiia calycosa (Shuttlew.). Calycose Houstonia.
Redyotis calycosa Shnttlew.; Gray, PI. Wright. 1:81. 1852.
Houstonia purpurea calycosa Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2:26. 1884.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 224.
Carolinian area. Illinois, Arkansas, and West Virginia.
Alauaaia: Mountain region. Metamorphic hills. Div open woods. Tallapoosa
County, Dadoville, .Inly, 1877. Rare and local. Pereuaial.
Typo locality (Syn. Fl. N. A.) : •' Mountains of Alabama (Kh;/i'1) to Arkansas {Nut-
tall), and Illinois {E. Hall); also collected by Drummond.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Houstonia angustifolia Michx.Fl. Bor. Am. 1:85. ISO:!. Eukct-lkaf Houstonia.
Hedyotis sienophylla Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 :41. 1841.
Oldenlandia an(/usnfolia Gray, PI. Wright, 2 :68. 185:{.
Ell. Sk. I:lit2.' Gray, Man. ed. 6, 224. Chap. Fl. 181. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 26. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 159.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southwestern Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, and
Texas, east to Tennessee, North Carolina, and Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Dry rocky or gravelly ridges. Cull-
man County, 800 feet altitude, ilontgoniery County. Barbour County, Eufaula
{I'J. A. Smith). Bladen County, near Magnolia. Flowers rose-pink; June. Not rare.
Perennial from a sulfrutescent multicipital rootstock.
Type locality: " Hab. in submaritimis Floridae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CEPHALANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 1:95. 17.53.
About one-half dozen species, warmer temperate North America, Asia, Africa.?
Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 95. 1753. Buttonbush.
Ell. Sk. 1:186. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 224. Cluxp. Fl. 176. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2: 29. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 160. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 282.
Cuba, Mkxico.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick and Quebec to the Gulf, through-
out the continent to California.
Alabama: Throughout the State. Inundated banks. Shallow stagnant water.
Flowers white; July, August. Shrub 6 to 15 feet high.
Economic uses: The bark of the root, under name of " buttonbush bark," is used
medicinally.
Type locality : " Hab. in America septentriouali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MITCHELLA L. Sp. PI. 1:111. 1753. Paktridge Bekry.
Two species, perennial creeping herbs, Japan. Atlantic North America, 1.
Mitchella repens L. Sp. PI. 1:111. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 1:198. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 225. Chap. FL 176. Gray, Syn. FL N.A. 1, pt. 2:31.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 160.
Northern Mexico.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Nova Scotia, Ontario; New
England west to southern Hlinois, south to Florida, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Dry shady woods and shaded banks. Flowers rose-
pink; April to June. Fruit ripe July to October; scarlet. Common. Evergreen.
Perennial.
Economic uses: The herb — " partridge berry" — is used medicinally. Ornamental.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina, Terra Mariana, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Heib. Mohr.
74(^ TLA NT MFK (>K A LA l?AM A.
SPERMACOCE I,. Sp. 1»1. 1:101'. 17".:!.
Eighty Hl)ecit's, low licrlis, tropical n'gidiis. inostlv .Viiicricaii.
Speimacoce glabra Mii-hx. Kl. I'.or. \u\. 1 : K2. 180:i SMornii Huitonwkkd.
(Jray, Man. .d. (I, L'L'."). Cbaii. Fl. 171. (Jray. Syii. Fl. N. A. l,i>t.L'::M. Coulter,
Coiitr. Nat. Herb. 2: l»;i.
(aroliuiau and Loiiisiaiiian areas. Southern Oliio ami \v('siern Teuuesseo to
Florida, TcxaH, and Arkau,sas.
Alahama: i.owor I'ine region. Coast jdain. Low lields, bottom lands. Wasb-
ingtou, Mobile, and Baldwin eonntien. Flowers wbitt;; August to October. Not
couiuion. Annual weed.
'i\vi)e locality: " llab. ad ripas lluminiK Ohio et Mississippi.'
Herb. Geol. (Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Spermacoce parviflora (Meyer) Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 'M. 1S7S.
SMAI.I.-I'I.OWKUKIj HlTTONWKKI).
liorreria imrvillora Meyer, Prim. Fl. Es8e(iuib. 8:3, 1818.
/;. mieraniha torr. A- Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 1'8. 1841.
Chap. Fl. 175. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1. c.
Wkst Indiks, Mkxico, South A.aikkica.
Loulsiauian area. Sontbern Florida.
Alahama: Lower Pine region. Waste places. Monroe County, Mount Pleasant
{E. A. Smith). Annual.
Type locality : "llab. in St. l^omingo et berbario clariss. Mcrtensii inest."
Horb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
RICHARDIA L. Sp. PL 1 : 3:50. 175:L
(RiCHAiaxsoNiA H. B. K. Nov. (;en. & Sp. 3 : 3.50. 18l.'().)
Ten si)ecies, low annuals or perennials, mostly tropical America.
Richardia scabra L. Sp. PL 1 : 3:jO. 1753. Mexican Cu»vi:ii.
IHdiardsonia scabra St. Hilaire, PL Us. Bras. 8, t. S. 1824-28.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. (524 ; ed. 3, 194. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 32.
West Indies, Mexico to Buazil.
Lonisiiiuian area. Adventive I'rom the Tropics and fully naturalized on the coast
of Georgia, in Horida, and thence to Mississippi.
Alai'.ama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Dry sandy waste j)lace8. Flowers
white; .June to October and November. Abundant in cultivated ground. A luxu-
riant annual; assnrgent stems 2 to 3 feet long. Occasionally in the northern part of
tlie State, in gardens. Cullman County.
Economic uses: \'aluable fodder plant.
Tyjje locality : " Hab. in \'era Cruce."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DIODIA L. Sp. PL 1 : 104. 17.53.
About 30 species, annual or perennial low herbs, mostly of tropical America.
Diodia virginiaua L. Sp. PL 1 : 104. 1753. Co.M-aion Bliton F'iower.
Diodia tetragona Walt. Fl. Car. 87. 1788.
EIL Sk. 1 : 190. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 225. Chap. Fl. 175. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 35. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 161.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey tbrougb the lower country to
Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
AlahAiMa : Over the State, except the highest mountain ranges. In low culti-
vated ground, waste places, roadsides. Clay County, Delta, 1,700 feet. Cullman
County, 800 feet. Flowers white; June to October. Abundant weed. Perennial.
Ty]ie locality: "Hab. in \'irginiac aquosis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Diodia teres Walt. Fl. Car. 87. 1788. Purple-flowered Buttonweed.
Spermacoce diodina Michx. FL Bor. Am. 1 : 82. 1803.
Gray, Man. ed. ti, 225. Chap. FL 176. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 35. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 162.
MADDER FAMILY. 741
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, south
to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Sandy or gravelly exposed soil.
Roadsides, pastures, and lields. Clay County, Delta divide, 1,800 feet. Randolph
County, Laiuar. Montgomery to Mobih^ County. Flowers rose-purple, throughout
the summer. Common wayside weed. Annual.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
GALIUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 105. 1753. Ladies' Bedstraw.
Two hundred and tifty species described, about 200 distinct, mostly perennial
herbs of temperate and warmer regions. North America o5, Atlantic 14, interior 9,
Pacific 14.
Galium aparine L. Sp. PL 1: 108. 1753. Cleavers. Goose Grass.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 226. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 625; ed. 3, 192. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1, pt. 2: 36.
CoTilter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 163.
Europe, Northern Asia, Japax.
Boreal zone to Louisianian area. British North America. From the Atlantic to
the Pacific coast. Aleutian Islands, New England, south to Florida and the Gulf
States, west to California.
Alabama: Over the State. Moist thickets. Flowers white; A]iril, May. Annual.
Type locality ; " llab. in Europae cultis et ruderatis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Galium pilosum Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 145. 1789. Hairy Ladies' Bedstraav.
Ell. Sk. 1:196. (Jray, Man. ed. 6, 226. Chap. FL 174. Grav, Syn. FL N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 37. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 162.
Carolinian area. Ontario, southern New England west to Michigan; southern
Ohio Valley, Missouri, Arkansas to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Upper division Coast Pine belt. Shaded banks.
Clay County. Flowers white; July. Not rare. Perennial.
Type locality: " Native of North America."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Galium pilosum puncticulosum (Michs.) Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 24. 1841.
PUNCTICULATE LaDIES' BEDSTP.AW.
Galium nuncticulofium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 80. 1803.
ElLSk. 1:196. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 226. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 625; ed. 3, 192. Gray, Syn.
FL N. A. 1, pt. 2: 37. 1884. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 162.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas
and Arkansas.
Alabama: Coast Pine belt to Coast plain. Dry shady copses and thickets.
Clarke, Washington, Monroe, Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers purplish;
June. Fre(|uent. Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina inferiore."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Galium circaezans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 80. 1803. Wild Licorice.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 197. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 226. Chap. Fl. 174. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 37. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 162.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Quebec, Ontario; New England west to Mich-
igan, south through Missouri and Arkansas, and from New York to northern Flor-
ida and Mississipiii.
Alabama : Mountain region to Upper division Coast Pine belt. Rich shady woods.
Dekalb County, Mentone, 1,600 feet. Clay County, Talladega Mountains, 2,000
feet. Madison County, Montesano, 1,.500 feet. Cullman County, 800 feet. Clarke
County, Choctaw Corner, 400 feet. Flowers white; May, June. Not rare. Peren-
nial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Galium trifidum L. Sp. PL 1: 105. 1753. Small Bed.straw.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 194. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 227. Chap. Fl 174. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 38. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 162, Wats. Bot. CaliL 1 : 284.
712 PLANT I-IKK OK ALABAMA.
EUKOTK, Daiiikia. .Iai'an.
Boreal /one to LoiiiNiaiiiaii area. Hritisli North Aniorica to latitude 68^. From
tlio Atlantii- ti> till" I'aoilii' loasL. New iliiijjlaiul (Maine. .Mount Desert iHland) to
(;eor';ia, Mis.sis.sii)|)i. western Louisiana, Texas, aiid California.
Ai.AiiAMA : So lar only observed in tb(^ Coast plain. Open marshes. Mobile County,
banks of Mobile River. Flowers whit*^; May, June. Weak, as8ur;.(ent, diffusely
blanched. I'ereunial.
A form of more robust gr<)wth, with broader leaves, nearly i inch wide and A to f
inch louLC, larijer fruit, approaehinn' \ar. Idtil'oliinn Toi-r. <>n rotten loj;s, banks of
Mobile Kiver. July. Septemlier.
Type loeality: " Halt, in Canada. Kalm.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Galium triflorum Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:80. 1803. .Swkkt-.sckxtko Hkd.straw.
Kll. Sk. 1 : 1!)7. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 227. Chap. FL 171. Cray, Syn. Fl. .\. A. 1, pt.
2 : :W. Wats. Hot. Calif. 1 : 281,
Ei'ROPE, Asia, to .Jai'an.
Uoreal zone to Louisianian area. Canada from the Atlantic to tlie Pacific. New
Eufjlaud west to Nebraska, Colorado, and Calforuia, south to Florid.a and northern
Mississippi.
Alahama: Mountain region. Lower hills. Rich shady woods. Lauderdale
County. Tuscaloosa County (Ji\ J. 6'»ii</i). April. May. Local ; not fref|uent. 'Per-
ennial.
Type locality: " In nnibrosis Canadae sylvis.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Galium uniflorum Michx. FL Bor. Am. 1 : 79. 1803.
Black-friiitkd Ladiics' Bkdstkaw.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 1!I5. Chap. FL 174. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2:41.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coastplain. Shaded rich woods. ll])land hamnu)cks. Mobile (bounty,
Sprinjihill. Baldwin County, Montrose. Flowers white; .July, August. Fruit
August, Se])tcmber; plum-iiurple, with a bloom. Not rare. Perennial.
Type locality: " llab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb, Mohr.
Galium hispidulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 79. 1803. ScAUurr-i' laiiTKi) Bkdstraw.
nubia pert;/ rill a Walt. Fl. Car. 8(i. 1788. Not L.
A', hroiniti Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 81.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 19."). Gray, Man. ed. G, 227. Chap. Fl. 173. Grav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, nt.
2:42.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Dry copses and shaded banks. Mobile and Baldwin
counties. Flowers greenish white: fruit scarlet. May, June. Perennial, fiom a
woo<ly crec])ing l)ase. Frequent.
Tyjie locality : " I lab. in Carolina inferiore."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
VIBURNACEAE. Honeysuckle Family.
SAMBUCUS L. Sp. 1>1. 1 : 209. 17r)3. Kldkk.
Twenty species, tcunperate regions, (excepting Afiica.
Sambucus canadensis L. Sp. PL 1:269. 17.53. Aaikrican Elder.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 368. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 217. Chap. Fl. 171. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 9.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Througli Eastern North America from New
Brunswick and Saskatchewan to the (iulf, west to Dakota, mountains of Colorado,
Utah, and Arizona, to Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Damp thickets and shaded banks. Flowers May,
.June. Fruit ripe September; berries shining black. Shrub or tree 15 to 20 feet
high.
Economic uses: The bark, fruit, and llowers ,ire the " elder" or " Sambucus " of
the Knited States Ph.armacopoMa.
Tyi)e locality : "Hab. in Canada. D. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 743
VIBURNUM L. Sp. PI. 1 : 267. 17.53.
About 100 species, temperate iuid warmer regions of the Northern Hemisphere,
Europe, Asia, West Indies, Mexico, .South America, Andes, Madagascar, North
America, 14. Paciric, 1.
Viburnum acerifolium L. Sp. PI. 1 : 268. 1753. Maple-leaf Arkowwood.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 364. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 218. Chap. Fl. 171. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:10.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Ontario to Saskatchewan, south-
ern New England, west to Michigan, Missouri, and Arkansas, south to middle
Florida and western Louisiana {Hale).
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Dry rocky woods. Clay County,
Che-aw-ha Mouutaiu, 2,400 feet. Clarke County, Choctaw Corner; rocky cherty
ridges, Suggsville {Dr. Denny). Baldwin County, Point Clear. Flowers white';
April. Fruit ripe September; black. Not rare. Slender shrub 3 to 4 feet high.
This is the plant from the mountains, with the fruit flat, ovate, ^ inch wide, % inch
long, stone hisulcate on one side, with three grooves on the other.
Type locality: " Hab. in Virginia."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Viburnum molle Mlchx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 180. 1803. Soft-hairy Arrowwood.
Viburnum dentatum var. scahrellum Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 16. 1841.
V. scahrellum Chap. Fl. 172. 1860.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 218. Chap. 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2:11. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 156.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern coast of New England to Florida,
west to Louisiana and Texas.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Damp shaded banks along streams.
Escambia and Mobile counties. Flowers in June; fruit ripe in September; small,
black. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high.
Type locality : " Hab. in Kentucky, circa Danville."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Viburnum cassinoides L. Sp. PI. ed. 2,1:384. 1762. Withe Rod.
Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides Torr. &, Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 14. 1841.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 366. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 218. Chan. Fl. ed. 3, 190. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1,
pt.2:lL
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Northern Newfoundland to Quebec and
Saskatchewan; New England, New .Jersey, and along the mountains to North
Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Damp thickets, banks of streams. Dekalb County,
Mentone, on Little River above the falls. Flowers May, June; fruit October, black.
Shrub 4 to 5 feet high.
Economic uses : Ornamental.
Type locality : " Hab. in America septentiionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Viburnum rufotomentosuxn Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23:410. 1896.
Southern Black Haw.
Viburnum prunifolium var. ferruqineum Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 15. 1841.
V. ferrufiineum Small, Mem. Torr'. Club, 4 : 123, t. 7S. 1894. Not Raf. 1838.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia to Georgia, Misissippi,
Louisiana, and western Texas.
Alabama: Mountain Region to Upper division Coast Pine belt. Dry woods.
Morgan County, Falkville, 600 feet. Cullman County, 800 feet. Lamar County,
near Vernon. Tuscaloosa County (^. . I. 5mi//t). Blount County, Warnock Moun-
tain, 900 feet. Clarke County, Suggsville (/>r. Denny). Wilcox County ( Buckley).
Flowers April, May; fruit ripe October; large, black, sweet, palatable. Tree 15 to
25 feet high.
Economic uses: The bark, like that of the closely allied northern species, V. pru-
nifolium, is used in medicine — "black-haw bark," " Viburnum prunifolium," United
States Pharmacopada.
Type locality (Torr. & Gray): "N.Carolina! and Georgia! to Louisiana! and
Arkansas ! "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
744 TLANT MKK (>K ALAI?AMa.
Viburnum nudum L.Sp.ri. 1:208. 17^8. I'ossim Haw.
I'ihinniim nudum var. rlaiitoiiii Torr. iV Gray, Fl. \. A. 2:14. 1841.
HU.Sk. I:3t3r>. (Jray, Man. ed. ti, 219. Chap. Fl. 171. (;ray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, j.t.
L' : 11.
("arolinian and Loniaianian areas. Southern New En<j;land, West Virjjiuia, south
to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Monntain region to Coast ydain. 8wani]iy thiekets. Clay County,
1,000 feet. Cnllinan, Heury, Franklin, Washington, .Montgomery, Monroe, Baldwin,
and Mobile counties. Flowers white; April, May. Fruit ripe September; black,
with bluish bloom.
Most fre(iucnt in the sandy swamps, borders of pine-barreu streams. Shrub, not
infrequently somewhat arborescent, 8 to 16 feet high.
Type locality : ' ' llab. in Nirginia."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Viburnum nitidum Ait. llorl. Kew. 1 : .S71. 1789.
rHiKvuinn uiidiim var. anquatifoVmm Torr. A (Jray, Fl. N. A. 2:11. 1841.
(Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.2:l2.
Slender shrub, 1.") to 20 feet high, branches weak, drooping or reclining, leaves
smooth, shining above, lanceolat*; to oblong, acute to acuminate, entiic or obscurely
crentilate; branchlets (luadrangular, 8i)ariugly scurfy ; berries smaller than in the
above, oblong, acute, it inch wide, ^ inch long.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi.
Ai.a|{.\ma: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Wooded swampy banks of pine-
barren streams. Mol)ile and lialdwin counties. Flowers white. May. Jierries ripe
September, October; bluish black. Frequent.
Tyi)e locality: "Native of North America."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
TRIOSTEUM L. Sp. PI. 1: 17(!. 175.S.
Four species, perennial herbs, temperate North America, Himalayan India, China.
Triosteum perfoliatum L. Sp. PI. 1:176. 17.").S. Tinker's Root. Fever Koot.
Trioxtium «ir(/«>- Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:107. 180.3,
Ell. Sk. 1 : 2(')i). Gray, Man. ed. 6, 219. Chap. Fl. 170. (iray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 12.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. Quebec, Ontario; New England west to Minne-
sota, south to the Ohio Valley, Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee, and along the
mountains to (ieorgia.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Kich woods. Montgomery County, Pintlalla
Creek. Flowers white, Ai)ril; fruit ripe .July, scarlet. Local and rare. Perennial,
from a large woody loot.
Economic uses: The root, under tlie name of "Tinker's root," is used medicinally.
Type locality: "Hab.iu America seiitentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Triosteum angustifolium L. Sp. PI. 1: 176. 175:5. Narrow-leaf Fever Poot,
Trionteum inhiUH Michx. Fl. Por. Am. 1:107. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 270. Gray, Man, ed. 6, 219. Chap. Fl. 170. Gray, Svn, Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:12.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia to Missouri and Arkansas, south to
North Carolina and Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Rich copses. Lauderdale County, Greenhill {H.
Stulls). Flowers May; fruit ripe in . I une. Local and rare.
Tyi)e locality : "Hal), in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SYMPHORICARPOS Juss. Gen. PI. 211. 1789.
Nine species, temperate Mexico. North America, 7.
Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (L.) McMillan, Bull. To;r. Club, 19: 15. 1892.
Coral Berry.
Lonicfira siimphoricarpos L. Sp. PI. 1: 175. 17.53.
Symphoricarpos orhiculata Moench, Meth. 503. 1794.
Siptiphoricarjjos vult/aris Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 106. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:273. Gray, Man. ed, 6, 220. Chap. Fl. 169. (iray, Syn. I'l. N. A. 1, pt.
2:13.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 745
Alleglieniim aud Carolinian areas. Western New York west to Minnesota,
Nebraska, and Dakota, southern Ohio Valley, Missouri, aud Arkansas, aud froui
New Jersey alouj;- the mountains to (ieorgia.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley, Mountain region. Rocky wooded hills in calcareous
soil. Lauderdale County, river hills, .fackson County, Gurleys, suiuniits of calca-
reous ridges, 1,200 feet. Flowers pale pink. May; fruit ripe September, October,
purplish red. Not rare, local. Shrub 3 feet high.
Type locality: " Hal), in Virginia, Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LONICERA L. Sp. PI. 1 : 173. 17.53.
About 100 species, shrubs, temperate and warmer temperate regions Northern Hemi-
sphere. P>urope; mountains tropical Asia. North America, 20.
Lonicera sempervirens L. Sp. PI. 1:173. 1753. Tkumpet Honeysiicklk.
Caprifolimn nemperrirenfi Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 105. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:270. (Jray, Man. ed. 6, 221. Chap. Fl. 170. (irav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 16. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 157.
Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern New York, New .Jersey, Ohio,
Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas and Tennessee, south to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Cullman, I'uscaloosa, Montgomery,
Washington, Escambia, Monroe, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. Flowers vermilion-
red outside, flame-colored inside; Aijril. Fruit ripe September. Frequent. Climb-
ing high.
Economic uses : Planted for ornament.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia, Mexico."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lonicera flava Sims, Bot. Mag. 32 : /. 1318. 1810.
Yellow Woodbine or Honeysuckle.
Capri folium fraseri Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 160. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 1: 271. Chap. Fl. 170. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 17.
Carolinian area. South Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Exposed siliceous rocks on the highest summits.
Clay County, Che-aw-ha Mountain, 2,400 feet. Talladega County, Alpine Moun-
tain, near Kenfroe, 1,600 feet, trailiug over rocks. Kaie. Collected in Clay County,
.July 31, the berries just begiuniug to color.
Economic uses : Ornamental.
Type locality: "Exposed and rocky summit of the Paris mountain in South
Carolina." (Fraser.)
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lonicera japonica Thunb. Fl. Jap. 89. 1784. Japanese Honeysuckle.
Introduced from Japan. Escaped from cultivation and naturalized in several of
the Southeiu States, north to Virginia.
Alabama: Over the State. Low damp thickets. Mobile aud Baldwin counties.
Flowers white to purple; April. Climber.
Type locality : "Crescit prope Nagasaki."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lonicera longiflora (Sabine) DC. Prodr. 4: .333. 18.30.
Long-flowered Honeysuckle.
Caprifolinm lonf/iflorum Sabine; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 15: t. 1232. 1829.
China and Nepal.
Introduced and cultivated with the above.
Alabama: Mobile County. Flowers white, fragrant, fading to buff yellow. May.
Climber. Escaped and not infrequently of spontaneous growth.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
DIERVILLA Moench, Meth.492. 1794.
Six or 7 species, North America, Japan.
Diervilla sessilifolia Buckley, Am. Journ. Sci. 45 : 174. 1843.
Sessile-leaf Bush Honeysuckle.
Chap. Fl. 170. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 19.
Carolinian area. Mountains of North Carolina and southeastern Tennessee.
74() PLANT LIKK OF ALAHAMA.
Alabama: MountaiTi region. Kxjiosod rocky hillsidt-H. Nc.rtlicrii Al:il>aiiia( liuckleij).
Fl<>\v«MH hrowiiiHil yollow ; July. Karc l-ow shrub.
Tyi>t> locality: •'MoimtaiiiH of North Carolina."
ilcrh. (Icol. Snrv. licrli. Mohr.
Diervilla rivularis (iattingor, Hot. (ia/. 13 : litl. 18HX.
Sliruh 1.' to.') t'ect high. HranchlelH terete; leavcH suh.scssiio,, ovato or ohlong-
lanceolatc, acnniinatc. whitish helow, all jiaits liir-nlcly piilx-HCcnt; cymes often
numerous. :? to () llowercil ; corolla slifj;htly liilaliiate, the upjier three divisions in
close contact, the lower more spreadiiij^; calyx loltes slender, l.inceolate-Hiihiihite.
Flowers lar^^erand handsomer than in />. sfHHilifolia.
Carolinian area. Tennessee.
Ai.auama: Mountain rejfion. Damp rocks. Dekiilli CoMiily, Lookout .Monnt.iin,
Desoto Falls, near Mentone. Flowers .Fnly; yellow.
In our specimens the tlowers are smalh^r than in I). xinnHifoHii, the cymes densely
tlowered, and, like the fruit. viscid-i>ul)escent.
Tyi)e locality : " < )n the h.inks of' Lula Falls,' Lookout Moiiiit.iiu, ;i few miles across
the Tennessee lin<i in dleoii^ia.'"
VALERIANACEAE. Valerian Family.
V\LERIANELLA rollich, Hist. PI. I'al. 1: 2f<. ITTtl.
( Fedia Gaert. Frnct. 2 : :{f5. 1788. )
Ahout 50 species, temperate Europe. North Anieric.-i, IT).
Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. Hist. Val. 57. 1811. \V'ili> Lamh Salad.
I alcriaiirlla lociixia var. radiald L. Sp. PI. 1 : 34. 1753.
Fedia radiata Michx. Fl. l!or. Am. 1 : 18. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:12. Gray. -Man. ed. (i. 229. Chai). Fl. 184. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:45. Coulter, Contf. Nat. Ilerh. 2; KM.
Allegheuian to Louisiauian area. Pennsylvania to .Michij^an, south to Florida,
west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. In low damp ground, fields, waysides. Cullman
County. Tuscaloosa County (E. A. Smith). Lee County, Auburn. Mobile County.
Flowers white; March, April. Freiiuent. Annual.
Type locality: " Ilab. in Marilandiae arvis."
Herb. (ieol. Snrv. Herl). Mohr.
DIPSACEAE. Teasel Family.
DIPSACUS L. Si.. PL l:!t7. 1753.
Twelve s])ocies, warmer temperate regions, Euro]ie, chi<^fly Mediterranean.
Dipsacus sylvestris lluds. Fl. Augl. 49. 1702. Wild Teasel.
KUHOl'K.
Adventive. Sparingly naturalized in the Atl.antic States.
Ai.ai'.ama: Coast region, on ballast. Mobile County. .June; infre(|nent. Annual.
Typi- locality: " llali. in incultis fr(!quens."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herl). Mohr.
CUCURBITACEAE. Cucumber Family.
CUCUMIS L.Sp. 1^1. 2:1010. 1753.
Twenty-six species, warmer regions.
Cucumis colocynthis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1435. 17ti:'>. Colocvntii.
Adventive from Asia, Africa, southern Europe.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast. Collected with seeds fully matured October, 1883
and 1884. A coarse creeping annual.
Economic uses : The fruit is the "Colocynthis'' of the United States Pharmaco-
pcpia.
Type locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
CUCUMBER FAMILY. 747
ECBALIUM A. Rich. Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. f>19. 1824.
One specios. Mediterrauean Europe.
Ecbalium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. Diet. Class. Hisb. Nat. 619. 1824.
Common Squirting Cucumber.
Momordica elaterium L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1434. 1763.
Fnuritive ou ballast. Mobile County, May. 18S3. Annual.
Economic uses: I'lie fruit is used niedioiually for Klateriuni.
Type locality: " J lab. in Europa australi."
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Hcrl). Mohr.
MOMORDICA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1009. 17r)3.
Twenty-five species, tropical Asia and Africa.
Momordica charaiitia L. Sp. PI. 2 : 1009. Balsam Pear.
Tropical Asia, naturalized in warmer America.
AOVKNTIVK FROM THE TKOPICS.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida.
Alabama: Ballast ground, waste places near the shipping. Flowers yellow;
August to Octolter. Fruit copper-red, seed coat crimson. Frc(|uent on every bal-
last heap, spreading to waste places in the vicinity. First collected in 1887.
Annual.
Type locality: "'Hah. in India."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LAGENARIA Seringe, Mem. Soc. Ehil. Gencv. ser. 3. 1 : 25. 182.5.
Half dozen species, tropical Asia and Africa.
Lagenaria vulgaris (L.) Seringe, Mem. Soc. Pliil. Genev. ser. 3, 1 : 25. 1825.
Common Gourd Calabash.
Cucurhita laqenaria L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1434. 1763.
Ell. Sk. 2:662. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1:545. 1841. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 123.
Subtropical and tropical regions of the Old World. P^xtensively naturalized in the
New World.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Regarded as introdnciul and naturalized in the
South Atlantic and Gulf States, although cultivated by the aborigines at the arrival
of the earliest settlers.
Alabama: In the lower country, near dwellings, borders of pastures and fields.
Flowers white; throughout the summer. Fruit ripe September to November. Not
infrc(|uent. A rank coarse climber. Peremiial.
Ecoruonic uses: The matured ligneous fruit, for vessels and various utensils.
Ty]»e locality: "Hab. in Americae riguis."'
Herb. Geol. Surv.
TRIANOSPERMA Mart. Syst. Mat. Med. P.raa. 79. 1843.
Eight or 9 species, warmer America.
Trianospsrnia boykinii (Torr. & Gray) Roem. Syu. Pepon. 2 : 45. 1846.
Boykin's Bryony.
Bryonia hoi/kinii Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 1 : 540. 1840.
Cayajionia boykinii Cogniaux in DC. Monogr. Phan. 3: 746. 1881.
Chap. Fl. 148.
Louisianian area. Georgia to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Low shaded banks. Wilcox County {S. B.
Buckley, ISiO). Flowers greenish white; .Tune, .July. Fruit ri))e August; red. Very
rare. Perennial herb from a fusiform root, climbing over bushes.
Ty])e locality: "Low ground along streams, Georgia, Dr. Buykin! Alabama, Mr.
Buckley! Yjowisiann, Dr. Carpenter ! Dr. Hale!"
Herb. Geol. Surv.
MELOTHRIA L. Sp. PI. 1 : .35. 17.53.
Sixty species, warmer regions, Asia, America. North America. 2.
Melothria pendula L. Sp. PI. 1 : 35. 17.53.
Ell. Sk. 2: 662. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 196. Chap. Fl. 149. Coulter, Ccmtr. X-it. Herb.
2 : 124.
748 I'LAN'l' I.IKK OK ALABAMA.
Wkst Inkiks, Sdinii Amkiika.
Carolinian and l.ouisinnian aii'iis. SimtluMii Virjiinia U> I'lorida, ^vcst to Texas
and ArUansaH.
Al.An.wiA: Tonncssi^ci N'allcy to ("oast ])lain. Sliady baiilcs. Lauderdale County,
(.'nllnian ( 'oniity, Ndd (bet altitude. Tn-scaloos,! and ^loltil^^ eoimries. I'lowers cilron
yellow; August to < )ctoliur. Fruit rijic (Jetolier; Idack. Slender jierennial, ruuning
over heiliM and small hn.'^lies. Annual.
Type locality: " llab. in (!anada, \'ir>iinia, .ianiaiea."
Herb. (Jeol. 8ur\ . 1 lorb. Moiu-.
SICYOS T.. Si). PI. 2 : lOlH. 1753.
About U.'i speeies, Warmer re^Ljious botli heniispliftros. .\merica, Australia. North
America, 2.
Sicyos angulatus L. Sp. Fl. 2 : 1013. 17.^3. o.nk-ski.dk.d Buk Ci'cumhkr.
Kll. Sk. 2: 6fi3. Gray, Man. ed. (i, lit;'). Chap. Fl. Ui). Coulter, Coutr. Nat.
Herb. 2 : 125.
Russia, Caucascs.
Alleghenian to l.ouisianian area. Quebec, Ontario, New FiUjijland, we.st to Minne-
sota, Nebraska, and Arkansas; Ohio Valley and .New .lersey to Florida and Texas.
.\i.a15a.ma: Central I'rairic rej^iou. Thickets along streams. Autauga (bounty.
House \\\iii]' ( I'L .i. Sinith). Fruit greenish white; September. Rare. (Jlimbiug
over bushes. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Canada, Mexico.''
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CAMPANULACEAE. Bluebell Family.
CAMPANULA L. Sp. PI. 1 : lf)3. 17r)3.
Two hundred and fifty species, herbs, temperate regions, Northern Heniis)>here.
Europe. North America, 13. Atlantic, 5.
Campanula americana L. &p. PI. 1: 1(54. 1753. Tai.i. Bklj.i.i.owkk.
Campanula acuminata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:10S. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:262. (irav, Man. ed. (J, 309. Chap. Fl. 2.->(). (Jray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1:11.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick, Ontario, and MiinuMota,
western New York south to Georgia.
Alabama: Central Prairie region to (Jentral Pino belt. Rich shaded lianks.
Coosa County (E. A. Smiih). Dallas County, Marion .Junction. Flowers a/ure; .'uly
toSeptember. lnfre(|uent. Annual or biennial.
Type locality : "Hal), in America."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Campanula divaricata Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1:10!). 1803. Open Hei.lflowkk.
Ell. Sk. 1: 2(52. Gray, Man. ed. (5, 309. Chap. Fl. 25i). (!rav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1 : 13. 1878.
Carolinian area. Virginia, southeastern Kentucky, along the mountains to
Georgia.
Alahama: Mountain region. Dry rocky woods. Clay (bounty, waterfall near
Pulpit Rock, 2,000 feet. (Jalhoun County, Anniston. Talladega County, Chandler
Springs, 1,000 feet, exposed rocks. Clel)urne County, rocky banks of Tallajioosa
River. liibb County, Pratt's l-'erry, 450 feet. Flowers cerulean blue; August,
September. Fre(|uent. Perennial.
rv]ie locality : "Hab. in altis montibns (hiroliuae.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LEGOUZIA Durand, Fl. Bourg. 2:26. 1782.
(Speculakia Heist.; .\. DC. Monogr. Camp. .'U4. 1830.)
Ten species, warmer temperate regions of both hendspheres. Europe, South
America. North America, 4.
Legouzia biflora (Ruiz iV Pav.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:309. 1894.
TWO-Fl.OWKREI) VKNI S'S LoOKlNCl (wLASS.
Campanulahijlora Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Peruv. 2:55, t. 200, f. I>. 1799.
Specularia hijioi'a (iiay, Proc. Am. Acad. 11:82. 1876.
BLUEBELL FAMILY. 749
Chap. Fl. Suppl. tJo2; ed. 3,279. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:11. i878. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 2.52. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 446.
Mexico, South Ameiuca.
Louisianiaii area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas, Arkansas, aud Cali-
fornia.
Alabama: Coast plain. Exposed light soil. Fields, pastures. Baldwin and
Mobilecouuties. Flowerspurplish blue; March to May. Frequent. Winter annual,
4 to 8 inches high.
Type locality : " Hab. in Peruviae collibus areuosis ad Cercado, Cantae et Chancay
Provincias."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Legouzia perfoliata (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 :309.
Pekfohate Vknus'.s Looking Glass.
Campanula perfoliata L. Sp. PL 1 : 1()9. 1753.
C. amplexicaulis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 108. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:262. (iray, Man. ed. 0, 308. Chap. Fl. 257. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,pt.
1 : 11. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 252. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 447.
Mexico, Chile.
Allegheuiau to Louisiauiau area. Ontario, British Columbia, Oregon, California,
Utah; New England south to Florida, and through the Gulf States to Texas.
Alabama: Over tlie State. Dry sandy or gravelly ground, cultivated aud waste
places. Flowers puritlish blue; April to Juue. Commou. Annual.
Type locality : '' Hab. in Virginia.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LOBELIA L. Sp. PL 2 : 929. 1753. Lobelia.
About 225 species, temperate and warmer regions both hemispheres. Largely
American to Chile, Asia, South Africa. North America, 23; Atlantic, 20.
Lobelia cardiiialis L. Sp. PL 2 : 930. 1753. Cardinal Flower.
Ell. Sk. 1:268. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 305. Chap. FL 254. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 2, pt. 1 :3.
Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 :251.
Alleghenian to Louisiauiau area. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario; New
England west to Minnesota, south to Missouri, Texas, and from Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Over the State. Rich, shaded, swampy banks. Morgan, Cullman, and
Mobilecouuties. Flowers crimson; August, September. Frequent. Pereunial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lobelia brevifolia Nutt. ; DC. Prodr. 7, pt. 2: 377. 1839. Suokt-leaf Lobelia.
Chap. Fl. 254. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 3.
Louisiauiau area. Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low, damp ]>iue barrens; springy places. Mobile and
BaldAvin counties. Flowers azure; September, October. Not rare. Ten to 20 inches
high. Perennial.
Type locality : "In Alabama Americae bor."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lobelia syphilitica L. Sp. PL 2 : 931. 1753. Large Blue-flowered Lobelia.
Ell. Sk. 1 : 266. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 306. Chap. Fl. 254. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 4.
Alleghenian to Carolinian area. Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Dakota, south
to the Ohio Valley, Missouri, and Arkansas, and from New.Jersey along the mountains
to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Damp borders of streams. Clay County, Elders, 1,000
feet altitude. Talladega County, Riddell's Mill, banks of Talladega Creek. Flowers
sky-blue; August, September. Infrequent. Pereunial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lobelia puberula Michx. FL Bor. Am. 2 : 152. 1803. Downy Lobelia.
ElLSk. 1:267. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 306. Chap. Fl. 254. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 4.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 251.
Carolinian aud Louisianian areas. Southern New .Jersey to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Damp sandy ground, low borders of
thickets. Lee County, Auburn ( liaker .f- ICarle). Talladega County, Renfroe Valley,
about 600 ft'ct. Montgomery, Claike, Monroe, Baldwin, and Mobile Counties. Flowers
cerulean blue; August to October. Common. Most frequent in the pine barrens.
Perennial.
Type locality : '• Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
750 PLANT MKK <>l<" M.AHAMA.
Lobelia puberula laeviuscula iioin. iios .
Lohrlia i>itheniltt ijlahella llnok. \'iot.M:i<i. 61: I., "iJtfJ. IKii. N«H Kll. ISIT.
/.. iiliiiululosii var. ohlmiil'dlia UC I'roilr. 7. pt. 2:378. 183!). Not /-. ohtnxi folia
\Vill.l. ISl'J.
(Jniy. 8yn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1:1.
Carolinian and Loiiisianian areas. North Carolina to Fioriil.i and I'cxas.
Alvm.vma: Mountain ref^ion. Talhulef^a County, near Kiddell'M .Mill, ('iiandl(!r
Springs. September. Infrequent. Loeal 10 to 15 in(;he8 liij^li. Perennial.
Type locality of A. f/laiidulosd ohiusifolia : " In Alabama."
Herb. (ieol. .Surv. ilerb. Mohr.
Lobelia amoena glandulifera Gray, Syn. Fl. \. A. 2, pt. 1:1. 1878.
Pkktty Lohki-ia.
Lobelia (flaiidnlona \K',.]'rod\\l.iit.2:'MS. 1839. In part. Not V»'ait.
Gray, 1. e.
Carolinian and Loui.sianian arenas. Southern Virginia, Nortli Carolina, to Florida.
Al.vua.ma: Mountain region, Metauu)rphic hills. Lee County, Auburn (/''. .S'. Karle).
Flowers bright blue (campanula-blue); October. Kare. ()nly locality known in
the State. Perennial.
Type locality : " Moist grounds, S. Virginia to Florida and Alabama."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lobelia paludosa Nutt. Gen. 2 : 75. 1818. Swami' Louki.ia.
Gray. Man. ed. 0, 307. Cha]). Fl. 255. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 5.
Carolinian and Louisiauiau areas. Delaware and along the coast to Florida,
thence west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Swampy borders of pine-barren ponds. I'.aldwin and
Mobile counties. Flowers lilac: .July to September. Fre(|uent. Perennial.
Type locality : "In deep sphagnose swamps, from Sussex County in Delaware to
Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lobelia appendiculata DC. Prodr. 7, pt. 2 :376. 18.39. Aithndagki) Lohki.ia.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 5. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 251 .
Louisianian area. Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Open post-oak woods. Dallas County, Marion
Junction, Uniontown. Flowers May, .June. Annual.
Type locality: "In Texas. (Drumm. ! in h. Benth.)"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lobelia gattingeri Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17 : 221. 1SH2.
Chap. Fl. Supjd. 632; ed. 3, 277. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : .3!il. 1S84.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Middle Tennessee.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Dry limestone i)rairies. Montgomex-y County,
Piutlalla Creek. Flowers .July ; sky-blue, resembling the last. Annual.
Type locality : " Middle Tennessee, in springy places of calcareous bluffs and in
cedar barrens, />?•. (laflhigcr."
Herl). Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lobelia leptostachys DC. Prodi. 7, pt. 2 : .37(5. 1839. SLKNDEK-sriKEU Lobelia.
Gr.ay, Man. ed. tJ, 30(5. Chap. Fl. 254. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 6.
Carolinian and Louisianinu areas. Southern Ohio to southern Missouri, Arkansas,
south irom ^'irginla to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain to Central Prairie region. Dry borders of woods, open
copses. CLay County, Delta divide, 1,600 feet altitude. Etowah County, near
Gadsden, 1,000 feet altitude. Blount County. .Jefferson County, Windham Springs
(E A. Smith). Aut;iuga County, Prattville. Flowers pale blue; Juue, July. Not
infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "'In (.'arolina mcsridionali.'' Fraser.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lobelia spicata Lam. Encycl. 3 : 587. 1789. Si-iked Lobelia.
Lobelia claytoniaua Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 153. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 1:2H5. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 30(). Chap. Fl. 2.55. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 :6,
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario, New England south to th(^ Ohio Valley,
Missouri, and along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Distribution as in the last. Talladega County, Riddell's iMill. Etowah
and Montgomery counties. Flowers pale blue; June, July. Not freciueut. Peren-
nial.
Type locality: "Cettc ])]ante croit dans le Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohi.
CHICORY FAMILY. 751
Lobelia nuttallii Room. &. Schult. Syst. 5 : 39. 1819. Nuttam.'s Lobelia.
Lobelia (/racilis Nutt. Geu. 2 : 77. 1818. Not Audr.
Gray, Mau. ed. 6, .307. Chap. Fl. 255 ; ed. 3, 276 ; Gray, .Syu. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 7.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, to Georgia.
Alabama: Over the State. Low damp banks. Cullman County, 800 feet. Clay
County, Talladega Creek, 1,000 feet altitude. Tuscaloosa and Mobile counties.
Flowers pale purplish l)lue; .July, August. Frequent. Annual.
Type locality: "Ad margines siccas paludum satjulosoruni a nova Caesarea ad
Carolinam."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lobelia inflata L. Sp. PL 2 : 931. 1753. Indian Toba<;co. Lobelia.
Ell. Sk. 1 • 266. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 307. Chap. Fl. 254. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 7.
Alleghenian to Carolinian area. Maritime provinces of Canada to Hudson Bay
and Saskatchewan. New England west to Minnesota, south to the Ohio Valley,
Missouri, and Arkansas, and from New York to upper Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Clay County, Elders, 1,000 feet altitude. Talladega
County, Riddell's Mill, 1,000 feet. Cullman County, 800 feet. Blount County,
Blount Springs, on the hills, 800 feet. Not rare. Coarse. Annual.
Economic uses: The herb (leaves and tops) forms the "Lobelia" of the United
States Pharmacopoeia, and the seeds are also recognized.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CICHORIACEAE. Chicory Family.
CICHORIUM L.Sp. PI. 2:813. 1753.
Three species, temperate Europe, Asia.
Cichorium Intybus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 813. 1753. Common Chicory.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 298. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 412.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Naturalized in Canada and the United States,
west to Arkansas. More rarelv south of the Ohio River.
Alabama: Mobile County. A rare ballast weed. Flowers azure; .Inly. Perennial
Type locality : " Hab. in Europa ad margines agrorum viarumque."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ADOPOGON Neck. Elem. 1 : .55. 1790.
(Kkigia Schrcb. Geu. PL 532. 1791.)
Five species, herbs. North America.
Adopogon carolinianum (Walt.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 346. 1894.
Cakolina Dwakk Dandklion.
Hyoseris virginica L. Sp. PL 2 : 809. 1753. Not Traqopofion virgiiiiciim L.
H. carolinia'na Walt. Fl. Car. 194. 1788.
Krigia rirginica Willd. Sp. PL 3 : 1618. 1804.
K. caroliniana Nutt. Gen. 2 : 126. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 264. 26.5. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 298. Chap. Fl. 249. Gray, Svu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:411. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 246.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Western Ontario to New York, Ohio Valley to
Missouri and Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Exjiosed dry light soil. Flowers orange; March, May.
Common. Annual.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Adopogon virginicum (L. ) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 1 : 304. 1891.
ViK(;iNiA Dwarf Dandelion.
Tragojyniion rirginicum L. Sp. PL 2 : 789. 1753.
Krigiit aniplcricinilis Nutt. Gen. 2 : 127. 1818.
Cynth\a viniinica Don, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 12 : 309. 1829.
ElLSk.2:266. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 298. Chap. Fl. 249.
Caroliuian area. Southern Ontario to Lake Winnipeg, < )hio to Arkansas and south
to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region to Lower hills. Openings in the woods, Iiorders of
thickets and fields. Cullman County. Tuscaloosa County {E, A. ,'Sinith). Flowers
orange; .Fune. Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Canada. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
7r)2 TLANT Ml K <>l'" A I- A MA MA.
Adopogon dandelion iL.) Kimt/.<', Htv. (Umi. l'l.l::!n|. isiil. HwAith I>am.i i.ion.
irn,i»i»»l«n iliiiid.lion I,. S]i. I'l. c«l. 2. 2 : 1111. 17ti:i.
hritiin (imidilioii Nut t. (Jon. 2 : 127. \H\H.
Cl.ilhhi d,ituUHoii IX'. rn.ilr. 7:X!». 1«3X.
KllSk. 2 :'-'•>.".. (Jniy. Man. imI. C, L'98. Chap. II. L'l'.t. (iniy. Syu. V\. N. A. 1, j.t.
I.': irj. Cnnllor, t'onlr. Nat. llcrli. 2 : L'I7.
Carolinian and Loni.sianian arta.s. M:ir\lanil tn i'loiiila. wcnI ti) Toxan ami
Arkansas.
Ai.xnAMA: 'I'fiuiossei' \ alley. iMonnlain ro^ioii to CoaNt ]ilain. Sparsely dilViiHiMl.
Landerdale Cdunly. InHcalDosa County (A'. .1. Smith). 1 )allas ( oiinty, I'niontowii
{ i:. A. Smilh). Morjfan County. Hale County, (Jallion. Mobile (diuity. Flowers
yellow; April, May; aj^ain in October (at Mobile). Not iVeiiucnt. I'erennial.
Tyjie locality : •' IJab. in ViiLrinia."
Herb. (ieol. "8urv. Ilorb. Mohr.
SCOLYMUS L. S].. I'l. 2:8i:{. 175:5.
Three or (our .speeie.s, Mediterranean rej^ion.
Scolymus grandiflorus Desf. Fl. Atlaiit. 2:240, I. miS. ISdO.
Ai.auama: Adventive from southern F^urope. Mobile County, fnj^itivt- on ballast.
Tyije loeality : " In arvis ineultis vulgatissiuia" (Northern Africa).
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Ibub. Mohr.
SERINEA b'af. Fl. l.udov. ll!l. \M1.
(Ai'0(iOX F:I1. Sk. 2:2()7. 1S21-21.)
One species.
Serinea oppositifolia (Haf.) Kunt/e, Kev. Gen. I'l. l:."t>l. ISSd.
Krlri'm oppnniti/'olid Haf. Fl. Ludov. 57. 1817.
Jpoi/ou Inimili's Kll. Sk. 2:207. 1821-24.
Kll.Sk.l.e. Chap. Fl. 249. Cray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2:411. Coulter, Con! r. N.it.
Herb. 2:246.
Carolinian and Louisianiaii areas. South Carolina to l''lori<la and Texas and
Arkansas.
Alaisama: Moiintain ro;:;ion to Coast jdain. Sandy exposed soil. Cnltivatcul and
waste places, pastures. Ciilhnan and Tuscaloosa counties, l^ee County, Auburn
( /laker .y- Earle). Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers deep yellow ; March, April.
Abundant in the lower country. Annual.
'i'ype locality not specitieally given.
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PICRIS I>. Sp. ri. 2:7!I2. \1TV.\.
Tliirly-hve species.
Picris pauciflora Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1557. 1804.
SuUTIIEHN EUKOPE.
Alabama: liallast weed. Mobile County, fugitive, ccdlected in 18X4; not found
since. Annual?
Tyjie locality : " Hab. in Callia australi."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HIERACIUM L. 6p. PI. 2 : 709. 1753.
Five hundred nominal species, not well defined; perennials of both hemispheres,
largely European and northern Asiatic. North America, 24, endemic; Atlantic, 9.
Hieracium scribneri Small, Hull. Torr. Club, 21 : 20, 1. 127. 1897.
Perennial, sonu'what glaucescent, sparingly or diffusely branched above, leafy,
somewhat pubescent below with long 8])reading hairs; peduncles and pedicels gla-
brous or densely glandular. Lowest leaves oblong or oblong spatnlate on winged
petioles, acute, acnniinate, at the base, the U])per oblanceolate, oblong to linear-
lanceolate, sometimes even fiddle-shajted, sessile, acute, with a few scattered spine-like
teeth, nearly glabrous; inflorescence moie or less corymbose-])anicnlate; involucre
nearly glabrous or glandular; achenes columnar, somewhat constricted under the
rim of the summit; pai)pus not exceeding the involucral bracts.
"A very well marked species, with much the foliage of II. paniculalinn, but far
more nearly the habit and inflorescence of H. venosiim, which latter it is like in its
vernal flowering." — E. L.CJreene. Plate IX.
Carolinian area. Southeastern Tennessee and northwestern (ieorgia.
Contr. Nat, Herb. Vol. VI.
Plate IX.
HiERAClUM SCRIBNERI SMALL.
CHICORY FAMILY. 753
Alabama: Metaniorphiciind Coosa hills. Exposed rocky liillKides. Dekalb County,
Meiitoue, 1,()0() feet. Calhonn County. Anniston, SOO feet. 8t. Claii' County, Spring-
ville. Talla.])o<)sa County, Dadeville, 900 feet. Flo\v(;rs deep yellow; June, July.
Not rare.
Type locality : " Collected on Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, May 21, 1890, by Prof,
F. Lamson-8cribner.'"
Hieracium venosum ii. Sp. PI. 2 :800. i753. K-vitle^nake Weed.
Ell. Sk. 2:l'(i2. Gray. :\Iau. cd. 6, 299. Cbap. 11. 2,50. (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2,
pt. 1:425.
Alleghenian and Caiolinian aieas. Ontario 1o Saskatchewan ; southern New Eng-
land west to JMiuuesota, Nebraska, aud Montana, south to Arkansas, and along the
mountains from Tennessee to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry hillsides. Clay County, near Moseley, banks of
Talladega Creek, 1,000 feet (Franklin's place, August 2, 1896). Lee County, Auburn
(Baker t|i- Earle). Hare.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. 8urv. Herb. Mohr.
Hieracium mariauuni Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1572. 1804. Maryland Hawkweed.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, :S00. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 272. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2, pt. 1 : 426.
Carolinian area. Rhode Island, southern New York, Pennsylvania, Kentucky.
Alabama: Metamorphic hills. Dry open cox)8e8. Lee County, Auburn (/>a/rer ()■•
Earle). October.
Type localitj^: " Hab. in America boreali.'
Hi*rb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Hieracium greeiiii Porter &, Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 20 : 120. 1893.
PiloseUa s/>rtJ/tH/«ia Schultz Bip. Flora, 45 : 439. 1862. Not Hieracium upathiilainm
Scheele. 1863.
Hieracium marianum var. spatliii latum Gray, Svn. Fl. 2, pt. 1 : 4.55. 1886.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 300.
Carolinian area. Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia.
Alabama: Metamorphic hills. Lee County, Auburn (/>afccr if- 7ia?'ie). October.
Type locality: "In dry soil, Tuscarora Mountain, Huntingdon Co. ' * "
Two-Top Mountain," Franklin Co., I'enn. *^ * * Mountains of Clinton Co.,
Penn. - * * Peaks of Otter, Virginia."
Hieracium gronovii L. 8p. PI. 2 : 802. 1753. Common Hawkweed,
Ell. Sk. 2 : 263. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 300. Chap. Fl. 250. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:426.
Carolinian area. Southern Ontario ; New York west to Missouri and Arkansas,
south to the Gulf, from Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Throughout the State. Exposed light soil. Open dry woods. Very
variable. In the dry pine barrens of the coast are found persistent forms with the stem
leafy to the narrow elongated dense panicle, and the radical le.-ives strongly hirsute
with long shaggy hairs (var. Jnrsiitissimiim Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 427). Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Peusylvauia,"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TARAXACUM Haller, Stirp. Helv. 1 : 23. 1768.
Twenty-two species, perennial lierbs, temperate ICurope, Asia.
Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 1138. 1880-83.
Common Dandelion,
Leontodon iaraxacuni L. Sp. PL 2 : 798. 1753.
Taraxacum officinale Web. Prim. Fl. Hols. 56. 1780.
T. (lens-h'onis Desf. Fl. Atl. 2 : 228. 1800.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 250. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 303. Chap. Fl. 252. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 440. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 249. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 439.
EUKOPE.
Naturalized nearly over the continent.
Alabama: Throughout tlie State. Blossoms from February to May, again in
October. Common everywhere. Pereunial.
Economic uses: The root is the "Taraxacum " or "dandelion root" of thi^ United
States Pharmacopccia.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europai; pascuis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
15894 48
754 I'LANl" ]Al'K <»!•■ ALABAMA.
SITIIiIAS lv;iC. N.Nv I'l. N. A. 4:S:.. IKHi.
(I'Yititiior-AriTs DC. I'lu.lr. 7: 111. 1K58.)
Six species. Mexico. North America. I. Atliintic, 2.
SitUiascaioliniana (Walt. )Kaf. New Fl. N. A. 4 : X5. Falsk 1»a.m>ki.ion.
Lioiilodon carol i It ia II It III Walt. Fl. Car. 192. 1788.
,'<cor:oin'ra piiiiiatilida Mielix. I"l. lior. Am. 2 : 89. 180S.
lUirlhiittsia caroliiiinna Nutt. (ii'ii. 2 : iL'fi. 1818.
ri/nhojiaii}iiiK itiroliiiiiiniin DC.l'iodr. 7:111. 1838.
Fll. Sk. 2:2r)l. (;rav. -Man. ed. (!. 'Mi. Cliap.Fl.252. (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, j.l.
2:111. Coulter, Coiilr.' Nat. llerl.. 2:219.
Carolinian and Lonisianian an!as. Maryland to llorida, west to Texas.
Ai-AUA.MA : Tonnessco Valley to the Coast plain. Lij^litdamp soil, {grassy banks. Lee
County, Anbnrn ( /)V(Ae?'.y- y!.'a?7e). Morgan County, Decatur. Cullman, Tuscaloosa,
Clarke, and Mobile counties. Flowers pale yellow; April to June. Common. Per-
ennial.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. (;eol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LACTUCA L. 8]). 1'1.2:795. 17.53.
About 90 species, temperate regions, Europe, Asia, Al'ri<;a. Atlantic North America
(endemic), 9.
Lactuca canadensis L. Sp. ]*1. 2 : 79(5. 1753. Wild Lkttick.
Liirtitca I'loiKiata Muhl. ; Willd. Sj). PI. 3 : 1.525. 1804.
Kll. Sk. 2 : 2.52. (iray, Man. ed. (J, 304. Chap. Fl. ed. 3. 274. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1,
pt.2:142.
Allegheuian to Louisianian area. Ontario to Saskatchewan, New England west
to Minnesota and Nebraska, soutii to Arkansas, and from southern New England to
Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Central Pine belt. Horders of fields and copses.
Lawrence and Tuscaloosa coiinties. Lee County. Auburn {lialcer cj' Earh, 268).
Flowers yellow ; August, Se])teml)er. Not fre<iuent. Annual.
Type locality : "Ilab. in Canada, halm."
llerl). Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lactuca sagittifolia Ell. Sk. 2 : 2.53. 1821-24. Dkvii/s Ikonweki..
Lactiica integrifolia Bigel. Fl. Host. ed. 2, 287. 1824. Not Nntt.
Ell. Sk. I.e. Gray, Man. ed. 0,304. Chap. Fl. 252: ed. 3, 274. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1,
pt. 2 : 442.
.Mleghenian to Louisianian area. New England west to Michigan, south to the
Ohio N'alley, Missouri, and along the coast from New York to Florida.
Alabama: Over the State. Low rich lauds. l)am]i banks, ('lay County, Shin-
bone\'alley, l,000feet. Cullman County, 800 feet. TuscaloosaCounty. MobileCounty,
margin of river (swanips. Flowers yellow. Not common. Six to 8 feet high. Bien-
nial or perennial.
Type locality: "Along the margin of a creek, in the Tieighborhood of Columbia,"
S.C.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lactuca graminifolia MicJix. Fl. llor. Am. 2 : 85. 1803.
NAKitOW-LKAK WlLD LkTTICK.
Lactuca elongata var. graminifolia Cha]). Fl. 252. I860.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 2.53. Chap'. Fl. I.e.; ed. 3, 274. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 442. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. H.rb. 2:249.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Carolina to Florida, w(;st to Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Drv or (lanijt
places, borders of woods, coj)8es. Lee County, Auburn (Jiiiker <)• /Jarle, 269). Mobile
County. Flowers sordid white or straw yellow. Two to 3 feet high. Frequent in
the Coast plain. Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina inferiore."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lactuca hirsuta Mnhl. Cat. 69. 1813. Rkddisii-flowkreo Lettuce.
I.acltica mnijuinm Higel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 287. 1824.
L. eloiigata var. mngiiinea Torr. & ( Jray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 496. 1843.
CHICOEY FAMILY. 755
Gray, Man. ed. 6. 301. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 142. (Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 249.
Caroliniiiu area. Southeastern Massaclmsetts, north westein \ irginia, Ohio to
Missouri, south along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama : Mountain region. Dry exposed places. Madison ('ounty, Montesano,
1,. 500 feet. ('uUuiau County, in barren old lields, clearings. Flowers purplish; not
unconinion. Biennial.
Type locality : ''Pens.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaert. Fruct. 2 : 362. 1791.
Blue -i< LOWE KEi> Fall Wild Lettuce.
Sonchus floridanus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 794. 1753.
Mnhiedmmjloridamim DC. Prodr. 7 : 249. 1838.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas, west to
Ohio, Missouri, and Arkansas.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 255. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 304. Chap. Fl. 2.53. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 443.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 250.
Alabama : All over the State. Rich damp banks, borders of ditches and tbickets.
Madison County, near i I untsville. Mobile County. Flowers deep blue; May, June.
Frequent. Annual or biennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia, Canada.''
Herb. Geol. .Surv. IJerb. Mohr.
Lactuca villosa .Jac(i. Hort. Sclioen. 3 : 62, t. 367. 1798.
ACUMINATK-LEAF WlLD LETTUCE.
Sonchus acuminatm Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 152. 1804.
Mulgediiim acwminatiim DC. Prodr. 7 : 250. 1838.
Lactuca acuminata Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19 : 73. 1883.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 255. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 304. Chap. Fl. 2.52. (4ray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:443.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New l'2ngland, west to Ohio and Mis-
souri, south from New .Jersey to Florida and Loxiisiana.
Alabama: Up])er divisiou Coast Pine belt. Thickets, shady copses. Clarke
County, Suggsville (Dr. />e?j«(/). Flowers blue; August. Rare. Annual or biennial.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
NABALUS Cass. Diet. 34:94. 1826.
(Prenanthks L. Sp. PI. 2 : 797. 1753. In part.)
About 20 species, perennial herbs. North America. Eastern North America, 9.
Nabalus serpentaria (Pursh) Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 294. 1833.
Gall of the Earth.
I'renantlies sopoitaria Pursh, Fl. Am. Se^it. 2 : 499, t. 24. 1814.
Nahalns fraseri DC. Prodr. 7 : 241. 1838.
Ell. Sk. 2:261. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 301. Chap. Fl. 251. Gray, Syn. Fl. N.A.I, pt.
2:434.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland, Quebec, and Ontario; New
York and Ohio, south from Tennessee to Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region t© Coast plain. Dry open woods in light soil. Cal-
houn County, Anniston. Cullman Count3\ Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith).
Washington, Clarke, and Mobile counties. Flowers white; July, August. Most
fre(iuent in the pine barrens.
Economic uses: One of the reputed remedies for snake bites.
Type locality: "On the mountains of Virginia and Carolina."
I lerb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Nabalus serpentaria barbatus (Torr. cSt Gray).
Xabalus fraxeri var. harhatm Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 481. 1843.
I'renanthes crepidinea Ell. Sk. 2 : 259. 1821-24. Nob Michx.
/*. serpentaria harhata Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 4.34. 1884.
Ell. Sk. I.e. Chap. Fl. 251. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. c.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Mountainous North Carolina to (ieorgia up to
6,000 feet altitude. .
Alabama: Mountain region. Cullman County, 1,000 feet. Northern Alabama
{Ihicldeii).
Tyjx' locality of I'renanthes (crepidinea Ell. : "Grows in the mountains of t^arolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TT)!) I'l.ANT I-IKK <'K A I, A |;A M A.
Nabalus altissimus ( I>. ) llnok. 11. I'.oi. Am. 1 : 1'MI. l.s:>|. Iaii. Wiiiii; Lkiti c k.
J'niiiiiilliis iillisHimn L. Sp. I'l. 2 : 7117. 17r(;j.
/'. (lelloitleii KM. SU. 2 : iTu. 1^21.
Kll.Sk. l.r. (Jr.iy. .Man. .-d. (i, .{Ol'. Cli.iii. I'l. 251. (J my, Syii. Kl. N. A. 3. j)). 2 : liil.
Ciiiiaiiiaii to ( 'aroiiiiian area. N'ewroiiiKll.iinl, ( Mitario, and New lOiijilaiid ; <>liii)
Nullcy to .Mi.ssiniii and Arkan.sas, and I'roni .New ^ Ork soiilli alonj; tlic inDiintainsio
(icoijjia.
.\i.,\ii.\.M,\ : Mountain ici^ion. Lower iiill.s. l>icli woodlands. Clchunic Connly
{Ih-. /•-'. .1. Smilli). I'uKcaloo.sa County, Aufjust, September.
Type locality: " Ilah. in Nirf^inia, Canada."
Herb. (ieol. Sni v. llorb. Molir.
SONCHUS L. Sp. PI. 2:7!»3. 175H.
l'orty-li\ f spccii 8, temperate Kiirope. .\nnual weeds diUuscd in Nortli .\meriea, 1.
Soiichns asper ( I.. ) All. I'l. Pedem. 1:222. 17><5. J'ijickly Sow-tiii.sti.k.
Soiicliiin olcracciis var. ((.syxr L. S]i. PI. 2 : 7tM. 17r)3.
S. caroliiiidiiits Walt. Fl. Car. I!t2. 178X.
^'. sphntlo.sus Higel. Fl. P.oHt. ed. 2, 290. 1824.
i:il. Sk.2:2r)r,. (;ray, Man. ed. 6, 305. Cliap. Fl. 2.^3. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 2.j().
Canadian /.(uie to lionisianian area. <)v(a' the continents from Canada to I'lorida
and Hritish t'olumbia to California.
Alabama: Over tlie State. C'ommou weed in cultivatetl and waste ground.
F'lowers March to .June. Annual.
Tyjje locality : "Hab. in Knropae cultis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sonchus oleraceus L. Sp. PI. 2:794. 1753. Co.mmon Sow-thistlk.
Kll. Sk.2:2.")l. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 305. Chap. Fl. 253. Coulter, Contr. Nat, Herb.
2:2.")().
Distribution as in the last,
Ai.ai'.ama: With the above. February to July. Annual.
Tyiie, locality: " Hab. in Kuropae cultis."
Herb. (leol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Souchus tenerrimus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 7!M. 1753.
SOUTHKKN KuiiOI'E.
Adventive on ballast in South Carolina and southern Calitbrnia,
Ai.aijama: Mobile County, fn.iiitive, on ballast. Hare. Annual.
Type locality : "Hal), in M()ns|)elii, Floreutiao,"
Herb, Geol. Surv, H<nb. Mohr.
AMBROSIACEAE. Ragweed Family.
IVA L, Sp. PI. 2 : 988, 1753.
About 12 8i>ecies, North American. Atlantic, 5,
Iva clliata Willd. Sp. PI, 3 : 2386. 1804. Annual Mar(^ii 1':li»ek.
Ira annua Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 2 : 184. 1803, Not L,
Gray, Man. ed, 0, 272. Gray, Syn, Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 246. Conlter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:2(IS.
Alleiihenian to Louisianiau area. Illinois west to Nebraska, southern Arkansas,
northwestern Louisiana, Texas, and New Mexico.
Alabama: Coast plain. .Mobile County, In cultivated fields, Adventive with
fXraiu seed from the West, FlowtTs in July. The form with elongated lloral bracts.
Annual.
Tv])e localit V : " Hab. in America boreali."
Herb. Mohr.
Iva imbricata Walt, Fl, Car. 2.32. 1788, Seaside Marsh Elder.
Ell, Sk, 2 : 475, Chap, Fl, 222. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 246.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida and .Mississippi,
Alabama: Littoral region. Damp sandy beach. Mobile County, West Fowl
Kiver. Flowers greenish yellow. lntref|ueiit. A shrubby evergreen with succulent
leaves. Perennial. Shrubby at the l)ase.
Type locality : South Car<dina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr,
RAriWEED FAMILY. 757
Iva friitescens L. Sp. PI. 2 : 981*. 1753. Siiuuhisy Maksii Kldkk.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 471. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 272. ('li:.i>. El. 222. Gray. Syn. El. N. A. 1, pt.
2:247. Coulter. Coiitr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 20S.
Caroliuiau to Lonisiaiiian area. Coast of Massacliiisctts to Elorida, wchst to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plaiu. Snlunaritiiiie and Littoral region. Mnddy l)rackish
shores and marshes near the sea lieacli. M()l)ile County, estuary of the Mobile
Kiver; West Fowl River; Dauphin Island. Hald win Conn tj% Point Clear. Shrub
5 to G feet high.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, l^eru.''
Herb, Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
AMBROSIA L. Sp. P1.2:{»87. 1753.
Twenty-five species, Mediterranean region of the (^Id Worhl, Sandwich Islands,
temperate warmer America. North America, 8. Atlantic, 4.
Ambrosia trifida L. Sp. PI. 2 : 987. 1753. Tall Racjwekd.
Ell. 8k. 2 : 476. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 273. Chap. Fl. 223. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :
249. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 209.
Cuba, Mexico.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Quebec and Ontario to Manitoba; New England
west to Minnesota, south to the Gnlf; from Florida west to Texas, Arkansas, and
Colorado.
Alabama: Throughout the State. In rich damp soil, alluvial banks, borders of
low fields. Abundant in the rich valley lands and the black lands of the prairie
region. July to Sei)temlier. Animal.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Canada.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L. Sp. PI. 2 : 988. 1753. Hogwerd. Bitterweeu.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 477. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 273. Chap. Fl. 223. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :
249. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 210.
Cuba, Mexico, Bhazif,.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan and the Pacific
coast. All over the Eastern Fnited States, west to Arkansas and Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Dry cultivated ground; the commonest of weeds.
July to September. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Prodr. 5 : 526. 1836. Prairie Ragweed.
Gray, Iffan. ed. 6, 273. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 250. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2:210.
Alleghenian to Carolinian area. Illinois west to Saskatchewan.
Alabama: Adveutive from Texas with wool. Autauga County, Prattville.
Perennial.
Type locality: " In Mexico inter San-Fernando et Matamoros legit cl. Berlandier."
Herb. (Jeoi. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
XANTHIUM L. Sp.P1.2:987. 175.3.
About5 species, temperate and warmer regions olthc Old and New World. North
America, endemic, 1; native, 3.
Xanthiiim strumarium L. Sp. PI. 2 : 987. 1753. Cocklebur. Burweed.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 47^, in part. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 274. Chap. Fl. 224 ; ed. 3, 245. Gray, Syn.
Fl. N. A. 1, i)t. 2 : 521. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 210.
Europe, Asia.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Naturalized throughout the eastern United
States to Nebraska and Texas.
Alabama: Over tiie State, about dwellings and in cultivated and wastes ])laces.
Tuscaloosa and .Mobile counties. Apparently not abundant.
Type locality : "Hab. in Europa, Canada, Virginia, .lamaica, Zeylona, .Japonia."
Xanthiurn canadense Mill. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2. 17t)8. Cocklebur.
Xaiithium eckiuatitm Murr. Connn. (loett. 6 : 32, /. 4. 1783.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 479. ( ?) Gray, Man. ed. 6, 271. Chap. Fl. 224. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, ])t.
2:252. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:211.
7r)S TLANT MKK <»F ALAMAMA.
AUcfijhcniMii in I,iiiiisi;mi;ui iirr.i. ( aiiaihi ami N<>r( liwr-sf, 'rerritory ; New En^laiul
west to NeluasUa; hoihIi to Ilio (Jul!" froiii Floiiila lo 'l\\aH; west to Caliroriiia.
Ai.aiiama: ( )vcr tln' State. (Cultivated and waste j^roiiiid. .Inly to Octolx-r; coiii-
iiion everv \vlleI■^^ Most aliimdaiit in lith hottoin laiuls and jnaiiics. Aninial.
Tvjie loiality: "(Jrows naturally in North America."
litili. (;ool. Snrv. Ilerli. M(dii.
Xanthiuiu spinosum 1.. Sp. I'l. 2 :!l«7. 17."i3.
Kll..sk.2: I7!l. (irav, Man. ed. (J, 274. Cliap. F1.2'J1. (iray. Syn. Fl. X. A. l.j.t. 2:
2.".:{. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 210.
TiMi'iCAi. Amkkka, I'.rnorK.
Carolinian and lionisiaiiian areas. Naturalized in tlic j>reater river valU^ys an<l
alon^ railroads Ircun tlie <'oast oC southern Massaciiusetls to tli<' District of Colnni-
Ida, Ohio, and Missouri, and li'oni Florid.i to Texas.
Alaha.ma: 0\er the State. Wasti^ places, waysides, Ttianssfe \'all<\v. Morj^an
County, Decatur. Montiiouiery and Mohile counties. Aujjjust to < )ctoiier. Annual.
Type loealitv: " llab. in l.usitauia."
H.-rb. (;eol.Snrv. INrb. Mohr.
CARDUACEAE. Thistle Family.
VERNONIA Schrcli. (icn. IM.2:.MI. 17;tl.
Four hundred and lil'ty to .100 species, perennials. Africa, Asia ; .•il)ont oiu'-liall' in
warmer America. North America, 12. Atlantic, 11.
Vernonia gigantea ( Walt. ) Hritton; Kcarney,F>nli. Toir.c 'luli.20: IS.">. 18it3. In]>art.
Ikon wKKi).
ChrjiHocoma tjujautea Walt. Fl. ('ar. 19G. 1788.
Veriiouia aUissima Nntt. (ien. 2 : \'M. 1818.
Kll. Sk. 2 : 28!t. (iray, Man. ed. (i. 238. Chap. Fl. ISS. (ir.iy, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: ilO,
in i)art. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 17.").
Carolinian and Louisianiaii areas. PennBylvania, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas;
south from West A'^irginia to Tennessee and Florida; west to liOuisiana and 'i'exas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast ])lain. Low borders of lields, openings, pas-
tures. Clay County. lOlders, 1,000 feet; Moseley, on bottom lands of Talladega
(Jreek. Mobile County, August, September. A common weed; lh(*form with larger
heads and the leaves tomeiitose-pubesceut beneath {V. prui-alld M ichx.) prevailing
in the low country, 4 to 0 feeb high.
Type locality: South Caroliua.
Herb.Geol. Surv. Herb. Jlohr. •
Vernonia maxima Small, l}ull. Torr. Chib, 27 : 280. 1900.
Frcct, :Mo 9 feet high, branching above; leaves narrowly eni))tical to luncecdate,
aeinuiuate, narrowed into a short petiole, subsessile, \ to 7 inches long, sharply 8(M-
rate, glabrous or slightly pubescent; involucre hemisiiheric, rounded at the base,
about ,',; inch high, the ovate, acute or more or less mucronate, ciliate bracts
apprcssed. Heretofore confounded with the closely related / . fiKjantea, which
ditfcrs from it in the longer involucre narrowed at the base, with the bracts more or
less 8|)reading.
Carolinian and Luuisianian .areas. WV.8tern A'irginia, Kentucky, Ohio. Missouri,
western Florida (Mohr ,\- ('iKi/imrtn), Mississippi.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry copses, borders of woods. Cullman (N)uutv,
October, 1896. Not freipient.
Typo locality : " In low grouTid, ')liio to Missouri, south to Alal)ama and Louisi-
ana."
Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Fl. I'.or. Am. 2 : 94. 1803.
Fascictjlatk-kloweked Vernonia.
< ;ray. Man. ed. 0, 238. (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 90. Coulter, Contr. Nat. 1 lerb.
2:17:').
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Michigan west to Minnesota, l^akota, and
Nebraska; southern Ohio Valley, .Missouri, and Arkansas; south along the moun-
tains from Tennessee to upper (Jeorgia.
Alabama: M(uintain region. shady thickets, woods. Lee County, Auburn
{linker iS' Earle, 187). Calhoun County, AnnisKui mountainous woods,' 1,000 feet
altitude. Talladega County, ne.ir licniroe, 1,00!) feet altitude. Clay County, bot-
tom of Talladega Creek. Elders, Delta, l.f'OO lo 1,700 feet altitude. Flowers pale
THISTLE FAMILY. 759
purplish, pappus whitish; August. Four to (5 feet high. Coiimiou throughout the
Coosa hills.
Type locality : "Hah. in pratis Illinoensibus.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Vernonia graminifolia (Walt.) Narrow-lkaf Ykrnonia.
Chrysocotna graminifolia Walt. Fl. Car. 196. 1788.
Ftrnonia aiigtistifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 94. 1803.
F. scaberrinia Nutt. Gen. 2 : 134. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 286, 287. Chap. Fl. 188. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 90. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 175.
Louisiauiau area. North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Dry pine forests. Autauga Couuty
(E. A. Smith). Monroe, Washington, Escambia, Baldwin, and Mobile counties.
Flowers solferino-purple; Augnst, September. Freqneut throughout the pine belts.
Two to 3 feet high.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
STOKESIA I/Her. Sert. Angl. 27, /. 3S. 1788.
One species, South Atlantic North America.
Stokesia laevis (Hill) Greene, Erythea, 1: 3. 1893. Aztiuw-i f.owKHKD Stokesia.
Carthamns laeris Hill, Hort. Kew. 57. 1768.
Stokesia cijanea L'Her. Sert. Angl. 27, t. SS. 1788.
Cartesia centauroides Cass. Bull. Soc. Philoni. 1816 : 198. 181(5.
Chap. Fl. 188. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, j.t. 2 : 88.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida and eaatern Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Moist copses. Washington County. Mobile
County, Bayou Sara. Flowers cerulean; May, .June. Not infrequent. Perennial;
U to 2 feet high.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Su*v. Herb. Mohr.
ELEPHANTOPUS L. Sp. PI. 2:814. 1753.'
About 14 species, perennials of subtro}>ical and tropical regions. West Indies to
Brazil. North America, 3.
Elephantopus carolinianus Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 2390. 1804,
Carolina Elkpiiant's-Foot.
Elephantopus scaber Walt. Fl. Car. 217. 1788. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 480. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 237. Chap. Fl. 188. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 88. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 175.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Pennsylvania, Ohio Valley to ^lissonri, Kan-
sas, Arkansas, south to Florida, and the (Julf States to Texas.
Alabama: Over the State, except the higher mountain ranges. <_)pen dry woods,
borders of iields, pastures. Clay County, banks of Talladega, Creek, 1,000 feet,
Irouatou. Calhoun County, Anniston. Cnllmau Couuty. Mobile Couuty. Flow-
ers ro.se purple, July to September. Common.
Typo locality : "Hab. in Carolina, Florida, Jamaica."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Elephantopus tomentosus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 814. 1753. Hoary Elephant's-Foot.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 237. Chap. Fl. 189. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 88.
Caroliniau and Louisianian areas. Virginia to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower hills to Coast plain. Dry and open woods. Tuscaloosa County
{li. A. Smitli). Mobile County. Flowers September. Freciuent.
Type locality : "Hab. in \ irginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Elephantopus nudatus Gray, I'roc. Auk Acad. 15 :47. 1880.
BARK-.STi<:MMEn Elephant's-Foot.
(iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 2 : 88. 1884.
Carolinian and Louisiauiau areas. Delaware to Georgia, western Louisiana, and
Arkansas.
Alabama: Metamorphic hills. Low woods. Lee County, Auburn (C /''. Baker),
October, 1896. .
Type locality: " 'Oxford, Delaware, and thence common southward,' Canby ; near
Snow Hill, Maryland, Bebb."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
'C.F.Baker, Revision of North American Elephantopoideae, ined.
7()() I'l.ANT MFK oK AI.AMAMA.
SCLEROLEPIS < :is.s. I'.iill. S... . i'liilum. 1816: \'M. ISKi.
Sini:l<- S|>i>iirs, l'",:»sliTii Nmlli Aiiieric;i.
Sclerolepis uniflora ( Wait. ) r<.rl<M. M.m. I'oir. Cliil.. 5 : :{1 1. \K'M.
( >m:-i i.i>\\ i-.i!i'.i> Si i.i-.itoi.iii-i-
AV/iu/HJ nnilloid Wiilt. FI. Car. lito. 17SS.
c ..li .o .■...■/•', .a/.i/xu Minliv VI Itor \iii 9 ■ ••>< ISn!{
Wilcox Coiiiity
I-; Mav. I\a^<^
AGERATUM 1.. Sj). PL ed. 2. 2 : 1175. 17fi:i
Alioiit 30 species, tropical regions, mostly American. Xmili .Vincric a, .S.
Ageratum conyzoides L. Sp. PI. cd. 2, 2 : 1175. 17();>. .Mkxkax A(;ki:ahtm.
.liiei(tliiii) iitejicatium Sims, \ioi. yia,<i. 52: t. 2524. 1787.
Ciiap. ri. ISil. (Jray, Syu. Fl. X. A, 1. pt. 2 :93. Griseb. Fl. lUit. \V. Iiid. :{;")(;.
Ciil)a to Hrazil. I'acitic Islands, East Indies, Tropical .\frica.
Lonisianian area. Coast ofCieorgia to Florida. Naturalized.
Al.vka.ma: Coast j>lain. Escaped from cultivation. Wastt; and cultivated i)laces
near dwellings. ^Iol)ile County. Flowers lilac; July to October. He<'(iming a
troublesome weed in the gardens. Annnal.
Tvpe locality: " Hab. in .America."
Herb. Geol, Surv. Herb. Molir.
EUPATORIUM L. Sp. PI. 2:836. 1753. TuoHorcHiwoirr.
Four liuudred and seventy-five species, perennial herbs, rar<'l.\ shrubby, tem])erate
to tropical regions, chietly tropical America, United States, Aigentina, Asia, l-'urope.
North America, 15 or 50; Atlantic, 20; Western Continental, M; Pacific, 1,
Eupatoriiim capillifolium (Lam.) Small, Hull. Torr. Club, 5::U1. 1891.
1)(>»; Fknnki..
Artemisia ciipiUifolia Lam. Encycl. 1 : 267. 1783.
ICuputorium I'oniiciilvides Walt. Fl. Car 199. 1788.
E.fotmcuUuenm Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1750. 1801.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 291. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 239. Chap. Fl. 196. (4ray, Syn. Fl. 1, ].t. 2 : 97.
CUHA.
Carolinian and Lonisianian area. Delaware to Florida and Louisiana.
.\i.AitA.MA : Mountain legion to the(.'()ast. I^ow fields, pastures, ojien wo(jds. Cull-
man County, 600 feet aititinle. Clay County, Ironaton, 800 feet altitude. Chambers
County and southward. I'lowers white; October, Novembei-. When bruised, it
emits the odor of fennel. Most abundant in the damp ( Oast ])lain.
Tyjie locality : "< hi la <roit origiuaire des Indesoricntales iV tie la Chine." (Mis-
taken.)
Herl). Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium leptophyllum DC. Prodr. 5:176. 1836.
Stem 2A to 3A feet high, smoofhish, round, erect, ])aniculately branched; leaves
undivided, linear, smooth; racemes spiciform, elongated, somewhat secundly
br.incheil, the terminal l)rauches and branchlets pauiculately dis])osed; flowering
heads 3 to 5 llowered on short pedicels, iuvolucral scales lanceolate with a nar-
row white margin. ''Habitus iuHorescentiae Solidaginis, caelerum E. foeuictilaceo
attine.'' DC. 1. C.)
Lonisianian area. South Georgia, Florida to Mississippi.
Ai-abama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Dry opeu ))iue narrens, old sandy
fields with E. composHifolium. Mobile County, Springhill. October, November.
Fre<|uent.
In habit of growth near K. capillifoUiini : distinguished at ouce by the simi>lo
entire smoothish leaves.
Type locality: " In Georgia circa SaTJUiiiali n cl. llirbenioul hcta."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. VI.
Plate X.
EUPATORIUM SMITHII GrEENE & MOHR.
THISTLE FAMILY. 761
Eupatorium compositifoliiim W;iU. Fl. Car. 199. 17SS. i;or(iii Dck; I'kn.xki..
Eupatorinm coroiiDpiJ'oliiim Wiild. Sp. PI. 3: 1750. 1804.
Crysocoma coronopi folia Michx. Fl. IJor. Am. 2:102. 18(>:>.
Eli. Sk. 2:294. c'liup. Fl. 196. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :97. Coulter, Coiitr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 178.
Carolinian and Lonisianiau areas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Arid sandy soil. Open copses, pas-
tures, old tields, borders of woods. Clay County, Ironaton, 800 feet altitude. Cham-
bers and Dallas counties, etc., to Mobile County. Flowers white; October, No\ ember.
Most abundant in the Coast Pine belt, coveriug old fields, pastures, etc.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium smithii Greene &, Mohr.
Stem 3 to 5 feet high, slender, puberulent, terete ; basal and lower leaves unknown,
upper caulinc with long linear or lanceolate rachis and a few linear segments, or
the floral wholly linear and with or without a few short lobes or teeth; inflorescence
an elongated compound thyrsus a foot long or more; heads about 2 lines long; 5 to
8 flowered, involucre bracts oblong, obtuse, not mucronate, scarious-margined,
indistinctly 3-nerved; style branches long and flliform : paj»pus scabrous.
A fourth member of the small group as heretofore known consisting only of E.
coiuiJOsitifuUinn, E. capiUifoliiim, and L. JeptophfiUniti. All of the latter have narrow
panicles of racemed heads, while in E. smiiliii these are glomerate ou short lateral
branches, and formed as a whole into a long narrow thyrsus. Pi.atk X.
Carolinian area.
Alabama: Mountain region. Metamorphic hills. (Jhanil>er8 County. Flowers in
September. Rare and local.
Type locality : The only known specimen is from Chamlters County, where it was
collected in September, 1874, l)y Dr. F. A. Smith.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium pinnatifidum Ell. Sk. 2 : 295. 1821-24. Pinxatifid Eipatokhm.
Chap. Fl. 195. ( iray, Syu. Fl. N. A, 1, pt. 2 : 97.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region, Metamorphic hills. Central prairies. Damp bor-
ders of thickets. Lee County, Auburn (F. S. Earle). Chambers County {E. A.
Smith). Dallas County, Mount Pleasant {E.A.Smith). F'lowers September; infre-
quent and local.
Type locality: "Grows in damp soils in the middle districts of Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium purpureum L. Sp. Pl. 2:8H8. 1753.
Ti:UMI'KT-WEKl). PlKPI.K BoNESE T.
Eupatorium trifoliutiim L. S|). PI. 2 :837. 1753.
E. ternifolium Ell. Sk. 2 :306. 1<S24.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray, ilan. ed. (5, 239, in part. Chap. Fl. ed. 3.213, in part. Gray,
Syn. Fl, N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 94. Coulter, Contr. Nat, Herb. 2 : 177.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. New Brunswick to Manit.jl)a; New ICngland
west to Dakota and Nebraska, south and east from Colorado to Texas and Florida.
Alabama: Throughout. Low thickets and shaded baul<;s. Flowers pale pur])le.
August. Most frequent in the mountains.
Type locality : " Hab. in America se]itentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium maculatum L. Amoen. Acad. 4 :288. 1755.
Spotted Trumpet- weed. Qi'eex or tife Meai>ow.
Eupatorium purDureum var. maculatum Darl. Fl. Cestr. 453.
Ell. Sk. 2:308.' Gray, Syn. Fl. 1, pt. 2:96. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:177.
Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 3 :307.
AUeghenian to Louisianian area. Distribution as in the last.
Alabama: Tliroughont. Cotnmon in the lower districts. Fluweis ])iiik to wine-
purple. Four to 6 feet high.
Type locality : '• Hab. in America septentrional i."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium amoenum Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 :514. 1814. Low TI;l7^tPET-WEEr).
Eupatorium purpureum amoenum Gray, Syn. Fl. 2, pt. 1 : 96. 1884.
E. maculatum amoenum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:312. 1894.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 239. Chap. I'l. ed. 3, 213. Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 3, 307.
Carolinian area. New York and North Carolina, New .Jersey, south to Virginia,
and aloug the mountains to Georgia.
7()2 PLANT LIKE < >F AI-AUAMA.
Alabama: Moniitnin iciiion. Ividi woods ami sliadud hanks. Clay County,
liaiiks of Talladcija Cicck. Dekalb Coiiiity, Meiitouo, flanks of Lookout Mountain,
altitude l.liOO fcot. i'lowois pale i)ink to bri<;bt rose-red. August, September.
Infrf(|uent. Kanlv o\ ir 'J feet hijili.
l)i(Vt'ren<t'8 in lialiit of f^irowth and distribution and in tli« jx^nuancncy of its <liH-
tinctivo (baractcrs, observed in speciiueus Iroiu widely distant l()calili<'s, reiulor
this ]dant snlbciently distinct to be restored to tlie rank of \'alid speci(!8.
Tyi>e locality: "On llic New .lersey mountains."
ifcrl). (ieol. Snrv. Ilerli. Mobr.
Eupatorium album L. Mant. 1 : 111. 17(>7. W ihti',-i i.owKitKO Ei 1'AT(»|{IUM.
J'Jiip<iloriiim qlandiilosuin Micbx. Fl. Hor. Am. 2 : !•?<. 18();i.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 298. (Jrav, Man. ed. (j, 239. Cbap. Fl. 195. (irav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 98.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Vork, Loui;- Island; \ortb Carolina, east-
ern Tennessee, and Florida, west to Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Dry siliceous soil. Open woods.
Flowers white; .Inly to October. T'en to 12 inclies higb. Common tbrougbout tiie
Metauu)rpbic mountains to 2,400 feet altitude. Cbe-aw-ba Mountain, and all over
the ]>ine-barren ridges.
Type locality : "Hab. in I'ensylvania. H.utbiani."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Eupatorium mohrii Greene.
Stems slender, solitary, erect, 1 to 2 foet high, from ;i thick somewhat tuberiform
ascending, or almost horizontal, root or rootstock, the whole berbag*- 8cabrons-i)ubeH-
cent and iuipressed-])unctate; leaxes o)»))08ite, sessile, narrowly lanceolate, more or
less remotely serrate-toothed, or the uppermost entire, 1 to 2 inches long; cymose
(•(U'ymb broad, loose ami open, more or less obviously dichotomous; bracts of the
involucre few and oblong-linear, obtuse, hardly at all scarious-margined, pubescent
and resinous dotted; pappus subplumose. Plate XL
Louisianian area.
Alaijama: Lower Pine region and Coast plain. Damp open pine woods. Mobile
County, tiat piiu! barrens, 1878; Spiinghill, 1880 (/.'er. A. B. Latigloin).
Type locality as Just given.
I I'erb. Geol. Snrv.' Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium .serotinum Micbx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 100. 1803.
i:il. Sk. 2 : i!!)."). (Jrav, Man. ed. 6, 239. Chap. Fl. 190. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 97. Coulter, Contr! Nat. Herb. 2 : 178.
Mexico.
Ohio Valley to Missouri, Kansas, Arkiinsas, south to Florida and through tlie Gulf
States to Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Central Prairie region to (Joast plain. Low rich
borders of woods and thickets. Lauderdale County, .hieksou County, Stevenson
{K. A. Smith). Montgomery (jouuty. Mobile (Jounty, borders of swamps. Flowers
white; October, Novemlier. Tbree to 5 feet high. Not common.
Type locality: '• Hab. in scirpetis Carolinae maritimis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium lecheaefolium Greene, Pittouia, 3: 177. 1897.
Eiipatoriiiin hijsfiopifolinm anij naiianimum Mohr, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 27. 1897. Not
E. anyustissuiium Si)reng.
Erect 1.V to 2 feet high, stems few^ from a few elongated fibrous roots, ])arted low
and at the summit into many slender corymbose branches, all adpressed, puberulent;
leaves glabrate, strongly punctate, all narrowly linear, the cauline about 11 inches
long, spreadijig, bearing in their axils fascicles of short, sterile, slender, very leafy
branchlets; heads very many and snuillin an ample com])Oun(l somtnvbat llat-topped
cj'uie; the 4 or 5 main Ijracts of the involucre oblong-linear, acutish, glandular;
achenes small, strongly glandular.
Alabama: Upperdivisiouof Coast Pine belt. Dale County (^. J. iS»u<7t). August,
1880.
Type locality : " Northern Florida, Sept., 1895, Geo. V. Nash."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Sp. PI. 2 : 836. 1753.
Eupatorium iorrei/auuni Short, 2d Suppl. Cat. 1*1. Ky. 5. 1836.
E.hy>iSopifolium lacintaium (ivny, Syn. Fl. 1, i)t. 2:98. 1884. In ])art.
Gray, 1. c. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 213, in ])art.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas, rennsylvania, Kentucky, Tennessee, and North
Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Contr. Na-t. Herb., Vol. VI.
Plate XI.
r;;;X^i>G.4^TCv'^*AA.^^ ^fO^
EUPATORIUM MOHRII GREENE.
THISTLE FAMILY. 7 03
Alabama: Metiiniorpliic hills to Coast plain. Damp sterile soil. Lee County,
An\nirn { liukcr i\- luirle). Washington and Mobile counties. Flowers white; Au-
gust to October. Fre(|ueut.
Tj'pe locality : " Hab. iu Virginia. "
Herb. Geol. 8nrv. Herb. Mohr.
■ Eupatorium linearifolium Walt. FL Car. 199. 1788.
DC. Prodr, 5 : 177. Greene, Pittonia, 3 : 180. 1897.
Eiipaloriinn In/ssopifoUnn L. Sp. PI 2 : 836. 1753. Iu part.
(iray, S\ n. Fl. N. A". 2, pt. 1 : 9S, in part. Gray, ]\Lau. ed. (i, 241, in part. Britt. & Rr.
111. Fl, 3 : 309. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 17.S, in ]>art.
Allegheuian to Louisianiau area. Massachusetts to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Metaniorphic hills. Damp light soil, pastures, etc. Lee County,
Auburn ( Hakcr 4' Earle). Mobile County, with the last. Freijuenf.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatoriviin tortifoliuni Chap. Bot. Gaz. 3:5. 1878.
Eupatorium hiissopifolium tortifolium Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2:98. 1884.
Chap. Fl. ed."3, 214.
Louisianiau area. South Carolina, Georgia, and western Florida.
Alabama: Dry saudj pine ridges. Dale County, near Ozark ; .July, 1880.
Type locality : " Dry pine barrens, Decatur County, ( Jeorgia."
Herb. Geol. Siirv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium cuneifolium Willd. Sp. PI. 3:1753. 1804.
Eupatorium (/lauvcsceus Lll. Sk. 2:297. 1821-24.
Fll. Sk. 1. c' Chap. Fl. 194. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 2: 98.
Louisianiau area. South Caroliua, Georgia, and Florida..
Alabama: Mouutain region. Metaniorphic hills. Lee County, Auburn. Flowers
white; October [F. S. Earle).
Type locality : '• Hab. iu Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ELipatorium semiserratum DC. Prodr. 5 :177. 1836.
Small-klowkred Fitpatokium.
EupaLorium parrifiorumVAl. Sk. 2:299. 1824. Not Swartz.
Fll. 1. c. (iray, Man. ed. ti, 240. Chap. Fl. 194. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2:98.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 178.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Virginia, southern T<*nnessee to Florida, west
to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Dry ami daui]) sandy grounds, road-
sides, pastures, etc. Flowers white; September, October. Common.
Type locality: "Collected iu St. Thomas by Caradeixx."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium semiserratum lancifolium (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 98.
Eupatorium parvitlorum var. lancifolium Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 :85. 1842.
Gray, Syu. Fl. N.A. 1. c. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 178.
Louisianian area. Louisiana and Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low, o])en sandy ground. Mobile County. September;
not frecpient. Local.
Judged by the strikingly difterent aspect of the si)eciniens from western Louisiana
{Hale), one would not hesitate to regard this \ ariety as a distinct S))ecies. Speci-
mens from ^Mobile differ Irom the Western ibnn only by the finer and more close
]>iibescenco of the stem. Closely connected by intergradiug forms with the type.
Typo locality : "W. I.,ouisiana and Texas, Jh'ummoud, f.earenworth, Hale."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. IT. Bor. Am. 2 : 98. 1803.
Eupatorium tencrifolium Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1753. 1805.
Fll. Sk. 2:301. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 240. Chap. Fl. 195 Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 99.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New England, New York, and New
.Jersey to Florida and eastern Louisiana.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Exposed or shady damp places.
Clay County, shady banks of Talladega, Creek. Cullman County, Ijanks of Eight-
mile Creek. Clarke County. Mobile County, Hat, damp pine barrens. Flowers
Seiitember, October; frequent in the Hat i)ine barrens of the Coast plain.
7()4 I'LANT 1.1 KK <»K ALAIUMA,
Tliis variulilo 8p«>cios (•oiiiprisos two foiiiiH whic.li :irc cliisoly (MuniccttMl by iiitor-
nii'iliato luriiiH ;iihI ilifiinilt to scpiiratr, aUlioii<;li tlic extnuiif forms (Voiii tlu; inoiiii-
taiii n'j;iuii appear <|uit<' distinct liy flu- prtiolato, Itroader, Irss acmiiiiiat<\ and iiioif,
roaiscly senute leaves. From the material eNamiued in tiie National Ih^rliarinm
tiiis form appears to ])revail in thei Northern States. SpeiimciiH from the roast ])ine
liarreiis au:r<e exactly with the (U'S(ri])tion of .Michaiix, havin<r Die stem di\iile(l
alio\ e into lon<j. slender, few-lea xcd fasti.ni.ite branches liearin;^ a ratlier close coryndi,
and the acuminate Iea\ is with t he trnncate base sessile. May prove a, jrood variety.
'I'yjx' locality: "llali.in ]nimi<lis Carolinae."'
llorb. (ieol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatoriiun rotundifolium L. Sp. PI. 2 : 8S7. 1753. FAi,.«iK IIoai;iu)IM».
F.ll. .Siv. 2 : :;(!(). (Jrav. Man. ed. G, 240. ("hap. Fl. 1%. Gray, Syn. Fi. N. A. 1, \>t. 2:
t);». ("onlter, (dntr. Nat. llerl). 2: 178.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. \ew Jersey to Morida. west to Texas; Ohio
Valley to Missouri and Arkansas.
Ai.a15a.ma: Over the State. Open dry {ground. Clay County, .Shinbonc \ alley,
Elders, 1,000 feet. Cullman County, J^OO feet altitude. Mobile County. Flowers
white; Auj^ust, Sejitember.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, < auiida.''
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorinm pubescens Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 17."m. 1804.
Eupatorium rotimdifoUum var. ovatinn Torr. ; DC. Prodr. 5 : 178. 18.%.
E. rolundifoUnm var. piihencetis B. S. P. Prel. Cat. \. Y. 2i>. 1888.
Ell. Sk. 2": HOI. Gray, .Nlan. ed. (5, 240; Syn. Fl. X. A. 1, pt. 2 :;>!!.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Southeastern New Enj^land to soutlierii \'ir-
ginia and Florida, west to Mississipjii.
Alah.v.ma: Mountain region to Coast ])lain. Open damp places. Lee County,
Auy^UTu {Jiaker if- Earl e). Mobile County. Flowers whitt^; August. l're(|uent.
Type locality : " Hab. in America lioreali."
Herl). (;eol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium se.ssilifolium L. Sp. PI. 2 : X37. 17.")3. Ui'I.an'd Honkskt.
Kiipatonum truncatum Ell. Sk. 2 : 298. 1821-24. Not Muhl.
Gray, Man. ed. «, 240. Chai>. Fl. 19.5. (ir.iy, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, i)t. 2 : 99.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New England, northwestern New York?,
northeastern Ohio, Michigan, Missouri, south from \'irginia along the mountains to
South Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry open woods; tabhvlands of Warrior liasin.
Dekalb County, Sand Mountain, 1,.5()0 feet. Flowers white; .Vugust, Sei»tember.
Rare.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 838. 1753. Bonkskt. Thokoihjiiwort.
Kll. Sk. 2 : :;02. ( iray, Man. ed. 6, 241. Chap. Fl. 196. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 99.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Nova Scotia, New i'.runswick, Ontario: Kew
England, west to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Dakota, .south to Arkansas; and from
the Ohio Valley to Florida, and west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Over the State. Damp shady banks; thickets. Clay County, Elders,
1,000 feet altitude, to Mobile; borders of river swamps. Flowers white; .July to
September. Fre(|ueht.
Economic uses: The herb is the boneset or Eupatorium of the United States
I'La •macopo'ia.
Type locality : •' Hab. in X'irginiae afjuosis.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herl>. .Mohr.
Eupatorium incarnatum Walt. Fl. Car. 200. 1788. Dii'itsk EtTPATOUirivi.
Ell. Sk. 2: 30.5. Chap. Fl. 190. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 101. Coulter. Contr.
Nat. Herl I. 2:179.
Lonisianian area. North Carolina to Florid.i. west to western Louisiana :ind
Texas.
Alabama: Lower hills. D.imp thickets. liiscaloosa County. Flowers azure.
.Inly; 2 to 3 feet high; weak, reclining local. ( tnly locality observed. .Inne, 1883
(C.Mohr).
Tyjie locality : South (^.irolin.i.
I ierl(. ( icoi. .Sur\ . llcrli. .Mohr.
THISTLE FAMILY. 765
Eupatorium ageratoides (L.) L. f. Suppl.355. 1781. White .Saxicle.
Ai/erdtion aHi.ssimum L. .Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2:1176. 1763.
FA\. Sk. 2 : 303. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 241. Chap. Fl. 196; ed. .^, 216. Coulter, Contr.
N;it. Hcrl). 2:179.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Canada to New England, south to Tennessee,
and along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Lowei- bills. Shaded ravines. Tuscaloosa County. I'lowers white;
October. Sole locality in the State. Our plant differs from the tyjie in its slender
and simple habit of growth. Stem solitary, simple; leaves ovate, acuminate-; peti-
oles slender. Ivesembles J'Jiipatorhnn /Vasieri described in Poir. Suppl. Lam. Encycl.
2:600; Plaiuh. /. ii72Ji(i. I.
Type locality: " Hab. in Canada, \'irginia."
Herl>. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium ageratoides angustatum Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, T»t. 2: 101.
Gray, Syn. Fl. 1. c. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:179.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Texas and Louisiana.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Lauderdale County; shaded Itanks; Tennessee
Kiver (M. C. Wihon). July, 1S91. Flowers white. Local and rare.
Type locality : •' W. Louisiana, JIale. Texas, WrUjht, Lindheimer."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herl>. ilohr.
Eupatorium aroniaticum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 839. 1753. Wili> Hoakiioixd.
Enpatorunn ceanothifoliiiin Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 17.55. 1801.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 301. Grav, Man. ed. 6. 241. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pi. 2: 101. Chap.
Fl. 196.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern Massachusetts lo Florida, west
to Mississipiti, southwestern Missouri.
Al.abama : Mountain region to Coast plain. Dry open pine woods. Clay County,
Hollins, 1,000 feet altitude. Talladega ('ounty, near Kenfroe, 1,000 feet altitude.
Etowah County, Gadsden. Chilton County, Verbena. Clarke, Washington, and
Mobile counties. Flowers white; September, October. Common in the pine barrens.
Bruised, of an unpleasant odor.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Eupatorium coelestinum L. Sp. PI. 2 :838. 17.53. Mist ^ lowek.
CotiocUnnm coelestinum DC. Prodr. 5 : 135. 1836.
Ell. Sk. 2:306. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 241. Chap. Fl. 197. (irav, Svn. Fl. X. A. 1, pt.
2 : 102. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 179.
Cl'UA.
Carcdinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey, Virginia, Ohio Valley to southern
Missouri and Arkansas, south to Florida and the Gulf States to Texas.
ALAii.\MA : Coast Pine belt. Damp thickets, borders of ditches. Escambia, Wash-
ington and Mobile counties. Flowers cerulean blue; August to October. Particu-
larly abundant in the Coast plain. .\ common weed in cultivated and waste places,
and on roadsides.
Type locality: "Hab. in Carolina, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Sur^•. Herb. Mohr.
WILLUGHBAEYA Neck. Elem. 1 : 82. 1792.
(MiKAXiA Willd. Sp. PL 3 : 1742. 1804.)
About 150 species, mostly climbing perennial herbs or shrubs, tropical America,
chieriy Brazilian.
■Willughbaeyascandeiis(L.)Kuutze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:371. 1891. Climj5ix(;B(jxeset.
Knpatorimn sccmdens L. Sp. PI. 2 : 836. 1753.
Mikiuiia scandeus Wi[\(].^]).P].3:lli'^. 1804.
Ell. Sk. 2:292. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 239. Chap. Fl. 197. (xray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:94. Coulter, Contr. iSfat. Herb. 2:176.
Carolinian area. Coast of southern Massachusetts to Florida, and west to Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Low damp thickets. Clay County,
banks of Talladega Creek, 1,000 feet altitude. Cullman County, 800 feet altitude.
Mobile County. Flowers pale ])urple; August, November. Most abundant in the
Lower Pine region and Coast plain. Herbaceous climber.
Type locality : "Hab. in a(iuosis Virginiae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
7(W') VLANT I.IKK <»!■• ALAIiAMA.
KUHNIA 1/. >|). 1'1..m1.L'. 2: ltHi-_'. '.1>VA.
Four specify, )ier<iiiii:il IktIis. .Nhixicu ;m(l Aii/oiia, 1: Atlaiitii' liiitcd StiitcH. :>.
Kuhnia eupatoiioides L. Sp. l'l.»'d.L'. 2: KJtiL'. ITt!:}. 1'ai.sk IWinkskt.
l!iq>iitoiiiiiit iilti rnil'olhtiit Aid. Sp. Txit. 2 : l<». 17()l.
Giav. -Mim.cd.ti, L'il. Clinp. Kl. !!•:{. in piirt. (Jraj'. Syii. Kl. 1. j»t.L':l(>:;. ('dultci,
CoHtr'.Niit. Herb. 2: ISO.
C'aroliniau area. New .lersry t<> (Jcorjjia. wt-st to WchI, \'ir;;iiii:i, < )lii(), Missouri,
and Texas.
Ai..mi.\.ma: Mountain region. .Metaniori)liif hills. ])ry o|u'u woods. Loo County,
Anl>nrn: Sr])tenilifr, Octolier (/>'«/.()• .V l'.(trlv).
Type locality: ''Hal), in I'ensyh ania, node vivaiu attulit Adam Kuhn."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. llerlt. Mobr.
Kuhnia glutinosa Kll. .Sk. 2 : Iilti'. ISl.'l-21. Pu.miuk V\i.iiv. Honk.skt.
Kiihiiia .siiarcdUns Frescn. Enuni. Seiu. Hort. Franeof. 1838.
h'. ('iijialorioideK var. conimhiilosa Torr. it f^^ray, Fl. \. A. 2 : 78. 1X41.
(Jray, Man.ed.G, LMl. (Jray, Syn. Fl. 1, pt. 2:"l();5. Conlter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:1X0.
Alleglienian to Louisianian area. Kentucky (Jlr. iihort) to Illinois. Missouri, Min-
nesota, and South Dakota, and south to Texas.
Alabama: Central I'rairie region. Dry ojjen places. Montgomery. September.
Not frequent.
Type locality : " (irows in the prairies of tlie Alabama.'
llcrl(. (ieol. Surv. Herb. ^lohr.
Kuhnia kuhnia (Gaert.) Mohr, F.nll. Torr. Club. 24 : L'8. 1897.
Southern False Ko.neset.
Crifonia kuhnia Gaert. Fruct. 2 : 411. 1791.
Kuhnia critonia Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1773. 1801.
K.paniciilata Cass. Diet. 24 : alfi. 1821.
A'. eii))t(loiioi<l(x var. i/racilis Torr. iV: Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : ~x. ixll.
Kll. Sk. 2 : 291. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1, pt. 2 : 103.
Louisiauiau area. Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower Piue region. Dry piue barrens. Mobile County, Springbill.
September, October. Freciueut.
Tyi»e locality not given. Of Kuhnia critonia: "Hab. in Pousylvania, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
COLEOSANTHUS Cass. Bull. Soc. I'hilo. 1817 : 67. 1817.
(BuiCKKLLiA Ell. Sk. 2: 290. 1821-24.)
.\ bout 40 species. Perennial herbs and undershrub.s, chiefly of Mexico aud the
adjacent parts of the United States. North America, 30. Eastern United States, 1.
Coleosanthus cordifolius (Ell.) Kuntze, Rev. Geu. PI. 1 : 328. 1891.
Heart-leak Bkickelha.
BrirkiUia cordi folia Ell. Sk. 2 : 290. 1821-24.
Chap. Fl. 193. Gray, Syn. 11. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 10.5.
Loiusianiau area, (ieorgia^.md Florida.
Alabama: Upjjcr division Coast Pine belt. Hilly woods. Lee County, Auburn
(liaker <!■ Earic). Dale County, August 21 (1880) (K. A. Smith). Flowers pale
purplish; local. Rare.
Type locality : " Grows on the sides of hills in the western districts of Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LACINARIA Hill. Veg.Syst. 4:49, <. 46'. 1762.
(LiATKLs Schreber, Gen. PI. 542. 1791.)
About 16 82)ecies. Perennial herbs. Eastern North America.
Laciuariaelegans (Walt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891. Blazing Star.
Staeheliua eJegans Walt. ll. Car. 202. 1788.
Liatris ele<iaiis Willd. PI. 163.5. 1804.
Ell. Sk. 2: 279. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 242. Chap. Fl. 191. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A, 1, pt.
2 : 109.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern \'irginia to Florida, west to Arkansas
and southwestern Missouri.
THISTLE FAMILY. TOY
Alabama: Central Piuc bolt. Coast plain. Dry open woods, pastures. Autauga,
Clarke, Monroe, Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers rose-pink; August, Sep-
tember. Frequent. One and one-half to 2 feet high.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lacinaria squarrosa (L.) Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: 49. 17t)2. Blazing Star.
Scrratula s<iuarrosa L. Sp. PI. 2 : 818. 1753.
lAatris isqaarrosa Wilhl. Sp. PL 3 : 1634. 1804.
Ell. Sk. 2:282. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 242. Chap. Fl. 191. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 109. Coulter, Contr. Nat. I lerb. 2 : 182.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Ohio Valley to Missouri, Minnesota, Nebraska,
and Dakota, south to Florida, and through the Gulf States to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. Dry sterile soil, woods. Cullman,
Chilton, Clarke, and Mobile counties. Flowers wine-purple; August, September.
Rather frequent in the pine barrens.
Type locality: •' Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lacinaria scario.sa (L.) Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: 4!». 1762. Common Blazing Stau.
Serratula scariosa L. Sp. PI. 2 : 818. 1753.
Liatris scariosa Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1635. 1804.
Ell. Sk. 2:280. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 242. Chap. Fl. 192. Grav, Syn. Fl. N.A.I, pt.
2 : 110. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 182.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Ontario; New England wist to Minnesota and
Nebraska; Ohio Valley to Missouri and Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Coast plain. Dry open woods. Lauderdale County.
Mobile County, Springhill. Flowers deep pink or pale jjurple; August, September.
No tl^ frequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lacinaria scariosa squarrulosa (Michx.) Small, Mem. Ton. Club, 4 : 128. 1894.
Liatris sijiiarridosd ]\lichx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 92. 1803.
L. heterophi/lla R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 4 : 503. 1813.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 281, in part. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 110. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 182.
Carolinian area. North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Wooded rocky hillsides. Talladega County,
Chandler Springs, on exposed rocks, 1,500 feet altitude. Aljiiue Mountain, near
Renfroe, 1,000 feet. Flowers purple; September. Not frequent; never seen in the
low country. Twelve to 18 inches high. •
Type locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lacinaria spicata (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 349. 1891.
Spikkd Button Snakekoot.
Serratula spicata L. Sp. PI. 2 : 819. 1753.
Liatris spicata Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1636. 1804.
Ell. Sk. 2:273. Graj-, Man. ed. 6, 243. Chap. Fl. 192. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:111.
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Ontario and southern New England, west to
Michigan andMinnesota, west and south from New York to the Ohio Valley, Missouri,
Arkansas, Florida, and Louisiana.
Alabama: CeutralPiue belt to(!oast plain. Shelby County, Calcra. ( liilton, Bald-
win, and Mobile counties. Flowers pale rose color. Sei)teriber, October; frequent.
Tiiiee to 4 feet high. C'ommou in the Hat, damp pine barrens near the coast, the in-
volucral bracts here frequently covered with a resinous exudation {Liatris resinosa
Nutt.).
Type locality: "Hab. in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Lacinaria graminifolia (Walt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1 : 349. 1891.
Naruow-leaf Blazing Star,
Anonipnos graminifoHiis Walt. Fl. Car. 197. 1788.
Liatris r/ramm//o?m Pursh, Fl. Aul Sept. 2 : 508. 1814. Not Willd. 1804.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 274. Gray, Man.ed.6, 243. Chap. Fl. 192. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:111.
Carolinian area. Virginia, along the coast to the middle and upper country of
South Carolina and Gf orgia.
7()8 I'l.AN'r MKK ("K ALABAMA,
Ai.ai'.ama: Miniiiliiiu loj^iitn. Siiimnits of lli«' liii^liiT lid'^es mi l»iir«i rocks. Cal-
luiiiii Coiiiily. liij^liost ridi^rs near Aiiiiistoii. 'I'iilliul«iji;i Couiity, Chiindler Springs,
l,L'()(i In l,r>(l() Icit. Ali)iiu'. .Moiiiitiiiii Signal Station, !,«()() fiM-t. Clay County,
rofky banks 'I'allailcgii Creek, l.OdO JVot; near I'ulpit Roi-k, L',2(M) fei-t altitude.
Culliiian County, WO feet. Flowers ]»ale rose; September. One to li feet bigli;
not rare. In tufts from tbe eonlluont irregularly shaped rootstoeks. Not olmerved
outside of the nu)untaiiious region.
Tyi)e locality: South Carolina.
Jlerb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Lacinaria gramiiiifolia pilosa (Ait.; IJritlon, Mem. I'orr. Clui), 5 : :>11. la'Jl.
Serrulnld pUom Ait. llort. Kew. 3 : I'-iX. 17W).
l/iairis tiiamiiiifoUd \:ir. diihia (iray. Man. ed. 2, 185. IHf))).
18SlSHl]»pl.
(iray, Man. ed. (i, IMS. Gray, Syn. Fla. N. A. 1, i>t. 2 : 111.
Carolinian to Louisianiau area. Coast of Now .Jersey t<> Florida and .M
Ai.auama: Central I'ine belt to Coast i)lain. Damp gravelly or sandy soil.
Autauga Couuty, near IMattvillc. (Jhilton C(uinty, \erbena. Mobile County.
Flowers. Septeuil>er, October; fre<iuent. Oneand one-half to 8A feet high. Common
in the low ])ine barrens of the coast, where it is ibiind from 2 to 3.J feet high.
Glabrous, with larger heads and intloreseence olten pauicled.
Type locality: "Native of North America."
Lacinaria teuiufolia (Nutt.) Kunt/e, Kev. Geu. 1*1. 1:319. 1891.
Slkndek-i.kavki) Ulazing Stak.
Lacinaria tcniiifoUa Nutt. Gen. PI. 2 : 131. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2:275. Chap. Fl. 191. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, i)t. 2: 112. IWl.
Carolinian area. Carolina to Georgia.
Alauama: Mountain region. Dry woods. Walker County (/!/'.>•<. .S'»i/(//j. Flow-
ers August; local and rare.
Type locality: "In the sandy forests of North and South Carolina."
Ilcrb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Lacinaria gracilis I'ursb, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 508. 1814. Slenukk 1'>la/.in(; Stak.
Liafris pancHioHculosa Nutt. .lourn. Acad. I'liila. 7 : 71. 1834. Chap. Fl. 191. (iray,
Syn. Fl.N.A.i,pt.2:lll.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Dry sandy pine barrens. Baldwin and Mobile
counties. Flowc^rs purple; Se])tember, October. Frequent. One and one-half to
3 feet high. Frequently more or less panicled.
Economic uses: Highly <irnamental.
'fype locality : "In (Georgia. JJartram."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TRILISA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom, 1818 : 140. 1818.
Two species, perennials; South Atlantic North America.
Trilisa odoratissima (Walt.) Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom*. 1818 : 140. 1818.
Vanilla Plant. Sweet-sckntkd Deertongue.
Anonymos odoratissima Walt. Fl. Car. 198. 1788.
Liatris odoratissima Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 93. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 283. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 243. Chap. Fl. 192. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:113.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Southern Virginia, along the coast to Florida
and eastern Louisiana.
Alabama : Coast Pine belt and Coast i)laiu. Clark, Butler, Choctaw, Monroe, Wash-
ington, Baldwin, and Mobile counties. Flowers August, October. Abundant in the
flat pine barrens of the coast plain.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Gecd. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
C ARPHEPHORUS Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816 : 198. 1816.
Three s])ecies, perennials, southeastern North America.
Carphephorus pseudo-liatris Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816 : 198. 1816.
Louisianiau area. Florida to Mississijjpi.
THISTLE FAMILY. 769
Alabama: Coast plain. Damp pine barrens. Mobile County, Dog River. Flowers
purple red; Sei)tcmber, October. Not rare. Perennial.
Type locality not given. "Ce genre ^ " * a pour type uue plante de
I'Herbier de ]\I. de .lussieu."
Herb. Geol. Siirv. Herb. Mohr.
AMPHIACHYRIS Nutt. Trans. Phil. Soc 7 : aiS. 1841.
Two species, perennial herbs. North America, Western.
Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. Trans. Am. i'hil. Soc. n. ser. 7:313. 1841.
Brachjiris dracunculoides DC. Mem. Soc. Phys. Genev. 7, ])t. 2 : 265, 1. 1. 1836.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 244. Gray, Syn. Fj. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : IIH. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 184.
Carolinian area. Kansas to Texas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Open grassy places. Colbert County {E. A. Smith).
Flowers yellow. Local and rare.
Tyi)e locality (DC. Prodr.) : "In territorio Arkausauo semina legit cl. de Pourtales.
Herb. Mohr.
GRINDELIA Willd. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berl. Mag. 1 : 260. 1807.
Twenty-five species, ])erennia] herbs or undershrulis. Mexico, South Aujerica.
North America, chieHy Western, 12.
Grindelia lauceolata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 7 : 73. 1834.
Lance-leaf Grindklia or Gum Plant.
Gray, Man. ed. 6. 244. Chap. Fl. Sappl. 627 ; ed. 3, 237. Gray, Svu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :
118. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:184.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and
Tennessee.
Alabama: Lower hills, .lefferson County, .(onesboro. Flowers yellov/; August.
Local and rare.
Type locality : " In Arkansas. T. Nuttall and Dr. Pitcher. "
Herb. Geol. 8urv. Herb. Mohr.
HETEROTHECA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 137. 1817.
Five or six species, })erennial herbs, Mexico. Atlantic North America, 2.
Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Brittou & Kusbj^, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 7:10.
1087. Seaside Hetekotheca.
Inula subaxillaris Lam. Encycl. 3 : 2.59. 1780.
/. scabra Pursh, Kl. Am. Sept. 2: 532. 1814.
Heterotheca lamarkii Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 21:131. 1821.
Chrysopsis scabra Nutt. (jen. 2: 151. 1818.
Heterotheca scabra Torr. & Gray, Fl. 2 : 251. 1841.
Ell. Sk. 2 :339. Gray, xMan. ed". 6, 244. Chap. Fl. 215. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 120. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 184.
NoKTHEUN Mexico.
Coast of North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas, southern Arizona, Arkansas,
and southeastern Kansas.
Alabama : Coast pl.iin. Submaritime and Littoral region. Dritting sands. Bald-
win County, eastern shore Mobile Bay. Mobile County, l>auphin Island. Flowers
golden yellow; Aut-ust to October. Conmion.
Ty))e locality: "Cette Inule croH dans la Caroline, le Maryland, ' ' *."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. Gen. PI. 2:1.50. 1818. Golden Astek.
About 20 .species, perennials. Flowers yellow. Atlantic North America, 11.
Chrysopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. Gen. PI. 2:151. 1818.
Silver-leaf Golden Aster.
Inula qraminifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:122. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 33'4. ( ;rav, Man. ed. 6, 244. Chap. Fl. 216. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2: 121. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2: 185.
Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Delaware,VirginiatoFlorida,wc8t to Arkansas.
15894 49
770 I'LANT LIKK <•!•' ALABAMA.
Ai.akama: Moniit.iiii icu,i«>n to Coast plain. Saiidy soil, open wooiIh, co]>8*^8, old
lields. KlowciH Aiipiist to Oclolx-r. Coininon: ;il>iin(l:iiit in the dry jdni- barreuH.
Inclndcs ('. iir<irnli(i Niitt.
Type locality: " Halt, a Carolina ad I'loridani, iVecinens.''
Herb. CJool. .Sinv. Herb. Molir.
Chrysopsis oligantha Cliai». Fl. 21(i. 1?<60. LAUciK-Fi.owKKKn (Joldkn Astku.
r/)(i/^o/>.si,'( v'"'"'«i7otm Gray, Syn. Fl. N.A.I, ])t. 2: 121. 1«78. In part. Not Nutt.
Chap. Fl.ed.8, 23G".
Loiiisianian area. I'lorida.
Ai.ahama: Coast plain. Low daiii]) i)in(' barrens. Baldwin Connty, near
Josephine; wet borilcrs of Wolt IJayon. .Inne. K'arc.
At onee distiuj;nish('d from the above by tin- nior<! robnet habit of {growth, by its
habitat, and by tlie few naked tjowerinn s<apcs with the heads nearly twice the size.
Type locality: "Low pine barrens, Florida.'
Herb. CJeol. .Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Chrysopsis trichophylla .Nntt. (ien. i'l. 2 : 1~>0. 1818. Hoaky-lkaiMIoi.dkn A.stkk.
Ell. Sk. 2::W(;. Chap. Fl. 21(i. (hay, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 122.
Lonisianian urea. North Carolina to Florida and Jvonisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine re<j;ion. (Jrassy pine barrens. I'.srandda County, Wilson
Station. Flowers October. Not infrerivient.
Type locality " In North and South Carolina and (ieorgia.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chrysopsis hyssopifolia Nutt. .Journ. Acad. I'liila. 7 : (17. 1831.
HYSSOr-I.KAl (Joi.DKN AsiEK.
Chap. Fl. 216. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 122.
Louisianiau area. Western Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Subuiaritime sandhills. Baldwin County, Montrose, on
the declivity of the Ked Bluff. Kare. Only locality known in the State.
Type locality: "In West Florida, discovered and collected by Mr. Ware.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chrysopsis niariana (L. ) Nntt. (ien. PI. 2 : 151. 1818. Makylanm Goldkn Aster.
Inula mariana L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 121(1. 17G3.
Ell. Sk. 2:335. Gray, Man. ed. (i, 215. Chap. Fl. 211). (iray, Syn. Fl. N. .\. 1, pt.
2 : 122.
Carcdinian and Lonisianian areas. Coast of New York (o Florida, west to Loui-
siana.
Alaij.vma: j\Ioiintain region to Coast plain. Dry sandy soil, open woods. <'lay
County, Hollins, 1,200 feet. Cullman County, 800 feet altitude. Calhoun County,
Anniston. Talladega County, Renfroe, 1,000 feet altitude. Mobile Connty. August,
October. Couunon.
Type locality : " Hab. in America septentrionali.'"
Herb. Mohr.
Chrysopsis pilosa (Walt.) Britton, Mem. Torr. (Mul), 5:316. 1894.
Hoary Golden A.ster.
^ri//f)o»j j>«7o.s(/ HI Walt. IT. Car. 206. 1788. Not 6'.|>i/o««. Nutt.
IniiUt goHiojinna Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 122, 1803.
Chri/sopsis (/onsypina Nutt. Gen. 2 : 150. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 337. Gray, Man. ed. (i, 245. Ch.ip. Fl. 216. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :
122.
Lonisianian area. North Carolina, and along the coast to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine belt to Coast plain. Dry pine woods. Escambia, Baliwin,
and Motdle counties. Octol)er, Novemher. Not infrequent.
Tyi)e locality: South ('arolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. ^Slohr.
Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nntt. (Jen. 2 : 150. 1818. Western CJolden A.ster.
AmeUns riUoHini Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2: 564. 1814.
Gray. MaiL ed. 6, 245. Chap. Fl. 217. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 122. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 185.
Carolinian to Lonisianian area, as to the typical form. Kentucky, Illinois, Arkan-
sas, Texas, and Mississippi.
Alabama: Keported by Chapman from western Alabama.
Type locality : " On the Missouri."
H'crb. Mohr.
THISTLE FAMILY. 771
ISOPAPPUS Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 239. 1842.
Two siieoies. North America. Atlantic and Western.
Isopappus divaricatus (Nutt.) Torr, A: Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 23;t. 1842.
Spreading Golden Astek.
Inula {Chrysoi)sis) divuiicatu, Nutt. Gen. 2 : 152. 1818.
ApJupappus divaricatus Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 130. 1884.
Gray, Man. ed.G, 245. Chap. FI. 215. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1. c. Coulter, Coutr. Nat.
Herb. 2:187.
(Jarolinian and Louisianian areas. .Southern Kansas to central Texas, and Florida
to Georgia.
Alakama: Lower hills. C'entral Prairie rej;'ion. Dry sandy exposed places, road-
sides. Chambers County (A'. J. 'S'mi//!). Talladega County, Sylacauga. Montgom-
ery County. Floweis yellow; September. October. Local and frequent.
Type locality : "In the yicinity of Savannah in Georgia, common." Discovered by
Dr.'Kaldwyu. '
Herb. Geol. Sur\'. Herb. Mohr.
CHONDROPHOR A Kaf. New Fl. N. A. 4 : 7!>. 1836.
(Lkielowia DC. Prodr. 5:329. 1836. Not Spreng.)
Two species, perennials, eastern North America.
Chondrophora nudata (Michx.) Brittou, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 317. 1894.
Clinisocoiiia niiclata Michx. Fl. Pior. Am. 2 : 101. 1803.
JUgelovia niidata DC. Prodr. 5 : 329. 1836.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 309. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 246. Chap. Fl. 215. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, i)t. 2 :
141.
Carolinian and Louisia-nian areas. Virginia, along the coast to Florida and east-
ern Louisiana.
Alakama: Coast plain. Low pine barrens. Moldle and Buldwin counties. Flow-
•Ms yellow; Si^ptember, October, ^'ery common.
Type locality : " Hab. in humidis Carolinae."
Herb. Mohr.'
Chondrophora virgata (Nutt.) Greene, Erythea, 3 : 91. 1895.
('hrysocoma vinjala Nult. (ien. 2 : 137. 1818.
Bigelovia nudata var. virf/ata Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 232. 1842.
Chondrophora nudata virfiata Brittou, Mem. Torr. ( 'lub, 5 : 317. 1894.
Nearly allied to the above by its inflorescence and the morphological characters
of the flowers, but differing widely in its habit of growth, range of distribution,
and Ibliagc, and deserving to be recognized as a distinct species. The many-headed
rootstock ]>roduces nuuu-rous stout shoots crowded witli the filiform leaves, forming
dense tufts. In the Alabama specimens and others from Louisiana all Ihe leaves
are filiform. It is only in a specimen from Texas th;it a tendency can be observed
to the developuu^nt of a wider leaf blade. These linear lanceolate leaves found in
young shoots are not over ^-,. inch wide, acute, channeled toward the base and with-
out lateral nerves.
On comparison with Nuttall's type in the herbariuiu ol' the Academy of Science,
Mr. Thomas Meehiin finds the Alabama plant identical with Nuttall's specimen, on
which the radical leaves are wanting. Nuttall says : "Nearly allied to Chrijsocoma
nudata, but distinct, and resemldes more Solidaijo teniiifolia, with which it mingles
and is easily confounded."
Carolinian ( ? ) and Louisianiau areas. New Jersey ( ? ), western Louisiana ( Hah),
'I'exas, (liiddell).
Alabama: Mountain region. Damp mossy rocks. Dekalb County, Lookout
Mountain, rocky banks oi'Little Riverabovcthe falls, 1,800 feet. August, September.
Type locality: "On the borders of swamps in New Jersey, near the seacoast."
(Mas never been I'ound since in that State.)
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BRINTONIA Greene, Erythea, 3 : 89. 1895.
One species. Eastern North America.
Brintonia discoidea Greene, Erythea, 3 : 89. 1895.
Solidaqo disrnUha Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 195. 1842.
Aster discoideus Lll. Sk. 2 : .3.58. 182 L
Ell. Sk. !. c. Chap. Fl. 208. (irny, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 144.
Louisianian area. (Georgia to I'loridn, west to Louisiana.
172 TLAXT T.IFK OF ALAHAMA.
Ai.amama: Central Pin*' belt to Coast plain. Kidi hdidein of woods and shady
copses. Tuscaloosa Connty ( K. A. Smith). Maltlwin County, I'oint Clear. Flowers
white, purplish tiiifjod; Septrnibor, October. Not fminiMit.
Ty])o locality: " (irows very abundantly in the rich liii^li lands l.ct ween the, Ala-
bama and Chataliouchio rivers."
llorl). (jeid. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SOLIDAGO I-. S]). I'l. 2:S7S. 1753.
I'.ijihty s]iecies, i)ereuuial herbs, mostly with brifjht yellow Mowers. Kxcejit 'A or
•1, .ill North American; a few Mexican. Atlantic, 42.
Solidago petiolaris Ait. llort. Kew. 3:210. 17S!t. Htsiiv (Joldkn-kod.
SuUdiuio data VAX. Sk. 2 : 3S9. 1X21-24. ( ? ) Not I'ursli. ISI |.
Kll. sis. I.e. - (irav. M.m. ed. (i, 2I(;. Chap. Fl. 210. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:144. ' • '
Carolinian and Tjonisianian areas. Southern Illinois, southwestern Missouri, and
Arkans.is, south from North Carolina to Florida, west to Mississipjii and Texas.
Ai-.\1!a.ma: Mountain region. Mefaniorpliic hills. Lower i'ine re<fion. Dryj^rassy
woods. Lee County, Auburn. Kscauibi.i County, in dry pine barrens. Flowers in
October; iufre<iucut. Two to 3 feet hiyh.
Type locality: "Native ot North America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago caesia L. Sp. PI. 2: 879. 17.")3. linjK-sTKM Goldkn-rod.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 385. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 247. Chai). Fl. 209. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:145.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario; New Eu,<;:laBd, west to Minnesota,
south to the Ohio Valley, Mi.ssouri, Arkansas, and to the (iulf from Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Open danii) woods. Clay County, waterfall U(!ar
Pulpit K'ock, 2,200 feet altitude. CuUma-n County. Flowers, .Inly, August. I're-
(jucnt in the mountains.
Type 'ocality : " I4abr in America se]iteiilri()nali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago caesia pauiculata Ciray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17 : 189. 1882.
SOI TIIKUX iil.rK-STKM (i()LI>EN-K01).
SoJida<io(jravUis Voir. Y.m-\i\.Q:riG. 1808. Not Hill, Hort. Kew. 22. 1768.
(Jray, Syn. Fl. X. A. 1, i)t. 2 : 145.
Carolini.in and Louisianiaa areas. Delaware to Florida, west to Mis8issii»pi.
Alabama: Mountains to (.'oast i)lain. Open dry wooils. (Uilhoun County. Aunis-
ton. On dry cherty hills, 800 tcet altitude. Talladega County, Kent'roe, 800 feet.
Tnscaloosa County. Baldwin County, Stockton, at sea level, in dry sandy pine woods.
Frequent.
Type locality (Gray, Syn. Fl.): "A form of drier ami open grounds, commoner in
S. States."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago flexicaulis L. Sp. PI. 2 :879. 1753. Bkoad-lkak Goi.dkn-kod.
Soliduqo latifolia L. Sp. PI. 2 : 879. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 247. Chap. Fl. 208. (4ray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 145.
Alleglienian andCaroliniau areas. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Ontario; New
ICnglaud, west to Minnesota; from New York south and west to West \'irginia, the
Ohio Valley, and Missouri, and along the Allegheny Mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Lower hills in Coosa Aalley. Rich hillsides, shaded
rocky banks. Lauderdale County, blutVs of the 'I'eunessee Ki\«u' (.1/. C. Wilson)-
Talladega County, Aljjine Mountains, 2,000 feet. Calhoun County, Anniston, 700
feet. St. Clair County, Sj)ringville, 450 feet altitude. Flowers, September, October.
Not infrequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago curtisii Torr. & Gr<iy, Fl. N. A. 2 : 200. 1841. Curtis's Goldkn-rod.
Gray. Man ed.ti, 247. Chap. Fl. 209. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 146
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Virginia, along the mountains to Tennessee and
North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower hills, hilly woods. Culhuan County, Holmes
Gap, 1,000 feet. Cullman County. Flowers, Sei)tember, October. Local; not Irequent.
Type locality: " .Mountains of North C'aroliua Mr. J^ J. Curtis!"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
THISTLE FAMILY. 773
Solidago bicolor L.Maut. 1:114. 1767. Whitk Golden-rod. Silvek-rod.
Ell. Sk. 2 :382. Gray. M.in. cd. (5, 2-17. ("hap. !• 1. ed. 3,229. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1,
pt. 2 : 146.
Canadian zono to Carolinian urea. Nova 8cotia, New IJrunswick, ;ind Ontario to
Saskatcbewan, nortli to latitnde.53°; New England, west to Minnesota, south to Penn-
sylvania and Ohio, and along the mountains to North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry open woods. Talladega County, Alpine Moun-
tains; Signal station, 2,000 ieet. Calhoun County, Anniston. Rare.
Tyjie locality : " Hab. in America septentrionali.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago hispida Muhl. ; Willd. Sp PL 3 : 2063. 1804.
Solidayo hiraala Nutt. .Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 103. 1834.
Solidaoo hicolor var. concolor Torr. it (iray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 197. 1842.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 247. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 229. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 146.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, and
New England to New .Jersey and Pennsylvania, west to Missouri, and south along
the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. On the highest ridges, rocky woods and copses.
Dekalb County, rocky summit of Lookout Mountain, 2,000 feet altitude, September,
1898. Jackson County, Pisgah. Not frefiuent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Pensylvania."
Solidago buckleyi Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 198. 1842. Buciclea's Golden-rod.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 2 : 147.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southwestern \'irginia. North Carolina, and
Alabama.
Alabama: Middle Alabama (Biichley). Station not given.
Type locality : " Interior of Alabama, Mr. s. ]'>. Buckley!"
Solidago sempervirens L. Sp. PI. 2 : 878. 1753. Evkr(;ri<]kn Golden-rod.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 379. ( iray, Man. ed. 6, 248. Chap. Fl. 211. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 149.
Bermuda, Mexico.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Seacoasfcof Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, south
along the coast to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Borders of tidal marshes. Mobile Connty. Flowers
August. Not rare.
Type locality : "Hab. in Noveboraco. Canada."
Herb. Mohr.
Solidago striata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 216. 1789. Straight ( Iolden-rod.
SoUdaqo viniata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 117. 1803.
Ell. Sli. 2 : .384. Gray, Man. cd. 6,248. Chap. Fl. 211. Gray. Syn. Fl. N.A.I, pt.
2 : 149. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 189.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New .Jersey .along the coast to Flor-
ida and Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Damp tlat ))ine barrens. Mobile ami Baldwin counties.
October. Common.
Type locality: ''Native of North America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago angustifolia Ell. Sk. 2 : 388. 1821-24. Narrow-leaf Golden-rod.
Soli(1a<io Ktricta var. unquatifoUa Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 150. 1884.
Ell. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 211. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 189.
Louisianian area. Coast of South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain, sultmaritime. Low damp pine barrens. Baldwin and
Mobile counties. Flowers golden yellow; October. Common on borders of swamps
along the shores of Mobile Bay and river estuaries; 3 to 5 feet high.
Type locality: "Grows in rich soils. Found on Parish Island, near Beaufort."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago puberula pulverulenta (Nutt.) Chap. Fl. 210. 1860.
Du.sty-downy Golden-rod.
Solidago imlvcrulrnta Nutt. Gen. 2 : 161. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 384. Chap. Fl. 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt. 2 : 1.50.
Louisianian aiea. (Georgia to Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Dry sandy pin(^ barrens. Mobile
County. Si)ringhill; September to Xoveiuber. Not rare.
Type locality : "In Georgia and Florida. — Dr. Baldwyn."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
774 PLANT LIFK OF ALABAMA.
Solidago odora Ait. Hort. Kt>\v. 3 : -1 1. ITSit. S\VKi;r-S('KN tkk (ioi.DKN-Udi).
Solidai/o relrorm Midix. Fl. lior. Am.2: 117. lS():i.
Kll. Sk. 2 : :{7(;. (iiav. Man. oil. (5. 2U). Chap. FI. L'Ki. (Jrav, Syii. Fl. X. A. 1. j»t.
2 : ir.O. Coulter, Contr". Xat. llcrl.. 2 : 18'J.
Mkxuo.
Carolinian and Ijoui.sianiau areas. Southeastern New Kuf^land. Mum in the<i]iio
\'alley, south alonjif the coast to I'loriila, and (roin Tennessee to th<^ (inlf, west to
Texas.
Ai.arama: From the Mountain region to the Coast plain. Dry sandy or gravelly
soil, open woods. Also abundant in dry sandy jiine barrens. ,Iuly, August; eoni-
uion. When l)ruised, ot'a sweet anise-like odor.
Ty])0 hicality: "Native of North America."
Htil). (ieol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Solidago odora inodora Gray, Man. ed. .1, L'44. 18(i7. Scknti.kss (J(ildi:n'-R()I>.
A iorni with soinewli.it broader leaves, less punctate, and odorless when bruised.
In Alabama eonlined to the higher mountain ridges. Clay County. Che-aw-ha
Mountain. L'.UMI feet altitude. Kare.
Tv])e loealitv not giveu.
Herb. Mohr. '
Solidago fistulosa Mill. Diet. ed. 8, no. 19. 1768. Villou.s Cioi.DKN-KoD.
Solidago pilom Walt. I'l. Car. 207. 1788. Not Mill.
.S. pi/ramiddta Fursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : r),37. 1814.
>'. r'illosa Ell. «k. 2 : 'M2. 1821-24.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 249. Chap. Fl. 21:5. Gray, Svn. El. X. A. 1, pt.
2:1.51.
Carolinian and Louisiauiau areas. New .Jersey and \'irginia, soiitli along flie low
country to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. I)am|i borders of ponds and swamps. Baldwin and
Mobile counties. Elowers .Se]>teinber to November. Comnuui.
Ty]>e locality: "Grows naturally in North America."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago erecta Pursli, El. Am. Sept. 2 :542. 1816. Erect Goldkn-iiod.
SoViduqo tipeciusa var. aiK/iistata Terr. & Gray, El. N. A. 2 : 20.5. 1842.
Ell. Sk. 2:385. Gray, Man. ed. (i, 249. Chap. El. 210. Gray, Syn. El. N. A. 1, j.t.
2 : 1.52. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 189.
Alleghenian and ("aroliniau areas. Minnesota to New England; < diio Valley to
Tennessee and along the mountains to Georgia.
Alat.ama: Mountain region. Madison County, Montesa'uo, 1,200 feet altitude.
Dry op(^n woods. Cullman County, 800 I'eet altitude. Calhoun (Jounty, Anniston.
Tall.Klega County, Chandler Springs, rocky ridges, 1,200 feet. Septeml>er, October.
Not common.
Type locality: "In North America."
lltrb. (ieol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago patula Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. IM. 3 : 20.59. 1804. Sifackekx-leaf Goi-dex-rod.
(irav, Man.ed.O. 219. Chap. FI.211. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2:1,52. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2: 1N!I.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. ()nt:irio; Ohio to Minnesota, south to Tenu(!8-
see and Tt^xas.
Ai.ahama: Mountain region. Swampy thickets. Lee County, Auburn (/.'a/.er i)-
Earh). Elowers October; ::{ feet liigh.
Ty|)e locality: "Hab. in Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago saliciua Ell. Sk. 2 ::389. 1821. Willow Goi-dex-rod.
SoUdafjo patida var. sirietala Torr. &. Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 213. 1842.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. El. 212. (Jray, Syn. El. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 152.
Louisiauiau area. Georgia to Louisiana.
Ai>ai5ama: Mountain region. Metamoridiic; hills. Coast i)lain. Damp ])lace8. Lee
County, Auburn (/•'. S. Kurle). Mobile County, liay shell road. September; rare.
Type locality: " Comnu)n in the oak land iu the western districts of Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago amplexicaulis Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 218. 1842.
ClASPIXG-LEAK G< )LI)KX-R01).
Chap. El. 213. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 153.
Carolinian area. Florida to Louisiana.
THISTLE FAMILY. 775
Alabama : Tennessee Viilley. ]\[onntain region to Lower hills. Rich shady woods,
rocky banks. Lauderdale County, near Florence; blntit's on the Tennessee River.
Madison County, Montesano, near the spring, 1,500 feet. Talladega County, Alpine
Mountain, 2,000 feet, shaded rocky hanks, copious. Winston County, 1,.500 feet alti-
tude. September, October. Not rare. Never seen in the low country.
Type locality: "Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth! Missouri, Mr. iJuer'nicl? (Also?
Middle Florida, Ih-. Chapman!)."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago rugosa MiH. Diet. cd. 8, no. 25. 1768. ' High Goldkn-rod.
Solidago altissima Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 212. 1789. Not L.
6'. riU'osa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 537. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 2:372. Gray, Man. ed. G, 249. Chap. Fl. 212. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 153. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 189.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, New Rrnnswick; Ontario to
Lake Superior; Minnesota south to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Damp thickets, borders of low lields. September,
October. Comuiou.
Type locality : " Grows natvirally in New England."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ; AVilld. Sp. PI. 3 : 2060. 18C4. Elm-leaf Goldex-rod.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 373. Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 538. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 2.50. Chap. Fl. 212.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 153. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 189.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New England west to Iowa, southern Ohio
Valley to Missouri and Arkansas, and along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Central Prairie belt. Rich copses. Talladega
County, Alpine Mountain, 1,800 feet. Dallas County, Marion Junction. September,
October. Not fre(|uent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago neglecta Ton. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 213. 1842. Smooth Golden-rod.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 250. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 154.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Ontario, New Brunswick ; Maine to Minnesota,
New York and Ohio to Illinois.
Alabama: Mountain region. Metamorphic hills. Lee County, Auburn (iJaAe?- 1/-
Earle), September, 1896. Only locality known in the State.
Type locality: "In swamps, Massachusetts! and New York! to North Carolina!
and Indiana!"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago boottii Hook. Comp. P>ot. Mag. 1 : 97. 1835. Boott's Golden-rod.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 250. Chap. FL 212. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 154. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 190.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southwestern Virginia to Georgia and Flor-
ida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Coast Pine belt. Coast plain. Dry w^oods. Lee
County, Auburn (Earle). Clarke County {Dr. Demi!/). Washington, Escambia,
and Mol)ile counties. August to October. Frequent in the pine barrens.
Type locality : "Louisiana." {Drmnmond.)
Herb. Mohr.
Solidago yadkinensis (Porter) Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 22 : 368. 1895.
Solidaf/o boottii ijadkinensis Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 129. 1892.
Slender, glabrous, from a chatty rootstock ; stem l.V to 3 feet high ; leaves lanceo-
late to linear, acute, acuminate; petioles winged, 2 to 4 inches long; the cauline
leaves sessile, acute at the apex, with a few distant teeth, involucre campanulate,
25 to 35 flowered ; involucral bracts oblong-linear, obtuse, with a dark green mid-
ril»; achenes pubescent with few spreading hairs.
Carolinian area. North Carolina and Georgia.
Alabama : Mountain region. Open woods and copses. Jackson County, Pisgah.
Type locality: "Collected on the Yadkiu River, North Carolina, by Messrs. Small
& Heller, Aug. 18, 1891."
Herb. Biltmore.
Solidago brachyphylla Chap. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 218. 1842.
Short-leaf Golden-rod
Solidago hoottii var. hrachiiphylla (irav, Proc. Am. Acad. 17 : 195. 1882.
Chap. Fl. 213. Gray, Syn'. Fl. N. A. 1,' pt. 2 : 154.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas, (icorgia and Florida to Mississippi. ^
776 PLANT LIFE OK ALABAMA.
Alabama: Mnuntiun icjiion to Co.ast ]>laiu. Dry o])(mi {j^rassy pine barrens. Leo
County, Auburn, M(Kt feet alt itiulo (iirt/-/';)- Escambia Conuty, ntMir Wilson's Sta-
tion. Mobibi Count V, liay slu'll road. October; not ir('<|ueiit.
Type locality: "Slidtllf I'lorida, iu fertile soil, Dr. Chapnuni! Ih: Alcxitndvr!
Geoifjia iV Alaliama, HaUhviu! Lv fJonte."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago pallescens Molir, sp. nov.
Stem from a stout erect rootstock, sl(>nder. 2^ toSifeet higli, simple orpaniculately
branched above, sjjarsely i)nl)escent ; radical leaves 'A to :?.i inches ionj,', ovatc-oblon;,',
narrowed at the liase into a winged petiole; lower eauliiie leaves ovate, attenuate
iwto Itroadly margined jietioles, acuminate, niucrnnnhite, irrcyiiiarly dentate toward
the apex, the ujip.'r o\ate to oblon^^ sessile, rather olituse; rameal leaves gradually
reduced to small bracts subtending tlu^ flowering heads, all of a lirui texture, jiale-
glauce8cent,i)articularly on the lower surface, ciliate,withi>roiiiinent midrib; racemes
slender, erect or spreading, secund ; lloweriug heads small, iuvolucral bracts obtuse,
glabrous, except on the slightly hairy margin ; achenes silky-pubescent, Avith a rigid
scabrous pa]t|)UH.
Resembles SoUdcKjo hrurhyphnUa, but is abundantly distinct by the pale glances-
cence, etc.
Carolinian area.
Alabama: Metamorphic hills. Lee County. Anbnrn, October. \X\M\{Balcer 4- Earle).
Type locality as just given.
Solidago arguta Ait. Hort.Kew. 3: 21:). 17X9. SiiAiU'-sfntKATK (ioLOKN-itoD.
Solidaf/o nnihlniherf/ii Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 :214. 1812.
Ell. Wk. 2 :a74. Gray, Man. ed. ti, 2.50. Chap. Fl. 212. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, ])t.
2 : 154.
AUegheniau and Carolinian areas. Ontario and New England, west and south to
Indiana. Minnesota, south western Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and along the
mountains to Georgia.
Alabama : Mountain regit)n. Damp grassy openings. Clay County, waterfall
near Puli)it Kock, 2,_'00 fetit, grassy swale. .Inly, August; rare.
Typo locality: "Native of North America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago vaseyi nom. nov.
Solidar/o arf/uta caroUniana Gray, Syji. V\. N. A. 1. ]>t. 2: l.^o. 1884. Not ErUjeron
Carolinian HH L.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 231. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1 c.
Over 2 feet high; stem glaltrous below, branches and inliorescence pubescent;
leaves smooth, the radical and lower cauline am))le, from li to 2 inches wide and IJi
to 4 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, slnirply serrate, the upjier lanceolate, acuminate,
entire, all on short-winged petioles, acut<' ; llow<'ring heads large, 14 or 15 llowered,
numerous, racemose in the axils of the leaves in short ]ianiculate clusters; involru're
pnberulent; achenes densely silky-hairy. This ]dant has little in common with
S. argnta. and is strikingly distinct by the characters not(Ml.
Carolinian area. Mountains of North Carolina (K'oan Mountain. .5,000 feet), Ten-
nessee, and northwestern Georgia.
Alaba.ala : Mountain region to Coosa Hills. Wooded siunmits and slopes of hills.
Cullman County, Holmes (Jap, 1,200 feet altitude. Clay County, Che aw-ha Moun-
tain. St. Cbiir C<uinty, near Ashville ( ^'. /i'. Trt.sc)/). August; very rare.
Typo locality (Cray) : " Mountains of North Carolina and of adjacent South (Caro-
lina and {jeorgia, G. It. Vasetj,-!. PohikII Smith."
Herb. Geol. Sui'v. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago serotina gigantea (Ait.) ( iray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17 : 180. 1882.
Larc.r Latk-klowering Goldkn-uoi).
Solidcujo iiigaiitca Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 211. 178!t.
S. gbidutea Willd. 3 : 205(5. 1804. Not Ait.
Gray. Man. ed. 6, 251. Chap. Fl. 21 1. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 15G.
Boreal region to Carolinian area. Newfoundland through Canada to north latitude
50^ to the Pacific, south to ( Jeorgia, west to Texas, ami across the plains to Nevada.
Alaijama: Mountain region? A single specimen collected by (J. K. Vasey, in
"North Alabama," 1878.
Type locality : "Native of North .\meri(!a.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
THISTLE FAMILY. 777
Solidago canadensis L. Sp. PI. 2 : 878. 175.3. Commox Goldkn-rod.
Solidaqo aJtissimu L. Sp. 1*1. 2 : 878. 1753.
Ell. 8k. 2 : 369. Gray, Man. id. 6, 251. Chap. Fl. 214. Ciray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 157. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 190.
Boreal region to the Gulf of Mexico, west to liritish Cohunbia; Irora Florida to
Texas and the uiountaius of Arizona.
Alabama : Over the State. Open dry or damp places. Mobile County, borders of
swamjis. Mobile Kiver, and of fields. October. Three to 4 feet high.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Mohr.
Solidago canadeusi-s scabriuscula Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 318. 1894.
Solida(/o ranadensis var. scabra Torr. & Grav, Fl. N. A. 2 : 224. 1841. '^oi S. sra bra
Willd.
Gray, Syn Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 157. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 190.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Canadian northwest territory. Pennsylvania
to Georgia, west to Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Dry and damp open places, embankments, roadsides.
Mobile County. October. Not infrequent in the low country.
Type locality: '•Pennsylvania! to Georgia! and west to Saskatchawan ! I^ouisiana!
and Texas ! "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Solidago nemoralis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 213. 1789.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 373. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 251. ( !hap. Fl. 214. ( irav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, ])t.
2 : 1.58. Coulter. Contr. Nat. 1 lerl). 2 : 190.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, and Louisianian areas. Canada from Anticosti to ihe
Rocky Mountains; throughout the Eastern United States, south to Georgia and
Florida,? west to Texas. Arizona, and Utah.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Lower hills. Dry open places. Talladega County.
Shelby County, Montevallo. September, October; common; not seen in the low
country.
Type locality: "Native of North Ameri<a.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CHRYSOMA Nutt. .lourn. Acad. Phila. 7 : 07. 18.34.
Thirteen species. West Indies, 1. North America, Pacific slope, 11; Atlantic, 1.
Chrysonia paucifloscnlosa (ireenc, Erythea, 3:8. 1895.
Few-flowerkp Golden-kod.
Solidago paucljlosculom Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 116. 1803.
Chrysoma solidaqinoides Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7 : 67. 1834.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 382. ' Chap. Fl. 214. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : Kil.
Louisianian area. Seashore of Sonth Carolina to P"'lorida, Mississippi.
Alabama: Littoral belt. Loose sands. Baldwin County, eastern shore of Mobile
Bay; Point Clear; Fish River Bay. Mobile County, Dauphin Island. Frequent.
Shrubby evergreen, 2 to 3 feet high.
Type locality : '' Hab. in sabnlosis aridis Carolinae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
EUTHAMIA Nutt. Gen. 2 : 162. 1818.
Four species, perennials, Atlantic North America.
Euthamia caroliniana (L. ) Greene, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 321. 1894.
Narrow-leaf Euthamia.
Erigeroii caroliniaiium L. Sp. PL 2 : 863. 1753.
Solida/fo ieiiuifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : .540. 1816.
Euthamia tenuifolia Nutt. Gen. 2 : 162. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 392. Gray, Man. ed. 0, 252. Chap. Fl. 214. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2: 161. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :191.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Coast of New England and New York to
Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama : Lower Pine regicm. Coast plain. Close gravelly or sandy soil, borders
of ditches, low pastures. Mobile and Baldwin counties. September to November.
Abundant.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
778 I'LANT MFK oF ALA KAMA.
Eutliamia graminifolia (i..) Xiilt. lit'ii. 2 : KL'. ISIS. Lanck-ij-.ak Kutiia.mia.
Cliriisoronui (iriiiii'nn/oHa I.. Sp. 1'1.2:SII. 1753.
Solidaiit) Inunolald ].. Maiit. 1 : 1 11. 17(t7.
N. ,ii<imhii folia Kll. Sk. 2 : 3!ll. 1S2I.
Kli.Sk.l.c. (iray. Mini. .d. G, '-'.'iL'. (iray, Syn. KI. N. A. 1. pt. 2: KiO. Chap. Fl. 211.
Hoioul zone to Ldiiisianiaii urea, ('.inada to north latitndf (i4\ Maiin' (.Mount
Desort Island) to Nebraska, Montana, and tlic llocky Mounlaiu.s, Honth Ironi Now
York to Florida, west to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Ai.aisama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. .Moist f^rassy jilaceH, Ixirdersof fields.
Mobile County. Less common than the la.st.
Typo locality : " Ilab. in Canada. Kalni."
Herb. Mohr.
BRACHYCHAETA Torr. A (iray. Fl. N. A. 2 : lit I. 1812.
One species, Atlantic North America.
Brachychaeta sphacelata (Raf. ) Britton ; Kearney, JUill. Torr. Clnb, 20 : 484. 1893.
Cordate-leak Golden-rod.
SoVulago sphacelata Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. 1820.
nrarhi/cliaeta cordala Torr. &, (iray, F'l. N. A. 2 : 195. 1842.
Solidaqo cordala Short. Trans. .lourn. Med. 7 : .">99. 1834.
Gray, Man. ed. (i. ->r.3. Cliap. Fl. ed. 3, 233. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : Ifil.
Carolinian area. Kentncky and Tennessee and along the mountains from North
Carolina to (jieorgia.
Alaka.'Ma: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Dry rich woods and hills. Lau-
derdale Connty, Florence (A/. C. fVilson). Calhoun County, Anniston, 800 feet.
Talladega County, Riddell's .Mill. Not infrequent. I'erennial.
Ty))e locality: " It grows on the hills of Kentncky and A'irginia."
Herb. Geol. Snr\ . Herb. Mohr.
BELLIS L.Sp. PI. 2:886. 17.53. Daisy.
Ten species, F.nropc; mostly Mediterranean. North America, 1.
Belli-s intee;rifolia Micli.K. Fl. l'>or. Am. 2: 131. 1803. Western Daisy.
Gray, Man. ed. t), 2.")3. Chap. Fl. Snppl. (527 ; ed. 3, 227. (iray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :
163. Coulter. Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 191.
Carolinian ar(!a. Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Texas.
Alaisama: Tennessee Valley. Shaded rich banks, calcareons soil. .Iack.'«on
Connty, Sf'()ttsl)<)ro. Ray flowers pale \iolet; May. Not frequent. PerenniaL
Tyjie locality: "Ilab. ad ripas rivnlornm et in collibns nmbrosis Tennassdo."
Herb. (icol. Surv\ Herb, Mohr.
BOLTONIA L'Hor. Sert. Angl.27. 1788.
Seven species, perennial herbs, Atlantic North America.
Boltonia diffusa Kll. Sk. 2: 400. 1821-24. Si'REadin(J Boltonia.
Ell. Sk. I.e. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 254. Chap. Fl. 207. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt. 2:
1()(). Coulter, Contr. Nat. I lerb. 2 : 193.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Illinois and Tennessee to Georgia
and Florida, west to Texas.
Alahama: Central Prairie belt to Coast plain. Damp soil, borders of low fields
and marshes. Perry County (./(>/i« Donnell Smith). Mobile Connty, river marshes.
Rays white. August, September; freciuent.
Typo locality : "Grows in damp rich soils between the Chattahonchie and Ala-
bama."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SERICOCARPUS Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 148. 1833. White-topped A.ster.
Four species, chiefly Atlantic North America. Paciflc, 1. Perennials.
Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 26. 1888.
Narkow-leaf White-topped Aster.
Cony:a UnifoUa L. Sp. PI. 2 : 8G1. 1753.
Aster solidagineiis Michx. FT. Bor. Am. 2 : 108. 1803,
Sericocarpus solidagineiis Nees, Gen. A- Sp. Ast. 149. 1833.
THISTLE FAMILY. 779
Ell. Sk. 2:340. Gray, Man. ed. 6,255. Chap. Fl. 197. Gray, 8yii. Fl. N. A. l,pt.
2:17L ' ■
Caroliuian aud Louisianiau areas. New York and Ohio \alk'y to Tennessee;
North Carolina to Georgia.
Alabama: Over the State. Damp light soil, open -woods. Lai>derdale County,
in the barrens. Clay County, Elders, 1,000 fiet altitude. Cullman and Mobile
counties. Flowers white; July, August. Not rare.
Type locality : "Hab. in America septentrional!."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Sericocarpus asteroides (L. ) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 26. 1888.
Large-klowerkd Wiiitr-topped Aster.
Conyza asteroides L. Sp. PL 2 : 861. 1753.
Sericocarpus conyzoides Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 150. 1833.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 341. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 254. Chap. Fl. 197. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:171.
Alleghenian to Carolinian area. New England, northwestern New York, Minne-
sota, Ohio, Tennessee, aud along the mountains to Upper Carolina aud (Jeorgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower hills. Clay County, Clie-aw-ha Mountain,
2,400 feet altitude. Cullman County, 800 feet altitude. Tallai)oosa County, Dade-
ville. Lee County, Auburn. Talladega County, Renfroe, 800 feet altitude. Flow-
ers July, August; rays wiiite, disk Howers yellow. Frecjuent. Common on sterile
rocky ridges of the Metamorphic rocks.
Typo locality : " Hab. in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Sericocarpus bifoliatus (Walt. ) Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 322. 1894.
Mouse Ears.
Conyza hlfoliafa Walt. Fl. Car. 204. 1788.
Jster iortifoHiis Michx. FL Bor. Am. 2 : 109. 1803.
Sericocarpus toriifoUtis Nees. Lien. & Sp. Ast. 151. 1833.
Ell. Sk. 2:341. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 2.55. Chap. Fl. 198. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A.
1, pt. 2 : 172.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern Virginia along the low coiintry to
North Carolina and Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast jtlain. Dry pine woods. Autauga County,
Chilton County. Lee County, Auburn (Earle). Montgomery, Clarke, and Wasbiug-
ton counties. Baldwin and Mobile counties. Flowers white; July to October. Fre-
([uent. Common in the i)iue barrens of the Coast Pine belt.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ASTER L. Sp. PL 2 : 872. 1753. Aster. Stakwort.
From 200 to 250 species, recognized asv.alid; perennials. Europe, Asia, South
Africa; largely American. North America, 125 (Gray); Atlantic, 100.
Aster paludosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 201. 1783. Swamp Astkr.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 343. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 25.5. Chap. Fl. 199. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 1, pt. 2 :
174. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 194.
Carolinian and Louisianian an'as. North Carolina to Florida, west to central
Texas.
Alab.\ma: Tennessee Valley. I^ower Pine region. Coast plain. Low places,
borders of ditches. Lawrence County, Mountainhomc. Clarke and Mobile counties.
Flowers sky-blue; August, September. Most frequent in the Coast plain in damp
sandy ground.
Type locality: "Native of the Swamps of Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster divaricatus L. Sp. PL 2 : 873. 1753.
Jster corymhosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 207. 1789.
Ell. Sk. 2:365. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 255. Chap. Fl. 198. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A.
1, pt.2:174.
Alleghenian to Carolinian area. Quebec to Lake Superior and Manitol)a; New
England west to Minnesota; Ohio Valley, and from New Jersey south along the
mountains to Tennessee and Georgia.
.\lai'.ama: Mountain region. Shady woodlands. Cullman (Jounty (Miss Mary
Mohr). Walker County (E. A. Smith). Kay flowers pale purple; August, September.
Not frequent.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
780 TLANT MKK OK ALA15AMA.
Aster oblongifolius Xiitt. (ion. 2 : ir.Ci. 181S. I'uaikik Asi kk.
(irnv, Man.. Ml. (J, L',")7. (Jray, Syn. 11. X. A. 1. i.t.2: ITS. Cliap. 11. ed. :i. 2_':i. Coul-
ter. Contr. Nat. licrl). 2: liM. "
C'aiDlinian to l.oiiisianian area. lllinoiH and Mi.ssomi to .MinneHotaand NeWraHka ;
Ptnusylvaiiia and \irginia south to rciincsscc, wcHt to T<-xaK and .•\rkan.'<as.
Ai.Ai{.\.MA : Mountain rcj^ion. ("antral i)rairi<'.s. Dry baiik.s and liill^^ides. Matli-
8on County. Huntsville, sunny hillsides, Hank of NIontcsano, 1,000 feet altitude.
Lee County, Anhurn. Tuscaloosa County. Montgomery County, in the jirairies.
Flowers azure; Septeniher, Octolter. Infrequent.
Tyjie locality : " ( )n tlie banks of the Missouri. "
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Midir.
Aster puniceus L. Sp. PI. 2 : STo. IT^o. Prui'i.K-.^TKMMKD Astkk.
Cray. Man. ed. 15. 2(i;^. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : Iftn. ( haj). Fl. ed. H, 223.
Allegbenian and Carolinian areas. Xova Scotia and niaritiiue Canad.i to tlm
K'ocky Mountains; Xew England west to Minnesota, Dakota. West \'irginia. to
northern Illinois, mountains of North Carolina, and northwestern Georgia.
Ai.aisama: Mountain region. Metaniorphic hills. Swampy borders of woods. Lee
County, Auburn ( /•'. S. Earle). Flowers violet to ])urp!e; Scptenil)er, October. Rare;
only locality known in the State.
'I'ype localitj': "Hab. in Anic^rica septentrion.ili."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Aster concolor L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1228. 17(i:>. Soithkhn Sii.ky Astku.
Ell. Sk. 2 : :15(). (Jrav. Man. ed. 6, 2r)S. Chai.. I'l. 200. (irav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt. 2 :
180.
Carolinian and I.,ouisianian areas. Southern X*',w England ami New ^ oi k to
southern Ohio, Tennessee, and Florida, and west to Mississipiii.
Ai.aha.ma: Metaniori)hic hills to Coa.st plain. Dry pine woods. Moliilc County,
sandy pine ridges. Tallapoosa Couuty {I'J. J. Smith). \a'v (Jonnty, Auburn, sterile
hills. Rays violet; October, November. Fre([uent.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2 : l.")8. 1818. Slendeu Astku.
Gray. Man. ed. (), 250. Chap. Fl. 199. Gray. Syn. Fl. X. A. 2, ]>t,. 1: 170. liritt. cV
Br. lll.Fl. 3::{7.3.
Carolinian area. Xew .Jersey, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
Alabama: Mountain region. (•)pen woods. Dekalb Countx. Lookout Monntaiu,
near Mentone. Flowers azure; September. Infre(|uent.
'i'ype locality: "In the Savannahs of K.-ntucky and Tenne8s<'i\''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster adnatus Xntt. .Journ. Acad. Phila. 7 : 82. 1831-1837. Small-leai' A.stkr.
Aatrr mieroj)liiiIliis 'i'orr.; Ijindl. in DC. Prodr. 5 : 21 1. 1835.
Chap. Fl. 200. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, ])t. 2 : 180.
Louisianian area. Florida to Mississinpi.
Alabama: Lower Pine region, barren pine ridges. Mobile County, Springhill
(dattn). Flowers violet; October, November. Not iufre(|U(;nt.
Ty])e locality : " In Alabama and West Florida. Mr. Ware."
Herli. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster patens Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 201. 1789. Spki;aI)TN<; Astku.
A>tl(r amplexicanUs Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 114. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2: 301. Gray. Man. ed. (>, 258. Chap. Fl. 200. (iray, Svn. Fl. X. A. 1. pt.
2 : 180. Coulter, Contr. Xat. Herb. 2 : 195.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Xew Brunswick, Ontario; Massachusetts west
to .Minnesota and Nebraska: south to the Ohio Valley, Missouri, and Arkans.as, .ind
from New .Jersey to Florida and Texas.
Alabama : Tennessee \'alley to Coast plain. Dry open eojjses. hillsides, borders of
woods. Cullman County. 'J'alladega County, Renfroe; Alpine Mountain, 1,800 fe<^t.
Xot seen in the low country.
Type locality : "Native of "\'irginia."
Herb, dleol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster patens tenuicaulis nom. nov. Slender Spueading AoTEK.
Aster i)at(inH (iracilis Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1 : 97. 1835. Not A. (/racilis Nutt. 1818.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 180. Coulter, Contr. Nat. 1 lerb. 2 : 195.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Tennessee {(iuttinijer) to Louisiana and Texas.
THISTLE FAMILY. 781
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Damp or dry sandy places, borders of
woods, copses. Wasliington and Mobile counties. Flower azure ; August, September.
Common in the Coast plain.
Type locality (Hook.): ".Jacksonville," Fla.
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Aster shortii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 9. 1834. Short's Astkr.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 258. Chap. Fl. 201. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, ])t. 2 : 181.
Alabama: Mountain region, Central Pine belt. Madison County, Montesauo,
1,500 feet. Lee County, Auburn (/''. S. Earle). Talladega County. Tuscaloosa
County, 400 feet altitude. Flowers purplish ; October.
Growing on the arid rocky ridges of the Metamorphic hills and of the Carboniferous
conglomerates, our specimens (litter from phxnts from the Ohio ^'aliey by tiieir slender
habit of growth, widely spreading branches, tlie more attenuatid leaves, roughish-
pubescent beneath, and the less numerous, smaller dowering heads.
Type locality: "Found by Dr. Short, on clitt's of the Kentucky River."
Herli. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Aster caniptosorus Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 3o!l. 18117.
Stems slender, erect, simple, 2 to o feet tall, glabrous or slightly pubescent near
the top; leaves few, lanceolate, 4 to (j inches long (including the slender petiole),
attenuate from near the base to the linely acuite a]t(^x, entire, undulate, resembling
the leaves of Camptosonis rliicophyUns, hispid beneath, with a scattered jjubescence,
the lower deeply cordate at the rounded base, the upper subcordate or truncate;
heads usually few; pedicels angled, bearing minute appressed bracts, scrabrous;
involucres cylindric-campanulate or turbinate, f to ^ inch high; bracts linear-
subulate, incurved, with a narrow green midrib and green acute tip.
Carolinian area. Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. On the highest ridges in dry open woods. Talladega
County, Alpine Mountains, near the signal station, 1,800 feet, September 24, 1892.
Lee County, Auburn ( Ilaker <\- Earle), 189().
UistriV)UTed in 1893 as a hirtellous form of J. .shortii, which in aspect resembles
closely this plant, from which it is distinguished by the characters of the involucre
as pointed out by Dr. Small.
Type locality: "Wright's mill, 5 miles south of Auburn, Ala." {C F. Baker).
"Mountains of Georgia" {Buckley).
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster azureus Lindl.; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1 :98. 1835. Sky-bluk Aster.
Gray, Man. ed. 6. 258. Chap. Fl. 201. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 181. Coulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 195.
Allegheuian to Carolinian area. Ontario and Michigan west to Nebraska, south to
Missouri and western 4>ouieiana, and from Ohio to the mountains of northwestern
Georgia.
Al.\bama: Mountain region. Open rocky woods. I'allailega County, llenfroe, on
the Alpine ^lountain, about 1,600 feet altitude. Flowers bright blue; October.
Rare; only locality known in the State.
Type locality : " St. Louis," Mo.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster undulatus L. Sp. PL 2 : 87.5. 1753. Wa\y-leak Aster.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 258. Chap. Fl. 201 . Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 181.
Allegheniau to Louisianian area. New Brunswick, Ontario; New England west
to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to the Ohio Valley, Missouri, and Arkansas; from
New York to Florida, and west to Louisiana.
Alabama : Tennessee Valley to Central I'itie belt. Dry open woods, copses. Mad-
ison County, Huntsville. Cullman County. Talladega County, Chandler Springs,
Alpine Mountain, 1,800 feet altitude. Flowers violet; September, Octobei'. Fre-
(luent; aot observed in the low country.
Type locality : " Hab. in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster undulatus diversifolius (Michx.) Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, i)t. 2 : 181. 1884.
ROUGIIISH ASTEK.
Aster dirersifolius Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 113. 1803.
A. scaber Ell. Sk. 2 : 3(13. 1821-24.
.J.asy)eraZ«sTorr.ct Gray, Fl.N. A. 2:120. 1841. Not V^^alt. 1788.
A. haldwini Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 127. 1841. In part.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. c.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Soutli Carolina to Georgia.
7«S2 TLANT LIKK <>K ALA MAMA.
Alabama: Mountain rcfiion. I'ry cxixmcd mcky places, iiKninlainmiH woodH.
T:illa«lr<xa County, Alpine Mountains. l.SOO feet; Krufroc. 1,(1(10 feet. ( aliioun ("oniity,
Anniston, lii^ihest ri(ij:;es, about 1,000 leet aliitiMJe. Flowins cerulean l)iuo; Septem-
ber, Octolier. Not iufieiiueut.
'I'V])0 locality : '•Hah. in Caiolina."
ll'erl). tJeol. Sur\ . I Inli. Moln .
Aster undulatus loriformis Hurgess in Hritt. it Br. 111. Fl. 3:.S()r>. 1K98.
Aileglieniau and C.iroliniau areas. New Kngland, I'enn.sylvania, Virginia.
Alabama : Mountain region. Dekalb County, Lookout Mountain. New York to
South Carolina.
Type locality: "Kastern Massacluisclts to Virginia and Pennsylvania."
Herb. (Jeol. Snrv. Herb. Molir.
Aster cordifolius L. Sp. PI. 2 :«75. 1753. Hkart-leak Astkk.
Kll. Sk. 2 : 3(51. <iray. Man. ed. G, 259. Chap. Fl. 202. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 182.
Alleglicuian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia, Ontario; New Fnglaud west to
Minnesota and Nebr.islca ; tlirough tiie ()liio Valley to Missouri, Arkansas, and Ten-
nessee, and south along the mountains to (Jeorgia.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Mountain region. Woodlands and thickets. Lau-
derdale County, Florence {.y.C. Il'ilxoii). Cullman County. Flowers pale purplish
blue; September. October. Not frequent.
Ty]ie locality: "Ilab. in America A- Asia septentrionali."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Aster cordifolius polycephalus Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 120. lSlt4.
"More robust and branched than the type; leaves smaller, the upper ones and the
bracts ovate and sessile; panic le ample; lieails usually smaller and very numerous.
Kays dee]» blue and the disk tlorets dark purple (as in J. laleri floras), or )>oth of
them sometimes pab^ or whitish."
Alai5a^l\ : Lauderdale County.
Type locality : "Everywhere with the typical form in New Jersey and Eastern
Pennsylvania."
Herl). GeoL Surv.
Aster lowrieanus Porter, Bull. Torr. (Jlub, 21 : 121. 1894.
Aster cordij'olins var. laeriyatus Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 16 : 67. 1889. Not ./. laeri-
gaiiiH LanL
Julcr leio2}hyUiis Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 20 : 254, 1. 157. 1893. Not Franch. & Sav.
Britt. & Brown, HI. Fl. 3 : 363.
Carolinian area. Southern Connecticut and southern New York to Pennsylvania,
Virginia, ()hi(), and Kentucky, and southward along the nu)untaiu8 to Tennessee.
Alabama: Tennessee A^alley. Ojten woods. Blull's ou the Tennessee Kiver near
Florence (.1/. C. IVihon). September. Not frequent.
Type locality : "Common in New Jersey and I'ennsylvauia, as well as westward
and southward."
Aster sagittifolius Wedem.; Willd. Sp. I'l. 3:2035. Akkow-leaf A.ster.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 362. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 259. Chap. Fl. 202. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 182.
Alleghcnian and Caroliiuan areas. New Brunswick, Outaiio; New England west
to Minnesota and Dakota; from New York to the Ohio Valley and along the moun-
tains to tJeorgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry open woods. Leo County, Auburn (luirle).
Talladega County, Ali)iu(!Mountaiu, l,S00feet; Ken froe, 800 feet; Chandler Springs,
1,.")00 feet. Cullman County, 800 feet. Calhoun ( 'onnty, Anniston, 800 feet altitude;
cherty ridges. Kays sky-blue; September, October. Not common.
Ty]>e locality: '"Hab. in America boreali."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster purpiiratus Nees, Gen. A Sp. Ast. 118. 1833. Wand-like Astek.
Aster rirgatus Ell. Sk. 2 : 353. 1824. Not of Moeneh.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. (;ray, Man. ed. 6, 259. Cha]). Fl. 201. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.2:
183. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 195.
Louisianiau area. Coast of North Carolina to I'lorida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Along shaded grassy banks, pine-
barren streams. Escambia County, Wallace. Washington and Mobile counties.
Flowers cerulean bine. Not infrequent.
Type locality : "Crescit in America septentrionali?"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
THISTLE FAMILY. 783
Aster laevis L. Sp. PI. 2 :876. 1753. Smooth Aster.
Ell. 8k. 2:352. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 259. Chap. Fl. 200; ed. 3. 220. In part, (iray,
Syn. Fl. X. A. 1, pt. 2 : 183. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 195, in part.
Canadian zone to Carolinian area. Canada to north Intitnde 53-, we.st tf) the
Rocky Mountains; New England west to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to the Ohio
Valley and Tennessee, and along the mountains to Ucorgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry open woods. Talladega County, Chandler
Springs. Lee County. Auburn. Septeuil)er, October; not freciuent.
Type locality : " Hab. in America scptentriouali. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster laevis amplifolius Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 :324. 1894.
Astir laevis vSbY.l at ifoU us Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 121. 1894. Not A. latifoliits
Desf.
Leaves glaucous, broadly ovate, strongly amplexicaul.
Distribution as in the type.
ALABAiMA: Mountain region. ISoi'dera of woods, copses. Madison Comity, Mou-
tesano, calcareous hillsides, about 1,000 feet altitude. Flowers cerulean blue;
October. A])parently not frequent.
Type locality: "8pecimeus of this variety exist in the Torrey Herbarium, and it
has also been collected in the neighborhood of Eastou, Pennsylvania."
Herb. Geol. .Surv.
Aster ericoides L. Sp. PI. 2 :875. 1753. Heath-like A.stek.
Ell. Sk. 2:348. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 260. Chap. Fl. 202. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:184.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Southern Ontario and New England, west to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Over the State. Light exposed soil, fence rows, roadsides, borders of
woods. Madison, Cullman, and Clay counties, Rays white; October, November.
Common.
Type locality: "Hab. in America septeutrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster ericoides pilosus ( Willd.) Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 323. 1894.
Haiky Aster.
Aster rillosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 113. 1803. Not Thunb. 1800.
Aster pilusHS Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 2025. 1803.
A. ericoides var. rillosus Torr. iV Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 124. 1841.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 2(30. Chap. Fl. 202. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, ]>t. 2 : 184,
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario to Minnesota; New York, West Vir-
ginia, Ohio, Tennessee, and North Carolina.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Coast ])lain. Poadsides, fence rows. Cullman
County. Lauderdale Comity, l-'loience (M. C. JCilson). Lee Cotinty, Auburn. Mobile
County. Frequent north oi the Coast Pine belt.
Type locality of Aster pilosna Willd. : " Hab. in America boreali in regione Illinoen-
sium."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster ericoides platyphyllus Torr. & Graj', Fl. N. A. 2 : 124. 1841.
Chap. Fl. 202. Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 3 : 379.
Carolinian area. Indiana to North Carolina and Georgia.
Alabama: Metamorphic and Lower hills. Light sandy or gravelly soil, borders of
fields. Lee County, Auburn (Hakcr ,\- Earle). Tuscaloosa County. Flowers white;
October.
Type locality : "North Carolina, Schwcinitz! Mr. Curtis! Indiana, Dr.Clapp.^'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster multiflorus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3:203. 1789. Many-floweked Aster.
Aster mnltittorus var. sti-icticaulis Torr. «.t Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 125. 1841.
Ell. Sk. 2 : '349. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 260. Chap.' Fl. 202. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :
1»5. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 195.
Mexico.
Canadian zone and Caroliuiiin area. Ontario to Saskatchewan and the Rocky
Mountains to north latitude 49; Kew Euglaiid, west to Minnesota, Nebraska, and
Montana; I'rom New York S(juth to (Jeorgia, Mississippi, Texas, Arkansas, and
Arizona.
7S4 PLANT LIl'K <;K ALAltAMA.
Ai.auama: Cciitial piai.-ios. Drv liflds. Mont^^iiiiu^ry Comil.v. Dallas Comity,
Marion .Innctioii, opi'ii inaiiii'H. I'lowt-rs white; Ortober. Not il"re<[in!iit.
I'vpr locality: '• Native of Xoith Anmiica."
lU'ib. (ieol. Siir\ . Ih-rli Moiir.
Aatei dumosus I-. S|.. I'l. 2:N7:!. ITaS. Mi shy Am kh.
Ell.Sk.2::il7. (.lay. Man. i-d (i, L'UO. Cliaji. I'l. I'Oli. (Jray, Syn. II. N. A. 1, pt. L':
IS."). Coulter, Conlr. Sat. Ilc-rli. 2: l!tO.
Allcjjhcniau to Loiiisiaiiian area. SoutluMii Ontario; New Knjjlaiiil to .Miclii;,'aii ;
Oliio N'allcy to .Mis.soiiri, .soiitli to tin- (Julf, and from I'loriila to 'I'exas and ArkaiiH.is.
Ai.Al5A.MA : Mountain it-j^ion to Coast jtlain. 81iailc(l j;;ra8.><y banks, dani]> or <lry
sandy soil. Cullman ami Moliilc coiiutieH. Uays pali^ \ iolct, almost white; Octo-
ber. Common; abundant on tll(^ <;jraHsy b.nnks .along j>ino- barren streams.
ryi»c locality: "llab. in America scptcntrioiiali."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Aster dumosixs coridifolius (Michx.) I'orr. A (Jray, Kl. N. A. 2 : 128. IHll.
Many-i.kavki) Hukiiv Astkk.
Axtcr coridifoUiis Michx. Fl. IJor. Am. 2 : 112. \m.i.
A.foliolosii's Ell. Sk. 2 : :il5. 1821-L'l. Not Ait.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 203. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.2: 18(5.
Lonisianian area. South Carolina and Florida to Louisiana.
Ai.ahama: Central Frairic rej^ion to Coast plain. Low damp exjioscd places, bor-
ders of ditches, swamjis in low pine barrens. Montj;omery, Dallas, Baldwin, and
Mobile coiiuties. Flower r.iys white; October, November. Abiindaut in the ])rai-
ries aiid dam]) ii.it i)ine barrens near the coast. I'asses fir.adiially into the ibllowiu<^.
Type locality : '• llab. in aridis sylvarum Carolinao iiilerioris."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster dumosus subulaefolius Torr. vV (Jray. Fl. N. A. 2 : 128. 184L
.Small-leak Kimiv Astkk.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Ilerl). 2 : \m.
Loiiisianian area. South Carolina; Florida tt) Texas.
Alaha.ma: Lower Fine rej^ion. Coast plain. Low ojjcn i)ine liarrens. Kaya
white; October. Fre(|iient.
Type locality : "Texas, DriiDitnoiul .' Western Louisiana, 7>r. XeacenMJor^/i .'"
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster vimiueus foliolosus (Ait.) Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 186.
Maxy-leavici> Willow A.ster.
Aster foUolosuH Ait. Ilort. Kew. 3 : 202. 1789.
J. lenuifolim Ell. Sk. 2 : 347. Not L.
Ell. Sk."l. c. (iray, Man. ed. (5, 2(J1. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, p). 2: lS(i.
Alle.<;hei;ian to Carolinian area. Ontario, New England, west to Minnesota, Mis-
souri, and Arkansas, south to Florida and Arkansas.
Ai-auama: Monntaiii region. Damp o]ieii woods. Cullman (Joiinty. Lee, County,
Auburn { F. S. Karle). September.
Tyj)e locality: "Native of North Ameriia.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britten, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9 : 10. 1889.
DllKt'.SE AsTEIi.
SoJidaqo laterithra L. Sp. PI. 2 : 879. 1753.
.l.sler (lilliixKH Ait. Ilort. Kew. 3 : 20.5. 1789.
Anlcr mmT Nutt (ien. 2 : l.")8. 1818.
(irav, Man. ed (I, 2()I. Chap. Fl. 203; ed. 3, 222. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. '_' : 1X(!.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 19t).
AUeghenian and Carolinian areas. Nova Scotia, Ontario; throughout the Eastern
United States, west to Texas.
Alai'.ama: Mountain region to Lower hills. Tuscaloosa County. Talladega
County. Alpine Mountains. Lee County, Auburn, 860 feet. Not observed in the low
country. Not frequent.
Type locality : '•llab. in America st;])tentrionali. Kalm."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster lateriflorus glomerellus (Torr. & Grav) Burgess in Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 3 : 380.
1898.
Aster miner var. qJomerellns Torr. & Gray, PT. N. A. 2, pt. 1 : 130. 1X11.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New York, Virginia.
THISTLE FAMILY. 785
Alabama: Lower hills. Wooded bauks. Tuscaloosa Comity. October.
Type locality iiidetenuiiiate.
Flerb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Aster lateriflorus pendulus (Ait.) Burgess iu Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 3 : 380. 1898.
Asler pendulus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 204. 1789.
Carolinian urea. New York, Virginia.
ALAr..\:MA: Lower hills. Tuscaloosa Conuty. Flowers iu October. Not frequent.
Type locality : " Native of North America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster tradescanti L. Sp. PI. 2: 876. 17.53. • Thadescant? Aster.
Kll. Sk. 2 : 358. Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 261, in part. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 187.
Canadian zoue to Caroliuian area. Ontario to Saskatchewnn; southern New Eng-
land, and throughout the States east of -the Mississippi to Carolina and Georgia.
Alabajfa : So far known in Alabama only from Tuscaloosa County, there collected
by E. A. Smith.
Type localit V : '' Hab. iu Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster salicifolius subasper (Liudl. ) Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, ])t. 2 : 188. 1881.
EouGHiSH Willow-i.eaf Aster.
Aster suhn><per Liudl. Hook. Corni>. Bot. Mag. 1 : 97. 1835.
Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 261. Gray, 1. c. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 196.
Caroiiniau area. Illinois and Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Coast plain. Deep grassy bauks along streams.
Cullman County. Mobile County, Whistler, banks of Boguebo'^raa Creek. Flowers
white; October. Not frequent.
Type locality: "St. Louis," Mo.
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Aster paniculatus Lam. p]ncycl. 1:306. 1783. Pa>'Iculate Aster.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 261. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 222.
Canadian zone to Louisiauiau area. Canada; from the Atlantic west to the Rocky
Mountains; from New England west to Nebraska, south to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabam.a : Mountain region to Coast plain. Low grassj- banks. Cullman County.
Mobile County, Whistler, banks of Chickasaha Creek. Flowers pale pnrple; Octo-
ber. Not frequent.
Type locality: " Cette Ast^-re croit dans I'Am^rique septentriouale."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Aster tenuifolius L. Sp. PL 2 : 873. 1753. Salt-marsh Aster.
Aster flexuosKS Nutt. Gen. 2 : 154. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2:343. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 264. Chap. Fl. 206; ed. .3, 224. Gray, Svn. Fl.
N. A.l. pt. 2:202.
Alleghenian to Louisiauiau area. Coast of Massachusetts to PTorida, west to
Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain aud Littoral region, slightly brackish and saline marshes.
West shore of Mobile Bay, near Dog River; West Fowl River. Flowers, October;
rare.
Type locality : " Hab. in America septentrionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster exilis Ell. Sk. 2 : 344. 1821. Seaside Aster.
rripoJium diiarieatum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1 : 296. 1834.
Aster diraric((tus Torr. & Grav. Fl. N. A. 2 : 163. 1841. Not L.
Kll. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 205 ; ed. 3, 225. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt. 2 : 203.
Louisiauiau area. Georgia and Florida, west to Texas.
Alaba.ma: Coast plain. Low wet exposed i)laces, borders of ditches aud marshes.
^Mobile aud Baldwin counties. P^lowers pale purplish blue (lilac). October, Novem-
ber. Common.
Type locality: "Grows in damp soils iu the westeru districts of Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Aster subulatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 111. 1803. Spkeadixc Aster.
Aster linifoUus Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 162. 1841. Not L.
Ell. Sk. "2:345. Gray, Mau. ed. 6, 264. Chap. Fl. 205; ed. 3, 224. Gray, Svn. Fl.
N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 204.
Carolinian to Louisiauiau area. Coast of New England to Florida.
15S94 oO
78<) I'l^ANT I-Il'K ('K ALAHAMA.
Ai.AHAMA : Coast idaiii. l^dw 8\v;nii])y Imnks i>l' Molnlc 1,'ivi r. Aii^^iist. The sole
locality.
Typt' locality: " liali. in iiiaritiiiiiH iialiitlosis reiiii.sylvaiiiac et C'aioliiiaf."
liVrb. (Jeol. Sniv. llcrh. Moiu.
More iiialcrial is ni-cilcil lo <iclim' with a1)soliil(> accuracy tlio species ciiuincrateu
al><>\(> of tills exieiisive and dillicnlt ;ifnns, ])ai ticnlarl.\<)(" t in' willow-leal ;;ron]»
( Viil;iaresi, which is Inil scantily re]iresented in onr <ollccti<Mis <tlthe KU spc.t ies
ami \arieties, conlined to llic re<!;ioii east ol' the Mississi))pi lii\er aiui tiie adjacent
territory to tlu^ verge of the treeless jilains, 20 species Mith 11 ^vcll marked varieties
liave been recognized in Alabanni. Three species are pecnliar to the i>r)Misianian
area and most freijuent in the Coast ])lain and Maritime Pine belt, extending from
Texas to North Carolina anil scarcely straying northward beyond the sonthern
border of eastern \'irginia. 'l'he>e are .Inter j)nrjiiir(iliis, .1. criJiK, .1. ndiKitus, the last
not extending ■west of the Mississipi)i Kiver. Conlined to the same aiea arc the
varieties — Aster patens teniiicaulix, A. (himosns coridil'oliiiH, and .(. diinio^^ny milmlat I'nlins.
ERIGERON L. Sp. I'l. 2 :S(i3. 1753.
Fully 150 species of both hemispheres, diiefly American, a small nnmber of Sonth
Africa. Anstralia, and the Old World. Sortli America, 70 to 7"); Atlantic, is.
Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Syn. 2 : 131. 1S07. Daisy. .Swi;kt StAiuors.
Js/ec flMJiM«« L. S]). PI. 2 :87ri. 17.5S.
EvUierov hetciophyllns Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : V.m. 1804.
Grav. Man. ed. 6, 2a".. Chap. I'l. Sni)i)l. (i27 ; ed. 3. 226. Grav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1. ]>t.
2:218."
Ckntral Europe, inthoditei).
Allcghenian to Lonisianiau area. Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec; New
England west to Minnesota, Montana, Oregon, Caliioruia, south to the (iulf. from
Florida to Arkansas.
Alabama: Over the State. Scattered. Most freciuent in the Central Prairie
region in pastures and old liclds. JMobile County, in damj) ground, waste places,
l)or<lers of ditches, waysides. Flowers white, often tinged with purple ; .Inne. July ;
ajijiearing on thi' coast, as if introduced.
Tyiie locality : " Hab. in Canada.''
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) 13. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 27. 1888. Dai-y Fi.kai-.axk.
Doromcnm ramosum Walt. Fl. Car. 20.5. 1788.
Eriqeyon strigosiis Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1956. 1804.
EIL Sk. 2 :3!)4. Gray. Man. ed. (>, 265. Chap. Fl. 206. Gray. Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :
219. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 199. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 331.
Canadian zone to Louisianiau area. Ontario to Manitoba; south to the Gulf of
Mexico, from Florida to Texas; west from the Atlantic to Minnesota, Nebraska,
Montana, and the Pacific.
Alabama: Over the State. Dry, exposed ground. Abundant in liclds, worn-out
grass lauds, pastures. Flowers white; May. July. Biennial.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Erigeron ramosus beyrichii (Fisch. A: Me v.) Smith & Pounds, Bot. Surv. Nebr. 2 :
11. 1893.
Erigeron strigosns hcjjrichii Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 219. 1884.
Steudctis beiiriclni Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Petrop. 5 :27. 1838.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N.A.I, c.
Nebraska, Arkansas, Texas, and Carolina.
Alabama: Tennessee ^'alley. Wooded hills on limestone benches. Lee County,
Auburn ( Haker ci'- Earle, 254). Franklin County, Kussellville. Cedar woods of
I^ocust Dell farm. Copious. Flowers white; June. Biennial.
Tvpe locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 124. 1803.
Lilac-flowered Dalsy Fleabaxe.
Erigeron hcllidifoUiis Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1958. 1804.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 266. Chap. Fl. 206. (iray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt. 2 : 216.
Canadian zone to Louisianiau area. Ontario to Hudson Bay and Manitoba: New
England west to Minnesota : south from New .Jersey to South Carolina. Tennessee,
western Louisiana, and Texas.
THISTLE FAMILY. 787
Alabama: Mouutain region to Lower hills. Rich, open woodlands. Cnllmm
County, SOO feet. Tuscaloosa County (A'. J. Sviith). Flowers lilac; Ajjril, May.
Not coiniuon. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada, Pennsylvania et uiontibus Caroiinae."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Erigeron philadelphicus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 863. 1753. Philadklphia Daisy Fleabane.
Gray. Man. ed. 6. 26t). Chap. Fl. 206. Gray. Svn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt. 2 : 217. Wats. Bot.
Calif. 1 : 321. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 198.
Boreal region to Louisianianai-ea. (Ontario and Quebec north to the arctic circle,
south to the eastern Gulf region, west to Oregon and California.
Alabama: Over the State. Borders of woods and fields. Mobile County, abun-
dant. Flowers white, more or less tinged with purple; April, May. Of late years
becoming a troublesome wayside weed, infesting lawns and waste grounds. Bien-
nial.
Economic uses: The herb, under name of '"Erigeron," is used medicinally, as are
likewise E. canadeufiis, E. anmiiis, and E. ramosiis.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada. Kalm.''
Herb. Mohr.
Erigeron quercifolius Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 3 : 2.58, .. CSJ,f. 4. 1823.
Southern Daisy Flkaisaxe.
Erifjeron phUadelphicus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 123. 1803. Not L. Ell. Sk. 2 : 396.
Gray. Syn. IT. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :217. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 198.
Louisianiau area. South Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Al.\hama: Coast plain. Low grassy banks and borders of woods. Mobile
Couuty. Flowers white to bluish; April. Common. Biennial.
With the last an aggressive weed in grass plats, meadows, etc.
Type locality not given.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Engeroii vernus (L.) Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 176. 1841. Vernal Erigeron.
Aster verviia L. Sp. PI. 2 : 876. 17.53.
ErUjeron nndlcaule Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 124. 1803.
Ell.' 3k. 2 : 392. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 266. Chap. Fl. 206 ; ed. 3, 226.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Virginia along the coast to North Carolina,
Florida, and eastern Lonisian.i.
Alabama: Coast plain. Flat damp pine barrens. Flowers white; /priltoJune.
Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
LEPTILON Raf. Am. Monthly Mag. 2 : 268. 1818.
(Ceanotcs Raf. Fl. Tell. 2 : 50. 1836.)
Annual or biennial herbs. Asiatic and North American species, about 20.
Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton in Britt. and Br. 111. Fl. 3 : 391. 1898.
Horseweed. Canada Fleabane.
Eriijeion canadensis L. Sp. PI. 2 : 863. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 265. EU. Sk. 2:397. Chap. FL 206. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2: 221.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 198. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2 : 331.
Europe. Northern Asia. North America, throughout the continent.
Alabama: Over the State. Abundant weed. Flowers July to October.
Type locality : " Hab. in Canada, Virginia, nunc in Europa australi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Leptilon divaricatum (Michx.) Raf. Fl. Tell. 2 : 265. 1818:.
Erir/eron divaricatus Michx. FL Bor. Am. 2 : 123. 1803.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 265. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 226. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.2:221.
Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 198.
Alleghcnian and Carolinian areas. Indiana. Illinois to Minnesota, Nebraska, south
to Colorado, Arkansas, Texas, Tennessee.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Pastures, waste places, meadows. Franklin County,
Russellville. Lawrence County, Moulton. Flowers .June to August. Adventive
from the west, spreading and becoming a pernicious weed injurious to grass lands.
Annual.
Type locality: "Hab. in pratensibus Illinoensibus, prope Kaskaskia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
4 SS ri.ANT I.IKE OK ALA'!? \ MA.
Leptilon linifolius ( Willd. > li.IkT. Cut. N. A. I'l. i-.l. 2. Jli'. 1!i<mi.
A'ri,/. ;•<>» Ihiil'nliiis WilM.Sii. I'l. 3: 19r>5. ISOI.
Coili/:(i siniu'iUi Ell. Sk. 2 : :'.23. 1S21-LM.
C. nmbUi.iix DC. I'lodr. 5 : '-'«•. lS3r>.
Ell. >k.'l.c. Cb.ip. Kl.ea.3, 2_H;. (Jra.v, Syn. Kl. N. A. 1. ])t. 2 : 220. r;ri.s.'l.. Fl. I'.rit.
\V. imi.ot;:..
Akukntina to Mexico, the Wkst Ixuie.s, and tbo S()L'ihei;.v Initki) Siaiks.
Loiiisianiau are.i. Iiitrotlmi'd from the tropics. Coast of South Carolina to
Elorida.
Ai.MiAMA: Coast idaiii to Central Prairie belt. Waste places about d\v(dliii;;8.
Mobile aud Montgomery counties. July to October. Common. Fully naturalized.
Perennial.
Type locality not yivcu.
DOELLINGERIA Xees, Geii.A Sp. Ast. 173. 1836.
Wbite-liowered pormnials of eastern North America. Four species.
Doelliugeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. \1')<. 1S33.
Axtcr umhelUitiis Mill. Gard. Did. ed. 8, no. 22. 1768.
JJq>lop(qjpus Kmbellatiin Hook. Fl. lior. Am. 2 : 22. 1834.
Ell. Sk.2:3ii7. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 2(53. Chap. Fl. ed. 3. 225. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A.
1, pt. 2 : Ut6. Coulter, Coiitr Nat. Herb. 2 : 196.
Boreal region to Louisianian area. .Southern Labrador to the Gnlf of Mexico; from
Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and south to Te.xas.
Alaua.ma: Over the State. Damp shaded banks. Common.
Type locality : "From Fhiladeli>hia, where it grows naturally."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Doellingeria Iiumilis i,\Villd. ) Britton, in Britt. A: Br. 111. Fl. 3 : 392. 1898.
BiiOAD-LKAF Flat-top White Aster.
Asler liumiUs Wilhl. Sp. I'l. 3 : 20.38. 1804.
iJoeHiniieria ainygdaliiia Nees, Gen. iV Sp. Ast. 179. 1833.
Dijiluiiappiix coniifolinn Lindl. in Hook. Comp. Bot. ilag. 1:98. 1840.
D. (tininjdaJinuH Torr. A: (iray.-Fl. N. A. 2 : 183. 1841.
J.stcr ninhdlatas laiifol'iua Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 197, 1884.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 263. Gray, Syn. Fl. L c. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 196. Chap.
Fl. ed. 3, 225.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southeastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, along
the coast to Florida, and west to Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain, banks of pine-barren streams. Mobile
County. September, October. Not common.
Ty])e locality : "Hab. in Pensylvania."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr
Doellingeria infirma (Michx.) (Jreene, Pittoiiia, 3 : .52. 1896.
Jv/cr infiriniis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 109. 1803.
J. coriiifolius Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 2039. 1803.
Doellingeria coniifolia Nees, (ien. & Sp. Ast. 181. 1832.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 366. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 263. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, i)t. 2 : 197. Chap. Fl.
ed. 3, 225.
Carolinian area. Southern New England to New .lersey, Pennsylvania, western
Virjiiuia, and along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Open damp woods an<l copses. Cullman County.
Aitgu.^t, September. Not fre(|uent.
I'ype localit.y : " Hab. a Canada ad Carolinam, per tractus montium."
lONACTIS Greene, Pittonia, 3:245. 18!)7.
Perennial xerophile herbs of central and eastern North America. Species, 3.
lonactis linariifolius (L.) Greene, Pittonia, 3:245. 1897. Pink Starwout.
Aster Uuariifolitts L. Sp. PI. 2 : 874. 1753.
lJipl()papi)i':< linariifolius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 21. 1834.
Canadian zone to Louisianian area. Newfoundland to Quebec; New England to
Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas.
THISTLE FAMILY. 789
Alabama: Over the State. Dry exposed siliceous soil, open copses and woods.
Rays bright blue; October, November. Commou. Most coininon on barren sandy
rids^es in the coast pine barrens.
Ty])(' locality: " Hab. in America septentrionali.'"
Herb. Geol. Snr\'. Herb. Mohr.
CONYZA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 8fil. 1753.
ConyzacoulteriGray, Syn.Fl. N.A. 1, pt.2:2L'l. 18iS4.
Conlter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :200.
Ala]5ama: Fugitive from the Sonthwest, on ballast. Mobile County. Observed
once in September, 1890.
Type Iccality: ''Eiver bottoms, &c., W. Texas and Colorado to Arizona and
Calilornia."
Herl). Geol. Snrv.
B A.CCHARIS L. Sp. PI. 2 : 8(50. ITo.S.
About 275 species, evergreen shrubs and undershrubs, American, chiefly of tro])-
iial and warmer temperate South America. North America, 19; Atlantic, :->.
Baccharis halimifolia L. Sp. PI. 2 : 860. 17.53. Groundsel Tkee.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 319. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 266. Chap. Fl. 217. Grav, «vn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt. 2:
222. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herl). 1 : 200.
Carolinian to Lonisiauiau area. Coast of New York and New Jersey to Florida,
west to Texas.
Alaba.ma : Coast plain. Littoral belt. Fiesh and brackish marshes. Mobile
and Baldwin counties. Flowers white: October. Evergreen shrnb, o to 10 feet
high.
Type locality : " Hab. in ^ irginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Baccharis angustlfolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 12.5. 1803.
Nak row-leaf Gkoi'xdskl.
Ell. Sk. 2:318. Chap. Fl. 218. Grav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt. 2: 222. Conlter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 200.
Mexico.
Louisianian area. Seashoie Sontli Carolina to Florida, west to Texas and saline
plains of southern Arizona.
Alabam.a: Littoral belt. Salt marshes. Mobile County. Navy Cove. Flowers
September, October. Four to 6 feet high. Much less frequent than the last.
Type locality: " Hab. in scirpetis maritiniis, a Carolina ad Floridani."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PLUCHEA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817 : 31. 1817.
About 30 species, of warmer regions. Four in the Southern United States.
Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Prodr. 5 :451. 1836. Salt-marsh Fleahaxe.
Erifjeron camphoratum L. Sp. PI. 2 •.'6iM. 17.53.
Co7i>jza camphorata Ell. Sk. 2 : 321.
Ell.Sk. 1. c. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 267. Chap. Fl. 218. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 226.
Conlter, Contr. Nat. Herb, 2 : 201. Wats. Hot. Calif. 1 : 335.
Mexico, Cuba.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Coast of southern New Enuland to Florida,
west to Texas and Arizona; coast of California.
Alabama: Snbmaritime and Littoral region. In brackish and saline swamp*.
Mobile County. Baldwin County, shores of Mobile Bay and outlying islands.
Flowers deep pink; September, r)ctober. Frequent. Annual.
Type locality ; " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pluchea petiolata Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 42 : 2. 1836. ' STuox(;-scENTEr) Pluchea.
Pluchea foetida DC. Prodr. 5:452. 1836. Not Bacchavh foetida L.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 226, In part, as P. camphorata. Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 2.38.
1 See Bull. Torr. Club, vol. 21, p. 265. 1894.
7\H) I'LANT I. UK "K ALAHAMA.
Two iiiid oiie-lialf to ! iVc-t lii^ili, stem stout, siili ato to nii-^lcd, loaves tliininT and
laii,'( r than in the aliovo. iVoiii lA to :{ iiicln-s :iii<[ over widi'. poiiitfd at liutli iMuls,
taiH-riiij; into >lt'iid<M- prtiolcs i to 1 imdi Ion;;; (joweiiiiji licads sniallcr, w iili mcrtdy
rt'^inons-j;iaiiulosi' Mi<>t |nil)r,sient; iuvnlncia! scali-s. Flowers ]iale |iuridisli brown.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Kentucky, Iinliana, (>]iio, Tennessee, North
Carolina to Florida, west to Missi8sipi)i.
Ai..\hama: Over tlie Stato. Low damp places, lianks of streams, ditches, borders
of fresh-water swamps. Talladejia an<l Tnscaloo-a connties. Lee Connty, Aulmrn
(liuher iS- J.'arle). .Alont^omcry. .Mol)ile. and Baldwin cuiuities; Scjtteinlier. October.
Frequent. Annual.
Tyi>e locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. .Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pluchea foetida ( L.) H. S. P. I'rel. Cat. N. V. L'^. issx.
Haccharis fottidd L. Sp. I'l. 2 : 86L Mn'.i.
li. risco-srtWalt. Fl. Car. :.'02. 178S.
rhicliea hi/nnis DC. I'rodr. 5 : i'A. 183(i.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Coast of New .lersev to Florida, west to Texas.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 322. (.rav. ,Man. ed. t>. 2t)7. Chap. Fl. ed. 3. ±iX. (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1,
pt. 2 : 226. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 2t)L
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Low damp plaies, borders of ditches
and pine-barren ponds. \Vashinjitou County, Yellowpine. Mobile and Baldwin
counties. Flowers wiiite; August to October. Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Pluchea adnata ' Humb. cS: Bonpl.).
Harvharis adnata Hiuuh. iSi Boupl. ; Willd. Enum. 870. 180!*.
Pluchea subd('curre)i>i Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 42 : L 1826.
Me. \ I CO.
Alara.ma: Adveiitive with ballast.
Perennial from a ligneous root; stem ascending lA to 2 feet high, corymbosely
branched, winged by the decurrent base of the lanceolate, denticulate leaves,
which are on the lower side glandular-punctate; dowering heads sessile, crowded on
the ends of the branches. Not infrequent. Kijx'Us the seeds and makes its ajipear-
ance one year after another in the same locality, without spreading. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in America meridionali."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
PTEROCAULON Ell. Sk. 2:323. 1821-24. Bi.a( K Koor.
Two species, perennial. South Atlantic North America.
Pterocaulon undulatuni (Walt.).
(hiaphaUtim inxhilutKin. Walt. ' 1. Car. 203. 1788.
ro)iij:a polystachtia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 126. 1803.
Pterocaulon pohjkachiinm VAX. Sk. 2 : 324. 1821-24.
Ell. 1. e. Chap. Fl. 219. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 226.
Lousianiau area. Coast of North Carolina to Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Dry open grassy pine barrens. Baldwin County, about
the waters of Perdido Bay. Flowers white; May, June. Infrequent; not observed
farther to the west.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ANTENNARIA Gaert. Fruct. 2 : 410. 1791.
About 36 species, Europe, Asia, America. North America, 12: Atlantic, 3.
Antennaria plautaginifolla ( L.) Richards. App. Frank. .lourn. ed. 2, 30. 1823.
Plaxtain-lkaf Cudwekd.
Gnaphalium planlaginifoUiim L. Sp. PI. 2 : 850. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2:327. Grav.Man. ed. 6, 267. Chap. Fl. 243. Gray, Syn. El. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 233. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 202.
Boreal region to Carolinian area. Hudson's Bay tnroughout Canada and the
Atlantic United States, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.
THISTLE FAMILY. 791
Ai.ABA^rA: Monntaiu region to Central Pine belt. Dry rocky or gravelly hills.
Dekalb County, Lookout Monntain. Clay, Cullman, Calhoun, St. Clair, and Talla-
dega counties. Flowers white; April. Common throughout the mountains and
lower hills. Not observed in the lov/ country.
Type locality: "' Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Mohr.
GNAPHALIUM L. Sp. PL 2 : 850. 17.53.
CMie hundred and twenty species, cosmopolitan, Europe, northern Asia. North
America, 15; Atlantic, 5; endemic, 4.
Gnaphalium helleri Britton, Bull. Torr. Club. 20 : 280. 1893.
Helleu'.s Lifk Everlasting.
Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 3 : 401. 1898.
Carolinian area. Southeastern Virginia and along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Open woods and copses. Dekalb County, Lookout
Mountain, 1,800 feet, near Mentone. Flowers September; apparently not rare.
Similar to (i. ohtnsifoUion, from which, however, it is at once distinguished by
the close, densely glandular, not tomentose, puljescence.
Type locality : " In fields, Southeastern Virginia (Heller) to Georgia (Boykin)."'
Guaphalium obtu.sifolium L. Sp. PI. 2 : 851. 17.53. Sweet Life Everlasting.
Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 127. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2:325. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 268. Chap. Fl. 243; ed. 3, 239. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1,
pt.2:234.
Canadian zone, Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario;
New England west to Minnesota, south to the Gulf, from Florida to Texas, Ar-
kansas, and Missouri.
Alabama: Over the State. Dry borders of woods, pastures, old fields. Flowers
white; July to October. Frequent. Annual.
Economic uses: The herb, "life everlasting," is used in domosti^ medicin:-
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gnaphalium purpuieum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 8.54. 1803. Purple Cudweed.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 325. Gray, xMan. ed. 6, 269. Chap. Fl. 243. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A, 1, pt.
2: 236. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herl). 2 : 203.
Mexico.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. British Columbia; southern New England to
Florida, west to Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Alabama : Over the State. In light exjiosed soil, waste and cultivated places.
An annual or biennial winter weed.
Type locality: "Hab. in " Carolina, Virginia, Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gnaphalium spathulatum Lam. Eucycl. 2 : 758. 1786.
To this species is somewhat doubtfully referred the southern form included by late
authors in the last, but which is at once recognized as distinct by the loose and
longer, persistently arachnoid, wool covering the stem and leaves. The stem is
mostly simple from the perennial root; the leaves are rather thin, green above but
slightly cinereous beneath, broadly spatulate; the lower clusters of the flowering
heads, borne on shorter or longer pednucles, form a conspicuously leafy racemose
inflorescence. The inner iuvolucral scales are linear, acute, and shining.
West Indies, South America.
Louisianian area.
Alabama: Prairie region toCoast plain. Montgomery and Mobile counties; waste
grounds, roadsides, and pastures, near dwellings. Probably introduced from the
tro]iics and perfectly naturalized. Flowers white; throughout the summer. Not
infre«iuent.
Type locality : "Nous ignorons son lieu natal; mais nous la soupvonnons d'Ame-
rique. * * * Peut-etre vient elle du Cap de Bonne Espcrance. '
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
POLYMNIA L.Sp. P1.2:926, 1753.
Ten to 12 species, perennial herbs, American, from Argentina to Canada. North
America, 2.
Polymnia canadensis L. Sp. PI. 2 : 926. 1753. Canada Leaf-cup.
Ell. Sk. 2: 471. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 269. Chap. Fl. 219. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:238.
7'.''i I'l.ANT LIFK HK AI,.\ HA M A.
Alle;;lunian iind Ciiroliiiiati anas. Ontario and soiillierii Now Kii;;lau<l, west to
Mimu'suta; i>liio Valley to Missduri. Kansas, and Arkansas, and south al<in<r tbo
mountains to Sonlh Carolina.
Ai.ah.vma: Mountain region. Rich wnodcd hills. 1 )(kalli ('oniity. Mi-ntone, 1,800
feet altitndi'. Madison Couuty, Montt'sano, l,r)(iO feet altitude. Clay County, rocky
hanks Talhuhga t-'i'i'ek, 1,000 leet altitude. Flowers yellowisli white; May. Not
freipient.
I'v])*' locality : " Hab. in Canada. Kalni."
ilerli. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Polymuia cauadeusis radiala Gray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, ]>t. '2: !';{.*<. 1?<><1.
Carolinian area. Illinois. Arkansas, and Kansas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Madison County. llaiil< (if Monte>aM<). (ui limestone
rocks. ClayCount.\. Flowers sordid yellow; not fre(|uent.
Ty])e locality : •• Extends to Hot .'^j^rings, Arkansas, /■'. /,. IIan< ij."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Polymnia uvedalia L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1303. 1703. Hi:ai: Foot.
Ell. Sk. 2:471. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 270. Chap. Fl. 210. Gray, Syn. Fl N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 23S. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 204.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Western New York, I'ennsylv:inia, west to
Missouri and .Vrkansas. south to Georgia and Florida.
Ai.ai?am.\: Tennessee X'alley to Coast plain. Shady borders of woods, cojtses, in
rich soil. Lauderdale County, l-'lorenee (M. C. Uil><oii). Tuscaloosa, Montgomery,
Clarke, IJaldwin, and Mobile ccuiuties. Flowers yellow ; April, May.
Economic uses: The root, called "bear foot," is used in domestic nu^dicine
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb Mohr.
SILPHIUM l>.Sp. PI. 2:010. 17.53.
About 12 or 13 species, perennial herbs. Temperate Eastern North America.
Silphium laciniatum L. Sp. PI. 2:919. 17.53. Comi'as.s Plant.
Silphium qummiferum Ell. Sk. 2 :460. 1821-24.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gr.^y, Man. ed. 6. 270. Chap. Fl. 2i0. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, j.t. 2 : 242.
Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 205.
Allegheuian to Louisianian area. Dakota, Minnesota, Ohio to Missouri, Arkansas,
and Colorado; south from Tennessee to Georgia, west to Texas.
Ala«a>l\ : Prairie region to Lower division of Coast Pine belt. Montgomery
County, prairies on Pintlalla Creek. Monroe County, Claiborne. Flowers July,
August : not rare.
Type locality : " Hab. in America .septentrioiiali, Mississipjii. Collinson."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Silphium terebinthiiiaceum Jaisq. Hort. Vindeb. 1:/. ^.3. 1770. Pi;aihie Dock.
Ell. Sk. 2:463. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 270. Chap. Fl. 220. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt.
2 : 212.
Allegheuian and Carolinian areas. Ohio, Michigan, west to Dakota, Nebraska,
south to Arkansas, and from Kentucky along the monntains to Georgia.
Alaisa.ma: Lower hills. Grassy openings, borders of lields. Calhoun County,
Weaver {E. A. Smith). August; local and rare.
Type locality unknown ('' Patriam ignoro").
Silphium compositum Miclix. Fl. Bor, Am. 2 : 145. 1803. Southkkn Rosinwi:ki>.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 462. Chap. Fl. 220; ed. 3,241. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2:241.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina, along the mountains to
Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region to Central Pine belt. Dry gravelly or rocky ridges.
Cullman County. Tuscaloosa Couuty, 450 feet altitirde. Clay County, 2,000 feet
altitude, barren pine ridges. Talladega, Tallapoosa, and Chilton counties. Flowers
.July, August; frequent; most abundant throughout the arid siliceous pine-clad
ridges of the Metamorphic region.
Varies greatly in form and size of the leaves, from ovate pinnatisected {S. compos-
itum var. michauxii Torr. & Gr.) to rotund; or uniform, cordate, more or less lobed
(S. compositum var. reniformc Torr. & Gr,), and broadly ovate subcordate unequally
and obtusely toothed (5. compositum var. ovalifolium Torr. A Gr. ).
Type locality : " Hab. in sylvis maritimis, a Carolina ad Floridam."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Voi. VI
Plate XII.
SiLPHIUM MOHRII SMALL.
Contf. Nat. Herb., Vol. VI.
Plate XIII.
^^7
11/
^^-^^^^^^Lrc/W^ <ut ^rUfJt.diJL
SlLPHIUM GATESII MOHR.
THISTLE FAMILY. 793
Silphium asperrimum Hook. C'ouip. Bot. Mag. 1 : 99. 1835.
EOUGH-LEAF KoSUs'WEED.
Sil2)hhim radula Niitt. Trans. Aui.Phil. Soc. 7 : 341. 1831.
S. scaherrimnm var. Toir. & C4rav, Fl. N. A. 2 : 279. 1842.
Gray. Sy:i. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 240. ' Coultt^r, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 205.
Caroliuiau and Louisiauiau areas. Southern Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana.
Al.-vba.aia: Mouutain region. Grassy glades; dry borders of lields. Clay County,
Mount Olive. 1,500 feet altitude. .Inly, August; frequent.
Ty]ie locality : "' Covington," Louisiana {Dnimtitond).
Herb. Gaol. Surr. Herb. Mohr.
Silphium .scaberrimum Ell. Sk. 2 : 466. 1824. Scabkous Rosixweed.
Ell. vSk. 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 240. Coulter, Coutr. \at. Herb. 2 : 205.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Western Georgia to Louisiana, Arkansas, and
Texas.
Alabama: Central prairies. Upper division Coast Pine belt. Prairies, Wilcox
County? {Buckleji). Monroe County, Claiborne. Lee County, Auburn (Baker cj-
Earle). Etowah County, Gadsden (rr. ii'. Faseii). .Inly; infrequent.
Type locality: "Grows in the western districts of Georgia."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Silphium mohrii Snuill. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 24 : 493. 1897. Muhr's Rosixweed,
Perennial, coarse, very hispid throughout with shaggy hairs. Stem erect, 2| to 3^
ft. tall, simple below, branched above, tinely-channeled in age; leaves alternate,
ovate-lanceolate, or narrowly ovate-lanceolate, or normally ovate, 2 to 6 in. long,
acuminate at the apex, remotely serrate with prominent teeth, except near the
base or apex, sessile or nearly so; heads li t<> If in. broad, pediceled; in\olucres
broadly campanulate, the bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 4 to 7 lines long,
acute or somewhat acuminate; corollas about 4 mm. long, the segments ovate, rather
obtuse; rays yellow, elliptic-oblong, 5 to 7 lines long, nndulately 3-toothed at the
apex; achenes obovate, more or less constricted at both ends, about 3 lines long,
winged. Plate XII.
Exposed rocky declivities. Cullman County.
A very distinct si)ecies of the much confused genus Silphium, related to what I
understand as ^. aspernmum Hook., hitherto called S. scaherrimxvi. It can easily be
distinguished by the copious shaggy pubescence which clothes the foliage up to the
flowers. The peculiarly toothed leaves with their less rounded bases and the smaller
heads with their narrow bracts and shorter rays are additional diagnostic charac-
ters.
"The species is named in honor of Dr. Charles Mohr."
Carolinian area. Tennessee {Gatthigtr).
Alabama: Mouutain region. Exposed rockv declivities. Cullman Conntv. Octo-
ber, 1894. Rare.
Type locality: "In dry or rocky soil, Cullman. Alabama, October, 1885."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Silphium gatesii sp. nov.
Stem 2A to 3 feet high, terete, hispid pilose throughout with long white hairs jointed
above the inflated papillose base, above the middle more or less covered by short flat
tawnj- hairs forming on the upper part of the stem and the branches a close tomeu-
tnm ; leaves all alternate, acntish, scabrous abo\ e, paler and less harsh beneath, the
radical and lower cauline leaves 6 to 8 inches long, + to | inch wide, narrowed at the
base into a slender winged petiole one-third of the length of the sparsely sinuate-
dentate leaf blade, the upper sessile with a more or less cordate' base, sparsely den-
ticulate or entire ; corymbose branches erect-spreading ; flowering heads more or less
numerous, large; involucral bracts tomentose-hairy on the outside, scabrous-hirsute
above, hispidulous-ciiiate, oblong-acute, the outer longer then the disk; rays nearly
1^ inches long, golden yellow ; achenes obo\ <ate, rather oblong, narrow-winged,
slightly emarginate, teeth minute or wanting. Plate XIII.
Resembles narrow-leaved forms of <S. rts/er(.sc/(s, from which it is distinguished at
once by the peculiar pnbesceuce, the thinner narrower lea\ es, and the oblong-ovate
achenes almost or entirely destitute of teeth. TheTe is a form with broad leaves and
wing.
Named in commemoration of Hezekiah Gates of Mobile, one of the earliest contrib-
utors of Alabama plants to Torrey and Gray's Flora of North America, to whom Dr.
(iray dedicated his genus Gatesia, a name found untenable and lately replaced by
Yatesia.
Carolinian area.
7'U I'LAXr lAl-K OK AI..\I!.\MA.
Ai.akama: .Momiiaiii legiDU. ( iilliii;in ('t)iiiily, -iiowiiiti on gravelly borders of
lielils. Willi .S. tiiolirii, blooiiiinu iiixnit two moutlis earlier. May 1.'8, \S{)'>.
'l\ pf localitv as just givt-n.
lU-rh. Mohr.'
Silphiiim asteriscus L. Sp. I'l. 2 : 1'L'O. 1753. Common Kusi.N\VKi-.n.
Kll. Sk. 2 : lti!t. (irav, Man. od. (i, 270. Chap. Fl. 220. Grav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt.
2:211.
Carolinian and Louisianian area.s. North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
Alaha.ma: Over the State. Dry rocky or gravelly o])en woods and copses. Clay
County, Siiinliouo \'alley, l,0O0 feet altitude. Cullman County. Montgomery and
Moliile eoiinties.
Type locality: '• llab. in Virginia. Carolina."
Silphium asteriscus angustatum Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. ed. 2. 1, )it. 2 : 440. IXiH].
Louisianiau area. Western Florida.
Alabama: IMuc region, (irassy open ]iine woods. Baldwin and Mol;ile counties.
Flowers .luue, ,Fuly. Not fre(|uent.
Tyj)c locality : •' Chattahooche, Florida, J. JI. Curtiss.''
Herb. Ceol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Silphium deutatum Ell. Sk. 2 : 4(58. 1821-1824.
Si}2>hium asieriscus var. scahnnn Nutt. (ien. 2 : 183. 1818.
^'. asteriscus laevicanle DC. Frodr. 5:512. 1836.
-S. astiviscus var. deniatum Chap. Fl. 221. 18H0.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Gray, Syii. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 241. Chap. Fl. cd. 3, 241.
Ai.ahama: Mountain region to Central prairies. Kooky dry woods, open cojises.
Talladega County, Kiddell s Mill. Montgomery Couuty, bald rocky prairies, Pint-
lalla Creek. Wilcox County {Buckley). Lee County. Auburn {Baker <V' Karle, 283).
In our specimens the stem is glabrous throughout, the leaves are ovate-lanceolate
acute, pilose, scabrous above, softer and paler nnderneath, thin; the lower opposite
on short hirsute itetioles, the upper sessile, alternate. Bracts of the involucre
snuiotli, eiliate, tht; inner broadly ovate; by this character the species becomes
widely remote from S. asterii^cus, w ith which it has by most botanists been connected.
Type locality : " Grows in the western districts of Georgia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Silphium trifoliatum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 020. 1753. Tiikek-lkaf Kt).siNwi:Ki>.
Silphium ternifolium Michx. Kl. iior. Am. 2 : 146. 1803.
Fll. Sk. 2 : 46t3. Grav. Man. ed. 6, 270. Chap. Fl. 220. Grav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2: 241.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Pennsylvania to ( )hio, south to Tennessee and
upper Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region to Central prairies. Margins of lields and rich open
copses. Clay Connty, Mount Olive. Cullman County. Montgomery County, Pint-
lalla Creek. Blount County, Blount Springs. Flowers, July, August; 5 to 6 feet
high. Not infrequent.
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herli. Geol. Surv. Herli. Mohr.
Silphium laevigatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 578. 1814.
Silphium trifoliatum latifolinm Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 241. 1884.
Ell. Sk. 2 : '465. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1. c.
Carolinian area. Lower South Carolinia and middle Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Open woods. Walker County, South Lowell. Blonnt
and Cullman counties. Lee Couuty, Auburn {Baker ij; Earle,28i). Flowers June to
August. Not rare.
Considering that N. iutcrjrifolium is not found in the lower parts of the Southern
States, and that the description of Pursh is founded on Enslen's plant collected in
"Western (Tcorgia, there can be no doubt about its identity with the plant described
by Elliott under the same name; accordingly Pursh's name is to be kept up.
In view of the many doubtful forms wliicli occur in the southern extension of the
Allegheny Mountains, and which have been either described as distinct species or
considered as varieties and often confounded with one another, it is not without
hesitation that the forms regarded as new by the writer are here introduced, espe-
cially when confronted by the confusion of the nomenclature of this group.
Type locality : "In Georgia. Enslen."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
THISTLE FAMILY. 795
ACANTKOSPERMUM s.luauk. PI. R:ir. Hoit. Mouar. 2:i. 33. 1819.
Four sjiecies, auimals, South America.
Acaiithosperniuin australe (L.).
ilelampodiKm australe L. Sp. Fl. ed. 2, 2 : 1309. 1763.
Acanilioxpermum hrasilum >chrank. PL Kar. Hort. Monac. 2: t. 53. 1819.
CenlrosjH'rminn j-antliioides H. 15. K. Nov. Geu. & Sp. 4:271. 1820.
Acaiithosptrnnttn xanthioides DC. Prodr. 3 : 521. 1836.
Chap. Fl. Suppl. 628; ed. 3, 240. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 239. 1884.
South America to Brazil.
Louisiauian area. Adventive iu South Carolina and Florida.
Alabama : Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Waste ground; along railroad tracks.
Escambia and Mobile conntit-s. Flowers greenish white; June to October. A fre-
quent ballast weed. Reported from Lee County, Auburn.
Type locality : "Hab. iu Cnnuina."
Herb. Geo). Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Acanthospermum humile (Sw.) DC. Prodr. 5 : .522. 1836.
Melampodium humile Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Dec. 114. 1785.
Chap. Fl. ed.3, 240. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2:240.
West Indies to Brazil.
Louisiauian area. Adventive. Ports uf western Florida and occasionally at New
York and Philadelphia.
Alabama: Ballast grounds. Mobile County. July to October. Obnoxious and
persistent ballast weed, spreading slowly along the river front.
Type locality: "Jamaica, Domingo."'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BERLANDIERA DC. Prodr. 5:517. 1836.
Four species, perennials, Sonth Atlantic North Ainerita and adjoining Sonoran
(Texano-Mexican) region. South Atlantic, 2.
Berlandiera pumila (Michx.) Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 7:342. 1840.
Downy Berlandiera.
Silphium pumilum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 146. 1803.
Berlandiera tomentoaa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 7:343. 1840.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 469. Chap. Fl. 221. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 243. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2:206.
Louisiauian area. North Carolina to Florida and Arkansas.
Alabama : Coast plain. Sandy pine forests. Baldwin Couuty, Blackwater River.
Flowers yellow; July. Rare.
Type locality: "Hab. in Florida."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CHRYSOGONUM L.Sp. PI. 2:920. 1753.
One species, Atlantic North America.
Chrysogonum virginianum L. Sp. PL 2 : 920. 1753. Golden Daisy.
Ell. Sk. 2 :472. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 271. Chap. Fl. 219. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:243.
Carolinian and Louisiauian areas. Southern Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Dry open woods. Mobile Couuty,
sandy pine ridges. Flowers golden yellow; March, April. Not common. PerenniaL
Type locality : "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
PARTHENIUM L. Sp. PI. 2 :988. 1753.
Ten species, perennials. West Indies, Mexico. North America, 7.
Parthenium hysterophorus L. Sp. PL 2 : 988. 17.53.
Chap. Fl. 222. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 244. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 207.
West Indies, Mexico.
Louisiauian area. Florida to Louisiana. Most proViably naturalized from the
Tropics.
7'.M> PLANT LIFK oK ALAHAMA.
Ai.AHAM.v: Coast i)lain. NN'n^itf i)l;ii'cs nt-ai (Iwt'liiiijj:^;. Coiiimoii in the sIreetH of
Mol)il«'. Flowers wliite; .luin', .liil\ . Annual.
Tn ]ii' locality : " Hal), in .l.iinaicae {jlaieo.sis.''
llVil). .Mohr.'
Partheniuni integrifolium 1>. Sp. PI. 2 : !'NS. IT'iS.
1:11. Sk. 2:474. (irav, Man. ed. li, 272. Cba]!. Fl. 222. Grav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1. j.t.
2 : 245. ('oulter, Contr. Nat. Herl>. 2 : 208.
Carolinian area. Maryland, Virginia west to Missonii ' and Arkansas; along the
nintintains to Georgia.
Ai.ARAM.x: Mountain region. Dry harreu woodlands. Clay County, Emerson's
Gap. 1,800 feet, 'i'ailapoosa, Cherokee, Lee, and Cullman countie.s. Flower.s wliite;
.Tul.\, .-Vugust. Most fre<|uenton the liarrcn Mctainorphic hills. Perennial.
ryi)e lor ility : " Hal), in Virginia."
Herb. Gool. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
HELIOPSIS Pars. Syn. 2:473. 1807.
Seven species. Perennials. Mexico, Central America. North America, 4.
Heliopsis minor (Hook.) Smallkr Oxeye.
Hcliopsis laevis var. mivor Hook. Conip. Bot. Mag. 1 : 98. 183.5.
H. (/mciUx Xutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 7 : 3.53. 1840.
//. Iaerif< var. gracilis Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 303. 1842.
Chap. Fl. ed. 3, 247. Gray. Syu. IT. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 255.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Georgia, to western Florida, Louisiana, and
Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower hills. Thicket.s and shady woods. Clay
County, Delta divide, 1,800 feet altitude. Culhnan County. Bk)unt County (./. />.
Smith). Tuscaloosa County. Flowers yellow; July, August. Two to 4 feet high;
branched from the base.
Type locality : "Covington, N. Orl.'"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 28. 1888.
liupliihahnum hdianihoides L. Sp. PI. 2 :904. 1753. .Suxi'lowek-like Oxeye.
Helioijsifi laeina Pers. Syn. 2 : 473. 1807.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 407. Gray, ^Lan. e<l. 6, 275. Chap. Fl. 225.
Carolinian area. Southern Ontario and New York, west to Missouri and Arkansas,
and from New .Jersey south along the mountains to Georgia and Mississippi.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry open woods. Lee County, Auburn {Baker if
Earle, 2S9). Cullman County. Flowers yellow; July ; not freiiuent.
Type locality : " Hab. in America septentrionali.
1 Icrb, Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
ECLIPTA L. Maut.2:1.57. 1771.
About 4 species, tropical regions both hemispheres.
Ecliptaalba (L.) Hassk. PI. Jar. Ear. 528. 1848. White flowereij Eclipta,
Verhesiiia alba L. Sp. PI. 2 : 902. 17.53.
Eclipta erecia L. Mant. 2 : 28(5. 1771.
/;. procumhciifi Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 1211. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 403 Grav. Man. ed. (i, 275. Chaj). Fl. 224. Grav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :
256. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :213. (iriseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 370.
All Tjsopical Countries.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New Jersey, Virginia, Ohio \'alley to Missouri,
Arkaiisas, south to Florida and Texas.
Alaba:\ia: Tennessee Valley to Coast plain. In cultivated ground. June to Sep-
tember. Common. Annual.
Tvpe locality : "Hab. in Virginia, Surinamo."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
THISTLE FAMILY. 797
MELANTHERA Robr. Skiiv. >'at. SeJsk. KjTib. 2 : 213. 1792.
About 8 species iu warmer Africa aud America. North America, 3. South Atlantic.
Melanthera hastata (Walt.) Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 107. 1803.
Halbeud-leaf Melaxthera.
Athanasia hastata Walt. Fl. Car. 201. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 314. Chap. Fl. 22.5. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. ])t. 1, 2 : 257.
West Indies, Mexico.
Loaisianiau area. Coast of South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama : Coast plain. Damp thickets aud borders of woods. Mobile County,
muddy banks. Perennial.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SPILANTHES Jac(i.Stirp. Am. /. i/^. 1763.
About 40 species, perennials, tropical zones both hemispheres, largelj- American,
West Indies to Brazil. North America, 1.
Spilanthes repeiis (Walt. ) Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 131. 1803.
Creeping Spilaxtiies.
Anthtmis repena Walt. Fl. Car. 211. 1788.
AcmeUa repena Ell. Sk. 2 : 106. 1824.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 237. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 258. Coulter, Contr. Nat.
Herb. 2:214.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, Texas, and Arkansas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Low damp i)laces, damp thickets, and cultivated ground.
Baldwin and Mobile counties. Flowers deep yellow; August to October. Common.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
RUDBECKIA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 906. 1753.
About 30 species, chiefly perennials, Mexico, North America. Atlantic, 19.
Rudbeckia triloba L. Sp. PI. 2 : 907. 1753. Maxy-flowered Cone-elower.
Ell. Sk. 2 :452. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 276. Chap. Fl. 227. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:259.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Pennsylvania aud Ohio to Missouri aud Michi-
gan, south along the mountains to Georgia and middle Florida, west to Louisiana
aud Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Central Prairie region. Thickets, fence rows.
Talladega aud Montgomery counties. Rays golden yellow, disk purplish black;
August, September. Not infreiiuent. Biennial.
Type locality : " Hab. iu Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rudbeckia hirta L. Sp. PI. 2 : 907. 1753. Rough-stemmed Cone-flower.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 4:17. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 276. Chap. Fl. 227. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 260. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 215.
Alleghenian, Carolinian, aud Louisianian areas. Southern Ontario aud north-
western New York to the Ohio Valley and Missouri; south from New Jersey to
Florida, west to Texas aud Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to the Coast plain. In dry light soil, open woods.
Rays yellow, frequently orange at base, disk purplish black; June to September.
Common; abundant throughout the pine woods. Biennial.
Type locality : " Hab. iu Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rudbeckia niouticola Small, Torreya, 1 : 1901.
Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 3:416. 1898.
Carolinian area. Mountains of North Carolina to Georgia, Alabama, etc.
Alabama: Mountain region. Copses and woods. Dekalb County. Lookout
Mountain, near Mentoue, 1,800 to 2,000 feet altitude. Flowers golden yellow ; Sep-
tember. Rare.
Type locality: "Georgia: Estotoah Falls. August 11-12, 1893, Small (type)."
7^)S I'l.ANT LIKK (»F ALABAMA.
Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. Ili>rt. Kiw. S:-.")!. ITJSH. <;<>ii)k\ Cunk-ilowkk.
i;ii(lh,<hi,i (■///•(/•-<""' '" Micbx. Fl. lU>r. Am. 2 : 1 IS. IHIW.
/;. iliDcolor 1:11. Sk. 2; 1.14. 18L'1-L't. { i)
Hll. 8k. 1. c. Cirav. Man. ed. ti. 276. C'ha).. 11. L'l'T. (ir.iv. Svii. Fl. N. A. 1. j.t. 1': -JOO.
CoulttT. t'ontr. Nat". 11. tI.. 2 : 1'l.").
Carolinian and i.onisiauian areas. New .ler.sey, Pennsylvania, Virginia. ( iliio Val-
ley to Missouri and Arkansas, south aloui;' the mountains to (Georgia. Florida, and
Tex:,s.
Ai.ah.xma: Central I'rairio region. Dry woods. Montiioniery Couuty (./. I'oinitll
Sniilh). Flowers .Inly, August; iufreqnent. rerennial.
Type locality: "Native of North America."
Herb. (ieol. .'<urv. Herb. Mohr.
Rudbeckia spathulata Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 2 : 114. 1803. Field Conk-klowkr.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 4;V>. Grav. Man. ed. C 27ii. Chap. Fl. 227. Grav. Svn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt.
2:21U.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. \'irgiriia and Tennessee to (ieorgia and mid-
dle Florida.
Al.msama: Mountain reyiou. Coast plain. <)i)en woods, copses, and dry lields.
Cullman. Talladega. Clay, and Lee counties. Mobile County, near Whistler, in the
pine barrens. I'lowers August, September. Common in the upper distiicts, rare in
the Coast I'ine Belt. Perennial.
Ty])e locality : " Hab. in montibus Cai'olinae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rudbeckia heliopsidis Torr. A: Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 310. 1842.
( >Xi:VK COXE-KI.dWER.
Chap. Fl. 227. Gray, Syu. IT. N. A. 1. pt. 2 : 2(il.
Carolinian area. Georgia.
Alahama: Mountain region. Open woods in light sandy soil. Dry pine forests.
Cherokee County {liuckley). Lee Couuty (./. Jiontiell Smith). Dekalb County on
Lookout ^louutain, Mentoue. August, September. Local and rare. Perennial.
Type locality: ''Pine woods, &c., a. Columbus, (ieorgia, Dr. Boyl'tn! /i. Chercdvee
country of Alabama, in wet places, Mr. BuckUi)!."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rudbeckia laciniata L. Sp. PI. 2 : 906. 1753. Tall Com>iluw kh.
Ell. Sk. 2:451. Grav. Man. ed. 6. 276. Chap. Fl. 227. Grav. Svn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt.
2 : 262.
Allegheniau and Carolinian areas. Quebec and Ontario to Manitoba; New Vork
to Minnesota : Ohio Valley to western Missouri, Arkansas, New Mexico, and Arizona ;
south from New Jersey to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Bottom lands, rich banks. Clay County, Talladega
Creek, 1,000 feet. Flowers canary-yellow; August. September. Six to 8 feet high.
Not rare. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rudbeckia laciniata humilis Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. ]it. 2 : 262. 1884.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Allegheny Mountains, Virginia to Georgia.
Alabama : Mountain region. Talladega County. Kiddell's Mill, 1,500 feet altitude.
Lee County, Auburn {/.'«Ae>- <|- EarU). Infrequent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Mountains of Virginia, Georgia."
Herb. Mohr.
Rudbeckia amplexicaulis Aahl, Skriv. Nat. Selsk. Kjiib. 2, pt. 2 : 29, i. 4. 1793.
Dracopis amjjIe.ricaKUs Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 35 : 273. 1836.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt. 2 : 263. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 214.
Louisianian area. Western Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana.
Alabama: Central prairies. Coast jilain. Low fields, waste places. Dallas
Couuty, Marion Junction, borders of low fields, with GailJardia pnlcheUa and other
])r;iirie plants. Mobile County, waste places; adventive from the Southwest.
Annual
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Rudbeckia glabra DC. Prodr. 5 : 556. 1836. Smooth Coxe-flowkr.
liudhcckia tiitida var. lotKjifoUa Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 262.
Louisianian area. Georgia to Florida.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. '• Tuskegee, Beaumont." Not collected recently.
Type locality: "In Georgia, circa Savannah?"
THISTLE FAMILY. 799
RATIBIDA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2 : 2(18. 1818.
(Lei'achys Kaf. .Touru.Phys.89:100. 1819.)
Four species, North America, chiefly southwestern. Atlantic, 1.
Ratibida pinnata ( Vent. ) Barnliart, Bull. Torr. Club, 24 : 410. 1897.
Hiidbeclia pi)inata Xent.Jard.Cels. i. 71. 1800.
Lepiuhys pinnata Torr. it Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 314. 1842.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 450. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 277. Chap. Fl. 228. Gray, Svn. Fl. X. A. 1. pt. 2 :
263.
Alleghenian to Louisianiau area. Western Xew York to Michigan, Iowa, Minne-
sota, and Nebraska, south from Pennsylvania and the Ohio Valley to Arkansas,
Louisiana. Tennes.see, and middle Florida.
Ai.ABAAiA :■ Mountain region. Central Prairie region. Dry banks, borders of (ields.
Madison County, Moutesano. Montgomery and Dallas counties. Hale County, pike
near Troy. Flowers canary-yellow, disk pale pdrplish. Not rare in the Central
l'i"airic belt.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. hjnrv. Herb. Mohr.
BRAUNERIA Neck. Elem. 1 : 17. 1790.
( KCHIXACEA iloench. Meth. 591. 1794.)
Two species, perennials, Atlantic North America, chietiy Southern.
Brauiieria purpurea (L. ) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 334. 1894.
Black Sampson. Purple Conk-flower.
Budheclta purpurea L. Sp. PI. 2 : 907. 1753.
Echinacea purpurea Moeuch, ^leth. .591. 1794.
Ell. Sk. 2 :449. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 275. Chap. Fl. 226. Grav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt. 2:
258.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia and Ohio ^'alley to Missouri, south to
Tennessee and (leorgia, west to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Central Pine belt. Open woods and 2)rairies.
Lauderdale and Cullman counties. Tuscaloosa County {E. A. Smith).
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia. Carolina.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Brauiieria pallida (Nutt.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 333. P \LE Coxe-flower.
Rudbeclia pallida Nutt. .Tourn. Acad. Phila. 7 : 77. 1834.
Echinacea amiustifolia DC. Prodr. 5 : 554. 1836.
Grav, Man. ed. 6,'275. Chap. Fl. 226. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt.2:258. Coulter,
Contr^Nat. Herb.2:214.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Manitoba, latitude 49- ; Minnesota, and Michi-
gan, west to Nebraska and Colorado, south Irom Tennessee to Georgia and Texas.
Alabam.\: ("entral inairies. Hale County, Galliou. Floweis pink; .Tuul-, July.
Rare.
Type locality : '"Arkansas. Collected by myself and Dr. Pitcher."
Herb. (leol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
TETRAGONOTHECA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 903. 1753.
Three species, perennials. North America. Atlantic, 1.
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L. Sp. PI. 2 :903. False Sinflower.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 407. Grav. Man. ed. 6, 274. Chap. Fl. 226. Grav, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :
255.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Coast of Virginia, south to Florida and Missis-
sippi.
Alabama: Central Pine bidt to Lower Pine region. Bibb, Monroe, Baldwin, and
Mobile counties. Flowers in May and not r.irely again in August. Frequent.
Tvpe locality : '''Hab.in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
STEMMODONTIA Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 46 : 407. 1827.
(Wedelia Jacq. Enum. PL Carib. 8. 1760. Not Loell. It. Hisp. 180. 1758.)
(NiEBUHRiA Neck. Elem. 1 : 30. 1790. Not Scop. Introd. 134. 1777.)
(WoLLASTONMA DC. ; Decsuc. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Par. 3 : 414. 1834.)
About 50 species, tropical America.
800 I'LAXr LIFE CF ALABAMA
Stemmodontia aspeirima ( Simnu;.).
HxplitlKiliiiiim iin2)firi)ninii Spreiin'. Ncii. Kutdct'U. 2:11". ISiil. Not li'oll<tsloni(i
axpeir'niia Decsne. Nduv. Aiiu. Miis. I'ai'. 3 : 111. LSol. Nor U'ldrrKi (inperrinia Hciitli.
Fl. Austral. 3 :5:5m. \HM.
Jnoiiio-iliphiinii hiij)hlh(ihiioiil<s I )C. IModr. 5 : -MiO. 1S3().
Wedtlid hiti>litli(thiii)i(h:s Gri.sob. Gortt. Abli. 7 : 1'3.'). 1S57.
Seriiutiim buplithaliiniidcs Kuut/.e._ Kfv.Cieu. I'l. 1 : l!()5. 18'.tl.
Wi:sr Indies.
Ai.AitA.M.\: Adveiitive with ballast. Mobile County. Fluwcrs golden yt-llovv;
Anniist, .Sei)teniber. I'ersisteut ou the ballast heaps and adjoining; waste, phucs.
July. First observed 1884. rereuuial.
Type locality not ascertained. Locality o{ Jnomonlejjhium huphlhaJtiuiidcs: "(Jnada-
lupa (nertero! Krauss!), loco dicto Pointe-a-Pitre (I'erottel). "
Hcib. ( ;eol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
BpRRICHIA Adans. Fani. IM. 2 : i:;ii. 17118.
Six species, tropical America. Shrubby ^>r sult'ruticose. South Atlantic North
America, 2.
Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC. i'rodr. 5 :489. 183<>.
. ntiplilhuhninn f'riiteiicens L. Sp. PI. 2 : 903. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 108". Gray, Mau. cd. t). 277. Chap. FL 224. (irav, Svu. Fl. N. A. 1. pt.
2 : 2(i5. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 216.
Mkxico, West Indiks.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Seashore of Vir<;inia to Florida and Texas.
Alabama: Littoral region. Salt marshes. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flow-
ers yellow; -Vugust, October. Fretiuent. Shrubby at the base. Perennial.
Ty))e locality : ■' Hab. in .laniaica, Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
HELIANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 2 :904. 1753.
About (50 species, perennials, chiedy American. Mexico, Central and South
America. North America, 40; Atlantic, 23; interior, 8; Pacific, 10.
Helianthus debilis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 7 : 367. 1841.
Early Sl'nklower.
Chap. Fl. 22i). Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :273. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 217.
Louisianian area. Florida to western Louisiana and Texas.
Alabaaia: Coast plain. Adventive in cultivated fields. May, 1888; not observed
since. Annual.
Type locality : '"The sea-coast of East Florida. fDr. l^aldwin. V
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Helianthus angustifolius L. .Sp. PI. 2 : 906. 1753. Nahrow-lkaf Sinklowek.
EU. Sk. 2 : 1 15. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 278. Chap. Fl. 229. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :
273. Coulter, Coutr. Xat. Herb. 2 : 218.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. New .Jersey to Florida, west to Texas, Arkan-
sas, southern .Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to the Coast plain. Damp and dry sandy soil, bor-
ders of thickets, woods, and fields. Morgan County. Cullman County, 800 feet.
Autauga, Clarke, and Mobile counties, etc. Rays golden yellow; disk brownish.
Common; most abundant throughout the Coast Pine belt.
Type locality: "Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Helianthus aiigustifolius nemorosus var. nov.
Padical and lower canliue leaves from roundish-ovate to broadly lanceolate and
acute. Very variable, in one extreme closely approaching H. jloridanun Gray,' and
in the other connected with the type by intergrading forms, and hence of doubtful
varietal value.
Alabama: Shaded, springy banks. Mobile CoTinty,Springhill. October,Noyember.
■Syn. FL N.A.I, pt. 2: 273.
THISTLE FAMILY. 801
Helianthus radula ( Piirsli ) Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 321. 1841.
Raylkss Sunflower.
Riidheclda radula Piirsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 575. 1814.
B. apetala Nutt. .lomn. Acad. Phila. 7 : 77. 1834.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 456. Chap. Fl. 229. Gray, Syii. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 274.
Louisianian area, .(leorgia, Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast Pine belt. Dry pine barrens. Rays mostly wanting, or when
present reduced; disk pansy-purple; September, October. Abundant throughout
the pine uplands of the Coast Pine belt.
Type locality : "In Georgia. Bartram.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Helianthus heterophyllus Nutt. Jonrn. Acad. Phila. 7 : 74. 1834.
Xi:de-stkmmei) Sunflower.
Chap. Fl. 229. Gray, Syu. Fl. X. A. 1, i)t. 2 : 274.
Louisianian area. Coast of North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Flat dami) pine barrens. Mobile and Baldwin counties.
October, November. Fre([uent.
Type locality : "In Alabama."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Helianthus atrorubens L. Sp. PI. 2 : 906. 1753. Dark-purple Sunflowf.r.
Fll. Sk. 2 : 414. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 278. Chap. Fl. 229. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1, pt. 2 : 274.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Lower Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana
and Arkansas.
Alabama: Tenuessee Valley. Mountain region. Lower hills. Dry open woods.
Dekalb County, Valleyhead, 1,100 feet. Clay County, Moseley, l,000"feet altitude.
Cullman County. Shelby County, Montovallo. Lee County, Auburu. Kays yel-
low, disk dark purple; September, October. Freijnent in mountainous districts.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Helianthus mollis Lam. Encycl. 3 : 85. 1789. Velvety Sunflower.
Heliantluis canescens Michs. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 140. 1803.
//. piibesveiis Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 2240. 1804.
Fll. Sk. 2:418. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 279. Chap. F1.230. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 276. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 218.
Carolinian area. Southern Ohio to Missouri and Arkansas, south from Tennessee
to (jeorgia.
Alabam.\: Mountain region. Coosa Valley. Damp grassy banks in the ])ine
forests. Walker County, near South Lowell. Etowah County, near Ballplay.
Damp gravelly pine woods, local and rare.
Tyi)e locality : " Nous la croyons originaire de I'Ameriqne septentrionale."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Helianthus tomentosus ilichx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 141. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2: 424. Chap. Fl. 230. (irav, Man. ed. 6, 279. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:276.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. West Virginia, Carolina, and Georgia.
AL.vBA^Lv: Mountain region to Fpper division Coast Pine belt, borders of thickets
and of woods. Clay County, .Mount < ilive, 1,400 feet. Tallapoosa County, Dade-
villc, 800 feet altitude. Dallas County, Marion Junction. Choctaw County, Blailen
Springs. Clarke County (/-r Denny). Flowers August, September. Four to 6 feet
liigli. .Not inlreijuent.
Type locality : " Hab. in ]>ratensibus Illinoensibus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mobr.
Helianthus microcephalus Torr. A Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 329. 1842.
Small-flowered Sunflower.
Helianthus diraricatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:141. 1803. Not L.
H. pariiflorus Bernh. ; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3 : 617. 1816. Not H. B. K. 1820.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 427. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 279. Chap. Fl. 231. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :
278.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. West Virginia, Pennsylvania; Ohio \'alley
south along the mountains to (ieorgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
15894 51
,S()L> I'l.ANl' 1,1 KK OK \I,\1!\M\.
A I. AHA \i A : Mountain n <ii(iii lo < 'tMilral I 'inn licit. 1 )iy ((pen woods. < 'lay ( 'oniity,
Killers, l,(MMMV-ot. Ciilliiian (oniiry. MH» Ifct. liiHcalonMi Connty, I'lOftM!!. IN-rry
(Onnty (•/. D. Smilh ). l"r»'i|iiiut; ((iiiiinoM tlirun;;liont tin- Wan ioi talih^-laiul.
Tyj>i' locality : " r]t|icr Canada I W'chIcim I'eiinsy 1\ aula I Oliiol Iiicliana I
and Ivcntucky 1 to the wcHlcrii pait ol (icornia! ami to Lonisianal y ("oviiifjtou,
Loiiitjiana, hniminond.' "
Herb. (Jeol. Siirv. Ili-rli. .Moln.
Helianthus divaricatu.s L. Sp. j'l. 2 : UOti. 17o8. 1)!\aiu(aik Sim low kk.
llcHaiiiliiis InnirahiK 8ch\vciii. : Kll. Sk. 2 : 111). IHL'I.
Kll.Sk.l.c. CJray, Man. cil. (i. L'SO. C'liap. V\.)>:M. (iray. Syn. F1. .\. A. 1. i)t. J : L'7!t.
.Mle^lieniau, Caioliniau. and Loiiisianian areas. Ontario to Manitoba ; Now Kn;;-
land. west to Dakota, south to the Ohio X'allcy, Missouri. Kansas, and Nebraska, and
from New York to 1-lorida and northern Louisiana.
Ai.AHAMa: DitVuscd throughout the State. Dry ojien woods. Clay County, .Mount
Olive. Lauderdale. Madison, Marshall, Cullman, and Mobile counties. On sandy
pine ridges. Flowers July, August. Most tVe(|uent in the mountains; local in the
Lower I^ine region.
Tyjic locality: " Hab. in America scptentrionali."
Herb. (ieol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Helianthus hirsutus Kal. .\un. Nat. 14. 1820. Haiky Sinklowki£.
HeHdntlnis divcrxifoliiix Kll. Sk. 2 : 423. 182L Forma.
(irav. :SIan.ed.6, 280. Chap. Fl. 231. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1. i)t. 2:27!t. Coulter.
Coutr! Nat. Herb. 2:219.
Allegheniau and Carolinian areas. Ohio, Michigan to Minnesota, south from
West Virginia to Tennessee, Georgia, Louisiana, Texjis, anil Arkansas.
.Vi.ahama: Mountain region to lJ))per division Coast Fine l»elt. Dry open woods.
Clay County, Mount Olive, shelliy County, Calera (A'. .1. Smith). Monroe County,
Mount Pleasant. Flowers .)uly, August. Not infie()uent.
Type locality : " I found it on the knob hills of Kentucky."
ll«'rb. (ieol. Sur\ . Herb. Mohr.
Helianthus hirsutus trachyphyllus Torr. &. (iray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 329. 1842.
Bough-leaf Haiky Sini'lowkk.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 279.
Carolinian area. Arkansas.
Ai.AiJAMA : Mountain region. Dry o))en copses, borders of tields. Clay County,
near Mount Olive, 1, ;■)()() feet. August; not fr<;queut.
Type locality: "Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher !'
Herb. (Jeol Surv. Herb. M(dir.
Helianthus hirsutus stenophyllus Torr. A: Gray. Fl. N. A. 2 : 329. 1842.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 279. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 219.
Louisianiau area. Mississijjjii, Louisiana, and Texas.
Alaua.ma: Lower Fine region. Dry open woods. Mobile County. Flowers
August, September. Stem mostly simple; 1 to 1^ feet high. Not frequent.
Type locality: ''Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale! Dr. Learenworth .' Texas, Drnni-
moiid .'"
Herb. Mohr.
Helianthus tracheliifolius Mill. ' -ard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 7. 1768.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 280. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, ]>t. 2 : 280.
Carolinian area. New York and I'ennsylvania to Missouri and Arkansas, south
along the mountains to Tennessee.
Alaisama : Mountain region. Lee County, Auburn \ /'>aker .( Karle, 2i}i)). .July;
rare. Only locality known.
Tyi)e locality: "All these species of Sun-llowers are natives ol' America."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Helianthus strumosus L. 8p. I'l. 2 : 905. 1753.
Gray. .Man. ed. 6, 280. Chap. Fl. 231. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 279.
Allegheiiian and Carolinian areas. Ontario, New Kngland, west to Minnesota and
Missouri, south to Arkansas, ami from New York to Tennessee, ami along the uioun
tains to (icurgia.
Ai.AHA.MA : Mountain region. Lee County, .\ul>urn [ liaker tV Karle). .Inly; rare.
ryi)e locality : " Hab. in Canada."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
THISTLE FAMILY. 803
Helianthiis longifolius Pnrsb. F]. 2 : 571. LS14.
Ell. 8k. 2 : 417. Gniy, Syii. FI. 1, pt. 2: 278.
Carolinian area. Westoiii (ieorgia.
Alabama: Mountain iii^iou. Damp rocky glailes. De Kalb County, on Lookout
Mountain, De Soto Falls {Herh. Ililtmore), Marsliall County {Herb. BUtmore, 1900).
Local and rare. Se]>tenilier, October.
Type locality: " In the western parts of Georgia. Lyon.''
Herb. Geol. Siirv. Herb. Molir.
Helianthus scliAveinitzii Torr. iSl (iray, Fl. N. A. 2 : S30. 1842.
ScHWEiNiTz'-s Sunflower.
Chap. FL 231. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 278.
Carolinian area. Western North Carolina and middle Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry borders of woods. Lee County, Auburn. Cull-
man County. September, October; infrequent.
Type locality: '"Near Salem, North Carolina, SchweinUc .' and in Mecklenburg-
County. Mr. M'. a. Curtis!"
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Helianthus glaucus Small, liull. Torr. Club. 25 : 480. 1898.
Southern' SxMOOtii Suxflowkk.
Carolinian area. North Carolina. Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Dry open woods. Cullman County. Two to 3^
feet high.
"'Perennial, deep green. Stems erect, 9 to 18 dm. tall, widely branching, smooth,
glabrous and glaucous; leaves oi)posite; blades somewhat leathery, iirm, lanceolate,
acuminate, sharply serrate, very scabrous above, tomentulose beneath, narrowed into
short-margined petioles; heads rather small; in^ olucres campanulate, 8 to 10 nun.
high; bracts few, lanceolate or oblong with a lanceolate tiji, more or less strongly
spreading, white-ciliate; rays yellow, oblong, 1 to l.,5 cm. long, often .5 to 7; disk
becoming 1 cm. broad; disk-coiollas 4 nnn. long; segments lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate; disk bracts commonly 3- toothed at the apex, minutely pubescent; achenes
3 to 3.5 mm. long, obloug-obovoid, with two slender barbed teeth.''
rype locality: " Dunn's Monutaiu, Rowan County, North Carolina, August, 1894;
Stone Mountain and vicinity, Georgia, and on Little Stone Mountain, Georgia, Sep-
tember, 1894."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
VERBESINA L. Sp. PI. 2 : 901. 1753.
(AcTiNOMERLs Nutt. Gen. PL 2 : 181. 1818. )
Geuns variously limited; perennials. South America. North America, 9 species;
Atlantic, 7.
Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walt. Fl. Car. 213. 1788. Wayside Crownbeard.
Sietjesheckia occidentalis L. Sp. PL 2 : 900. 17.53.
Verbesina sieqesbeckia Michx. FL Bor. Am. 2 : 134. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2:411. Grav, Man. ed. G, 281. Chap. Fl. 237. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 1, pt.
2:287.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Southern Ohio, Illinois, and Tennessee, south
to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabama : Central Pine l)elt to the Coast plain. Damj) places, borders of thickets,
fields, waysides; August, September. Four to 5 feet high; coarse. One of the most
abundant wayside weeds of the Coast plain.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Verbesina virginica L. Sp. PL 2 : 901. 1753. White Crowmseard.
Ell. Sk. 2: 410. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 281. Chap. FL 238. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 287. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 221.
Mexico.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Virginia to Florida, westto Texas and Arkansas.
Al.\i;ama : (Central Pine region to (loast plain. In rich soil, Ixirdcrs of fields and
woods. Montgomery and Mobile counties. Mowers sordid white; September. Six
to 8 feet high. Sparsely dlKiised.
Type locality : "Hab. in \ irginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. .Mohr.
(S04 PLANT LIKE oF ALABAMA.
Verbasina ariatata (Ell.i lldli r, Cat. N. A. IM. ..l. l', JIS. liKH).
UaIJK-STK.M.MKK ( l.oWMlKAHD.
lleluinlUuH arixlulHx Kll. Sk. 2 : IL'^. \'i''2\-2\.
Avtinomvv'iH niidndnlia Niitt. Trans. Am. Phil. S(»c. n. ser. 7:;{6l. IMl.
I 'er lies hi a iiiidiiuiiUM (Jrav, Proc. Am. Acail. 19 : 11.'. 1H><3.
Ell. Sk. I. V. (Jiiiy. Syii. Vl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 2SS. (Jhaj.. El. 2;5S; o.l. :<, L>.->r..
('ari>Iiui.iii and Loiiisianian aroas. (M^or'^iu ami Florida.
Ai..\iiama: Mountain rt'^^ion. Lower Pine belt. Lee Conutv, Auburn, dry meta-
nioi phif hills, S(iO feet. Mobile County, (Jrand Hay, Handy oj»en pine ridges.
I'lowrrs <j;olden yellow; .Line, .Inly. Local and int"re(infnt. Perennial.
Type locality: 'MJrows in dry se.ssile hoU.s in the western districts of(ieorgia."
HerV). (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Verbesiiia heliauthoides Micbx. Fl. Lor. Am. 2 : 1IJ5. 1803.
SUNFLOWKIJ-I.IKi: (KnWNnKAKI).
Actinomiris helianihoiden Nutt. Gen. 2 : 181. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2:413. (Jray. Man. ed. (5, 281. Chap. FL 233. (Jray, Svu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2: 288. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 :221.
Carolinian area. Ohio \'alley, Missouri, and Arkansas, and from Tennessee south
to upper CJeorjiia.
Ai.ahama: Pennessee A'alley. Lowei- bills. Borders of woods and lields. Lauder-
dale County, in the barrens. Hibb County. Pratt's Ferry, .luly; local and rare.
Type locality: ''Hab. in occidentalibus Alleghanis, territorio Tennassee, et regione
lllinoensi.'
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Verbesina euceliodes (Cav. ) Gray, Syu. FL N. A. 1. pt. 2 : 288. 1884.
Encelia-like Chowmskaki).
.\\mine>'i(i enn-lioides Cav. Icon. 2 : 60, 1. 178. 1793.
Chap. Fl. Su])pl. ()30; ed. 3, 255. Coulter, Contr. Kat. Herl>. 2 : 221. Gray, Syu. Fl.
N.A.I, c.
Mexico.
Louisianian area. Southern I'lorida, Texas, Arizona, and southern Colorado.
Alabama: Coast plain. Adventive in ballast. MobileCounty. Autauga County,
Prattville, waste places, adventive from southwestern Texas with wool. Flowers
goblen yellow; .Inly, Sejitember. A frei|uent and persistent ballast weed.
Type locality : " Hal), in Mexico."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Brittou ; Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club. 20 : 485. 1893.
Cij<jwnheaku.
Coreopsis alternifolia L. Sp. PI. 2 : 909. 1753.
Jctinomeris aquarrosa Nutt. Gen. 2 : 181. 1818.
A. alternifolia DC. Prodr. 5 : 57.'i. 1836.
Ell. Sk. 2:413. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 281. Chap. Fl. 232. (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 289.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Western New York to Michigan, Ohio Valley
to Missouri, Nebraska, from West \'irgiuia south to Florida and Louisiana.
Alaij.\ma : Tennessee ^'alley to Lower hills. Rich bottom lands, borders of tields
and woods, ('lay County, Elders, 1.000 leet. Blount County, banks of Mulberry
Fork. Flowers yellow. Not frequent. Eight to 10 feet high.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia, Canada."
Herb. Mohr.
COREOPSIS L. Sp. PI. 2 : 907. 1753. Tickseed.
About .50 specie 8, more or less tropical; Africa, Sandwich Islands, chietiy warmer
America. North America, 28; Atlantic, chiefly southern, 23; Lower Sonoran (Texauo-
Mexican),5; Pacific, 1.
Coreopsis gladiata Walt. Fl. Car. 2 : 215. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 44L Chap. Fl. 235. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 290.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, and Missis.sippi to Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine belt. Damp grassy pine barrens. Washington County,
Yellowpine. Pare. Perennial.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. (Jeol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Coreopsis aiigustifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 2.53. 1789.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 443. Chap. Fl. 235. Gray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, i)t. 2:290. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 222.
Louisianian area. Coast of North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
THISTLE FAMILY. S()5
Alaba^nfa : Coast plain. Flat damp pine barrens. Baldwin and Mobile odunticn.
Rays golden yillow, disk almost black. September, October. Perennial.
Type locality : " Native of Carolina and Florida."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Jouin. Acad. Phila. 2 : 114. 1821.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 282. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 291. Coulter, Contr. Xat. Herb.
2 : 222.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Saskatchewan to north Intitndi- 49 ; Minne-
sota, Arkansas, Texas, Colorado, and Arizona.
Alabama : Karely escaped from cultivation. Mobile County, waste places. May.
A well known garden annual.
Type locality: "Throughout the Arkansas territory to the banks of K'ed Kiver,
chiefly in the prairies which are subject to temporary inundation."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Coreopsis drummondii (D. Don) Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 34.5. 1842.
CalUopsis drummondii D. Don in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 315, 1831-38.
, Gray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 291. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 222.
Louisianian area. Western Louisiana and Texas.
Alabama: Coast plain. Naturalized. Escaped from cultivation, or atlventive
from the Southwest. Grassy glades. Baldwin County, Daphne, along the eastern
shore of Mobile Bay. In similar situations observed on the shore of Mississippi
Sound (Pascagoula, Miss.). May, June. A frequent garden annual.
Type locality (Torr. & Gr. ): "Texas, Drummond!''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 : t. 11',. 1825-27.
Chap. Fl. 235. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 292. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 222.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Georgia and western Florida to Texas, Arkan-
sas, and southern Missouri.
Alabama: Mountain region to Fpper division Coast Pine belt. Damp and dry
light soil. Grassy exposed places, borders of woods. Cullman, Blount, and Bibb
counties. Hale County, Gallion. Henry County, Ozark. Lee County, Auburn
(Ealle^' Baker). Flowers yellow; .luue, August. Perennial.
Type locality : Received " from North America, sent by Mr. Hogg from New York."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Coreopsis lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 2 : 908. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2:433. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 282. Chap. Fl. 235. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A.
l,pt. 2:292.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Shore of Lake Superior, Ontario; Virginia and
North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, and Illinois.
Alabama: Mountain region to Central prairies. Dry light soil. Open woods and
prairies. Dekalb County, Meutone, 1,600 feet. Cullman County, 800 feet. Bibb
County, 500 feet. Lee County, Aul)urn (Baker .j- EarJe). Montgomery County, Pint-
lalla Creek. Hale County, Gallion. Blount County. Wilcox Countj' (Buckley).
Flowers yellow. Frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Coreopsis cra.ssifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 2.53. 1789. Hairy Coreopsis.
Coreopsis lanceolata var. rillosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 137. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2:434. Gray, Man. ed. 6,282. Chap. Fl. 235. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 292.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Carolina to western Florida.
Alabama: Lower Pine region,' Exposed sterile ground. Escambia County, on
the Al.ibama and Florida State line, dry pine ridges. Shelby County, exposed
exsiccated openings in the flat woods. Flowers June. Not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Native of Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Coreopsis pubescens Ell. Sk. 2 : 441. 1821-21. Star Tickseed.
Ell. Sk.l. c. Gray, Man. ed. 6,282. Chap. Fl. Suppl. 630; ed.3, 257. Gray, Syn.
FLN. A. 1, pt.2:293.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Mountaijis of North Carolina to Georgia,
western Florida, and Missouri (Gray).
.S()() PLANT I. UK <»K ALABAMA.
Ai.auama: rcinicssco Valley to Ci-iilrai rriiiri<' lult. Ikich IijiiiUh, Itoidcrs of
woods. LaiidiMclale County, Floicnit' (.1/. ''. /('('nkh). Clay County, Talladdfra
Crcclx, 1,(1(11) I'cct. Cullman County. lUonnt Coniity, ItaiikM of Mullx-rry ForU.
Hale Comity, (i'alli(Mi. Wilrov County ( ////c/./r// >. FIowits yellow; June, Inly.
Perennial (Voin a stout root 2 m:! leet lii;;li. Frei|urMt in the valhiysof tht^ Warrior
tableland, the Conna \alley. and the ujijier part of the I'rairie belt. I'ereuiiial.
Type locality: " (irows in the western distri<;ts of (Seorgia.'
Herb. (ieol. Siirv. llerii. Midir.
Coreopsis auriculata L. Sp. I'l. 2 : 908. 17r>:?. Mkadow Cokkopsis.
i:il.SU.2: loC). (Jrav, Man. ed.d, 282. Cbai>. Fl. 2:$.'); Su])]!!. tIliO; cil. 8, 257. finiy,
Syn. Fl. N.A.I, pt. 2:2«I3.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. \iru;inia lu i »lii(i, Houth alonj; the mountains
to (Jeorgia.
Alahama : Mountain region to Central Fine belt. <>p<>nings in ricii woods, grassy
banks. Winston Counts, (N)llier Creek, L.WO foet. Dekalli County, Mentone, l,fi()0
feet .altitude. Cullman and Tuscaioosa counties. I'lowers dtu-]) yellow; .\pril,
May. Perennial from a stolonifcrous rootstock. Not rare in the mountain region.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia.'
Herb. (ieol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Coreopsis verticillata L. Sp. PI. 2 : 907. 17o3. Whohm-.d Tickskkd.
Coiro]>sis iennifoUa Khrh. IJeitr. 7: 168. 1792.
Ell. Sk. 2 : i:>9. (Jray. Man ed. ti. 28:^. Chap. Fl. 234. Gray, Syn. Fl. X. A. 1, pt. 2:293.
Carolinian area. Ontario, Maryland, and Virginia, along the mountains to North
Carolina and Georgia, west to Missouri and Arkansas.
Ai.aha.ma: Mountain region; rocky woods. Dekalb County, Desoto Falls on
Lookout Mountain. Lee ('oiinty, Aubnrn {Eavh).
Type locality: " Hab. in \'irginia."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Coreopsis delphiiiifolia Lam. KncycL 2 : 108. 1786. Larkspir Tickskkd.
Corcopnin rerticillutd var. Untarin Miclix. Fl. Hor. Am. 2: 139. 1803.
Ell Sk. 2 : 138. Gray, .Man. ed. (i. 2S3. Gray. Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, i)t. 2: 293.
Carolinian area. Virginia .' and North Carolina along the mountains to (ieorgia.
Alabam.\: Keportcd by Torrey and Gray; not collected lately.
Type locality: "Cette plante croit dans la Virginie."
Coreopsis major Walt. Fl. Car. 214. 1788.
Coreop.si.'i senifolia Michx. Fl. IJor. Am. 2 : 138. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2: 438. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 283. Chap. Fl. 235. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2:294.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Flori<la and Louisiana.
Alabama : Mountain region to the Coast plain. Dry sandy or rocky woods. Clay
County, Che-aw-ha Mountain. 2,400 feet. Mobile County, little above sea level.
Flowers .luly. August. Counnon. .Vbundant in the dry pine b.arrens. Perennial.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Coreopsis major oemleri (Ell.) Britton, Mem.Torr. Club, 4: 131. 1893.
(Ikmlkr's Tickskkd.
Coreopsis oemleri Ell. Sk. 2 : 435. 1821-24.
V. sttllata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7 : 76. 1834.
C. senifolia stellata Torr. A; (Jray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 342. 1842.
Ell. Sk. I.e. Gray, Man. ed. (1.283. Chap. Fl. 236. Gray, Syn. FL 1, pt. 2: 294.
Carolinian area, ^'i^ginia and Kentucky to Tennessee and Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Metamorphic hills. Lee County, Auburn (/iaAvT 4'
Earle). Perennial.
Type locality : ''Collected near the junction of the Broad and Saluda rivers by
Mr. Gender.''
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Coreopsis tripteris L. Sp. PI. 2 : 908. 1753. Tall Corkopsis.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 442. (iray, Man. ed. 6, 283. Chap. Fl. 2.34. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 294.
Carolinian area. Southern Pennsylvania ami Virginia, west to Michigan and Wis-
consin; Ohio \'alley to ilissouri and .\rkansas. south along the mountains to Georgia
and middle Florida, and west to western Louisiana.
THISTLE FAMILY, 807
Alabama: Tennessee Valle\ . Monntain region. Damp thickets. Lawrence
County, Monlton. Lauderdale County. Clay County, bottoms of Talladega Creek,
1,000 feet. Cullman and Coosa eounties. Lee County, Auburn. Fre<iuent. Pereu-
nial.
Type locality : " Ilab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
BIDENS L.Sp. PI. 2:831. 1753. BuR Markiold.
About 65 species, temperate and warmer regions, rhictly American. North Amer-
ica, 12 or more. (Including Coreopsis, section Diodonta, Torr. «.t Gray.)
Bidens frondosa L. Sp. PI. 2 : 832. 1753. Stick-tight. Common JiEGGAR Tick.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 431. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 284. Chap. Fl. 236. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2: 296. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herl.. 2 : 223.
Canadian zone to Louisianiau area. Nov a Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to the
Gulf from Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Low rich soil, bordeis of fields. Common pernicious
weed. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in America se])teutriouali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Bidens laevis (L.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 29. 1888.
Large-klowkred Bitr Marigold.
EeUanthus laevis L. Sp. PI. 2 : 906. 1753.
Bidens chrysanthemoides Michx. i'l. Bor. Am. 2 : 136. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2:429. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 285. Chap. Fl. 237. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 296. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 223.
Mexico, South Amekica.
Canadian zone to Loui.sianian area. Nova Scotia, Ontario to Manitoba, west to
California, and soutli to Florida and western Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Muddy places, ditches, marshes. Flowers golden
yellow; October, November. Most abumlant in the Coast plain. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in \'irginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Bidens leucantha Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1719. 1804.
White flowered Si'anish Needles.
Chap. Fl. 237. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 297. Griseb. Fl. Brit. \V. Ind. 373.
Me.kico, West Indies to Chile and nearly All Tropical Countries.
Louisianian area. Southern Florida.
Alaba.ma: Coast plain. Fugitive on ballast. Mobile County, observed from 1889
to 1892. Rays white, disk yellow. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in America calidiore."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Bidensbipinnata L. Sp. PI. 2 : 832. 1753. Spanish Needles.
Ell. Sk. 2:432. Grav, Man. ed. 6, 285. Chap. Fl. 237. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2: 297. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 223.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Southern New England, west to Ohio, Mis-
souri, and Arkansas, south from New York to Florida ami Texas.
Alabama: Over the State. Borders of fields, waste places. September, October.
Common in bottom lands; a troublesonu- weed. Annual.
Type locality : ''Hab. in Virginia.'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Bidens corouata (L.) Fiach. ; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2, 202. 1840.
GOLDEN-KLOWERED COREOPSIS.
Coreopsis coronata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1281. 1763.
C. aurea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 252. 1789.
C. mitis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 140. 1803.
Ell. Sk. 2:440. Gray, Man, ed. 6, 283. Chap. Fl. 233. Gray, Syn. FL N. A. 1, pt.
2:294.
Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Shaded wet swamps. Mobile and
Baldwin counties. September, ( )ctober; common. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
SOS IM.ANT I. IKK <»K A1,.\1'.\MA.
Bidenscoronataleptophylla (.Nuii.i I'ink i;m(i:i.n ( - .i;i (.i-.his.
Diodoiilo Itjiloplnilln N lit I . Iiims. Am. I'liil. Soc. Hcr. L', 7 : :{fi<). IMl.
itii>ii})xis aiiriii \ :ir. /<7*/(»/»/i »///'( 'I'nir. iV (iray, Kl. N. A. 2 : IJISK. \X\2.
Anions Ilio lonns of this poly iiiorplioiis i\pc fliis is tin- only one with i>«i-
inaiM'iit (LaraftiTH and dcscrv iiiii oT varietal raniv. It is r»!c<);,Mii/.e(l by its more
riuid liahit of^'i-owth, the leaves piimatcly :? to") divided, with tlif terminal divisionH
linear, elongated, sparinj^ly toothed and the lateral shorter-lobed or incised. Annnal.
Ala»am.\: Coast plain. Opiii jiine harniis. Moliili^ Comity. I'lower.s UrigliL
yellow ; October.
Type locality : "(ieoi'^ia. (Dr. Jialdwyn. )"'
Herb. (Jeol. Siirv. Herb. Mohr.
Bidensinvolucrata (Nntt.) Hritton, Hull. i'on. Clnl.. 20: l'^<l. 1X9H.
Wk.stkkx Hi'u .Maijkioi.I).
('oreopaiH iuroliicrata >fntt. Jonrn. Acad. I'hila. 7 : 74. 1SX4.
(Jrav. Man. ed. (5,2X4. Cray. Svn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt. li: 'Jit.'). Conlter. Contr. N.it. lierli.
2 : L'2S'.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Sonthwostern Illinois. .Missouri, and .Vrkansas,
south to Texas and western Louisiana.
Ai.aijama: Motintain ref^ion. Damp open jdaees, pastnres. r)p.n w Hands, (iill-
maii Connty. Flowers Auj^nst. Kare. Aunnal.
Type locality: "In Arkansas. Collected by myself and Dr. I'itcher."
Herb. (;eol. 8iirv. Herb. Mobr.
Bidens discoidea (Torr. & Gray) lirithm, I'.iill. lorr. Clnb. 20:-!«l. l><9o.
\a)\\ .Swami" Makicoi.d.
Coreojiais dincoidea Torr. &, Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 331). 1842.
Gray, Man. ed.(). 281. Chap. Fl. 233. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2:2!»5. Conlter,
Contr! Nat. Herb. 2:223.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Conuecticnt, Ohio, western Illinois, \irginia,
eastern Louisiana to Texa.s.
Alaha.ma: Central IMne belt. Coast plain. Wet thickets. .Montgomery Coimty,
Cypress pond. Moliile Conuty. wooded swamps .ilong the old telegraph road.
October 18. One to 3 feet higli, densely branched. Not common. Auuual.
Type locality: " Wet places and swamps, Colnmbns, Ohio, .)//•. iSiillivant! Felici-
ana, Lonisiana, />r. Carpenter! Western Lonisiana, Dr. Hah! Texas, Dnimmond!
Virginia, Mr. RikjcI! "
Herb, (ieol, 8nrv. Herb. Mohr.
GALINSOG-A Kni/. A-, I'av. Prodr. I'l. Pern. 110, /. .'4. 1794.
About 5 8)»ecies, annnal herlis, warmer temperate and tropicil America.
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Icon. 3 : 41, t. ..'SI. 1749.
(iray, Man. ed. (!, 286. Gray, 8yn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 303.
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Kastern Massachnsetts to Oregon, North Caro-
lina, and Missonri. Naturalized frcnn tropical America.
Alabama: Coast plain. Cnltivated and waste places. Mobile County ; becoming
a tronblesome weed.
Type locality: " Hah. in Peruvia."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
ACTINOSPERMUM Kl].Sk.2:Lt8. 1821-24.
(Bai.duina NutL(;en.2:17r). 1818. Not Haldwiuia liaf. 1818.)
Actinospermuni iiniflorum (Nntt.) liarnhart. Bull. Torr. Clnb, 24: 411. 1897.
OnE-HEADKD ACTINOSPEI'.MI'M.
Balduina nnifiora Nntt. Gen. 2 : 175. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 447. (Jray. Man. ed. G, 28ti. Chap. Fl. 240. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 302.
Louisianian area. Coast of southern N'irginia to Florida and eastern Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast jilain. Flat, damp pine barrens. Baldwin and Mobile comities.
Flowers deep yellow ; Angust, September. l'"re(|iient. Perennial.
Type locality: '"In open grassy swamps from the maritime parts of Virginia to
Florida."
Herb. (ieol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
THISTLE FAMILY. 8UV)
Actiiiospermum angustifolium (Pursh) Torr. &. Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 3811. 1842.
linphlhaJmnm. an(/ustifolium I'ursli, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 :5B1. 1814.
Baldiiina mnllitiora Nntt. (Jeu. 2 : 176. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2: 447." Chap. Fl. 241. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2:302.
Lonisiaiiiau area. Georgia to Florida.
Alabama: Coast plain. Drifting sauds. Baldwin County, eastern shore Mobile
Bay, Point Clear. Flowers yellow ; August, September. Kare. Annual or biennial.
Type locality : " In Georgia and Florida. Jiaitram."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MARSHALLIA Schreb. Gen. PI. 810. 1789.'
Four species, jierennial herbs, South Atlantic North America.
Marshallia graminifolia ( Walt. ) Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 482. 1898.
Narkow-leaf Marshallia.
Athanasia graminifolia Walt. Fl. Car. 201. 1788.
Marshallia angustifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 520. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 316. Chap. Fl. 241. Gray, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 303. Boynton & Beadle,
Biltmore Bot. Stud. 1:4,/. 9.
Louisianian area. North Carolina to Florida and western Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast i)lain. Flat damp pine barrens. Mobile County, Bayou La-
batre. Flowers pale lilac; August. Not frequeut. Perennial.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Marshallia graminifolia cyananthera Ell. Sk. 2 : 316. 1821-24.
Lance-leaf Marshallia.
Boynton & Beadle, Biltmore Bot. Stud. 1 : 4, <. 10.
Louisianian area. Florida, Georgia.
Alabama: Lower Pine belt. Damp pine woods. Escambia County, Flomaton
(Biltmore Herh.). Rare.
Type locality: " Collected by Dr. Baldwin, near St. Marys, Georgia.''
Marshallia obovata (Walt.) Beadle & Boynton, Biltmore Bot. Stud. 1 : 5, <. 5. 1901.
Athanasia oborata Walt. Fl. Car. 201. 1788.
Persoonia lanceolata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 105. 1803.
Trattenickia lanctolata Pers. Syn. 2 : 403. 1807.
Marshallia lanceolata Pursh, 11. Am. Sept. 2 : 519. 1814.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 315. Chap. Fl. 241 ; ed. 3, 260. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 303.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region and Lower hills. Dry open woods. Cherokee County
(C. Mohr). Lee County, Auburn {Baker cf Earle). Flowers pale pink; June. Not
fre([uent.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol . Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Marshallia trinervia (Walt.) Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 5 : 337. 1894.
Triple-nerved Marshallia.
Athanasia trinervia \\a\t.¥\.Ca.v. 201, 1788.
Marshallia latifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 519. 1814.
Carolinian area. Virginia and North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Lower hills. Dry open woods. Cullman County.
Bibb County, limestone cliffs, banks of Little Cahaba River. Tuscaloosa County,
Windham Springs (7i\ J. ■S'?Hi7/i). Flowers pale pink; July. Infrequent.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Marshallia mohri Beadle & Boynton, Biltmore Bot. Stud. 1: 8, <. .1. 1901.
Perennial | foot to 2i feet tall; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 6 to 10 inches long,
including the petiole, ^ inch lo If inches wide, tho uppermost much reduced in
size, obtuse, gradually narrowed into the petiole, which is as long as the blade,
the uppermost acute or obtuse, sessile, prominently 3-nerved, glabrous, entire, of a
firm texture in age; stem angled, striate, glabrous to near the top, branched above
the middle; heads usually several, containing from 30 to 75 or more flowers; involu-
cral bracts thin at flowering time, ovate-lauceolate, acute at the apex, with conspic-
uous hyaline borders below the middle; corollas slender, pubescent, slightly if at all
'CD. Beadle and F. E. Boynton, Revision of the Species of Marshallia, Biltmore
Bot anical Studies, vol. 1, p. 3. 1901.
SlO PLANT LIFK i>V ALAIiAMA.
dilated at tlie tliroat ; pa])]>iis HCiiles aciito; aclii-ius rililicd, \ cry liairy ; i liatV of tlio,
KMi'iitaclc linear, acute.
C'aioliniaii area, (itioijiia. ( Lookout Mountain, Hiilh, (CiM and tJ(>2. )
Ai.akama: Monutaiii rr<riou. Cullman County. Sprinj^y jjlacrs, grassy i^lades.
Flowers ])ali' lilac-purple, .lune. Mature achencH Au<iust II, IHJCL
Type locality : " I'lie type .siieciuun was c(dlectcd l>y Dr. Charles Mohr ' '
at Cullman, Cullman County, Alabama, .lune 21, 1893.
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb, liiltniore (type specimen).
FLAVERIA Juss. Ceu. I'l. 180. 1789.
(liKOTK.KA .Spreug. .Schrad..)oiirn. Hot. 1800, pt. 1.' : 18(>, /. .-7. 1801.)
About 7 species, tropical America. North America, .">. Lowisr Sonoran area (Tex-
ano-Mcxican region).
Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.). Contra ykiusa.
Ocihra triiin-via Spreug. Mot. Cart. Halle. (>3. 1800.
lirotcra coutrainrra Spreng. Sihrad. .lonrn. Hot. 1800. pt. 2: t. .7. 1801. Not MUlt-ria
colli idi/irva Cav. Icon. 1 : 2, r ^. 1791.
yaiioihinfiia Irhienala Wilkl. Sj). I'l. 3 : 2393. 1803.
Jirutera tiiiierrata I'ers. «yn. 2 : 198. 1807.
Flarciia rtjwnda Lag. Gen. &. Sp. Nov. 33. 181(5.
(;ray, Syn. 1 1. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 354. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 2.3;"..
MkXICO, AlUiKNTlNA.
Louisianian area. Western Texas and Ariz(uia to Mexico.
Alaha.ma: Adventive with ballast. MobileCouuty ; frequently observed. Annual.
Type locality (Spreng. 8chrad. .lourn.) : " Um Huanuco in Peru."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
HYMENOXYS Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 55 : 278. 1828.
Three species. South American herbs.
Hymeuoxys antliemoides (.Juss.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 55 : 278, 1828.
HymenopapiniK niithernoides .Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. 2 : 42(). 1803.
BCENOS Avi;ks.
Alabama: Adventive on ballast. Mobile County. Flowers yellow; .July, August.
Type locality : "Ex Bouaria."
Herb. Geol. Surv, Herb. Mohr.
HELENIUM L. S]). PI, 2 : 886, 17.".3.
About 2.") species, biennial or perennial herbs, Mexico. North America, 20; At-
lantic, 11.
Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. .Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 66. 1834. BrnERWEED.
Chap, Fl, 239. Gray, Syn, Fl, N, A, 1, pt, 2: 347. Coulter, Contr, Nat, Herb, 2 : 231,
Carolinian and Louisianian areas, Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana to Alabama and
North Carolina,
Alai'.ama: Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Waste places, roadsiiles. Bla-
den Springs, .July. 1859. Connnon. Mobile County, apparently adventive from the
Southwest, Now naturalized from the coast to the northern limit ot the Central
Pine l)elt, along the railroads in great abundance, infesting pastures, waste lands,
waysides. One of the nio.it obnoxious of weeds. Jnly to October, Perennial,
Type locality: '"The States of Mississippi and Alabama, "
Herb. Mohr,
Helenium nudiflorum Nutt, Ti-ans. Am, Phil, Soc, n, ser, 7 : 384. 1841,
Low Sneeze Wked,
Leptopoda hrarhypoda Torr, &. Gray. Fl, N, A. 2 : 388. 1842,
Gray. Man, ed, 6, 287, (.;hap, Fl, 24(i, Gray, Syn, Fl, N, A, 1, pt, 2: 349, Coulter.
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 232.
Carolinian an<l Louisianian areas. Southwestern Illinois to Arkansas and Texas,
eastward to Florida and North Carolina,
Alabama : Central prairies to Coast plain. Waste places, exsiccated exposed ground,
pastures. .Montgomery, Washington, Clarke, Monroe, Baldwin, and Mobile counties.
Rays yellow, disk deep reddish brown; June, August, Frequent, particularly in
the coast plain. Perennial,
Type locality: "The plains of Red River, .Vrkausa."
Herb. Geol, Surv. Herb. Mohr,
THISTLE FAMILY. 811
Helenium parviflorum Nutt. Traiia. Am. Phil. Soc. 7 : 384. 1841.
SMAI.r.-FL<)\VEKKI> SNEKZK WeED.
Chap. Fl. 239. Gray, Syii. Fl. N. A. 1, i»t. 2 : 349.
Loiiisiaiiiaii area. Georgia.
Alabama: Central Pine belt. Perry County (./. Donnell Smith). Lee County,
Auburn (F. S. EarJe). Local and rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "(ieorgia.'
Helenium autumnale L. Sp. PI. 2 : 88B. 1753. Co.maion Sneeze Wp'.ed.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 401. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 287 Chap. Fl. 239. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2:
349. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 232. Wats. Hot. Calif. 1 : 393.
AUegheuiaii to Louisianian area. Quebec and Ontario to the Pacific; from New
York west to Minnesota; Ohio Valley to Missouri, Arkansas, Arizona, and Nevada;
from Florida to Texas.
Alabama: Gver the State. Low banks, borders of ditches, etc. August to Octo-
ber. Common. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in America septentrional i. "
Herb. Gcol. Snrv. Herb. Moiir.
Helenium autumnale pubescens (Ait.) Brittou, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 339. 1894.
Helenium pnbescens Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 227. 1789.
Alabama: Coast plain. Damp thickets. Mobile County. Flowers September;
not infrequent. Three to 4 feet high, closely pubescent, leaves ovate to ovate
lanceolate, obtuse, crowded on the stem up to the mauy-flowered corymb, strongly
decurrent. Perennial.
Type locality : "Native of North America."
Herb. Gcol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Helenium integrifolium (M. A. Curtis). Curtis's Helenium.
Leptopoda integrifoliaM. k.Qwxi'x^; Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2:387. 1842.
L. bri'iifoUa vur. fj. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 387. 1842.
Helenium curtisii (4rav, Syu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 350. 1884.
Gray, Syn. Fl. 1. c. Chai.. Fl. ed. 3, 263.
Louisianian area. North Carolina.
Alabama : Coast plain. Low wet pine barrens, swampy banks of streams and
margins of ponds. Mobile County, banks of Deer Creek and Fowl River. Kays
golden yellow, drooping; April, May. Not freiiueut. Perennial. (Jrowiug Avith
H. hrevifolium and easily confouude<l with stouter forms of that species, from which
it is readily distinguished by the shining silvery blunt scales of the pappus.
Type locality : "Raleigh, N. Carolina, Mr. Curtis!^'
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Helenium nuttallii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 9 : 204. 1874. Nuttall's Helenium.
Leptopoda helenium Nutt. (4en. 2 : 174. 1818.
L. rfecurrcHs McBride; Ell. Sk. 2 :44fi. 1821-24.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 240. (Jrny, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, i)t. 2 : 350.
Louisianian area. South Carolini to Florida and Louisiana.
Alabajia: Coast plain. Low damp pine barrens, borders of ponds and ditches.
Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers yellow; April, May. Not infreciuent.
Perennial.
Type locality : " South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Helenium vernale Walt. Fl. Car. 210. 1788. Vernal Helenium.
Leptopoda puherula McBride ; Ell. Sk. 2 : 445. 1821-24. Not H. puberulnm 1 )C.
Ell. Sk. 1. c. Chap. Fl. 240. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 350.
Louisianian area. Coast of North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Low banks along pine-barren
streams. Washington County, Yellowpine. Mobile County. Not common. Peren-
nial.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Helenium brevifolium (Nutt.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 9 : 205. 1874.
Short leaf Helenium.
Leptopoda brerifolia Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 7 : 372. 1841.
Chap. Fl. 240. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 351.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
812 I'l.ANT MKK OF AI-AHAMA.
AiAitAMA: Moiiiitiiin region. Coast ]>lain. Wet sandy soil, lionlcrs of woo<1h.
(iillniaii (diinty, ><<MHVet, \v<t ]iine wockIb. Sontli throughout the pino hancns in
low wrt jilaocs. Mobile ( 'ounty. K'ays yellow, disk brown, ('nnininn. I'lToniiial.
Type locality not ascertained.
Hcili. Ccol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
GAILLARDIA Foiig. .M,i,,. Acad. Sci. I'ar. 1786 : .".. /. /, L YiH\.
Ten species, Mexico, North America, cliietly soutlnvesteru. .Vtiantic, '1.
Gaillardia lanceolata Michx. Kl. Hor. Aui. 2 : 1 1'J. IS():;. Lanck-lkak (iAii.i.AitMiA.
I'.aUhiidia bicolor Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 572. 1«1 1. Not Willd.
Kll. 8k. 2:419. Gray, Man. cd.ti. 2^<8. Chap. Fl. 'I.iX. (iray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : :r)2. Coulter. Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 2S8.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Carcdina to i-'loriila, west to Texas,
Arkansas, and southern Kansas.
Alabama: Central Pine belt to Coast plain. Dry san ly ]iine woods. ,\utau}ja
County ( /-'. A. Smith). Common throughout the Pine belt in dry ])ine )»arr<'ns. Rays
dark y<llow, with piirplisii veins; disk pansy-pur]ile. \ariable; in barren exposed
soil with till' leaves nairowly linear and lieails rayless. .\ugnst, September. .Annual.
Type locality: '' Halt, a Caridina ad Floridani, in aridis.''
Herb. CJeol. Surv. Herb. .Mohr.
Gaillardia lanceolata flavovirens var. nov.
Stem slightly canescent, leaves narrowly linear, strongly denticulate; llowering
heads without rays, the disk (lowers greenish yellow. Though dill'erent in aspect,
this varit^ty ])resents no characters of specific value; tin; lobes of the corolla an;
e(|nally tipped with a caudate cusp, and the receptacle destitute of librils.
Alabama: Coast plain. Dry pine barrens, in loose sand. ISald win County, between
Hon Seconr and Perdido Hay. .June. Annual.
Tyjie locality: Baldwin County, Ala.
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Mem. .Vcad. Sci. Par. 1786 : o. 1786.
Gray. Syn. 1"1. N. A. 1. pt. 2 : 3r>2. Coulter, Contr. Nat. 1 lerb. 2 : 233.
Mexico.
Louisianian area. Western Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas to Arizona.
Alabama: Prairie nsgion. Coast plain. Dry grassy banks. Dallas County, Marion
.Junction, bordersof fields, with liudheckiaamplejicauU>i, scarcely indigenous? Mobile
County, Piuto Island. April, May. Copious on gravelly made ground ; iituloubtedly
adventive with ballast. Aiinnal.
Kconomic uses: Ornamental, frequent in cultivation.
Tyi)e locality: "Mexiio."'
Herb. Geol. Srrv. Herb. Mohr.
ACHILLEA I-. Sji. PI. 2:M!t8. 17.")3. Yakuow.
Eighty species, perennial herbs, temperate regions, cbieliy of the Old World.
Achillea millefolium L. Sp. PI. 2 : S99. 17.")3. Mii-LKroii. Yakkow.
Kll.Sk.2: lor.. (iray, Man. ed. tJ. 289. Chap. Fl. 242. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 363. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 239. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 400.
All over the Northern Hemisphere. From Labrador to Alaska, south to the Gulf;
from Florida to Texas and California.
Alaba.ma: Throughout the State. Frequent and perhaps indigenous in the north-
ern section. Southward rare and most probably introdnced. Mobile County, Wheel-
erville. The softly villous form {A. laiiata Koch).
Ecouomic uses: The hcirb, uiicbn- the name of "millefolium," is an obsolete medici-
nal plant.
Type locality: "llab. in Kuroi)ae ])ascnis pratis(|ne.''
Herb. Mohr.
ANTHEMIS L. Sp. P1.2:893. 1753.
One hundred species. Old World herbs.
Anthemis cotula L. Sp. PI. 2 :894. 1753. May Weed. Dog Fennel.
ilanita cotula DC. Piodr. 6 : 13. 1837.
Ell. Sk. 2: 405. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 288. Chap. Fl. 241. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 362. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 239. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 40L
THISTLE FAMILY. 813
Europe.
Extensively uaturalized from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, west to Texas. Spar-
ingly lutroduced in California.
Ai,.\bama: Throughout the State. Flowers April to June; most abundant in cen-
tral and upper districts; waysides and waste places. Annual.
Type locality : " Hal), in Europac ruderatis, praetipue in Ucrania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Authemis arvensis L. Sp. PI. 2 : 894. 1753. Field Camomile.
Gray, Man. ed. 6,288.
Europe.
Adventive in several localities on the Atlantic coast; District of Columbia.
Alahama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile County. June; rare. Annual.
Tyi)e locality: "Hab. in Europa, praesertim Sueciae agris."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
M.^TRICARIA L. Sp. PI. 2:890. 1753. Wild Camomile.
Fifty species; temjx'rate regions of the Old World.
Matricaria inodora maritima (L.) IJabington, Man. Brit. Pot. ed. 5, 179. 1862.
Seaside Wild Camomile.
Matricaria maritivm L. Sp. PI. 2 :891. 1753.
Pyrethrum inariiimHin Smith, Eng. Bot. 2:901. 1790-1814.
Alabama: Adventive from Europe with ballast. Mobile County. Flowers white;
August. Observed for the past twelve years. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae septentrionalis littoribus maris."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
CHRYSANTHEMUM L. Sp. PI. 2:888. 1753.
One hundred and forty species, i^erennial and annual herbs; temperate and
warmer regions of the Old World.
Chrysanthemum leucantliemum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 888. 1753.
Oxeye Dalsy. Wiiiteweed.
Leucanthenium ntlgare ham. Fl. Yr. 2: 137. 1778.
Ell. Sk. 2:400. Gray. Man. ed. 6, 289. Chap. Fl. 242. Grav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2 : 365. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 401.
Europe.
Alleghenian to Carolinian area. Naturalized from Canada to the Pacific, and
throughout the Atlantic United States to the Gulf from Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Throughout the State. Pastures and grass lands. Not rarely culti-
vated for ornament and apt to escape, becoming a troublesome weed ; May, July.
Perennial.
Type locality: "Hab. in pratis Europae."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Pers. Syn. 2 : 462. 1807. Feverfew.
Matricaria parthenium L. Sp. PI. 2 :890. 1753.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 289. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 365.
ECROPE.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Escaped from cultivation from Canada to Florida
and Louisiana.
Alaba^lv: Mobile County, waste places. Flowers white, August, September.
Not frequent. Perennial.
Economic uses: The herb, under name of " feverfew," is used medicinally.
Type locality: "Hab. in Europae cultis, ruderatis."
Herl). Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Sp. PI. 2 : 890. 17.53. Marigold.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 364.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast, from southern Europe. Mobile County. Flowers
golden yellow; July, August. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Creta, Sicilia."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
814 PLANT LIKE oK ALAHAMA.
Chrysanthemum segetiim L. sp. I'l. 2 : H.s!i. ll'^'A. Cokn .Makmjold.
(iray, Syii. 1"1. N. A. 1. pt. l'::{i;i.
EiKon:.
Adv<'nti\ (• with liallast on tlit- Cauadian coast aiitl Atlantic |»oitH.
Ai.ahama: Fngitivc on ballaHt. Mobile C'onnty, witli tlic last. I'lowers ^roidcn
yellow. Animal.
Tyi)e locality: '' llali. in Scaniac, (iermaniae, Heljiii, An^'liac, (iajliae agris."
Herb. Ueol. 8nr\ . Herb. Mohr.
ARTEMISIA Iv. Sp. PI. 2 : 84."). 17."):i Wokmwood.
About l.")0 species considerod valid, Northern lleinisplit re, i^inope, Awia. North
America, 10; mostly on the Western table-lands.
Artemisia vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 2 : 848. 17i53. Mucwokt.
Gray, ALan. cd. 6, 291. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. _' : :M2.
Euhoim;.
Boreal region. Canada to the arctic circle indigenons; .southward introduced.
Ai-aha.ma: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile County ; .July, 1894 and 1895. I'ereuuial.
Type locality: ''Ilab. iu Europae cultis, ruderati.s.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
ERECHTITES Kaf. Fl. Ludov. (w. 1817.
.About 12 species, annuals, Australia, Eastern America.
Erechtites hieracifolia (L.). Kaf. ; DC. Prodr. 6: 294. 1837. Fikicwkkd.
Sener.io hicracifolius L. Sp. PI. 2 : 8t)6. 1753.
ElLSk. 2:328. Gray, Man. ed. tJ, 294. Chap. Fl. 244. Gray, Svn. Fl.N. A. 1, j.t.
2 : 39B.
Alleghenian to Loiiisianiau area. Nova Scotia and Canada to Saskatchewan, south
to the Gulf, from Florida to Louisiana and Arkansas.
Ai.aka.ma: Over the State. Rich woodlands. Throughout the suiunier; common.
Annual.
Type locality : " llab. in America septentrional!. "
Herb. Geol. Surv.
SENECIO L. Sj,. I'l. 2:8t)(i. 17.53. Gkol'ndsel. Kagwoht.
About 1,200 species, cosmopolitan, shrubs and herbs. North America, 75; largely
Western, interior, and Pacific. Atlantic, 10.
Senecio earlei Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 147. 1898.
Perennial, densely cottony below, sparingly so or ghilirate above. Stem mostly
simple, 12 to 20 inches high, with numerous l>asal leaves, which are oval or oblong,
obtuse or retuse, serrate; petioles longer than the blades; stem-leaves pinnatilid,
linear- lanceolate or oblong, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; pedicels slender.
Carolinian area. Tennessee.
Alabama : Mountain region. Lee County, Auburn, Septeml.ter {KarhiS- I'nderwood).
Differs from the closely related Senecio tomentosua by its almost wholly glabrous
foliage, shorter petioles, more rounded and more finely toothed leaves, more open
inflorescence, and more numerous heads.
Type locality: "Alal)ama: .\uburn, Lee County, 1896, Karle li Underwood. Ten-
nessee: KnoxvilJe, Knox County, 1897, /i'k</i.''
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Senecio smallii Brittou, Mem. Torr. Club. 4 : 132. 1893.
Senvcio aureus anffustifolius Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 2 : 39. 1890. Not S. anfinstifo-
Hu8 VVill.l. 1804.
Carolinian area. Mountains of Virginia, North (Carolina, and eastern Tennessee.
Alaha.ma: Mountain region. Metamorphic hills. Dry open woods, pastures, old
fiehls. Randolph County, Wedowee. Lee County, Auburn (Earle ct- I'nderwood).
Never met with iu the low country. Flowers gohlen yellow; May. Perennial.
Type locality: Near the "Peaks of Otter," in the Blue Ridge, Va.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Senecio obovatus Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1999. 1804. ovate-lkaf Ragwdkt.
Senecio aui-eus vslt. ohorutun Torr. A Grav, Fl. N. A. 2 : 442. 1843.
S. elliottii Torr. &. Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 443." 1843.
THISTLE FAMILY. 815
Ell. Sk. 2 : 329. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 293. Chap. Fl. 24.5. firav, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2: 391. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 242.
Allegheniau aud Caroliuian areas. Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario to British
Columbia; New Eugland west to Miuuesota, southward from New York .ilong the
mountains to Georgia and Arkansas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Central Pine belt. Dry hills, open woods. Lawrence
and Cullman counties. Lee County, Auburn {Earle^S' Baker). Bibb County, Pratt's
Ferry. Hale County, Havana (A'. J. -Smi^/f). May; not frequent. Perennial.
Type locality : " Hab. in America boreali."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Senecio menimingeri Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 25: 147. 1897.
Memminger's Butter Weed.
Glabrous, or nearly so, 1 to 2 feet high, with tufts of basal leaves which are 4 to 8
inches long, the blades bipinnatitid, longer than the petioles, theseguuMits oblong or
obovatein outline, more or less cuueate at the base, coarsely toothed or inci.sed; stem
leaves similar, but usuallj' more finely divided; corymbs 2 to 6 inches broad; heads
numerous; achenes pubescent.
"Most closely related to Senecio millefoUitm, but clearly distinguished by the broader
leaf segnients."
Carolinian area. North Carolina.
Alabama: Mountain region. Metamorphlc hills. Dry rocky hills. Lee County,
Anburn ( Underwood 4' Karle). May 16, 1896. Rare. Perennial.
Type locality : "The original specimens of this species were collected in Henderson
County, North Carolina, bj' K. K. Mennninger, in 1887."
Herb. Geol. Surv.
Senecio lobatus Pers. Syn. 2 : 436. 1807. Butter Weed.
Senecio lyratiis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 120. 1803. Not L.
Ell. Sk. 2:332. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 293. Chap. Fl. 245. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.
2: 394. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herl). 2 : 241.
Carolinian and l^ouisianian areas. North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas,
Arkansas, Missouri, and southern Illinois.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley to Coast. Bottom lauds, low fields. Flowers April,
May. Abundant in the rich dam]) lauds of the Prairie region. Annual or biennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in Caroliuae nemoribus."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Senecio vulgaris L. Sp. PL 2 : 867. 1753. Groundsel,
Europe.
Boreal region to the Carolinian aud Louisianian areas. Naturalized. Newfound-
land and Laljrador, Hudson's Bay. Northern United States.
Alabama: Adventive on ballast; seemingly persistent, .lune to August. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab. in Europae cultis, ruderatis, succulentis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MESADBNIA Raf. Loud. Gard. Mag. 8:247. 1832. Indian Plantain.
(Cacalia L. Sp. PL 2:834. 1753.)
About 12 species, perennial herbs. Northern Hemisphere. Temperate regions,
Europe, Asia. North America, 10; Atlantic, 9.
Mesadenia reniformis (Muhl.) Raf. New Fl. 4:79. 1836.
Cacalia reniformis Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1735. 1804. Greater Indian Plantain.
Gray, Man ed. 6, 294. Chap. Fl. 244. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt.2:395.
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. New .Jersey aud Pennsylvania to Ohio Valley,
Missouri, and Minnesota, south along the mountains to Georgia.
Alabama: Mountain region. Rich calcareous hillsides. Blount County, near
Blount Springs. Flowers white; .lune. Local and infrequent.
Type locality : "Hab. in Pensylvania."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Mesadenia atriplicifolia (L.) Raf. New Fl. 4:79. 1836. Pale Indian Plantain.
Cacalia atriplicifolia L. Sp. PI. 2 : 835. 1753.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 310. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 294. Chap. Fl. 244. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. i, pt.
2 : 395.
81fi PLANT LTFE OF ALA HA MA.
AllcjjluMiian and Carolinian areas. (Janada; western Now York and Micliij^an to
Minnesota, south to tin- oliio Valley, Missouri, and Arkansas, and aloii;,' the moun-
tains to CJooi'^iia.
Ai.auama: Mountain re<:;ion to LowiM" hills. Ricii woodlands. 'I'allaiioosa and
Tnsealoosa conntiis. Flowers white; .Inne. i-nnr to ."> tcot. Not fre(|Uent.
Type locality: " llah. in \irf;iuia, Canada."
Herb. (Jeol. Surv. ilerb. Mohr.
Mesadenia ovata { Walt.) KaC. New Fl. 4 : 71». l^^tJ. ()^•ATl•:-I,KAl•■ Indian I'i.antain.
Caculia orata Walt Fl. Car. I'Mi. 1788.
Ell. Sk. 2:310. Chap. Fl. '241. (Jray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 39.5,
Louisianian area. (Jeor<?ia to western Florida and west to Lonisiana.
Alabama: Central j)rairie8. Damp thickets, ojjen -woods. Montj^omery County.
Lee County, Anbnrn ( Earlv). Flowers wliite; .luly to September. Ifare. Local.
Type locality: South Carolina.
Herb. (Jeol. .Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
Mesadenia tuberosa (Nutt. ) Britton in Hritt. A: Hr. 111. Fl. 3: 171.
Tiin;iu)US-i:<)OTi:i) Indian I'lantain.
Cacalia tubcrom Xntt. (Jen. 2 : 138. 1818.
Memdeniaplaiilaiiiiied RaC. New Fl. 4 : 7!t. 1836.
Gray, Man. ed. (i, L«J1. Chap. Fl. 244. Gray, Svu. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 396. (Joulter,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2:242.
Alleghenian to Louisianian area. Ontario and Ohio to .Misaouri, Michigan, and
Minnesota, south along the mountains to (jieorgia and Florida, west to Texas and
Arkansas.
Alah.vma: Central Prairie belt. Low banks and lields. Hale County, Gallion.
Dallas County, Uniontown {E. J. Smith). Flowers white; July, August. Not
frequent.
Type locality: "On shady hills near Natchez ou the banks of the Mis8i8sii)pi, and
also around St. Louis."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Mesadenia lanceolata (Nutt.) Kaf. New Fl. 4:79. 1836.
Lance-lkaf Indian Tlanialn.
Cacalia lanceolata Nutt. (ien. 2 : 138. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 311. Chap. Fl. 245. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 396.
Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida to Louisiana.
Alabama: Coast plain. Swampy banks along pine-barren streams, grassy river
marshes. Mobile and Baldwin counties. Flowers white; August, September.
Three to ti feet high. Frecjuent; abundant in the submaritime marshes, fresh or
slightly brackish.
Type locality : "In Georgia and Florida. — Dr. lialdwyu."
Herb. Geol. Snrv.
ARCTIUM L. Sp. PI. 2 : 816. 1753.
Six species, perennial herbs, temperate Euroj)C, Asia.
Arctium minus Schk. Bot. Handb. 3: 49. 1803. Smallkk Burdock.
Lappa minor DC. Fl. Fr. 4 : 77. 180.").
EUHOI'E.
Naturalized, Canada an<l eastern United States.
Alabama: Tennessee Valley. Waste places. Marshall County, Gunthersville.
Decatur. .July, August.
Type locality not ascertained.
Herb. Geol. Surv.
CARDUUS L. Sp. PI. 2 : 820. 17.53. Thistle.
About 250 species, perennials, temperate regions. Europe, Asia. North America,
37; Atlantic, 12.
Carduus spiuosissimus Walt. Fl. Car. 194. 1788. Yellow Thistle.
Cirsitim horridiihim Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 90. 1803.
Cnicu.s honidiihis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 :.507. 1814.
Gray, Man. ed. (J, 295. Chap. FL 248. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 400. Conlt.-r,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 243.
' Vide Edward L. Green, Pittonia, voL 3, p. 180. 1897.
THISTLE FAMILY. . 817
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Coast southern New England to Florida and
Texas.
Ar.ABAMA : Central Prairie region to Coast plain. Low ricli ground, borders of
woods. Montgomery, Mobile, and Baldwin counties. Flowers yellow; March,
April. Six to i^ fe(!t. Common; prevailing in the coast region. Perennial.
Tj'pe locality : Sonth Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Carduus spiiiosissimus elliottii ( Torr. A Cray) Porter, Mem. Torr. Cltib, 5:345.
1894. Elliott's Tiiistlk.
Cirsium horrUluhnii var. eUiottii 'I'orr. &, (Jray, Fl. N. A. 2. pt. 1 : 460. 1843.
Ell. Sk. 2: 272.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. North Carolina to (ieorgia and Florida.
Alabama: Mountain region to Central Prairie belt. Dry light soil. Pastures,
openings in the woods, waysides. Cullman ami Tuscaloosa counties. Lee County,
Auburn (Baker .j- luirle). Montgomery ("onnty. Flowers purple (wine jinrple). Not
common. Two to 3 feet high.
Type locality : "Southern States. KUioli. V\or'\A&, Dr. VhapmanI"
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. MohT.
Carduus virginiaiius L. Sp. PL 2 : 824. 1753. Virginia Thistle.
Cirsinm vir(iiniaiuim Michx. Fl. Por. Am. 2 : 90. 1803.
CnicKS rirgrniatiiis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 :.506. 1814.
Ell.sk. 2: 270. Cray, Man. ed. 6. 296. Chap. Fl. 247. Gray, Svn. FL N.A. 1, pt.
2 :404. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 244.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast i)lain. Dry open woods. Cullman County,
dry iields. Talladega County, near Chandler Springs, rocky pine forests, 1,000
feet altitude; Renfroe, 800 feet altitude. Pibb and Mobile counties. Flowers pur-
ple; August to October. Not common.
Type locality : " Hab. in Virginia."
Herb. (ieol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carduus altissimus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 824. 1753. Tall Thistle.
CnicKS aUi>isim>i.s Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1671. 1804.
Cirnium aUissimum Spreug. Syst. 3 : 373. 1826.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 268. (4ray, Man. ed. 6, 296. Chap. Fl. 247. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 :
404. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2: 243.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Pennsylvania, Ohio to Missouri, south to
Tennessee and (ieorgia, west to Louisiana and Texas.
Alabama: Mountain region to Coast plain. Damp thickets. Clay County, Shin-
bone Valley. Chambers County (fJ. J. «Sm</i)- Lee (bounty. Auburn (A'arZe). Flow-
ers ])urple; September, October. Not common.
Type locality: " Hab. in Carolina."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carduus glaber Nutt. Gen. 2 : 129. 1818. Smooth Thistle.
Cniciis f/laber Ell. Sk. 2 : 270. 1821.
Cirsinm nuttallii DC. Prodr. 6 : 651. 1836.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 270. Chap. Fl. 247. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 404.
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. South Carolina and Florida to Mississippi.
Alaba.via: Littoral region. Dry pine woods. Mobile County, Dauphin Island.
Type locality : "Hab. in New Jersey."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carduus lecontei \ Torr. &, (Jray) Pollard, liull. Torr. Club, 24 : l.")7. 1897.
CirxiKm lecoiifci Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A. 2 : 458. 1843.
Louisianian area, (ieorgia to eastern Louisiana.
Alabama : Coast plain. Low damp pine barrens. Moliile County. Flowers
greenish yellow; July. Not rare. Involucre very viscid.
Type locality : " (iteorgia, Leconie! Covington, Louisiana, />*«/« hioh^.' "
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Carduus arvensis (L.) Kobs. Ill-it. Fl. 163. 1777. Canada ok Cursed Thistle.
SerraUda arrensis L. Sp. PI. 2 : 820. 1753.
Cirsium arrense Scop. Fl. Car. ed. 2, 2 : 126. 1772.
Cnieiis arrensia Hott'in. Deutsch. Fl. ed. 2, 1, pt. 2 : 130. 1804.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 296. (iray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 398.
15894 52
818 PLANT LIFE OF ALAIiAMA.
Ernori:.
Canadian /out) to Car()liiii:ui arci. NcwtniniillaiMl l<> S.iHUatilicwaii.jiiid inNurtli-
eiii and Middle States.
Ai.AHA.MA : Adventivc Croni Kniopc on ))alla8t heaps. Moliilr ( (ninly, Angiist, IHU'A.
Observed through several seasons; uot spreadinjj;.
Tv])e locality : " Halt, in Knropae cnltis agris."
llerli. (Jcol. Siirv. Herb. Molir.
Carduus lauceolatus L. S)). 1*1. 2 : 821. 1753. Ckm.mo.n Tiiim i.k.
Cirsiiiiii hinccolatidii Scoj). Fl. Carn. ed. 2, 2 : 130. 1772.
Cniciix lain-colatiis Willd. Prodr. Fl. IJcr. 259. 17S7.
EUI{(>1'K.
Natnraliz<d llui)ni;lioMt Canada to X'anconxtr Island, and in the Eastern Cnitcd
States.
Ai.AnvMA: liiltnsed throngli tin' State. Waste jdac-es, roadsides. Clay County,
near Ironaton. Mobile County, near the shipping. .Inly; rare,
rvjie locality : "Ilab. in Enropae cnltis rnderatis."
llerli. (Jeol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
Caiduus pycnocephalus L. Sp. PI. ed.2, 2: 1151. 17t!3.
El'Kol'E.
On ballast, Camden, N. J. {Martindale).
.\i.ai5AMA: Mobile County. Adventive on ballast. Thre<; to I feet high; llowers
]>ale red. Perennial. Ob.served bSNit.
Type locality: "Ilab. iu Eurojia australi."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Molir.
ONOPORDON L. Sp. PI. 2:)^27. 1753. Cotto.n Thi.stlk.
Al)Out 12 species, natives of the Olil W'orlil.
Onopordoii acanthium L. Sp. PI. 2 : 827. 1753.
Carolinian area. Adventivc! in southern New I'.nglaiid, other Atlantic States, and
the Ohio Valley.
Ai^auama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile County, August, 18<S7. rerennial.
Type locality: " Hab. in Europae ruderatis, cnltis."
Herb. Geol Surv. Herb. Mohr.
MARIANA Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: lit. 1762. Milk Tiiistij:.
(SiLYHUM Gaert. Fruct. 2 : 378, /. lOJ. 1791.)
One species. Mediterranean region.
Mariana mariana (L.) Hill, Hort. Kew. (51. 17(58.
Cardnits marianus L. Sp. PI. 2 :823. 1753.
Silyhum mariannm Gaert. Fruct. 2 : 378, /. i6„'. 1791. .Milk Tiiisti.k.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 405. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 421.
MEI)ITEKI{ANKAX Eukopk.
Adventive in California.
Alauama: I'ligitivf! on ballast. Mobile County. Flowers jjurjile; May. Three
to 4 feet high. Annual.
Type locality : " Hab in Angliae, Galliae, Italiae ageribus rnderatis."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herl). Mohr.
CNICUS L. Sp. PI. 2:82t;. 1753.
One species, Mediterranean countries.
Cnicus benedictus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 826. 17.53. Blkssed Thistle.
Ceittaiirca beuedicfa L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2 : 1296. 1763.
(irav, Man. ed. 6, 297. Gray, Svn. Fl. N. A. 1. pt. 2 : 40(5. Coulter, Coutr. Nat. Herb.
2 : 244.
Southern Eukopk.
Carolinian art-a. Naturalized iu southern xVtlautie seaports, in tiie interior of
Texas, and iu California.
THISTLE FAMILY. 819
Alabama: Metamorphic hills and Central Prairie region. Pastures, waste placts.
Moutgomerv County, copious. Lee County, Auburn, perfectly naturalized. Flowers
white; April. Annual?
Type locality: "Hab. in Chio, Lemno, Hispania ad versuraa agrorum."
Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr.
CENTAUREA L. Sp. P1.2: 90!). 1753. Ckntaukka.
About 350 sjjeciL'S, Old World, European Asia.
Centaurea calcitrapa L. Sp. PI. 2 : 917. 1753. Star Thistle.
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 297. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 406.
EUHOFE.
Adventive in seaports from New York southward.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile County. Flowers red; August. Annual.
Type locality: " Hab. in Helvetia, Auglia, et Europa australiori secus vias."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
Centaurea melitensis L. Sp. PI. 2 : 917. 1753. Lombakuy Star Thistle.
Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 420.
Mediterranean Europe.
Adventive in California.
Alabama: Fugitive on ballast. Mobile County. Flowers yellowish ; June.
Tyiie locality : " Hab. in Melita."
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
THYRSANTHEMA Neck. Elem. 1: 6. 1790.
(CiiAPTALiA Vent. Jard. Cels. /. Gl. 1800.)
Eight species, warmer America. South Atlantic North America, 1.
Thyrsanthema semiflosculare (Walt.) Kiintze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1 : 369. 1891.
Vernal Chaptalia.
Ferdiciiim semijiosrulare Walt. Fl. Car. 204. 1788.
Tussilafio inietir [folia Michx. V\. Bor. Am. 2 : 121. 1803.
Chaptalia tomenfosa Vent. .Jard. Cels. t. 61. 1800.
C. inlegrifoUa Nutt. Gen. 182. 1818.
Ell. Sk. 2 : 459. Chap. Fl. 248. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 408. Coulter, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 2 : 245.
Louisianian area. South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.
Alabama: Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Flat danij) pine barrens. Mobile
and Baldwin counties. Flowers white, purple tinged; February, March. Common.
Perennial.
Type locality : South Carolina.
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr.
THE SPOOTANEOUS FLOEA OF ALABAMA IX ITS
RELATION TO AGRICULTURE.
The relation of flora to soil has long been recognized by the observing
agricnltnrist, who judges the fertility of the virgin soil by the quality
and vigor of the tree growth which it supports. The consideration of
the laws which control the distribution of species within certain limits
which are recognized as the boundary lines of the life zones of our
continent points at once to the crops naturally adapted to them.
Directing the attention to the influence of the secondary factors, by
which species and their associations are restricted to minor areas
witliin the principal zones, recognized as subordinate floral regions, it
becomes evident that among these factors the i)hysical and chemical
conditions of the soil are most potent. The character of the vegetation
becomes thus clearly the indicator of the soil conditions. Guided
farther by practical experience and the teachings of science, the fitness
of the land for the production of a special crop can often be ascertained
by the farmer from the character of the vegetation alone, without having
to resort to costly and time-consuming experimentation. In Alabama,
as well as in the adjoining States, where the eftbrts of the agriculturist
have been and still are almost entirely confined to a single crop (cotton),
recorded experiences of this kind are greatly wanting. The writer has,
however, made the attempt to bring together the facts observed by
him in this direction, which might serve to stimulate the further
investigation of a subject of great practical importance to the farmer.
Beginning, in the consideration of the relations of the flora to the
agricultural interests, with the subtropical part of the State (the Loui-
sianian life area), the following facts, serving as unfailing guides, present
themselves. In the Coast plain, where the upland hammocks prevail,
with their growth of evergreen oaks (live oak, laurel oak) and mag-
nolias, with their variety of shrubbery — where the Cuban pine in its best
development has replaced the original heavy growth of long-leaf pine,
with gallberry bushes for the undergrowth, and the ground covered by
a dense turf of horn rushes (Rynchospora), tall broom grasses (Andro-
pogon virginicus, A. glomeratus), Manisuris, Paspalum {P. praecox), with
golden-rods {SoUdago stricta, S. angiistifoHa, Euthamia graniinifoUa, E.
Crt'/-o?iH«rt»a), numerous Eupatoriums, blazing star [Lacinaria spicata).
Aster (A. dumosus and others) — there is always found a soil of light
821
822 PLANT LIKK <)K ALABAMA.
siiii(l.\- loam, ricli in \ej;e.table mattci- on liio surface, underlaid by a
more compact subsoil of iiicat <l('|»tli, and at a short distaiu-e beneath
the surt'a(;e daini) throujuhout tin; year, but not <b'licient in drainage.
A soil of this character, in this low latitude, nnites all the re(iuire-
nients for the rapid jjrowtli of the pecan tree, yieldinjjc nuts of finest
(luallty. The presence of the niesophile herbaceous plant asso-
ciations, forming the original plant covering — that is, such as prefer
a soil of a moderate amount of moisture an<l a good drainage — points
to the fitness of the soil for the cultivation of early vegetables in the
field during the fall and winter seasons, where, in this part of the
Louisianian zone, the proximity of the sea oilers gieater protection
against the injuries caused by sudden and extreme changes of temper-
ature, followed by light frosts. Among the fruit trees most successfully
grown in the coast region the fig is to be included, which, in the closer
and damper soil, is less liable to suffer from the causes mentioned.
In the region of the Lower division of the Coast Pine belt or the roll-
ing pine hills (dry pine barrens), the long-leaf pine reigns supreme,
with a scanty undergrowth of black jack, blue jack {Quercus mary-
landicH. Q. hrevifoUa)^ and downy yellow haw ( Crataegus eUiiitica). Her-
baceous xerophile associations form a dense carjjet beneath, consisting
of a variety of panic grasses and Paspalums, broom ^^^g^ [Andropogon
scopariH.s) and many species of the pea family — tick trei'oils {Meibomia),
bush cAoyei'ii{Lespe(h'za), i)rairie clovers {Kuhnlstera), goat's rue [Cracca.
smallii, C. hispidiila, G. virginiana) — blazing star [Lacinaria elegans),
vanilla plant {Trilisa odoratissima), golden-rods [Solidago pnberuJa pul-
veridcnta, S. odora, etc.), golden asters {CItry.sop.si.s mariana, C. piJosa),
asters {Aster patens^ lonaetis linari if alius), sunflowers {HeJiantkus
radiila). These give character to the flora and indicate a soil of warm
sandy loam, with a somewhat clayey subsoil capable of retaining
moisture. The i)ine lands where such conditions prevail are particu-
larly adapted to the growth of pears of Asiatic origin, such as the Le
Conte and the Keiffer, and the scupperuong grape, and the growing
of the peach gives much promise. Watermelons are raised in large
quantity and of best quality. The sweet potato, under the ai)plication
of proper fertilizers, yields large crops, and throughout the pine belt
forms one of the most important food products. Treated in the same
way, corn, particularly the white variety, yields satisfactory crops, and
the tropical sugar cane is grown with equal success.
In the Upper division of the Coast Pine belt with its arboreal vegeta-
tion of a mixed growth of coniferous and hard-wood trees, i)articularly
where the short leaf pine mingles freely with upland oaks, upland
hickories, and the chinquapin chestnut, a light sandy loam of a grayish
or pale bufi' color frequently i)revails, underlaid by a retentive sub-
soil. This class of soils, particularly where they cover the low undu-
lating hills, is found especially favorable for the cultivation of the
strawberry. Soils of a very similar character, and equally adapted to
NATIVE VEGETATION AS AN INDEX OF SOILS. 823
tliis croj), are, on the Warrior table land, indicated by the mixed crowth
of pines {Finus taeda^ P. cchiudfa) and decidnnns trees. -Indging by
the success achieved with leaf tobacco of highest grade on soils of the
same character in the lower part of the South Atlantic States, from
North Carolina to middle Florida, it can reasonably be supposed that
this profitable crop can be, not less successfully, raised in southern
Alabama.
In the same floral region, and also in the eastern extension of the
Prairie belt, post oak, associated with black oak [Quercus tinctoria),
southern red oak {Q. texana), and mockernut and pignut hickory, with
a slight sprinkling of short-leaf iiine, forms open forests, with tall
rosinweeds, sunflowers, and phloxes in the openings, indicating a warm,
loamy, generous soil, which is of a deep chocolate to a deep reddish color,
resting upon ledges of the "rotten limestone." On the hills with this
soil covering the peach produces its choicest kinds of fruit from the
earlier part of June to August, and the Concord grape yields its black-
purple clusters in perfection. The dense forests of cow oak {Quercus
michauxii), Texas white oak {Q. hrevilohata (Torr.) Sargent, Q. duranrJii
Buckley), nutmeg, scaly-bark, and bitternut hickories, frequently
invested with the drapery of the Spanish moss, and in low damp situa-
tions more deficient in drainage, the switch cane (Arundmaria teeta),
forming impenetrable thickets, are the sure indications of a deep black
calcareous soil, rich in humus, such as is characteristic of the Western
prairies, noted for greatest fertility. In the eastern Gulf States this
soil is also noted for its rich yield of forage crops of the pea family
(Leguminosae), of which the white melilot [MeHlotus alba) has proved
the most profitable and of greatest value as an ameliorating cro[).
The so-called bald i^rairies, originally bare of tree growth, present
a varied herbaceous vegetation of a xerophile character, including vaii-
ous grasses, the Conipositae already mentioned, golden- flowered St.
Johnsworts, Umbelliferae {Polytaenia nuttalUi), white and purple
flowered i^rairie clovers {Knhnistera Candida^ K. f/attingeri)^ innk-
^o\vevedevenh\gimmrose{Xylople>(riiinsp€ciosiiin),etG. This vegetation
denotes a shallow and drier prairie soil, which, though easily worn out,
is adapted to all kinds of root crops and forage plants.
On the ^letamorphic hills of the Mountain region the extensive oak
forests (white oak. Southern red oak, black oak ( Quercus velutina)), point
to a deep fertile soil, the result of the decomposition of the basic horn-
blendio rocks and schists. In years past these lands were to a large
extent devoted to the production of snuill grains, chiefly wheat, but
owing to the pressure of com])etition with the wheat fields of the vir-
gin prairie soils of tlie far Northwest, these lands are at present, in the
South, almost entirely given over to the cultivation of cotton and of
Indian corn. The peanut is said to thrive especially well on the lands
of the above character. Sorghum is largely raised throughout this
Metamorphic area to supply fully the need of sirup. Its region can be
S'24 PLANT LIKK oK ALABAMA.
saiU to t'i>iiM'i(l(' with tln^ belt most (';ivoral)le t() tlic raisin;; of tlie
peach, as is clearly shown by the snccess achieved by tiie growers of
tliis fruit on a large scale in the atijoiuing l)art8 of Georgia of the
same ideological foiination.
The dritted loamy sands and pebbles of more recent formations over-
lie to a large exteilt the heavier and stronger calcareous marls and
clayey strata of the old Tertiary, Creta(;eons, and Paleozoic foiinations.
Theii- mingling, indicated by aniixed growth of [)ines and hardwood
trees (mostly oaks), gives rise to a combinatiou of conditions most
favorable to the prodnction of cotton, with regard both to the quality
of the staple and the amount of the yield. The resultant soils consist
of deep mellow loams of a warm and generous character, which are of
moderate and lasting fertility, more or less porous and hence naturally
well drained, and mostly highly terruginnus. Such soils are jieculiarly
well adapted for the produc^timi of a cotton plant of a sturdy growth,
which being restrained from the too exuberant develoj)ment of
branches and leaves teuds to a more prolific yield of the organs of
reproduction ; that is, the fi uit. They are at the same time more easy of
cultivation and less favorable to the rank production of grasses and
other weeds, which in wet seasons greatly injure the crop, but which
on lands of this character aie easier to overcome. Accordingly the
uplands in which this (M)mbination of soil conditions prevails, comi)ris
ing the larger part of the arable area in the State, offer decided
advantages to the grower of its great staple crop over the most fertile
alluvial valley lands.
The forests of deciduous-leaved trees, which cover the uplands in
the Tennessee Valley, with their varied growth, chiefly of white oak,
Southern red oak, black oak, shagbark and mockernut hickory, tulip tree
(poplar), walnut, elm, maple, white ash, chestnut, and linden, indicate
calcareous, fertile, and somewhat heavy strong soils. These soils, from
a reddish to a brown color, yield fine crops of cotton and corn, tilled
ground being devoted to these in about equal proportion. On the lands
of this character, prevailing over the larger part of the Tennessee Val-
ley and the larger outlying valleys, in the drainage area of the Warrior
and Coosa rivers, the cultivation of red clover enters successfully into
the system of farming, and north of the Tennessee River the establish-
ment of the blue grass pasture becomes i^ossible. Ai)ples and pears of
numerous varieties cultivated farther north, as well as the peach, are
grown successfully on the hills; and the dark grapes on the flanks of
I he valleys make a fine table wine.
LIST OF THE PLANTS CULTIVATED IN ALABAMA.
In the following enumeration all the species more or less frequently
grown in the different floral regions of the State are mentioned, those
of greater economic importance being indicated by an asterisk. Only
the leading and standard varieties with their most popular strains
grown in the tield, gardens, orchards, and pleasure grounds bave been
given a jilace. It is only among the trees and shrubs that the species
most freijuently planted for ornamental purposes have been admitted.
The herbaceous ornamental plants cultivated in Alabama are excluded.
GRASSES, CULTIVATED FOR FORAGE AND FOR THEIR GRAIN.
* Zea mays L. Corn. Indian Corn.
South America.
* Oryza sativa L. Rice, Upland and Lowland.
Louisianian area.
Asia.
Iiuchlaeua mexicana Schrad. {Keatia Juxuriatm Dur.)
Teosinte. Guatemala Grass.
Coast plain. Lower Pine region. Not frequent.
Mexico. Central America.
* Sorghum vulgare Pers. (Variety known as durra.) Chicken Corn. Kafir Corn.
Over the State for forage and for the grain.
Asia, Africa.
Sorghum vulgare Pers. (Variety known as cernuum.) Swan-neck Corn.
As the above.
Asia, North Africa.
* Sorghum vulgare Pers. (Variety known as saccharatum.)
Chinese Sugar Cane. Early Amber Cane.
Central and northern ])art of the State, for sirup and forage, with the African
Iniphee canes.
' Sorghum vulgare Pers. (Variety known as technicum.) Bhooivi Corn.
Central Prairie region; grown for its tops, used in making brooms.
* Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Fal.se Guinea Grass. .Johnson Grass.
Louisianian area, chiefly in the Central Prairie region, for soiling and hay.
Western Asia, northern Africa.
Saccharum officinarum L. Tropical Sugar Cane. Ribbon Cane.
From the Coast plain to Upper division of the Coast Pine belt.
Tropical Asia.
825
S2(^ VLANT LIKK (>K ALAHAMA.
Panictini niaxiniiini .lacq. {}'. jumnilDrmn I'ors.) (iiiNKA (iUAss.
Ill the Coast ))l;uii ; r.iri'l> .
Western AlViia.
Paniciini iiiolle Sw. { l'Jiarh'nioi(e'Y\\n.) I'aka (Juass.
Coast plain. Karely.
West Indies.
Pennisetum typhoideiini h'ic hards. ( I'cniciUar'ta spicdtn W'illd.)
Cat-taii, Mim.kt.
Coast Pino belt to Central I'rairio region, I'oi- irie<'n forage.
East Indie.s, tropical Africa
' Chaetochloa italica (L.) Scribner. (Selaria ilnUca Koem. iV .Scluilt. i
MlM.Kl. (Jol.DKN MiM.KT.
Over the State, cliielly southward, lor hay.
Southern Europe.
Chaetochloa italica germanica (Mill.) Sciibucr. IIungaiiian' (;uas.s.
Over the State.
Europe, nortberu Africa.
Phleum pratense L. Timothy (Jka.s.s.
Tennessee Valley; not frequent.
Europe.
Agrostis alba L. "Wiiitk Bent Gras.s. Fiorin.
I'or early pasture and meadow gr.ass; rarely.
Europe.
* Agrostis alba vulgaris (With.) Thurber. Rkdtoi'. Herd's (Jrass.
^Mountain region, Tennessee Valley.
Europe.
Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Heaiiv. Meadow Oat fJRASS.
Rarely in the Prairie region.
Europe.
* Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuntzc. (Ci/nodon dactylon Pi^TS.). 1{ki;muda (iRA.ss.
Chiefly in the Louisianian area.
East Indies.
*Avena sativa L. Oats. Texas RusT-i-Roor Red Oats.
Throughout th(^ State; soutliwanl, cut and cured in the milk.
Euroi»e.
* Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard (iRASS.
Northern part of the State.
Europe.
Poa pratensis L. Blue Grass.
Mountain regioii and Tennessee Valley.
Euro])e.
Poa trivialis L. Rough Meadow Grass.
Among meadow grasses. Northward.
Europe.
Poa compressa L. (Janada Bue Grass.
Prairie region and northward, for pasture.
Europe.
CATALOGUE OF CULTIVATP^D PLANTS. 827
Poa arachnifera Torr. Texas Blue Grass.
Coast pLain to Prairie region, for winter pasture; rarely. Central Texas.
Festuca pratensis Huds. Meadow Fescue.
Tennessee Valley, among meadow grasses.
Bromus unioloides (Willd.) H. B. K.
RESct'E Grass. Schrader's Grass. Arctic Grass.
Central Prairie region and northward.
Lolium perenne L. English Ray Gi;ass.
Lawn and pasture grass.
Lolium italicuin L. Italian Ray Grass.
Lawn and pasture grass.
Europe.
*Secale cereale L. Rye.
Chiefly in the mountain region and Tennessee Valley, for grain crop and for winter
pasture.
Europe.
Triticuni vulgare L. Wheat.
Mostly Mediterranean hearded winter wheats. Mountain region, 'I'ennessee Valley.
Europe.
Hordeuni sativum L. Barley.
Rarely in the northern part of the State. Principally for winter pasture.
Europe.
HERBACEOUS PLANTS CULTIVATED FOR THEIR ROOTS.
Cyperus esculentus L. Chui-a.
Louisianian area, mostly in the Coast Pino belt.
North Africa.
* Allium cepa L. Onion.
Allium ascaloiiicum L. Shall( »t.
Western Asia.
Allium sativum L. Garlic.
Rarely. Southern Europe,
Allium porrum L. Leek.
Western Asia.
Beta vulgaris rapacea Koch. Mangel-wurzel. Si'gar Beet. Red Beet.
Southern Europe.
* Brassica campestris ruta-baga Vilmorin. Swedish Turnip. RiTA-iiAciA.
Europe.
* Brassica rapa esculenta DC. Turnip.
Europe.
Raphanus sativus L. " Radish.
Europe.
* Daucus carota L. Carrot.
Europe.
828
PLANT LIFK (>K ALAMAMA,
* Ipomoea batatas (L.) I'oir. ( liatotUH idiilix Chnin.) Swkki I'oiaiu.
HeriundiiH, red :iii<l wliitf, IcaveH eiitin^, liilxis t'iirinaci-oiiH. Hra/.iliuii .\ uiiih,
leaves loliecl, tiibeiH white, farinaceous. Spanish or sweet yarns (so called), leaves
IoIhmI, luliors \vhit<' or yellow, snj^ary.
Mexico.
* Solanum tuberosum L. Iiusii Potato.
America.
The early red iiiid white sorts on tlic tnici^ I'arnis ne:ir the coast for early sliipnient.
Helianthus tuberosus I,. .Iki!1'sai.i;m AirncHoKK.
Tragopogon porrifolius L. Salsiky.
Karely.
PLANTS CULTIVATED FOR THEIR 1 EAVES AND STEMS,
((iartleu ve^etahles and forage crops.)
Asparagus officinalis L.
Europe.
Spinacia oleracea L.
Europe.
Boehmeria nivea Gand., and B. tenacissinia Roxl>.
A.SPARAGUS.
Spinach.
China Grass. 1\amik.
Fiber plants. At pre ent almost abandoned; the young green stems here .md
there cut for green foddc^r.
Tetragonia expansa Ait.
Karely. Australia.
Lepidium sativum L.
Europe.
Roripa nasturtium (L.) Rnsby.
Europe.
Siuapis alba L.
Europe. Chiefly for greens.
Brassica oleracea botrytis L.
Enrope.
* Brassica oleracea capitata 1-.
* Brassica oleracea acephala 1 )C.
Brassica oleracea gongy lodes L.
Karelv.
Nkw Zkai.and Spinach.
Pkppkk Grass. Gardkn Cress.
Watkr Cress.
Whitk Mustard.
Cauliklowkr.
Cabbace.
Kale, (.'ollards.
KoHL-RAItl.
Rei> Clover.
* Trifolium pratense L.
Mountain regions and Tennesse*^ A'alley.
Europe.
Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike Clover.
With the above.
Europe.
Trifolium iucarnatum L. Scarlet Clover. Titricish Clover.
Lately in the Central Prairie region and Pine belt. Not frequently.
CATALOGUE OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
829
Medicago sativa L.
Prairie rtgiou. Tennessee Valley. Not frequently.
Medicago arabica (L.) All. (. Uedieago niaculata Sihth.)
Rarely. Coast region and Tennessee Valley.
Mediterranean region.
* Melilotus alba Dear. White Melilot.
Chiefly in the Central Prairie region.
Lespedeza striata Hook. & Am.
Mostly spontaneous.
Vicia sativa L.
Here and there for early green fodder.
Foeniculum foeniculum (L.) Karst.
Europe. Pot herb.
Anthriscus cerefolium L.
Europe. Pot herl).
Petroselinum sativum Hotim.
Southern Europe.
Apium graveolens L.
Blanched stems.
Southern Europe.
Ocinium basilicuni L.
India. Pot herb.
Mentha piperita L.
In a small way.
Europe.
Mentha spicata L.
In a small way.
Europe.
Thymus vulgaris L. and T. serpyllum L.
Europe. Pot herbs.
Salvia officinalis L.
Nicotiana tabacum L.
West Indies. South America.
Cichorium endivia L.
Southern Europe.
* Lactuca sativa L.
Southern Asia, southwestern Asia.
LucERX. Alfalfa.
liUK Clover.
BoKiL\KA Clover.
Japanese Clover.
Vetch.
Sweet Fennel.
Chervil.
Parsley.
Celery.
Sweet Basil.
Peppehmixt.
Spearmint.
Thyme.
Sage.
Tobacco.
Endive.
Lettice.
HERBACEOUS PLANTS CULTIVATED FOR THEIR FRUITS AND SEEDS.
Fagopyruni fagopyrum (L.) Karst. Buckwheat.
For feed for fowls and for green fodder; bee plant.
Northern Asia.
Fragaria vesca L. and F. virginiana L.
Strawberry.
830 PLANT lAVK OF ALA HAM A.
* Arachis hypogaea L. riiAMT. I'im>ai:. CooitKi: I'ka.
IWii/.il.
Cicer arietinuin L. Ciikk I'ka.
Rarely, ('ciilral I'lairio ro;xion.
Mcditt'irani'iiii region, Asia.
* Vigiia catjaug (L.) Walp. Cow i-ka.
Asia.
Glycine hispida Moeixli. Roy Hkax. So.ia Hean. .Iai'ank.sk I'ka,
Loiiisiauiaii aie;i ; iiiii'ly iit present.
Eastern Asia.
Pisum sativum I,. Garden Pea.
*Phaseolus vulgaris 1 J. Kiu.nky Bkan. Polii: Bean.
Asia.
*Phaseolus vulgaris nanus DC. Busii Bean.
Phaseolus lunatus L. Lima Bkan.
Phaseolus multiflorus Willd. Flowekinc ]?kan.
Karely for the seeds, nio.stly lor ornament.
*Abelinoschus esculentus Moencli. (Ilihiscus esculenlna L.) Okka. Gumbo.
* Gossypium herbaceum L. Conox. Ti'Lani) Cotton.
Asia.
Gossypium barbadense L. Ska Lsland Cotton.
Coast jilain; rarely.
Sonth Anu-rica.
" Lycopersicuni esculentum Miller. To.mato.
South America.
Solanum nielongena L. Egotlant.
Capsicum annuum L. Laiujf. Pkd Pkppek. Swekt Pkpi'EU,
Brazil.
Capsicum frutescens L. and C. baccatum L. Chile and Bikd's-kye Pki-pkrs.
India, tropical America.
* Cucurbita maxima Duchesne and C. pepo L.
LAK(ii; Pi MPKiN. Chekse Pumpkin.
Planted, iu the corntields.
Asia, America?
" Cucurbita melopepo L.
8QUA.SII. Cr.ooKNECii ScjUAsn. Cushaw. Vkgetahlk Makuow.
Asia, Africa, America.
* Citrullus vulgaris Sehrad. Watkumelon.
In greatest perfection in the Pine region.
Africa.
■ Cucumis sativus L. Cucumbkk.
Asia.
* Cucumis melo reticulatus Scr. Nkttkd Melon. Muskmelon.
CATALOGUE OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
831
* Cucumis nielo cantelupa Ser.
Asia, Africa.
Cucumis anguria L.
Coast plain.
West Indies.
Lageiiaria vulgaris gourda Ser.
Louisianiau area.
Asia, America.
Lagenaria vulgaris clavata Ser.
Louisianiau area.
Asia, America?
Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz.
Coast plain. Karely.
Mexico.
Cynara scolymus L.
Louisianiau area, here and there. Rarely.
Southern Europe.
Cantalolpk. Sugar Melon.
Ghekkix.
Bottle Goukd
Tkumpet Gouhd.
Mexican Squash. Chayote.
Artichoke.
TREES AND SHRUBS CULTIVATED FOR THEIR FRUIT.
*Hicoria pecan (Marsh.) Britton. Pkcan Nut.
Chiefly in the coast plaiu.
Juglans regia L.
Here and there in the uorthern part of the State.
* Ficus carica L.
Coast plaiu to Lower hills.
Morus nigra L. Black Mulberry. Russian Mulberry
Most frequent iu the Pine belt.
* Pyrus communis L.
* Pyrus sinensis Lindl.
Sand pear and its derivatives, the Le Coute aud Keitfer pears
Mostly cultivated in the Coast Pine belt.
Eastern Asia.
* Pyrus malus L.
English Walnut.
Fig.
Pear.
Pear.
Chiefly in the Mountaiu region aud Tennessee Valley,
Europe.
Cydonia sinensis Thou.
Southward.
Cydonia cydonia (L.) Pex's.
Northward.
Europe.
Al'I'LE.
Chinese Quince.
Common Quince.
Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.
Coast plain.
.Japan.
* Prunus augustifolia Marsh.
Lo(jUAT. .Japanese Plum or Japanese Medlar.
Chickasaw Plum. (ioLi>EN Drop,
832 IM-ANT I, IKK OK A I, .M?.\ M A.
" Pruiuis ameiicaiia Marsh. \Vii.i> ( Jmusk I'i.im. 1{|-,i> a\i> Vki.i i>\v I'i.i'.m.
Piiiiuis triflora KNixli. .Iai'anksk I'mms. Ivi;i,m;v and Hoia.n I'i.cms.
Coast to til*- nii)iMilaiii8.
,la]iaii.
' Amygdalus persica L. Pka( ii.
Asia.
Amygdalus persica nectariua Ait. Nkctaki.nk.
l']>I)er districts.
Rubus occidentalis L. liLACK-iAi' Iwvsriu.ijKiKs,
Rubus idaeus L. Kasi-hkrky.
Rubiis argutiis Link. Hlackijkkuy.
Rubus trivialis .Michx. and R. iiivisus Hailey Dkwhekriks, various strains.
Punica granatum !.. Pomkcjranate.
Lower Pine region, Coast plain.
Mediterranean region.
Citrus aurantium L. Sweet Okan(;e.
On the seacoast. Mobile Bay, Perdido Hay. Cultivated extensively before the
{ffeat freeze in the winter of 1879-80. At present only iu well-sheltered localities.
Citrus bigaradia Loisel. Bin Kit ()kan(;e.
On the seacoast.
Zizyphus vulgaris L. Jujubk-beury.
Lower Pine region. Coast plain. Here and there. ,
Vitis labrusca L. Fox Grape.
Southern varieties: Catawba, Diana, Isabella. Northern varieties: *Concord,
Ives seedling.
* Vitis aestiVcUis Michx. Summer (iRAi'E,
Virginia seedling, Norton's Virginia, "Herbeniont, Cynthiana.
* Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Muscarine Grate. Bullace Grape.
Flowers, Thomas, ' Seuppernoug.
Chiefly in the Coast Pine l>elt.
CULTIVATED FOR SHADE TREES AND FOR ORNAMENT.
Cycas revoluta Thunh. Fern I'ai.m.
Coast plain.
.Japan.
Nageia chiuensis (Roxb.) Kuntze. {Podocarixm sinensis Teijstn. A: Hinu.)
Coast plain. Evergreen shrub,
.lapan.
Cupressus senipervirens L. Cvprk.s.s.
Cypress of southern Europe.
Coast plain to Central Prairie belt.
Cupressus funebris Kndl. Weeping Cypress.
Louisianiau area.
China,
CATALOGUE OB^ CULTIVATED PLANTS.
833
Biotia orientalis Don.
Small tree or shrub.
Asia.
Cunniughamia sinensis R. Br.
Lower Pine region, Coast plain.
China.
Araucaria imbricata Pa v.
From the Coast i)Iain to Lower hills.
Chile.
Cedrus deodara Loud.
Coast to Lower hills.
Himalayan India.
Salix baby Ionic a L.
Asia.
Populus alba L.
Europe, North Africa, Asia.
Quercus virginiana Mill.
Lower Pine reyion. Coast plain.
Quercus laurifolia Michx.
Coast plain to Lower hills.
Quercus nigra L. ( Q. aqitatUa Walt.).
Most fre([ueut in the Coast Pine belt.
Broussouetia papyrifera Vent.
Eastern Asia.
cliinesk cunninghamia.
Chilean Pine,
Deodara Cedak.
Weeping Willow.
White ou Silver Pox'lar.
Live Oak.
Laurel Oak.
Water Oak.
Paper Mulberry.
Toxylon pomiferum Kaf. {Madnra amanliava^wit.). Osage Orange.
Magnolia foetida (L.) Sargent. {Magnolia grandifiora L.). Magnolia.
Northward to the Tennessee Valley.
Magnolia obovata Thunb. Purple-flowehed ]\Iagnolia,
Jnjtan.
Michelia fuscata (Andr.) Blunie. { Magnolia f uscata Audv).
Coast idaiu. Lower Pine region.
Japan.
Cinnaniomuni camphora (L.) Nees ifc Eberm. Ca:mphor Tree.
Coast plain, hardy at Mobile (before the great freeze of 1899). Tree 20 years old,
20 feet and o^■er in heiglit.
China.
Pittosporum tobira Ait. Sweet-scented PiTTOsPOitUM.
Large shrub. Mobile.
Ja]>an.
Platauus occidentalis L. Sycamore.
Shade tree.
Rosa banksiana R. Br. Banks's Rose.
Coast plain. Lower Pine region.
India, China.
Rosa laevigata Michx. Cherokee Rose.
For hedges.
China, America ?
15894 53
884
I'LANT LIKK (»K AI.AItA.MA.
Rosa biactcata W'tiiill McCahtnk.v Ivusk.
Medico ]>l:iiit.
K;ist«Tii A8i:i.
Rosa multiflora rinnil.. Man v-h i.owkkkk l»t)SK.
Ilodjio plant.
Cliiiia. .lajiai).
Rosa damascena .Mill., R. ceiitifolia L., R. alba L., R. eglanteria I.. R. iiidica L.
Ill a yrcat iii;iiiy \:irii-tiHs, stiaiii.s. ami livbrids.
Photinia serrulata l-iniU.
Fine evcrj^rt'en shrnb oi' small Irof. ('oast jdaiii.
Eastern .Vsia.
Cotoneaster pyracaiitha (L.) Sj>ac'
IkiisKS.
.^KICKII.AIK-I.KAI I'llollNIA.
I'VKA( A.NTIIA.
St'AKI.KT (»K r.CUNMNt; ]il\><H.
Mock < >i;a.n<;k.
SwKKT Acacia.
Sii.K Tas.ski. Tkee.
PuicKLY 1'ai;ki.\.sonia.
Coast I'inc licit, lied.ne plant.
Sontlicin Ijiioiic.
Cydoiiia japoiiica L.
.I;i])an.
Prunus Cciroliniaiia Ait.
Coast plain to Central I'rairie region.
Acacia farnesiaua Willd.
Coast plain.
West Indies, southern Asia.
Albizzia julibrissiii (Willd.) Dnra/.z.
Coast jilain to Central Prairie region.
Southwestern Asia.
I
Parkiiisoiiia aculeata L.
Elegant small tree. Coast plain. Lower Pine region.
.South America.
Krauuhia chiueusis (.'^inis) Greene. (U'islcrin rhiiiiiinis ])(.'.) Ciiinksk Wi.spakia.
^lost fre<iUontly cultivated ilimlier from the Coast plain to the Prairie region.
Robiiiia pseudacacia L. Black Locust.
Melia azedarach L. Ciiina-hkkky Thee.
I'retiuent in the Coast jilaiii and Lower Pin<' region.
Southern Asia.
Sapiiidus marginatus Willd.
Prairie region, Coast plain. Itarely. Southern I'lorida.
Ailanthus glandulosus Desf.
Aliandoued of late years.
China.
Sapium sebiferum Koxb.
Coast jilain. Ivarely.
China.
Buxus sempervirens Ij.
Enro])e.
Acer saccharinum L. (J. dasycarpum Ehrh.)
Northern part of Iho State. Shade tree.
SoAP-iiKKKY Tkee.
Tkkk ok IIkavkx.
Tali>o\v-15kkry 'F'i;ee.
Hox.
WllITK MaI'LE
CATALOGUE OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
Acer rubrum L.
With the liist.
835
Keo Mai'LK.
Acer saccharum Marsh, and A. sacchaiuni barbatuin (Michx.) Trelease.
Hai{i> Maples.
lu the Tennessee Vallej'. Fine shade trees.
Hibiscus syriacus L. Altiiea.
Coast plain.
Southwestern Asia.
Pirmiana platanifolia (L. i". ) R. I>r. I>y luisnoiiur called .Jatanese Vaknish Tuee.
Eastern Asia.
Tliea japoiiica (L.) jS'ois. (CamelUa Juponka Tliuub.)
Japan.
Thea chinensis L.
Coast plain to Central Prairie region. Ornamental evergreen
China. /
Lagerstroemia indica L.
Lower Pine region, Coast jdain, Ireqnent.
East Indies.
Myrtus communis h.
Coast plain to Central Prairie region.
Southern Europe.
Japonica.
Chinese Tea.
Crape Myhtle.
Myrtle.
Euonymus japonicus
Coast plain to Central Prairie region.
Jajtan.
Osmanthus fragrans (Thuub.) Lour.
Coast plain, 15 to 18 feet high. Mobile.
Japan, China.
Ligustrnm japonicum Thunl>.
Coast plain.
Ligustrum vulgare italicum Miller.
Coast plain.
Paulow^uia tomentosa (Thunb.) liaill.
Flowers at Mobile, February.
Japan.
Nerium oleander L,
Coast region.
Mediterranean region.
Catalpa catalpa (Walt.) Karst.
Viburnum odoratissimum Kcr-Gawl.
Coast i)lain. E\ergreen tree, 20 to 'M) feet high.
China.
Gardenia florida L.
Coast plain.
China.
Azalea indica, many varieties and liybrids.
Coast plain.
India,
Japanese Stkawkerry Bush.
Sweet Olive.
Jai'an Privet.
evergkeen privet.
KoYAi. Paulownia.
Oleander.
Catalpa Tree.
Sweet-scented Viuurnum.
Cape Jessamine.
Azalea.
TABULAR STATEMENT OF THE PLANTS OF ALABAMA.
Subkingdom MYXOTHALLOPHYTA.
Order.
Species.
Plasmodiophorales ,
Myxogastrales ..'
Subkingdom EUTHALLOPHYTA
Kxiplnicaceae (Algae).
Class :
Bai'illari.ilps (Diatoms)
01ilonpi)iiy<'i':ii' (' ireeu algae)
( 'liar:ili^s (St one worts)
Phaeopliyceae (ISrowu seaweeds)
Khodopbyccao (Red algat')
Class :
Pbycomycetes . . .
Asooiiiycetes
Basidiomycetes . .
Fuugi iuiperfecti-
Licheues
Euini/cetes (Fun<il).
34
323
664
364
221
Subkingdom BRYOPHYTA. Liverworts and mosses.
Class: Hepaticao (Liverworts).
Genera.
Species.
Varieties.
Species
and
varieties.
Family:
2
5
6
n
1
1
1
62
3
6
7
20
3
14
1
130
3
C
7
1
13
27
4
Class; Mu.sci (Mosses).
Order:
Sphagnales (Peatmosses)
27
1
10
140
Subkingdom PTBRIDOPHYTA.
cj
CS <3J
ll
2^-
J3
i
■"
"3
^
5
Family.
•S c8 a
3
0 .
on eS
n 0
0 .
H
0 .
0
a
'*.2
a'S
0 a
a
^
'r.
ts
ca s-;=
a <C (^
a a
p fl
tJ <u
0 c
0
a
fi,
g
o
ID
2
'3
o
1
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5 *"
a
IS
i
0
O
yj
h)
0
iJ
0
0
0
H
M
W
0
Opliioglossaceae
2
1
1
5
2
9,
2
2
1
2
4
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
....
1
1
HymenopLyllaceae
1
2
It
38
9
0
fi
20
12
26
0
7
7
7
2
Salviuiaoeao
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
7
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
"3
1
2
2
......
1
2
5
1
1
1
2
1
2
....
1
1
1
Isoetaceae
837
888
IM-ANT Ml'K (tK AI-AltAMA
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TABULAR STATKMKNT. 843
St'MMAllV.
Tlip total niiiiiV)ers of the species and varieties known at jiresent to grow without iiiltivation in
Ahibanni, enumerated in the catalogue, are as follows:'
Myxothallophyta ;!5
Eiithalloph yta 1 , 687
Archegoniatae (Bryoph.yta, Ptoridophjta) 275
Gy mnospermae 1 :!
Angiosporniae:
Monocotvlt'dones 681
Dicot.N kdones 1, 782
Total Angioaperiuae 2, 403
Total Spermophy ta 2, 476
Tot al species and varieties 4, 473
' Some of the forms of Panicum of the dichoiomum group and some of the new species of Crataegus,
desLTitjed hy Professor Sargent and Mr. Beadle since the catalogue has been in press, were too late for
inclusion.
ERRORS AND ADDITIONS.
Pp. 11, 59, etc. For Chehawhaw Mountain read Che-aw-ha Mountain.
P. 15. For Wistaria read Wisteria.
P. 16. For (J. hreriloha read Q. hrevilohata.
P. 38, foot note 1. Kead: Ciclioriaceae, Auilirosiaceae, and Carduaceae.
P. 38. The figures in this summary are to be corrected by those of the, tabuhir st.ite-
ment, pp. 837 to 843.
P. 45. After Ilix voinitoria in list insert Cratat'(jiis sj)]!.
P. 45. For L'liudodendron spp. in list read Azalea spp.
P. 88. For Salij: tristis read Salir humilis.
P. 114. For Helianthemuni raniuHjiortim read Ilelianlliemum <ieor<ji(tiium.
P. 149. For G. A. Beaumont read J. F. Beanmont.
P. 253. Under Phyllostit'ta leiicocarpac, instead of Piiriis sp. read Jlninelia lycioidvx.
Pp. 336 to 389. The following grasses have come lately to notice :
Andropo()on hnkiri S('ribner & Ball. Mobile County.
AHdropo(jo)i scoparius pohjcladns Scribner & Ball. Mobile County.
Paspalnm alfissimion Le Coute. Mobile County.
I'unicuin malacon Nash. Butler County.
Pauiviim iquilaterale >>crihnGv. Baldwin County, Stockton.
Elymns ulahrijionis (Vasey) Scribner. De Kalb County, Lookout Mountain ni^ar
Men tone.
P. 469. After (^>HtTc'HS Hiino/- insert:
Quercus boyntoni Beadle, Biltmore Bot. Stud. 1:48. 1901.
Carolinian area.
Alabaaia: Mountain region. Etowah County, near Gadsden (C. L. lloynion),
April. Shrubby, 3 to 15 feet high.
P. 623. Before Triadeniiin rirghiicinu insert:
Triadenum longifolium Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 140. 1898.
LON(;-LKAK A1AK!?H St. JoHN's WOKT.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, thinnish, obtuse, or notched at the apex, truncate or
subcordate at the base, sessile; cymes terminal and axillary, few-Howered; llowers
sessile orshort-peduucled; sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate; capsules
small, acute, striate.
Louisianiau area. WesttMii Florida.
Alabama: Central Prairie region. Low wet places, Sumpter County. Flowers in
July.
Type locality : In fossis prope Suniuierville [SuniptervillefJ, Alabama, et ad llu v.
Apalachicola, Florida, legit Kugel, Aug.-Oct., 1843.
P. 696. Before I'hryma insert:
PHRYMACEAE. Phryma Family,
and transpose, with genus, to p. 735, before rhintaginaccae.
P. 797. After Jlndheckia hirta insert :
Rudbeckia strigosa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 7 : 354. 1840.
Riidbeckia hirta viiv. /i Torr. <Sc Gray, Fl. N. A. 2:307. 1842. (Fide Thonuis \^
Moore).
845
84fi ri-ANT F.II'K IN M.M'.AMA.
L<MiiHi:iiiiaii arc;!. W'osliTii I .oiiiHiaiia ; Ti-xas.
Alaiia.nja: Coast plain. Sandy pinr woiids. .Mciliili' Connly, May, lltUl {Muht).
Local. .July, rcronnial.
Clearly distinct.
1 I<tI>. ( iool. Snrv.
Rudbeckia chapinani Hoynton iV iScadlc, Hiltinore Hot. Stuil. 1 : 14. litOl.
Ciiai'Ma.n's ( 'oM.i'i.ow i;i;.
IV'rcnnial, lA to H Icct liij^h; radicial leaves S to ItJ in< lu!« loii;^ ( infliidiiij; jxdiolo),
broadly ovatf-laurcolati', 2^ to 4 inches wide, harshly but incon.sj)icuonHiy ])iilio8-
cent, ."> or 7 ncrvod, truncrato or cordate at the base, <U'ntatc. or coarsely crenulato-
dentate; canliiie leaves ovate-lanceolate, ronmlcd or narrowed at tin; base, snb-
dentato or nearly entire, ])etiole,d; Bteins conspicuously an{jle«l, striate, sparingly
pubescent or glabrous, branched near the sunnnit; involucre foliaceous, iuibiicatcd,
glabrate, or with lines of soft hairs on the margin and nerves; rays 12 to 16, about
an inch long, 2 or 'A tootheil at the apo.\; disk lieniis])herical, dark jmrple; <diaHof
the receptacle abruptly pointed at the apex and ciliato with a few short hairs;
pap))us a shallow coroniforni border.
Carolinian area.
Alaha.ma: Mountain region. Nortii Alabama (G. R. J'asei/), 1878; no specific
locality given.
Type loiality : " Mountains of Georgia (Dr. A. W. Chapman, no locality ; Dr. D. P.
Cieaveland, Dalton, Ga. ) and Alal)ania (Dr. G. Vasey [(i. K. Vasey f], 1878)."
P. 753. After J'JIcpluintojiiiit ciiroliiiiani(s insert:
Elephantopus violaceus 8<hult/. Hip. Linnaea, 20 : ")17. 1847.
Identification on the authority of C. F. Haker.
Carolinian area.
Alabama: Coast plain. Mobile. October.
INDEX.
[Synonyms are printed in /fo/Zcs. Species names in regular catalogue place are indexed only
in the case of a few large genera.]
I'ago.
Abelmoschus esciilentus 830
Abena, catalogue 69i
Abies canctdensis __ 324
Alndilon avicennae _ 614
catalogue .- 614
Acacia brachyJoba 554
catalogue 553
farnesiana 136,834
lutea - - - 553
sweet - - - - 553
AcaJypha caroliniona _ _ 593
catalogue 593
ostryaefolia. 239,248
virginica qracilens. 593
Acanthaceae .-. 733
Acantliospermum australe _ 55
brasiium - ('95
catalogue 795
xanthioides 795
Acanthus family 7133
Acer 180,213
barbatum 605,606
floridctmim 60tj
catalogue 605
dasycarpum 46,606,834
floridanum 47,93
acuminatum 606
leucoderme 47,57,70,91
7}iexica)uun 606
negundo 70,248,253
rubrum 161,
166, 180, 181, 182, 251, 252, 253, 260, 835
drummondii 607
rugelii 606
saccharinum... 46,834
saccharinum 605
floridanum. 606
saccharum 47, 80, 84, 835
barbatum 47,61,70,84,102,835
barbatum 60ti
Aceraceao 605
Acerates, catalogue 676
longifolia _ 676
paniculata 677
Acetabula 156
Achillea, catalogue 812
lanata 812
Achlya, catalogue 151
Achroantbes, catalogue. 457
unifolia 66
Achyrauthes, catalogue 492
obtnsi/oiia 492
rcpcns 492
Page.
Acmella repens 797
Acnida, catalogue . - 491
Aconi turn, catalogue 510
Acorus, catalogue _ 424
Acrocarpi 296
Acrospermaceae 164,262
Acrospermum, catalogue 164
Acrostichum areolntnm 313
platyneuros 314
polypodioides ._ 311
thelypteris . 316
Actaea alba _ 93
catalogue 508
racemosu 509
spicata alba 509
Actinocyclus, catalogue. 144
Actinomeris. .._ 803
alternifolia 804
helianthoides 804
nudicauUs _ 804
squarrosa 80t
Actinospermum 808
catalogue 808
Actynoptychus. catalogue 143
Acuan brachycarpus 108
catalogue 554
illinoensis 104
Addersmouth, green 457
Adder's- tongue 310,440
family.. 310
yellow 440
Adelia, catalogue 667
liaustrina 57,102
privetlike 668
Adiantum capillus-veneris. 86, 108
catalogue 311
pedatum 74
Adicea, catalogue 478
microphylla hernarioides 56
urticaefolia 102
Adonis autumnalis 516
catalogue 516
Adopogon, catalogue 751
Adrue 392
Adventlve plants 54
Aecidia 193
Aecidium. 190
catalogue 192
rnariae-wilsoni 193
oldenlandianum 193
petersii 193
2>etcrsii. 193
Actjilops aromatica 374
847
848
INDEX.
Aoscliyiioiiu-lic, i-atiiloyuo 5C!)
hixpidii : 50!)
lonyifolia 5(5!)
jtldti/carpa 5t)8
virginica 128
Aosfulaceao tiO'
Acsculus, catalogue (507
lUivtt 007
glabra 80,84
lutca 007
macrostachya 008
octandra 40,80,84
parviflora 92,109
pavia 85,109,106,254
spp 32
Aothiisa,' catalogue Ii43
piiinata 043
Afzolia cassinoidos 115
catalogue 724
pectiuata. 115
Agaric, fly 229
Agaricaceae 310, 203
Afjaricah'S 197
Agaricinao 222
Agarics 170
Agaricus (iter 225
catalogue 224
Agave auicricana 137
catalogue 448
virginica 175, 250
Ageratum altissimuiii 705
catalogue 700
inexicanum 56
mexica imm 700
Agriculture, relation to spontaneous
flora 821
Agrimonia, catalogue 542
eupatoriu mollis 542
pdrviflorn , 542
eupatorium 542
incisa 123
microcarpa 542
mollis - 185
parviflora 185
ptibcsccns 542
suavcolens 543
Agrimony.. 542.543
Agrostomma, catalogue 490
Agrostis 239
. alLa 820
stolonifcra 370
vulgaris 830
altissima 370
ara-cluioides 370
aspera 308
catalogue 370
elata... 371
hlemalis 88
indica 307
intermedia 370
invohita 368
Juncea 368
littoralis 369
loncjifolia 368
perennans 76,370
scabra 370
tenacissima 368
Pago.
Agrostis— Continued.
ivnuiflora 366
trivhopodes 366
ittUjuris 370
Agy rium, catalogue 159
Ailantlius, catalogue 587
glandulosus 834
Aira, catalogue 371
fleruosu 372
mollis: 378,379
nitida 379
ohtusata 378
purpurea 377
triflora 1378
truncata . .• 378
Aizoaceae 494
Alabama flora, biological relations 44
ecological relations -44
relation to adjoining 39
relation to foreign ' 39
relation to trans- Atlantic 43
relation to tropical American 41
systematic relations :{8
River, physiography 23
Albizzia, catalogue 553
julibrissin 1:30,834
Albugo, catalogue 151
Albugiuaceae 151,202
Alder.- , 43,407
black. 604
white 6,53
Aletris alba 443
catalogue 44;i
Alfalfa 560,829
Alfllaria .583
Algae — 142
fresh- water 142
red 148
Alisma, catalogue 329
subulata 3;il
Alismaceao 329
AUeghenian life area 31
Allionia, catalogue 493
hirsuta 105
nyctaginea .• 83
Allium 255
ascalonicum 827
cauadense 98
catalogue 439
cepa - - 827
ornithoyaloides 439
porrum 827
sativum 827
Allspice, Carolina 109,518
Alnus 139,194,195,302,208
catalogue 407
rugosa 154, 106, 107, 177, 179, 180, 181, 198
serrulata 407
Aloe, American 448
false 448
Alopecurus aristulutiis 307
catalogue 367
fulvus - 367
(/cnicidatus aristidatus 367
iiioiin2>ilictisifi - 369
Alsikeclover 828
Alsinaceae 496
IJfDEX.
849
Paye.
Alsine 490
catalogue _ -. 499
pubera teunesseeusis 86
Alteriiunthera uchtiiaiitli'i 495!
leiantha 492
catalogue 491
Althea __ 835
rosea 239
tree _ ._..... til"
Alum root 534
Amanita, catalogue - 328
Amauitopsis, catalogue 228
Amaranth family 490,491
Amaranthaceae _ 490
A)iiaranthus albus 491
catalogue , 490
chlorostnchys ..- 490
hybridus.. 490
crasnqyes _ 491
hybridus 55
hypochondriacHS. 490
reti'oflexus - 55, 151,253
sp - 151
spinosus 55,151
Amaryllidaceae .- 447
Amafyllis atamusco _ 447
family 447
Amblystegium 291
catalogue - 308
homalostegium 308
radicalc 308
Ambrosia - 175
artemisiaefolia 152, 105, 171, 173, 174, 175
catalogue 757
triflda 165,171,191
Amijrosiaceae 756
addendum . ._ 845
Amelanchier - 261
canadensis 64
botryapium 545
oblongifolia 545
catalogue 545
Ainellus villosus __ 770
American centaury _ 670
Colombo 672
Amerosporium, catalogue 261
Amianthium 437
angustifolium 437
leiinanthoides __. 437
niuscaetoximm 437
Ammannia, catalogue 631
hum His -- 631
latifolia _ 631
ramosior (j31
Ammi capillaccuni. 648
catalogue 649
majus -.- 56
viajus ..: 648
Amorpha, catalogue . 563
fruticosa _. 187
glabra 123
virgata 61,63
Ampelanus, catalogue 677
Ampelopsis 174
arborea 101
bipinnuta 611
J 'age.
.4 mpehipsis — Continued.
catalogue 611
cordata 101
incisa 130
quinquefoliu 611
Amphiacharys, catalogue 769
dracunculoides 83
Amphicarpa 578
nionoica 579
Amph icarpaea pitchvri 579
Amphiprora, catalogue 146
eleyans _ 146
vitrea 143
Amphisphaeriaceao 173,262
Amphitetras, catalogue - 144
Amphora, catalogue 146
Amphoridium ._ 291
catalogue 300
Aujsonia amsouia 184
aiignstifolia __ _ 674
ciliata 97
catalogue 673
latifolia ._ 673
tabernaemontdua. , _ 673
Amygdalus persica 1.54,189,2:35 2:56,3.56,832
nectarina 833
Auacardiaceae 600
Anagallis, catalogue - - 663
Anantherix paniculata 677
Andreaea, catalogue 296
nipestris 296
Audreaeaceae 296,309
Andreaoales __ 296,309
Andromeda 14, 4.5, 47, ,2.58
acuminata _ 168
arborea 656
axillaris _ 654
frondosa 655
ligustrina 655
piibescens 656
low 555
nitida 655
paniculata foliosiflora _ 655
nudiflora 655
phillyrcaefolia 655
racemosa _ - 654
recurva - --- 655
recurved 655
Andropogon 356
alopccuroides - 334
ambiguus _ 375
argentexts 338
argyraeus - 113,187
avenaceus ._ 338
bakeri _ -.- 845
belvisii 338
catalogue 336
ciliatus .-.. 338
dissitiflorutn 337
elliottii 130
furcatus 61,7:5,104,187,257
glaucus 337
glomeratus l;»,183,83I
glaucopsis - 133
halepvnsis --- 339
insular is 345
lo8;)4-
-54
sr>()
INDKX.
AiKlrniiiitJou— Continued. Pugo.
licl'miinii inolirii •5'** I
Idnjfiln/rliis <5'7
iiuicrnuniin 'l-W
tnacniiirn.t yliiuroitxis SI"
hir.'oiiiiir '-^^
mohrii - 11'^
nil til II X - -J-J"
linnrttiinni S^''
j)rovincialis/Hrrittus SJS
scoparins 61, 73, lU, IKl, l»r, KK
])oly<-ladus 845
suryhiim s<ithiis 3139
sp 171,186,187
tener 113,120
genuinus typicns 336
teti-astachyus 119
vaijiiititus •«(
virginious 74,
76, 88, 116, 171, 175, 186, 187, 3;J7, 821
dealbiitus 120
glaucus - 12(),;537
tcf rust achy us 338
viriflis.. 3;J7
Audropofj^oneae 63
Anemone caroliniana 83,1)3
catalogue 510
decapet.ala 188,194
Jiepdiica -- 511
hetvrophijlla -- 510
nemorusa 510
quinquefolia 510
prairie 511
quinquefolia - 75,93
rue 511
Southern 510
tlialictroides 511
trilobuta 510
Virginian 511
virginiana 75,85,93,260
Aiiciiioiiellii - 511
thulicln-ikles 511
AnijdUis ciici-nlca. 663
Angelica 641
catalogue 641
hirxuta 641
tree 70,640
villosa - 64,245
Angelina, catalogue 102
Angiospei-iuae - 326
Angle-pod, Baldwin's - 678
hirsute - 678
smooth 677
Anise, Florida star. 506
Anomodon, catalogue 304
Anomostcphium buphthalmoides 800
buplitJialiiioides 800
Aiioiuipyyniaea. 508
triloba 507
Anonaceae - 507
Anonymos aquatica - 475
bractvaia 570
capitata 446
cassioides 724
erecta.. ...;-. 727
graminifolhis -— 767
odoratissima - - 768
piniiata - - - 56;)
AiKniyiiKiK ('i)ntiiin.-il I'ligo.
rot mill i fill in . 558
svsiiitifiiliiim . . <WU
Antonnaria.c-atalogue 1<1«,790
Anthacnantia 34J1
catalogue Hl-'l
rufa 116
viUona 113
Anthoniis, catalogue 812
cot u la 55
rrpeim - - 797
Antlioccros car(»linianu8 5S<6
catalogue 289
ravenelii 285
Anthocerotaceae 289
Anthostoma, catalogue 177
An thostomella. catalogue. 177
Anthoxanthuni, catalogue 364
Anthriscus cerefolium 829
Aiitirrhinuiii canadcnsn 717
elatine 716
Hnaria 717
spurium 717
j Antrichum 303
Aiiychia baldwinii 502
canudrnxis 502
catalogue 502
di<'hotoma 63
AphyUiiii 731
unijlorum 731
Apiaceae - 640
Apiosapios - 166,245
catalogue ..- 579
lidierosa - 579
Apiospora, catalogue 174
Aijiosporinm, catalogue 168
Apiuin, catalogne 647
graveolens 829
leptophjilhim 647
Aplectruni, catalogue 460
hyemale .: - 460
Aplopappus divaricatus 771
Apocynaceac 673
Apocynum cannabinuiu 68
catalogue 674
Aiwgon 752
humiliii 752
Apple of peru ■ 708
thorn 714,715
tribe 46
Applemint 697
Apples .— 31,43,69,80,89,254,824,831
in Tennes.see Valley -.. 824
Aptoria 51
catalogue - 452
lilac - 452
lilacina - 452
setacea - 123
Aquilogia, catalogue : 509
Arabia bulbusd 525
catalogue 528
laevigata SJ
ludoviciaiia 528
patens 94
thaliuna - 537
virginica 152
Araceae 424
Aracbis hypogaea ti'.). ;i43, 830
INDEX.
851
J 'age.
Arachiiion, catalogue -•'M
Aralia, catalogue 640
quinquefolia (>tO
racemosa .._ "5
spiuosa... - 7O,255,~C0
Araliaceae 040
Araucaria imbricata --. 833
spiJ -.- 136
Arboreal i)laiit associations 47
Arbutus, trailing . - - 656
Archeniora :. ... 641
rigida 641
Archiclilamy deae - - - 461
Archidium, catalogue 397
Archispermar 323
Arctic grass .- - --- 827
or arctic-alpine life zone 30
Arctium, catalogue 816
Arcyphylluin difforine - 582
Arcyria, catalogue. _ 139
Arecaceae -,. 423
Arenaria brevifolia _. .. 79
catalogue _ . 499
diffusa _ 500
michnuxii _. .__ _ 499
patula. 83
pitcheri __- 500
rubra 501
marina 501
serpyllifolia .- 83
stricta _ , 73
Ari'thusa divaricata _. 456
uphioylossoides 455
racemusa _ _ 460
spicata _- . 460
verticiUata _.. 456
Arcjemonc alhiflora 520
catalogue 530
(leorgiunu __ _ _. 520
niexicana albiflora 520
Arisaema, catalogue 425
dracontium ._ 110
polijxiorphum 435
quiuatum ._ 75
Aristida, catalogue _ 364
dichotoma 105
lanosa 365
palustris _ 124
purpurascens 113,171
minor ... 257
simpliciflora 365
simplicifolia - -. -._ 113
spiciformis 124
stricta _ iaj,113
rirgutapalustris. 365
Aristolochia, catalogue 480
hastata 480
serpentaria 480
sipho 480
tomentosa 101
Aristolocliiaceae -. 480
Armillaria, catalogue... 227
Arouia arbutifolia t>4, 71
catalogue 545
A rrhena tltiriiiu dvenaceum 372
catalogue 372
elatius 826
Page.
Arrhytidia, catalogue 196
Arrow grass 329
family _.. .- 329
Arrowhead _ ..- 50,330,333
Arrowleaf 49
Ai'rowwood 107, 743
Artemisia, catalogue 814
cupiUifoUa 760
vulgaris.- 56
Arthouia 264,366
catalogue 269
Arthonieae -..- 269,284
Artichoke 828,831
Anci II dracontium _ 436
family. 424
polyniorplium _ 435
quiniitiiin _ 425
triphyllum__ 425
cirginicuiii 435
Aruncus, catalogue 539
Arundinarla 157,162,169,173, 174
catalogue 389
macrosjjer ma 45, 58, 102, 103
suffruticosa 389
tecta 45,102,
103,12:1,126,157,160,164,170, 173, 174, 175,
181,196,237,238,244, 246, 248, 252, 261, 823
Arundii cinnoides.. 371
gigantea 389
phragmites 377
tecta 389
Asarum arifolium 123
catalogue 480
grandifloruin. . 481
macranthum 79
virginicum (16, 183
grundiflorum 481
Asclepiadaceae . _ 674
Asclepias umple.cicaulis 114, 675
ungustifolia 676
catalogue _ 674
floridana 676
humistrata 114
lanceolata 50
linearis 076
lougifolia 676
michauxii .-. 114
obovata 104
obtusifolia 240
pur vi flora 676
paxipercula _. 675
piirpurascens ._ 675
quadrifolia 79
sp - 350
tuberosa 68
varief,ata 68
verticiUata subverticillata 676
inridis - 677
Asclepiodora... 677
catalogue 677
viridis... 104
Asc(jbolaceae 157,362
Ascobolus, catalogue 157
conglamerafa 162
Ascomycetes " 154,263
Ascyruni 121
catalogue 619
852
I M ► !•; x ,
Asc-yruiu- Cuiitiiiiicil ]'!i'^i-.
1-ni.r-iimlniii- . til'.i
august ifoliuiii <lli*
hyiioricoiilcs L'^^tLt)
puiiiilum -. IH
stniis 12<J,:J38
Ash 14,4;J.4*J,6()«
Biltiiioro tKHi
liluo ai.CrflT
Carolina Hi, (17, l:i4
green II1,1,%,(5U7
V-.p 067
small-fruited white 666
Southern in-ii-kly 102,133
water 067
white 81 , 84, W, '.I.'.'. KK, 1 10, OtHi, 834
Asiniina I'J-J
catalogue 507
h)W - 508
jKirviHora 113
triloba 00,11)1,103
Asparattus 838
offlciualis 838
AspcrKillaceae 104,303
Axjxri/iUdlcs - 104
Aspergillus, catalogue - - - 164
Asphodel, false 430
Aspiiliotus ohscurus 10i),340
Anpidinm 310
acrost ichtndcs 317
floridaiiuDi 317
inarginale 317
molle 317
novehoracciise . - 310
(il)tusuin 318
l)ateiis 317
thelijpteris 310
Aspleuiiim angustifoliuui 74
bradleyi -- 78
catalogue 314
vbenciiin 314
filix-focmina 78,04
luontauum — 73,78,94
l)arvulum 73,78,94
piuuatifidum 73,78
])latyiieuroii 74,133
rltL^iijihjjllu 310
ruta-muraria 73,94
IheUjptvroiden 310
trichomanes 70,78,94
Asprella 389
Aster.. - 153,188,192,354,788
adnatus 115,780,786
ainplexicuulis 780
annuxts 780
asperidiis 781
azureus 781
haldivini 781
campto.sorus- 03,93,781
catalogue 779
concolor _ 115,780
cordifolius . - a3,783
coridifolius 784
laevifjaius 783
polycephalus 783
cornifoHus 788
corymbusus 779
AslcM' Cimtinu)
lli.1l-l)illlU.H
divariratus
dirdriftihta .
Pago
784
771
74,779
. 785
dircrsifiiliits 781
dnniosiis 184,784.821
•oridifolius 784,786
snhiiliiefoliuH 6(5,784,786
.•n.oidrs... 783
pilo.sus 78.'J
platyphyllus 7«:j
rilloxits 7S1
oxilis. 785,786
Jlc.vuosus 785
/oliolosm ... 784
golden 07,709,77O,V71,K:i2
gracilis 780
/iiuu/7/.s- , 788
ill fir III us 788
laevis 62.78:1
ainplifoliiis 783
latifolius 8;j
litti/olius 78.3
laevigatus 78.3
lateriflorus 04,105,783,784
glonierellus 78-1
pendulus 785
latifolius 78:1
lii<qili!/lli(s 782
linariifolius 788
linifoliiia 785
lowrieauus 783
microphyllus 780
■miser 784
i/loincri'llux 784
iiiultitlorus 783
Miirtii:aulis 783
oblougifolius 83,780
paludosus 136,779
paniculatus 785
patens 63,07,105,780,822
fjracilis 780
tenuicaulis 115,780,780
penduhis 785
pilosus 783
2nlosHs 783
puniceus 184,780
purpuratus 120,783,786
pmpurcus (W
sagittifolius (53,00,783
salicifolius subasper 785
scaber - 781
shortii 00,93,781
solidagineus 778
subasper 785
subulatus 785
teuuifolius 784,785
tortifolins 779
tradescanti 105, 184. 785
umbellatiis 788
latifolius 788
uiidulatus 03,67,1(J5,184,781
diversifolius 63,781
loriformis 782
vemus - 787
villosus 783
INDEX.
853
Aster — Continued. Page.
vimineus foliolosn.s 64,784
virgaiuK 782
white-topped 778, 779
Asters &3, 115, 230, 239, 778-785, 831, 822
blue 87
Asterella, catalogue 286
tenella 285
Asterina, catalogue 168
Astomum, catalogue 297
ludovicianuni--- 293
suUiraniii 297
Astraeus, catalogue 234
Astra f/alus can adensis 568
carolinlanus 568
catalogue 568
plattenxis trnnesseensis 568
villosus -- 114
Astroxihyllum cnapidntynn p(irh>iphi/Ui(nt . . 302
Atamosco atamasco 97, 123
catalogue 447
lily _ 447
Athan asia gram in i folia _ . _ _ 809
hustata _ __. 797
obovata . _ _ 809
trinervia _ _ 809
Atheropogon 375
Atkinson, G. F.. fungi 149
Atriplex arenaria 133
catalogue _ 489
putnla hustata 489
Atropa physalodes 708
Aulacodi.scus, catalogue 144
Aulacomninni . - 302
Aulaxanthns 343
ciliatns .- 343
rufus ._ 343
Auliscus, catalogue 143
radiatus _ 143
Aulographum, catalogue . 162
Auriculariaceae _ 194,262
Auriculariales- 194,262
Auricularia, catalogue 194
Austin. C. F., liverworts identified _ 285
mosses identified 290
Austral life region 31
zone, lower.-- 32
zone. upper _ 31
An.stralian oats --- -. 387
Austroripariau area 94
life area. ._ 32
A vena .sati va . 183, 188, 190, 238, 249, 826
catalogue 372
rlatior 372
fray His ,373
gluinosa 373
palustris 372
pennsylvanica 372
spiraia 373
Avens, white .542
Azalea 14,15,4.5,47,71,89,835,845
arborescens. 57,71,78
catalogue t)53
glauca ti"3
indicia 835
midiftora 71. 191. l'.Hi,2.".4
Azalea — Continued. Page.
sweet-scented 71,653
viscosa glauca 04, 66
Azaleas, Indian 136
Azolla 48
caroliniana 125
catalogue 320
Baccharis adnata
angustifolia.
catalogue
foetida
foctida _
halimifolia 45,
viscosa
Bacillariaceae
Bacillariales
Bacopa
Bacteriastruvi curvatum
varians.. _
Badhamia, catalogue
Baeomyces
catalogue
ro.seus
Baker, C. F., fungi.
lichens
Prof. Carl, botanical collection
Bald prairies 48,
vegetation and soil
Balduina
mult i flora
uni flora
Baldwinia
multiflora
nnifiora
Balloon vino _
Ballota, catalogue .,
Balm, Canadian horse
purjjle liorse
scarlet
seaside .:
Balsam family
pear
Balsaminaceae
Bamboo
baj'-leaf
brier 08,107,
tribe
Baneberr y , whi te
Baptisia, catalogue
Barberry family
Barbiila
catalogue
muralis
Barkh onsia caroliniana
Barlaea
Barley
dwarf
Barnyard grass.. 357,
Barrens and river hills, vegetation
Bartonia
catalogue
verna
virginica
tenella
Bartram, William, botanical exploration.
790
133
789
789
790
132
790
143
143
721
144
144
141
204
266
149
264
18
104
823
808
809
808
808
130
121
008
706
006
090
700
701
010
747
010
103
446
445
45
509
558
517
291
299
299
754
156
376
88
073
673
120
130
673
13
854
INDKX.
Piii:.-
Hiirtriiini.'i '-M
i'at.:il.)j,'uo :«•:- j
railicalis ."■'4 '
Darti-aiiiiaceao ',iiKi,'M)
Jtiirtsiii lui-rinra • 72S
Biisidioinyrotes IKJ, 2»Bi. SlKJ
Basidinjiliora, catalogiiH IfiS
Rasil, East India 1597
nil mil tain 099
srnvM 115
swainp fiWi
sweet 82fl
whitisli t>9!»
Basswood 72,80,10!t,6i;j
Jidttitds (iri'tosnr/olhis 680
r.iulis 828
littiiidiix 080
Biitidaceae 493
Biitis, catalogue 493
family - 493
luaritima , 133
Batracliium, catalogue 515
divaricatuin 49,127
Batrachosi)ermuin 127
catali ij,'iie _ 148
lUilschia ((inesci'ns 091
Bayborry - --- 464
Bay, loblolly.... 618
red - 47, 90, 100, 2(«i, 518, 519
rose - 654
sweet U,5O4,505
white 47.117,125,505
Bazzaiiia, catalogue 288
trilobata 285
Bead tree .. 588
Beaked rushes 406,407,408,409,410
Bean, angular-leaf 581
bush 830
caper family 580
flowering - 8;?0
kidney 830
lima.. 830
pole 830
sacred 5(»3
soy 830
■Nvlld 581,582
Beans 135,830
Bearfoot 793
grass 441
Beard grass... 123, 330, 338, 3«59
tongue 718,719
Beaumont, J. F.. botanical collection 17
fungi.... 149
lichens 203
Beaver tree.. 505
Bedstraw 741,743
Beech 43,46,72,86.100,109,132,468
American 408
family 468
drops 731
Beet,red -.. 827
sugar 33
Beets.. 348
Beggar lice 690
tick 807
Belamcanda 450
chinensis 450
BclloHowcr
Bt'llis, catalogue
integrifolia
Bell wort
Belonidium, cataloguii
I'Htje.
74«
778
83
158
Bolonium, catalogue 157
Bent gra.s.s, Elliotts 370
Reed 371
tall 371
upland 370
white 370,83«
Benton. fungi 149
Bi'nzuiii acstiriili' ,'il9
benzoin 101.347
catalogue 519
odor iff mm 519
Berberidaceae 517
Bercliemia, catalogue - 608
volubilis ... . ... ri.l(il,ti08
Bergamot, wild 703
Berkeley, M. J., fungi 148,149
Berlandiera, catalogue 795
downy 795
tuiiifntoxn 795
Bermuda grass ."i6, 105, .373. 820
Beta vulgaris ."^40
rapacea 827
Betula UK}, 198, 213, 2.52
(till us-riir/o.id 4(>7
catalogue 467
. excelsa , .. 4<)7
lenta 04,73
nigra 351
rubra 4<i7
Betulaceae 4(j(5
Beurera 518
Biatora 264
catalogue 273
ruftinigra 265
suffusa 266
Bicuculla, catalogue.. 530
cucullaria 75. H3
Biddulphia aurita 144
Biddulphioideae 144
Bidens, catalogue 807
cliri/sdnlhemoidex . . .. 807
coronata leptophylla. 131
involncrata 75.135
frondosa 1.5:1.165
sp 153
Bigelovia 121
nudata 771
virijatd 771
Bigelotciu 771
Bignonia 168
capreolata 71,164
capreolaia 733
catalogue 733
catalpa 733
(H-ucigera 101
family - 733
raditans 732
sempervirens 668
iomentosa 719
Bignoniaceae 732
Bilberry 107,657
Bilsted 538
INDEX,
855
Page.
Bindweed G80,G81,682
black _ 481)
Biolof^ical siirvey, lichens 'Zi>i
mosses _ _ _ - - ~!H)
Biotia orientalis 833
Birch 43
ijlack 467
cheiTy - 73,467
family 466
sweet 34,64,73
Birthwort family 480
Bishop's weed, greater 649
mock 648,649
Nuttall's..-. 648
toothpick ->.. 649
Bitternut 46, 46;^
Bittersweet - 605
false. - 605
Bitterweed _ 54,757.810
BlackriLsh 133
Sampson - 799
walnut - 14
Blackberry 540.541,833
sand 541
Black-jack . . 47, 50. (SO. 68, 88, 96, 98, 107, 1 13, 473, 8;>;i
forked-leaf 471
Blackroot ^- - 7tK)
Bladder nut, American _ 605
family 605
Bladderwort 49, 53, 80, 117, 739, 730, 731
Blazing star 766,767,831,823
Blc'chnuni virijinicum 313
Blephilia, catalogne 703
ciliata 74
Bletiaaphylla 460
Blitum inaritimum 488
rubruitc 488
Bloodwort family .._ 446
Blue curls 707
flag 50
grass 834.8,36,827
Canada _. 836
English 384
Kentucky 384
in Tennessee Valley... 824
Texas : 827
Bluebell family 748
Blueberry -.... 71, 657, 659, 6W)
Blue-eyed gra.ss ..: 450
Bluehearts. 728
Blue-jack 91,96,113,131,473,822
Bluets 737,738
Boehmeria, catalogue.. 478
cylindrica 340
nivea 828
tenacissima 828
ienacixsima 478
Boerhavia, catalogue 494
erect 494
hairy 494
Boisd"arc 475
Bokhara clover 839
Boletineae 214
Boletinus, catalogue 216
Boletopsis 216
Boletus 151,216
catalogue 214
Boltonia, catalogue. _ 778
diffusa _ 138
Boneset, climbing _. 765
false 766
prairie false . _ _ 7tiii
purple _ _ 7(51
upland.. _ _ 764
Borage family 689
Boraginaceae _. 689
Boreal life region ;3()
Borreria in icran fha _ _ 740
parviflora 740
Borrichia. catalogue _ S(K1
frutescens 133
Botanical explorations of Alabama, his-
tory. n.i;;
Botrychium, catalogue :il(l
(jracile.. _ _ _.. ;!11
lunaroides __ ;!io
obliquum -. 7i, 131
tfrnatwn-hindroitlex ,__ 31(j
obliquum __ 310
virginiciim 74
Botrypus lunaroides.. 310
Botrytis, catalogue _ 335
Bottle brush grass :is9
Bouchea, catalogue 094
ehrenhcrgii. G94
Bouteloua, catalogue _ 375
curtipendula 104
rdconosa. 375
Bovista, catalogue 333
Bovistella. catalogue 333
Bowman's root .._ .539
Box ._ 834
elder _ 41,70,89,607
family 599
thorn .". 708
Bnykinifi 73,533
acouitifolia 533
Brachychaeta, catalogue 778
cordatu- 83,778
s])hacelata 63,66,83
Jirnchyelyiium arisialiun _.. 367
awued 367
catalogue 367
erectum _ 74
Brachyris diariinculoides _ 769
Bruchystemon 698
Brachythecium 391
camijestre 393
catalogue 307
laetum 293
oxycladon _ 293
Bracken, common 312
Bradburya, catalogue. .578
virginica. 97
Brake, Chinese 313
cliff - 313
cypre.ss 134
Brasenia, catalogue 50:?
peltata 136
peltatd, 503
Brassica.. 134
catalogue 533
campestris ruta-baga 837
oleracea 151,1.53,341,346
snC)
INDKX.
Uiji'^sira -C'ontiniKMl. Puj;<'.
oli>riiooii ruiitiiuii'il.
iiccpliala i^
Ijotrytis «28
capitntii - ^^
KdUj^ylotlos 828
riipii oscnleiita 827
Brassii'iifeao '^l
Brftxuu'i-ia, catalotrxie TOO
j)ani.la Wi
iniri)urea '^
BriMiiia, catalogue !•'>-
Broweria iwi,r).s2
oatalogue tJ^l
liumistrata 117,245
Biick.'llia 65
Urirkrllia 70t)
ciirdifolitt 76f)
Briiitonia, catalogue 771
discoidea ^~'
Britton, Mrs. K. G., moases revised 29<1
Briza, catalogue - ^^
eragrostis - '^0
lirizopyrum spicatwn - 38JJ
Bromellaceae 429
rSrninxis (•(tnadcnxis 38*
catalogue 387
^(it/)csc<'Ji.s 387
st'hrdderi 387
nnioloides 104,827
Brooui corn 825
grass - 336,821
rape family 731
rapes - 52
sedges 3:{7.423
Jirotera 810
contrtiyerva --- 810
trinerr'ata - 810
Broussonetia 228
catalogue - 470
papyrifera - i;56,83:3
Brnrhia lircvipex 297
catalogue 29()
cnrviseta 293
donnollii - 293
drummondii - 2SI3
nigricans 293
ravenelii 293
sullivantii 293
Brucliiaceae 2t«).;30y
Brunnichia 123
catiilogue 487
cirrhosa 101
Bryaceae 301,309
Bryales 296,309
Bryonia boykinii - 747
Bryony 747
Bryophyta 2S(1
Bryum 291
bicolor --. 294
caespiticiuni 394
catalogue 301
erythrocarpum 301
leHCurianum 301
nutans 294
psciKlotriijiirfriim !>02
llryuni ( 'oiitiiiuod. Page.
jiyriforme 302
siiiifritiiifuiii 301
Jinrhiiern cnnadvniiis iVX\
<-atalogno 7;l«
olungata Ill
Buckleya 16
Buckeye 32,80,C07,(l()K
fetid 84,(107
Ohio 46
red 14,«5,109,13;j.6()K
small- flowered. l^S
spiked WW
sweet 81
white-flowered M9
yellow <"i<l7
Buckley, Hamiiol Botsford, botanical ex-
Ijloration 16
Buckthorn K2,tUXt
family <><IS
Carolina 99. l(il.i:i:i
false tl64
false Southern 9!'
Southern 064
Buckwheat 829
climbing false 4S6
family 481
tree 602
Buda marina 501
rubra 50!
Buellia 26(
catalogue 271
laH,-a 271
parasema 266
subdisciformis.. 26«'>
subpostuinum 266
Bugbane 509
false 513
Bugloweed 697.698
Buhrstono ridges -- 107
Bidt/aria , 157,1.58
catalogue 160
Hullgrass i;}5,343
Bulrush. 49, 403. 404
Bumelia 82
catalogue 064
lanuginosa 82
lyeioides 82,99,845
Bunch flower 4:18
Biiplitlidliniiiii (inpufitifoliiim 8<J9
asjHTiinnini 800
frntesccns -- 80O
helianthnides 796
Bupleuruni, catalogue 645
Bur eucnmber - 748
marigold 807,808
reed family - 327
reeds 50
Burdock _ - 816
Burmannia, catalogue 4.52
family - 452
Burmanniaceae.- 452
Burnmnnias 51
Burning bush... _ 605,834
Bursa, catalogue 527
Bur weed - 757
INDEX.
857
Page.
Bush formation 45
Butneria, catalogue _ 518
fertilis 57,67,78
Florida ._ 109,118
Butueriaceae _ 518
Buttercup 514,515
Butterfly weed. 68
Butternut 72,461
Butter weed 815
Biitterwort family 729
Butterworts ..._ 53,729
Buttoubush 739
Buttonflower _ 740
Button weed _ 740
Button wood _ 538
Buxaceae 599
Buxbaumiaceae 304,309
Buxus sempervirens 834
Cabbage 134,135,246,828
C'aboniba aubleti ,503
auhletl 5(W
caroliniana 126
Carolinian... 503
catalogue 503
Cacalia.. _ 257,815
atriplicifolia 815
lanceolata _ 50,816
oiKita - _ 816
reniformis ._ 815
tuhcrnsn ., 816
Cactaceae _ 630
Cactus crowfoot 630
family 630
huinifusus... ._ 630
opuntia 630
Caeonia agrimoniae .. 185
nitens 191
Caesalpiniaceae .'. 61
Cahaba River, physiography 24
Cakileaequalis. 523
catalogue ,522
marUima aeqiialia ,523
geniculata 129
Calabash 747
common gourd 747
Calaglossa 148
Calamagrostis, catalogue ;j71
nxitldUinna 370
CitUiminfha 97, 7(K)
ranescens 70]
coccinva 115,700
grandiflora 700
nepeta 700
scarlet ., . 15
Calamus 404
CdUh-xiella ferruginoaa 205
Caliciaceae 269,284
Calicieae. 269,289
Calicium albo-nigrum 266
catalogue 369
Calico bush 6.54
Calla lily, wild... 425
sngitfifolia. : 425 ■
virginicfi _ 425
Page.
CaUadhim glaucum. 425
Callicai-pa, catalogue 695
Calliopsisrlrnmmondii 805
Callirrhoe, catalogue.. 614
Callitrichaceae 598
Callitriche, catalogue 598
deflexa aiistini 598
driunmondii 599
heterophylla. 49
penduncidosa 598
verna 599
Calonectria, catalogue 169
Calonema, catalogue _ 140
Calopognn 459
multiflnrnx 459
palUdus _ 459
jmrviflorns 114,459
jndchellus 459
gram inifol ills 459
Calostoma, catalogue 232
Caltrops 586
Calvatia, catalogue 232
Calycanthaceae 518
Calycanthus 14,57
Calycanthvs 78, 109, 118, ,518
family _ 518
fertilis 518
floridus 518
glaucus ._ 67,.518
laei-igatns 5I8
inodorus 518
lowland _ _. 109
sterills 518
Calycocarpum, catalogrue. 518
lyoni-... 101,110
Ccdysiegiu 682
cdtesbeiana 682
sp.pium 2)idwscens 682
Cnmassia 44Q
fraseri 440
Cambrian slates. 68
Camellia japonica _ 136,259
japonica ._ 8*5
Camomile .' 813
wild 813
Campanula acnminaia 74s
amplexicaidis 749
biflora 743
catalogue 748
di varicata c;;, 9,3, 94
pcrfoliata ._ 749
Campanulaceae 748
Campestrian associations of ( "entral Prai-
ries 104
flora 48
Camphor tree 136,833
Campion, round-leaved 496
southern 496
starry 496
Camptosorus, catalogue ,316
rhizophyllus 73,781
Camptothocium 291
Campulosus aromaticus 6ti, 124
catalogue 374
Cani]iylodiscns, catalogue \U'>
.sr)js
INDKX,
(.'liiniiylitiin. ciitiilnmii- :M»<
.hry.sni.liylluni -"".tl
liis]ii(hiliiiii ^tli.-im
C'ain])yli«inis :i!ll
i-atiilugMO ~"8
Cauiulii lilno tjrass 830
lovagc 643
thistle ai7
Canailinii hi-mp •■«T4
lifozoii.' :«i
Canary Ki-ass -M
Cancer mot '!"•!'
Candle 1 terry 4(11
Can.ly^'rass :iH(i
Cane 45,58, !(«,](«. :WI
early amlier 825
maiden — 'Mii
mutton llltJ
sugar 3:2,95,11(1, l;U,8.i5
switch 45.1(13
Canebrakes Iff-
Cannabis, catulofjue 4Tii
Cantaloiqie s:!l
Cantbarelleae r^Hl
Cantherelhis aurantiacns liiS
catalogue - ~lt>
eibfinus 316
Citntud corouojji/olia 686
Cape jessamine .- 835
Caper family 528
Capiiodiiiiii - 168
Capnoides. catalogue 521
Capparidaceae 528
Caprnriti ijKitioloides 733
niultiJhUi 731
CaprifoliHtti franeri - 745
hmxiiflorwn 745
sempervirens 745
Caiiriohi, catalogue 373
dactylou -. 56,105,826
Ciipselld . 527
Inirsapastoria . _ 527
Capsicum aniiniim 347,830
baccatum 830
catalogue 714
frutescens 830
Carboniferous conglomerates 69
sandstones -.. 69
Cardamiue, catalogue 525
hetcrophyUa _ 536
hirsuta 153
hirsuta 535
rhomboidea 1 535
unijlora - 536
virginicu 538
Cardinal flower 749
Cardiosi)ermum, catalogue 608
Carduaceae 63,67.758
Carduus alti.ssimus 65
catalogue 816
elliotii - - 105
murianus _ 818
sp ... 188
virginicus - 74
Carex albolutescens. 138,422,423
alata 128.422,433
albursina 418,42:5
Paire.
( arox — Continued.
amphibola 41(1, 42:i
iinci'pK . 417
(intjHslifi)liii 417
jitituli/i)liii IIV
atlantiea 136.421,433
baileyi 97.130,414
hatdwiniana 413
hliiiidii 417
honttionii 73,41K
hromoidt^s 431,42:1
caroliniana 13:1.416. 43:t
iiislinii'tt 414
eat:dogue 412
eejilialoidKjra. 7:1.421.43:1
tiiKjnsti/oHii 431
cherokeensis »K. 4 16, 43:1
collin.sii 413.43:}
conferta 431
erinita 415
rii/jitdudra 416
rlasyearpa 1:53.419
drhili.t 416
prolixa 13:5.416,42:5
jjubera 97,9H.4Hi
digitalis 73.418.43:5
distribution 43:5
ecliinatd. coiifirla 431
iiiicrontachi/s 431
elliottii-. 126,414,43:5
fpstucacea 114,433
flaci-Dsperma 417.42:5
lloridana..- 418.43:5
foenea 423
folliculata 413.42:5
australis 136. 413.433
follirulatdfi 413
.rimtliophi/sa 413
frankii 414
fiisi'/oniiis 418
ijiijantca ._ 413
ylahra 416
glaucescens 415
gracilis 414
grandis 413
granularis 76,417,423
grisea uncpistifolia 416
rigida 41(i
gynandra 43:5
haU'i 413
hirsuta •.18,133,415,423
iijnota 417
interior 421,43:}
intumescens. 70,136,413,433
lagopodioidex - 422
large 413
latifolia 418
laxiflora 7:3,74,417,433
hixiflora 417
latifolia 418
michauxii 417
patulifolia 74,417,433
plantaijineu 417
xfriutula 417
styloflexa 418
varians 73,74,417,433
leavenworthii __ 73.431
INDEX.
859
Carex — Continued.
leptalea _ 13().-)19
louisianica __- 413,42
Jucorum nigrnma7-(iinatu 41.S
liipulina T"), 76, 41;*
lurida- a5. 75, 7ti. 9S, 138, 188. 414, 43:?
hitidii 413
maxima 419
michauxii 413
microxtuchya , 419
muhlenbergii. _ 114,430
pnervis 430
xalapensis __ 430, 43!}
niultiflora 419
neglecta 430
nigromarginata 73,418,433
oblita 98,416,423
oligocarpa 418
oxylepsis 98,416, 43:5
Peter.s collection 17
picta -. 73,418,433
plantaginea- - 417
jiolyirichoides 419
recurva 416
retroflexa 430,433
rosea minor _ 430
radiata 430
retroflexa _.. 430
texensis _ 430
xcirpoides _ _. 431
scoparia. 433,433
minor _ 433
smithii 416
sparganloides 430,423
sp ___ 50,187,188
squarrosa 76,414,433
sfellnlata.... 421
confertu 431
scirpoides 431
stenolepis ._ 414
sterilis 98.136,421,423
excelsior 421
stipata -. 419,423
maxima 125
maxima 419
uberior :._ 419
straminea.. 423
alata 422
hrevior 423
festucacea 422
foenea 422
typica _ _ 422
striatiila 417,433
styloflexa 418
subulaia 413
tentaculuta 414
gracilis 414
tetanica 417
texensis.. .1 430,433
torta 76,414,433
tribuloides turbata 433
tricep.s 415,423
hirsuta 415
smithii 1 416
turgescens 136,414,423
typhina 414
vanvleckii.. 418
( 'arex — Continiied. Page.
ri'iiusta 416
glabra 41G
verrucosa. _. 97,189.415,433
virescens 73,79,415,423
viriduta 415
vulpinoidea 65,125,419,433
indpinoidea 419
willdenovii 419,433
xalapensis 430
xanthophysa 413
xanthospenna 417
Carloniohria 6«)4
Carolinian area, characteristic plants 64
in Alabama 57
life area 31
Carpet grass... .56.130,339
Carpetweed _. 494
Carphephor us, catalogue 76S
pseudoliatris 121
Carpimis 173,181,194,199
caroliniana 46,61,154,167,181,3:^7,348
catalogue 466
virqiniana 466
Carrion flower.. _ 444
Carrot 640,827
Cartesia centauroides _ 759
Carthamris luevis 759
Carver, G. W., fungi 150
Carya 461
alba 463
amara 463
aquatica 463
olivaeformis 461
porcina 463
tovtcntosa 463
Caryospora, catalogue 173
Cashew family - 600
Cassava tree, large 1:^6
Cassia aspera mohrii 5.57
catalogue 5.55
chamaecrista 61,65
rhamaecristu 556
robusta 5,50
cluimaecristoides __ 556
depressa... 556
fascicnlaris 5.56
marylandica 65
mis,sis.sippiensis 131
7/i ississijypiensis 556
multipinnata 65,104,243
mnltipinnata _ ,556
nictitaus.. 243,557
nictita)is 557
obtusifoliu 5.55
occidentalis 55,240,343
robusta 556
tora 55,240
Castalia , 49
catalogue .504
odorata 126,343
pudica .504
Castanea, catalogue 468
dentata 47,60
pumiia. 109,251,261
vi'sca umericana 468
Castille.ia canadensis 52
catalogue 728
S()0
INDKX.
Oistor Imuii r*\.:M
Ciitalpa (•.l.r:t'.s:i-|
hiijHtmioiiles ~'K
cjitJiloguo 7:w
cjitiilpn (11.24t).AV{.s;i'i
Ciitastoma.cataloifuo 5K
Catehfly «7
royal +!'"
snaiidragon 49"
Catharinea 291
cataloguo <. ;Wi;t
Catnip - r)«5,ti<t7.7(«
Cattail family JKO
smaller 326
Cat-tails 40
Caxicalis.catalogno <W1
Cauliflower fS28
Caiilinht (ju<t(lahi])eiisis 329
Cauloslossum, c-ataloRue 232
C;aulo]iliylhim.ciitalogii6 517
tlialictroides. 85
C'ii!/(ii>(»ii(i hoykinii.. 747
Cayenne pepper ■- 714
Cenuotus 7S7
americaniis 88, 139
pUihcri GIO
catalogue 610
intermi'dius 610
Cebatha Carolina 101,110
catalogue 517
Cedar - 108.83
' deodar. 136
glades 81,82
hammocks - 102
red .... 47, 81, 82, 84. 85, 100, 102, 108, 133, 269, 32<J
uses 82
white 4:3,47,117,124,125,325,326
Cedrus deodara 136,833
Celastraeeiio -" 604
Celastriis. catalogue 605
.scandens 78
Celery 647,829
Celidiaceae 159,263
Celosia, catalogue 493
Celtis 43,246
catalogue 475
l(H'iu(ja1n 475
mississippicnsis 4(5, 93, 102, 251
occidentalis 167
piimila 475
Cenangella, catalogue 150
Cenangiaccae 159, 'Xii
CencDKjiiiDi 160
catalogue ". 159
CenrhruK airnlinianits 361
catalogue 361
(/rdniihiris 336
incertus 139
megacephalus 139
parviflorus - 360
sfrirtus 361
trilmloides 624
1/1 (trrocephalus 3(il
Cenfaurea henedicta. 818
catalogue 819
Centaurelki autunmalis 673
verna 673
Page.
('eiilclla.'-ataloK'Uc (l">0
stri.-ta 130
Central ctnitinuntal life area 3!
Pino lielt. features JNi
Prairio region, features ii7
CVji troKcin II 578
riryiniiina 57H
Cen tr<i.ipcrin urn xanthioidrs 795
Centunculus, catalogue 66.3
hinifnidtns 661!
Century ])lant 11)7
Cephahuithus 259
catiiliiguo 73!l
occidcritalis 1.5H, 106, 179.240
Ci'phitlti.ri/n Jiahfllata 434
Cephalozia 285
catalogut^ 387
catenulata 287
media 285
virginica 385
Cpraiilhrra 7(H)
liiicdrifolia. 115,700
linifolia 109
Cerastiun'. arvenso 258
catalogue 498
f/loDiemtuni 498
nutans 49S
sp 1.52
triviale 499
viscosum 358
Ceraxnx aerot ina montana ,552
Ceratiola criooides = 113.130
catalogue ,5!M>
heatherlike .59!)
Ceratiomyxa, catalogue 142
Ceratiomyxaceae 142
Ceratoiiliyllaceae .504
Ceratophyllum 49
catalogue .504
CemtosclK.cn iis crniitatus 405
Ceratostoma, catalogue 173
Ceratostomataceae 173,2()2
Cerataulus, catalogue 144
turi/idiis 144
Ceratophyllum demersum . 127
Cercis 43.179,180
canadensis 61, &5, 101, 241), 2.5-1
catalogue .5.55
Cercospora, catalogue ,'J39-345
Cercnsporella, catalogU(> 3;Ki
CereaLs, list 825 837
Ccrehclla a n dropoc/oni.i 350
catalogue 250
Ceropeijid pdlnstris 677
Cjtraria 364
catalogue 283
fendleri 36C
OKwrophylliim canadense.. 647
catalogue ' 645
prDcuinheiix tdintnrieri 646
( 'liaetooeros, catalogue 144
Chaotochloa, catalogue 358
glauca 344,359,360
gracilis 359
imberbis perennis 132
italica 9.5,2;«,836
germanica ;i6<l, 83t)
INDEX.
861
Pagi'.
Chaetochloa — Continued.
perenuis 35!)
l)crennis.. - -. 359
i-crsicolof 359
Chaetomiaceae 173, 3t)3
Chaetomium, catalogue 173
Chaetosphaeria, catalogue. 173
Chaflf-seed -... 728
Chaff-weed 063
Chamuecrista _ 131
catalogue - 555
dcprvssa 556
Chaniaecy paris 43
catalogue 325
sphaeroidca 325
thyoides 117
Chauiaeliriuui, catalogue 4i}6
(■(I roll It ia nil III -_ 436
Clidiiiniraphis 358
ClKiinaeriip.s (icdiilis 433
liijatrLr 424
ticrnikita 434
Cbantarelle 216
CluqitaUu 819
intetjrijojia 819
semiflosculai'is 120
lomentosa 819
vernal 819
Chara, catalogue 147
Characeae... 142,147
Cliarales 147
Charcoal, supplied by- pine forests 00
CUayoto 831
Cheat 387
Clie-aw-ha Mountain, correction of er-
ror - 845
Cheilanthes alaLameusis 73, 94
catalogue 312
lanosa 73,94
tomeutosa _ 63,73
vcstita 312
Chelone, catalogue 718
dujitalis.. _ .., 718
liirsuta 718
pentsteiiioii _. 719
Cheuopodiaceae 487
Chenopodium ambrosioides an Ihcliii inti-
ciun 488
anthelminticum 339
berlandieri. 133
catalogue 487
riiarithiiuiii 489
iiiultifidiun.. 489
Cherry 31,43,4t>
Alabama 553
ground 7ft9,710,711,713
laurel 553
mountain black 553
sea 133
wild 01,62,84
Chervil 839
wild 645,646
Chess. 387
Chestnut 14, 32, 47,' 59, 60, 61 , («, 70, 89, 214, 824
American 4G8
chinquapin 823
Chicken corn ;i39,825
I'age.
Chick-pea 578.830
Chickweed, common 499
forked 503
Indian _. i94
mouse-ear.. 498
nodding _ 498
Chicory 751
family 751
Chili 714
Chimaphila, catalogue 053
maculata.- 87
umbellata 66
China grass 828
root 445
' tree.. 136
berry tree 834
Chinese tallow tree. _. 136
tea -.-. 835
Chinquapin 10!J,468
water 49,503
Cliiodectou 264
catalogue 370
lacteum ,. 370
rubricinctum 266,373
Chionanthus, catalogue 668
virginica _.. 71,109,133
Chironiu annularis 670
anijuslifoliu G70
culycosa _ 070
campanidata. 671
cldoroides G71
dodccandra _ 1171
yracilis tj7i
Chittamwood 34,000
Chloris, catalogue 375
curtipendula _ 375
nionostachya _. 374
mucronuta 37(5
petraca .,. 375
Swartz's 375
Chlorophyceae I4c
Chlorospleuium, catalogue 157
Choctaw root 674
Chokeberry 71
Chondrophora, catalogue 771
nudata _ 131
viryata 771
virgata 79
Chromosporium, catalogue 337
Chrosperma, catalogue 137
muscaetoxicum 6ti, 114
Chrysanthemum, catalogue. 813
parthenium 56
sp 168
("hrysobalanus, catalogue .553
obtusifolius , 115
Clirysoconia. coruiiapifolia 761
gigantea ; 758
graminifolia 759,778
nudata 771
nudata 771
virgata. 771
Chrysogonum, catalogue,. 795
virginianum 114
Chrysoma, catalogue 777
l)auciflosculosa 130
sulidaginoides 777
8()2
INI) !•: x .
I'liKi'.
{'hry.soiiiyxa.i'utaluiiUf M
Cbryso]i()t'(iii uvt-riiici'iis 711,
KMI. 1711. 175, 17«. 1K(, IHK, lltl. »»3», aWI. ^57, ail
<-utJili)jruo ;ws
illiottii li;{,114
linimcaiiu.s lUJ
nutans linnaounns 120,;>78
C'hrysopsis 115
ilirarictita 771
argon tea 770
<'atalot;uo 700
;iiissi/})itiH 770
t?ramini folia 62,(>7, 115,:J4:}
(jniniiiiiftiliii 770
hyssopifolia ](J9,115
iiianana. (i:i,(>7,74,8ffi
pilosa H:Si
scohra 70!(
trichophylla 115
Chnfa - 837
wilil 393
Chytridialcs 150,3<)3
Cicor arietinum - 830
catalogue 578
Ciclioriaccae 751
Cichoi-ium, catalogue 751
endivia 839
Cicuta, catalogue tH7
maculata 50,76,128,449
Cimicifuga, catalogue 509
palmata 513
racemosa 75
Ciniia arundinacea - - 3:57, 3;}9
catalogue 3t)9
i/loint'riila :i30
Cinnaiuomuni i-amphora 13(j
Cimiuefoil, Canada - -.-. 543
Cintritctia 183
Circaoa, catalogue - t>39
lutetiana 75
CiraiuDi (tltissinium 817
arvense 817
horridxdiim 816
eUiottii 817
hinceolatnni 818
h'contel 817
nuttallii 817
virginianum 817
Cissampelos pauciflora 444
Cissus - 133
anipelopsis _ 611
seaside 611
stans Oil
Cistaceae 634
Cistus 115
carolinidiiHs 634
Citronella 15,097
Citrullus vulgaris - . - 340, 347, 350, 830
Citrus aurantiuni amara 833
sinensis 833
limon 353
Cladium, catalogue 410
effusum 40,138,133,411
Cladonia caespiticia 305
catalogue 37;?
timbriata 305
gracilis.- -— 360
T'liK'.-.
Chidonia ( 'ontinuod.
Ifpiirina '■!>'*'>
niitrula 3»K1
luil.-liella.. 3116
rangifcrina alpestris '.M\
minor 374
Mquaniosa . 265
Cladonieao 27:1.384
Clndoxporium 243
catalogue ZW
Cladrastis, catalogue 557
tinctoria 80,85
tincfnria 5.57
Clasniatodon 25)1
catalogue !t05
parvulus 'Mi
Clathrat^cae 22!).3(«
Clatliroptychiaceae 140
Clathroptycbium, catalogue 140
Clathr us. catalogue 33!t
Claudopus, catalogue 234
Clavaria, catalogue 303
Clavariaceae - 3(r3,36:3
Claviceps, catalogue — 1 70
Clavicipitaceae . 170.363
Claytonia, catalogue 196
virginica >^''>
Clear weed -v 478
Cleavers - 741
Clematis, catalogue 512
catesbaei ♦ loit
crispa l')!'
cylindrica 513
lineariloha - 512
reticulata 10!'
sp 190
virginiana 71
mdtcri. 512
Cleome, catalogue -. 538
clammy 53t)
prickly 53!)
punyens 538
spiny. - 538
Clethra alnifolia - 118
catalogue 652
Clethraceae •- 6.52
Cliftonia, catalogue 602
ligustrina - f>03
monophylla - 90,118,123
nitida - 603
Climacium 291
americanum 393,293
catalogue 306
Climate of Alabama 34
Clinopodium carolinianum 97,108
catalogue 700
coccineum 15,115
riiijosnm - -. •'OO
Clitocy be. catalogue.- 336
Clitopilus, catalogue - -- 234
Clitoria, catalogue - 578
niariana - 240
vir<ii)iiana -- 5(8
Cloudiness in Alabama 27
Clover «8,89
alsike - - 838
Bokhara - -. 105,500
INDEX.
863
Page.
Clover — Continued.
buffalo - 561
bur - 135,560,829
bush 67,88,99,575,822
horned ..- --- 562
Japanese.- ---- 54,88.99,829
Mexican 135,740
prairie 564,565,822,823
purple 82;^
red.. ---. 80,105,561,824,828
in the Tennessee Valley . _ _ . 824
scarlet 828
Turkish. __ - 838
white --- 561,823
yellow 562
Clul> moss familj' 321
Club mosses 51,321
Chibrush _ .- 50, 400, 4(J2, 403
Cly peosphaeria, catalogue _ 177
Clypeo.sphaeriaceae _. 177,262
Cnicus aJfissintus _. 817
ai'vensis _ 817
benedictus.. 56,105
catalogue — 818
glaber -. 817
horridulus _ 816
lanceolatus. _. . 818
inrginianus 817
Coal measures 69,84
of Cahaba Valley, etc 90
region of. 20
Coast blite.... --.. 488
Pine belt, adapted crops 823,823
l)elt. Lower division _. 110
belt, Upper division 106
belt, vegetation and soil 822,823
plain, features 118
vegetation and soil _. 821
Coastal plain 94,95
physiographical features 18
Coccomy ces, catalogue 161
Cocciilus 517
cnroliiius 517
Coch/pfiria cor(i)topus..- 523
Cocklebur 757
Cocksjnir grass 357
Coenogonieae . _ 273,384
Coenogoniuni 364
• catalogue 373
interpositum _-_ 366
Cohosh, black 509
blue 517
Coleosanthus, catalogue 766
cordatus 109
cordifolius 65
Coloo.sporiuin, catalogue ]S4
sonchi-arvensis _ 184
Colic root. -- 481
Collards 828
Collema-- 364
callibotrys 365
catalogue 378
rorticola 377
nigresceus leioplaca. _ 366
pustulatum 265
tenax 3t>5
Collemeae 277,3.s4
Paga
Colletotrichum, catalogue ._ 350
Collinsonia anisata 15,66
canadensis . 108
catalogue 696
scabra 696
tuberosa 696
Columbine, wild _ 509
Colly bia, catalogue. 325
Colocynth 746
Comandra . _ _ _ _ _ 52
catalogue _.. 479
Comatricha, catalogue 143
Comfrey, wild 690
Commelina __ 431
agraria 430
angustifolia 480
caroliniana 430
catalogue 430
cayennensis 430
communis 430
duhia 433
erecta _. 66
longifolia 431
nudiflora 97
virginica 97
vuiijaris 430
willdenovii _. 430
Commelinaceae _ 430
Compass plant __ _.. 792
Compositae. 61,63,74,91,108,114,131,175
Cone-flower. _ 688,797,798,799
Confervales _ ._ 147
Coniferae ___ 323
Coniophora, catalogue. ._ 199
Coniosporium, catalogue 337
Conium, catalogue.. 646
Conobea _ 731
catalogue 731
Conocephalum, catalogue. 386
Conoclinum coelestinum 765
Conom itrium jiiUaiiurn 299
Conopholis araericana _ 53
catalogue 731
Conostylis americana 448
Conradia fuchsioides 735
Conradina canescens _ 130
catalogue 701
Contrayerba 810
Convallarinhiflora _._ 441
conimutata 443
racciiiDsa 441
Convolvulaceae — 678
Convolvulus (icetosaefolius ._ _ 680
aquaticus 681
bonuriensis 683
carolinus 681
catalogue 683
dissectus 682
huniistratus 681
jalapa 680
oblusilobus ._ ^ 680
pandurutus 680
peK-caprae 679
picker ingii — 683
jmrpureus-.i 679
aagitt if alius 680
sepiuiu .- -^ 184
,s«;4
iNin;.\.
iir.>/ri>/ii
sr/ll'llm
SP
XlH'CillHllH
('iiiitiiiiio<l
7«'HJj
lite
188
080
tnmnifoUiia '••'*1
trnvlliix •►^l
Cull iizii II iiihii/uti 7W
lutfniiilis """
hi/nliiltil 77«
rfiiiipliDriita 7811
cataloBMo 78!)
Hill ful ill 778
790
:.'17
:il7
:.'ir
444
jiulyxtachya
siiiituta
Ooprinoao
Ct>pi">iiW''i catologuo
;»/(•<«•<' U.S.. ---
Cojiriisminithux hrrhaceus
ccirrluitus
IH'ditiiciiliiri.s 444
C"o< jsa River, ]jhysiography ~i
valk-y, region ol 31
Coral berry..... 80,744
plant 579
root - 158
CoralUirhiza 51
catalogue 458
hyviiKile - **5*J
Corchoi'us, catalogue 813
jiilolohus Cl;i
niliquosHis '>18
Cord grass 49
Cordyceps, catalogue 170
Coreopsis t>4,805,80{;,807,8<»8
uUernifoUa 804
augustifolia - 121
aurea 807
leptophyUa 808
auricuhita 07,74
catalogue 804
coronaiu 807
crassifolia 08
discoidca 808
grandiflora 74.75
ini^iilnciata 808
lajiceolata 104
tv7/o.sa 805
major 115
initis 807
oenileri 800
pubescens - 05,74
senifolia - 88
senifolia .- 806
stellata.. 806
stellatu 800
tenuifoHa - 800
tripteris - -.- 65,70,88
verticillata - 64
linearis 806
Corn 32, 80, 83, 89, 104, 110, 134, 822, 833, 824, 825
broom 825
chicken 256,339,825
cockle 496
field.. -— 135
Indian -- 31,33,08,95,105,835
in Coast Pine belt ^ , --- 822
in Tennessee Valley. 824
t'cirii (imliiMU-il Pago.
.Turusaleni 't^M
kaflr It5.i:i'i,l'.lil.«25
on niotaniorphic billH 823
sugar :«t»
Mwan-iu'ck X&
sweot 135
Cornaceae 6130
Cornel 650
Ciirnucopiae tilttanima .- 371
hicmiilis 370
percnnaiis 370
Cornus 178,200,380
umomuiii IflO
asjwi-ifolia 82
(Uitaloguo — 650
fuatiijiaUt (i50
Florida 46.01. 11:,'. 167
lawii/iiiDsa 050
xerirra 6.W
stricta 123
sp 01,164
Coronopus, catalogue 523
didymus 55
ruellii 522
Curlicium 201
catalogui-' 197
Cortimirius, catalogue 223
Cotinus (-otinoides lt>,34,84
Cotoneasti-r, c-atalogue 544
pyracantha KM
Conjdalis 521
aurea rnicrantha 521
flavula 521
ni iiTuntha 521
small-flowered 521
yellowish 531
Corylopsis _ 40
Corylus americaua 61
catalogue 4»i6
Corynewii - 253
catalogue 351
Corypha minor 423
puinila 483
Coscinodiscus.c-atalogue 143
CotimisamvriciniUH 600
catalogue 600
Cotton 32,68,69,80,81,89,95,99,
105, 110, 134, 169, 349, 831, 833, 824, 830
in Tennessee Valley 824
on metamorphic hills 823
on recent formations 824
sea island 830
upland 830
Cottonwood 43,46,125,461,465
big *65
black 125,465
swamp
465
Cowbane 641,642
Cowherb 498
Cowpea 33,1:^5,580,663,830
CowsUp - ties
American - 663
Cox,Hon. J. D., list of diatoms 142
Crab apple --- ^
southern 14, 61, 68, 71 , 99, l:-'2, 545
grass -•-- 50,135,344-316
IISTDEX.
865
Piige.
Cracca 88
catalogue 565
chrysophylla _ 115
hispidula 115,120,245,823
intermedia 566
smallii 114.823
spicata 60
flexuosa 115
virginiana 60,61,67,68,833
Cranesbill, common 583
wild 583
Cranichis inultiflora 460
Crassulaceao 533
Crataegus 165,185,200,253
aestivalis 46,125
apiifolia 68,123,125
arhorescens 546
austromontana 78
biltmoreana 78
catalogue -. 546
coccinea 61,71,82,99,546,547,550.
mollis - - 547
collina 91,549
crus-galli .-... 61,68,71,86,99,549
elliptica 112,125,822
flava 61,99,257
elliptica 550
pubescens 550
flexispina 550
glandulosa -- 547
glandulosa 546
microcarpa 548
mohri 91,549
mollis - 71,99,548
parvifulia 550
pyracantha 238
pyracantha 544
rotundifolia 547
sargenti 78,547
spathulata _ 68,71,86,91,185,186
sp.. 167,346,347,251,845
tomentosa 550
microcarpa 548
triflora 91,549
uniflora 71
viridis 99,133,125,550
Craterellus, catalogue. 201
later itius 201
Creeper, Virginia 101,133
Creepers, woody 130
Crepidotus, catalogue -- - 233
Cress, bitter 525
cultivated 152
early field 534
mouse-ear 527
open rock 528
smooth rock 528
southern sand 528
swine 532
wart 533
water 838
yellow 534
Cribraria, catalogue 140
Cribrariaceae 140
Crinum, catalogue 448
Critonia kuhnia 766
15894 55
I'ago.
Croomia 40,444
catalogue 444
pauciflora 93
Cross vine 15,71,101,733
Crotalaria, catalogue 558
laevigata 559
ovalis 558
X>arviflora 559
sagittifolia rotundifolia 558
striata 559
Croton - 185,341,591,593
alabamensis 35,39.93,93
argijranthemus 591
catalogue 591
punctatus 115
sehifernm 595
tincforius 593
Crotonopsis, catalogue 592
Crowberry family 599
Crowfoot 514,515
Egyptian 56
family 508
water 49
Crowubeard 803,804
Crozophora, catalogue _ 593
Crucibulum, catalogue 233
Cruciferae 153
Cryphaea 291
catalogue 305
nervosa 394
sp 293
Cryptosporium 361
Cryptotaenia 647
canadensis 648
Cry stallin e rocks, region 19
Ctenium 374
americanum 374
Cubelium concolor 75
Cucubalus stellatus 496
Cucumber 135, .830
common squirting. 747
family 746
Indian 443
one-seeded bur 748
tree 33,46,60,84,99,505
common 73
large-leaf l()i»,506
Cucumis anguria 831
catalogue . _ 746
melo cantelupa 831
reticulatus 830
sativus 830
Citciirbita lagenuria 747
maxima 830
melopepo 830
pepo 830
Cucurbitaceae 746
Cucurbitariaceae 173,363
Cudweed, plantain-leaf 790
purple 791
Cultivated plants, list for State 835-834
Cultural plants of Central Prairie i-e-
gion 105
of Coast Pine belt 110,133
of Lower Coosa hills 68
of Tennessee Valley 89
of Warrior and Coosa basins 79
sec.
INDKX.
TilK.
t'ulvor's r(H»t
CuiuiniiiKK. C'liini K.. liclions rovisctl
CiDiiht riicciiirii
i-atal<>B"o
iiKiridiKi
jiulriiiiiidrs
(•uiiniii^.'li:uu, K. M., dialoins
('iimiiiiKlii">'i!i I'liiiioiisis
( 'biiii'so
sint'usi.s
Cuphi-a, tliiinmy ..
7-M
-.m
7t.(i
(i!tS
Cits
tiiK)
11-.'
i:;r,
K$J
(iH2
Cypoi-us rut.lM
!irti<uilatns 12R,3H2
rDiiKloineratus ... . .. . 31l~
iiriltiililKirriis ;J!Hi
hiililwiiiii . 'H'^
tiifsiiitiisiis •!!•<(
riiliiirdlus 3!(1
(•.•italoijuo 390
roiiii)re.ssu8 130
riitiiprc.sKiin "li"'
:t!l4
)H'tiolata '>'^
risconisshna '"2
Ciini'i-ssiiis rlixticha --- 325
iiiibriraria 325
funebris 130,832
seinpervirens y. 13<i,'<:i2
thi/oifU-s - ''-"^
Cupseed.... •''l*'
vine 101
Curtis, M. A., fungi 148,149
Cuscuta. ---- 52
catalogue ^»83
decora <i^
indecora - liJO.CiS;?
lu'uropetala OSS
jntlchcrrima 683
racem osn chiliana - <J84
vnlgivaga -- 684
Cuscutaceae - ''83
Cusbaw - ^^
Custard apple family 507
Cutgrass 363
Cutlcaf conoljea 721
Cyathus, cataloeue- 333
Cyt-as revoluta 137,832
Cyclosporales 147
Cydonia 255
cydonia - - - 831
japonica - - 185,834
sinensis - 831
vulgaris 185,251. 2til
Cylindrosporiuni, catalogue 251
Ciflindrothcciuiii - 300
CymboUa, catalogue 146
Cymhidium hyemale 460
odotitorhizon 458
Cijnanclmm carolinensis.- — 678
catalogue 677
paliistre - - 132
Cynara scolymus -- 831
Cynoctonum, catalogue. 669
petiolatum - - 669
sessilifolium - 116
Cynodon - 373
dactylon - 373,826
Cynoglossum aviplexicnuk- 690
catalogue 690
morrisoni 690
virginicum 75
Cynoscyadium, catalogue 643
Cynosuriis aegyptiua 376
indicus 376
Cynthia dandelion 752
virginica 751
Cyporaceae 7a, S8,'J«, 114,119,126,390
cylindricus . .
:t!ll
:t!t2
l2r,,:isi;{
.. ik'.»,:k)5
dentatus
iinilfinulifitiiy
diaiidrus
dissitif1oi-us
f'cliinatus
onpclnianni 393
erythrorliizos 128,393
cs.Milentus 392.827
fili.ulinis 97.395
flavaraariscus .'M
tlavescens ti5,39fl
t1(n-csci'ns 390
flaviiis 394
gracilis 391
green 391
hasi)an 66, 126. 127, 3(J1
Lancaster 395
lancastriensis... 395
lecontfi i:«).;W2
U'ptos 391
ligularis 394
low 390
liizidae iimlipllhlatns 391
nuiriscdiilcs .. -. — 395
martindalei 114,395
viichimxinmis... 393
microdontus 390
multiradiatus 392
nuttallii 127
ochraceus - 391
ovularis 88,97,394
cylindricus 394
parviftn-us .- 391
pliymatodes 392
pseudovegetus 75.98,;391
refractus 394
rcpens .-- 392
retrofractus... 114,189,394
rotundus ,5.5.104,189
spathaceus 396
speciosus - 128,393
sphacelatus 392
stenolepis 66.128,393
strigosus 128,130,393
robustior 393
fenuifloriis 393
texensis 390
torreyanus 390
vegetus 391
vegetus • 391
virens 127,391
xHrens 391
Cypbella, catalogue 202
Cvpress --• 43,46,117.832
■ bald -.-- -- 110,325
black 325
INDEX.
867
Pagf.
Cypress— Coutinued.
brakes 46,1:24
dwarfed.. 1'^
pond 117,125.825
red 325
somber - . 13(i
Spanish - - (580
swamp .-- , 325
tribe :.... ., 47
vine , 078
weeping ,. 130,833
white 325
Cypripedium acaule 79
calceolus 452,453
catalogue 453
hirsutum 110
humile 453
parviflorum ._ 75,83
pubesceiis. 453
Cyrilla, catalogue. -- 001
family 601
racemiflora 118.123,162
Cy rillaceae _ 601
Cystopleui'a, catalogue 146
Cystopteris bulbifera 86
catalogue 318
fragilis '. 73,86
Cystu2}us ... 151,153
bliti. 151
Cytospora, catalogue 256
Dacr y om j^ces, catalogue 195
Dacr yomyce taceae 195, 263
Dacryomycetales 195,363
Dactylis, catalogue 384
glomerata 836
iiiaritinia 374
patens 374
Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum 56
aegy ijtium 183, 345
catalogue 376
Daedalea, catalogue 313
cinerea 313
septum 170
Daisy.. 780,795,813
fleabaue.- 786,787
golden 795
oxeye 813
western 778
Daldinia, catalogue. 183
Dalea 504
alopecuroides 564
Candida 504
linnaea 504
purpurea 505
Dandelion, Carolina dwarf 751
false 754
common 753
dwarf 752
Danthoniu alleni 373
catalogue 373
comijressa 79
glabra 79
sericea 66. 113
Darbya 53
Darbya 479
umbellulata 00. 71
uinbelliilatu 479
Page.
Darluca, catalogue ..-• 356
Dasyscypha, catalogue 157
Dasy stoma, catalogue 735
fiava 03,193
pedicularia _ 115,130
pube><ceii>i ,. 735
quercifolia intcyrifolia 735
virginica 74
Datura 715
catalogue 714
stramonium 54,340
Daubentonia. catalogue. 569
Daucus carota. 837
catalogue 040
ilivaricatus 648
Day-flower 430
Dead nettle 707
Decodon aquaticus 632
catalogue 683
verticillatus glaber 633
Decumaria barbara 133
catalogue 536
sarnwntosa, 536
Deergrass 633
Deer berry 107, 658
Deertongue. sweet-scented 768
Delesseriaceae 148
Delphinium azureum 509
catalogue 509
exaltatum 509
tricorne. 83
Dematiaceae 237,263
Dennstaedtia, catalogue 319
Dentaria, catalogue 525
concatenata 536
diphylla 75
laciniata 83,85
multiflda. 93
multifida 536
Deodar cedar _ 833
Depazea 183
kalmicolu 174
Deringa canadensis 75
catalogue 647
Dermatea, catalogue 160
Deschampsia, catalogue 373
flexuosa 79
Desmanthus 108,554
brachylobus 554
luteus 553
Desmatodon 391
catalogue 399
plinthobius 394
Dcsmodium .571
acuminatum _ 571
bracfeo.ium 573
canadense longifolhun. 573
canescens 572
ciliare 574
cuspidatum 573
dillenii ^ 573
floridanum _ 574
liuriiifusuin 1... 572
lacvigatum 573
lineatum 571
marylandicum 574
nudiflorum 571
.sr.s
INDEX.
Di-siiKxIiinn t'<iiitiliu<'il.
iichroltiiriiiii •'••-
jKiit liquid III in '"ji'l
]>(iiirijl<iri(iii 571
rlioiiihifiiliiiin 574
rigidum 574
riitiindifolium 571
xtrictum 572
tennifolhun 572
viridiflor^un 573
Devil's l)it 4:W
shoostrinK 5G6
Di-vilwood 47,122.068
Dewberry *^
southern -- 540
Diainorpha, catalogue 532
l)usilla - '73
Dianthera, catalogue - "34
kitiiiilis — '35
Diauthus, barbatus - 258
Diaponsia family 661
Diapensiaceae -_ - '*61
Diaporthe, catalogue - 177
Diatoma wuritum l'^
Diatomaceae - ^^
Diatoms - - 142,143
Diatrypaeeae 178,202
Diatrype - 179
catalogue 178
(li.sciforviis virescens 178
stigma l**^
Diatrypella, catalogue — 179
qiwrcinn 179
Diccntra 520
cuddlaria 521
Dicerandra, catalogue 700
linearis 7{X)
Dicliaena, catalogue 102
Dichacnaceae 162,207
Dichelyma 291
catalogue -. 30^
subulatum - 294
Dicbondra - - - 083
catalogue 08;}
ccirolinensis ..- 083
rcpens 083
Dichromena — — 127
catalogue 400
colorata 76
h'ucocephala 400
Dicksonia 319
piloshiscula 319
punctilobula 73,78
punctilobtda -- 319
Dicliptera halei 735
Divlytra cucullaria 520
Dicotyledones 48,461
Dicranaceae 297, 309
Dicranella, catalogue - 297
debilis - 291
Dicranum 291
catalogue 298
debile 289
sabuletorum _ 298
Dictydium, catalogue 140
unibilicatum . 140
Dictyoneis, catalogue 145
Page.
Uictyopbora, I'atiilogue 230
Didyinuria, catalDgiie 2!0
Didyiniaceao 141
Didyuuum. <-atalogue 141
Didymospbaeria .. 174
eumorpha Wi
Diervilla, catalogue 745
ri\'ularis 78
sessilifolia . 740
Du/itaria 344
filiformis 344
fimbriata 345
innrginatd 345
sanguinalis 345
serotina 344
stitosa 345
villosa 344
Dilepyrum minutiflorum 366
Dimerosporium. catalogue 167
orbiculare 168
Dioclea 102
boykhi a 580
catalogue 580
mnltiflora 102
Diodia. catalogue 740
ter-es 6.5,187,241
tetragona 740
virginiana 65,241
Dioilontd Icptttphylla 808
Dioscoroa, catalogue 449
Dioscoreaceae 449
Diospyros, catalogue 664
virginiana 32,46,241,255
Diphyscium foliosiim 304
Diplachno 376
catalogue 376
Diplodia, catalogue 256
Diplopappus amyydxdimis 788
cornifolixis 788
UnariifoUus 788
umbeUntufi 788
Diplophyllum, catalogue 288
Diplotaxis, catalogue 523
Dipsaceae 746
DipsacHs, catalogue .^ 746
DipteracanthuK ciliosus parvijloriis 734
noctiflorus 733
stnpens 734
Dirca, catalogue Olil
palustris-. - 108,193
Discoideao 143
Discopleura 648
capillacea 648
nuttnllii 648
nuttallii 648
Discosia, catalogue 260
Disporum, catalogue 441
lanugiiiosum 85
Disticblis, catalogue 383
mnrithna 383
spicata 50.132,133
Distribution of plants, geological influ-
ences - 34
principles - 27
Ditch grass 328
Ditrichum, catalogue " 299
Dittany 698
INDEX.
869
Page.
Dotrk 481
bitter _ 483
curled _ 482
great water _ 483
pale 483
prairie 793
slender.. 483
spatter 504
swamp 50,483
wedge-leaf ^ . 483
yellow 483
Dodder 683,684
Dodt'catheon, catalogue 663
Doellingeria umyyduUna _. 788
catalogue 788
cornifolia 788
infinua _ 75
sp 255
Dog fennel 760,761,813
Dogbane.- 674
family .__ 673
Dog's parsley _ 643
Dogwood _ 14,46,61,70,88,89,107,113,650
family 650
flowering 651
rough-leaf 83
silky-leaved swamp 650
swamp 61,133,125
Dolichos 176
catjang 830
catjang.. 580
hiteolus 579
mini inns _ 583
multiflorus 580
polystachytis _.. 581
regular is 580
sinensis .580
Dondia, catalogue 489
linearis _ 129
Door weed, erect 483
Doronicum rauiosum _ 786
Dothicbiza, catalogue 361
Dothichloe arixtidae 171
hypoxylon ^ 171
Dothideaceae 170,262
Dothideales 170,262
Dothidella catalogue 170
Dothidia _ 171
Dothiora, catalogue 160
Dothiorella, catalogue ._ 256
Draba bracbycarpa 83
caroliniana. 83
catalogue 527
Dracoceph alum virginianum 705
Dracopis amplexicaulis 798
Dragon-root 436
Dragon'shead, fal.se 705
Drop-seed 366.367,368
Dropwort, false 641
Drosera. 53
americana 531
brevifolia 120
brevifolia major ; 531
capillaris 120
catalogue 531
flliformis- 117,120
/oliosa 531
I'age.
Drosera— Continued.
intermedia 49, 117
langifolia 531
americana,. 531
tenuifolia 531
Droseraceae _ 531
Drummondia :. 291
catalogue 300
Dryopteris acrostichoides 74,123,317
catalogue 316
dilutaia 317
floridana a5,66
marginalis 63,74.78,94
noveboracensis 74
patens ...: 123
Duchesnea, catalogue 541
indica 191
Diickweed 48,426
family. 426
Duggar, B. M., fungi 149
Dulichium arundinaceum 126
catalogue 396
spatliacfimi 396
Dumortiera 76,385
catalogue 286
liirsuta 285
Dupatia, catalogue 439
Durrha _. 95. i:>.5,3:?9
Earle, Prof. F.S.. botanical collectiou 18
fungi 149,1.50
lichens 364
Eatonia 378,379
catalogue 378
dudleyi _ ^ 379
flliformis. 66
pennsylvanica 78
jiennsylvanica filiform is 379
Ebenaceae 664
Ebony family _. 664
Ecbalium, catalogue 747
Echinacea 799
angiistifolia.. 799
purpiirea 799
Echinodorus, catalogue ... 330
radicans 128
Echinodothis, catalogue 170
Echinospermum 690
virginicum 690
Echites diffomiis 674
Eclipta, catalogue 796
erecta 796
procum bens 796
white-flowered 796
Eelgrass 334
Eggplant 830
Egyptian grass 376
Elatinoides, catalogue 716
Elder 742
anniial marsh 756
box 89
marsh 45. 756,757
seaside mar.sh 7-56
shrubby marsh 757
Eleocharis acicularis 76, 116, 126
(trenicola. : 398
camptotricha 126, 399
,s7()
INDKX.
Klooclmris— CoiitinvuMl.
<'«pitata I'f^t
t'iitaloKUO •110
cellulosji 13«>
doiiibcycimi. 29**
onKelmanui -S"*
(■(jidsftoidcs 3!)t)
interstincta ^'-^
mutata 126
obtiisa 397
ovata 76,98
palustris 128
jjrolifera 399
pygiiKiea
403
quaclranyulata 39li
simplex 398
tennis - 70,88
tuberculosa 98,110,126
vivipara .-- -- - 120
Eh'Ofjcmis ochrcntus - 397
Elephantoijus carolin iaiuis 184
(catalogue 759
- uudatus - 184
xcaber ^ 759
toinentosus - 184,241
violacens 846
Elephant's foot - 759
Elciiainc (leyypiiucd 376
catalogue - 376
indica - 65,104,135
mucronata 376
Eleutheromyces catalogue 170
Elkwood -■ - =»"6
EUisia microcalyx 687
Elm.... 14,41,46,60,72,100,125,474,824
familj' - 474
red 474
slippery - 474
Southern rock 47
white - 103,474
winged 89,474
Elodea 333
cumpanuUda 623
canadensia -- --- 333
Elodes 333
pctUihttd - 623
Elymus - 174,175,2:39,249,257
carol iniunus - 388
catalogue 388
glabriflorus --- 845
villosus 388
virginicus- 104
Empetraceae - 112,599
Empusa, catalogue 153
Endemic plants - 38
Endive - 829
Endocarpeae --- 269,284
Endocarpon 265
catalogue ' 269
fluviatile - 265
Jluviatile -— 269
muhlenbergii 265
tucker III anii 289
Endothya, catalogue -- 179
Eneinion biternalum 508
English raygrass - 837
Page.
Ktmlfniii 677
iiHaiUi 677
Enteridion, catalogue 140
Entodon 291
catalogue 306
druninioiidii 294
Entolouia, catalogue 224
Enton)<)phtlioraceao 153,2»i2
Entoniophthorale.s LW,2f53
Entomosporiuni, catalogue 261
Entosthodon, catalogue 301
drummondii 294
Entyloma, catalogue 184
Ephebe, catalogue 379
lesquereiixii 379
pubescens 3«>5
Epicoccum, catalogue 249
Epidendron 41 , 51
Epidendrum, catalogue 400
conopseum 13:!. 4r)0
Epifacnis 7:il
americanu 7:>l
Epigaea, catalogue 050
repcns 114
Epilobium, catalogue 030
tctriKjoimin 6;$6
Epiphc(jus viryiniana 53,732
Epiphytes 459
Epiphytic plant associations 50
Epithemia zebra 140
Equisetaceae 43,330
Equisetales 330
Equisctum, catalogue 330
Eragrostis 379,;M).381,;J83
campestris 171
campestris 3S1
capillaris 1(W,105
caroliniana 380
catalogue .• 379
conferta... 381
glomerata 133
hirsuta 97.
minor :J79
oxylepis 1588
pectinacea 73
refracta 381
l)ilosa -- :J80
poaeoides 379
megaatachyn 380
purshii... 104,;j80
refracta ., 104,105
reptans 379
tenuis --.- 171,186
Erechtites, catalogue 814
hieracifolia 105,241,258
Erect grass 387
Brian thus 163, 164, 170, 171, 175, 357
alopecuroides 61,73
breviba rbis •335
brevibarbis 123
catalogue '3^34
coutortus - 3.">0,335
saccharoides 123
brevibarbis - -335
strictus 133,135
Erica 112
INDEX,
871
Page.
Ericaceae _ 653
Erigeron 48,152,787
annuus - 787
belUdif alius 786
caniphoratuni 789
canadensis 787
carolinianuni 777
carolinianus 776
catalogue 786
di varicatus 787
hetcrophylhis __ 786
linifolius.. 788
nxidicaule _-_ -. . 787
philndelphicus 787
pilosum 770
strigosus 786
beyrichil _.. 786
ramosus 787
Erinella, catalogue 158
Eriobocrj-a japonioa 135,831
Eriocaulaceae -.- 428
Eriocaulon anceps - :. 429
catalogue 428
decangulare 117
flavidulum .._ 429
gnaphalodes _. 429
villosum 429
Eriogonum, catalogue 481
downy , 481
toinentosuni 109
Enophorum cyperinmn laxuin 404
lineatum 404
Erodium, catalogue 583
Ervum erectiim 1 581
hirsutum 577
tetraspermum 577
Eryngiuin americaiiunt 644
aquaticum 120
aquaticum 643
baldivinii 644
catalogue 643
ovalifolium 120,126,644
prostratum 126
synchaetum 120
virgalum ._ 644
yuccaefoliuin synchaetum 644
Eryngo 64;^
blue-flowered _.. 644
creeping 644
Erysibaceae 165,262
Erysibe, catalogue 165
Erysimum officinale ., 523
Eri/siphe _.. 167
Erythrina, catalogue 579
herbacea 114
Erythronium, catalogue 440
dens-cnnis _ 440
Ethulia uni flora 760
Euchlaena luxurians 183
mexicana ... 1 1^5,825
Eumycetes 150
Eunotia. catalogue 144
Euonynius. catalogue -.. 604
japonicus 8;W
Eupatorium 174,821
ageratoides 65,765
augvistatum 765
Page.
Eupatorium- -Continued.
album .- -.. 60,62,763
alteruifiiliiim 766
altissimum 104
amoenum 761
angustissimum 762
aromaticum 60,62,115.765
capillifolium 121,76?, 761
catalogue 760
reanotliifoliiiin _. 765
coelestinum j 765
compositifolium 760.761
coronopifolium 109,115
coronoirifolinm ir>9.115,761
ciMieif oliu m . . - 763
diffuse 764
foeniculaceum 760
foenicidoides 760
frasieri.. 765
glandulosuni 762
glaucescens 763
hyssopifoliuni ...^. 762
hyssopifoliiim 763
angustissimum, 762
laciniatum 762
tortifoliuiii 763
incarnatum 93,764
lecheaef olium 109, 762
leptophyllum 109. ] 15. 121. 760,761
linearifolium 121,763
mar-ulatum 76,761
umoennm 65,761
mohrii 121,762
jiarrifluriim 763
lancifolium 763
perfoliatum... 764
pinnatifldum 66,761
pubescen." 121,764
purpiireum 192,761
amoetium 761
macnlatum 761
rotundlfolium 239,764
ova.tum 764
pubescens 764
scandens 765
•semiserratum 121,763
lancifolium..- 763
.serotinum.. 104,762
sessilif olium 74,764 ,
smithii 761
ternifolium 761
teiicrifolium 763
torreyanum 762
tortifolium 109,763
trifoliutwii 761
tru)icatum 764
verbenaefolium 121,192,763
Euphorbiaceae 591
Euphorbia 242
arkansana 597
arkansana. ^ 597
catalogue .'. 595
corollata angustifolia 114
dictyosperma 104
floridana 114.115
helioscopia 597
humistrata 115
sTi'
IXDKX.
Knitborliiii ('mit fiiin'il.
Ufiiivrififiiliu "iIKl
c'omiiiKiiiM ."jiNi
iniitidatn ll!t,12(l
nutans UMl. l,'^i,l!«,2J8
obtusatii 83
])ilnlifcni 590
polygon i folia 130
preslii 590
/tjihaeruspcnna 507
thymifoUn 5116
KujKxViscns (iffiUK 1-H
i-atalogno 144
Eupliycoao * 143
Enrhynchinm 291
catalogue 307
hians 293
Eustachijs 376
Euthallophyta 143
Euthamia caroliniana f<21
catalogue 777
graminifolia 79,821
fi-nuifoliii 777
Ell tiipa spinosa 177
EufppeUa 178
cei-viculata 177
glanchdosa 177
heieracanthn 177
sp - 169
Euvalsn 178
Eiixolns clcflr.rus 491
Evening primrose 037,638
family 034
Evernia 264
ftavicans 282
Evolvulus 082
alsinoides '. 133
catalogiie 082
Excipulaceae 201,263
Exidia. catalogue 194
glandulosa 170
Exoascaceae 154,202
Exoascales 154,202
Exoascus, catalogue - 154
Exobasidiaceae 190,202
Exobasidiales 196.202
Exobasidium, catalogue 196
Exotic subtropical trees 130
Fabronia 291
catalogue 305
spp 293
Fabroniaceae 305,309
Fagaceae.- 408
Fagopyrum fagopyrum 829
Fagus 110,107,170,178,213,200
americana 40, 72, 109, 102, 107, 408
catalogue 468
ferruginea 102,468
castanea dentata 408
latifolia 468
pumila 408
sylvaticu a tropunicea 468
Falcata, catalogue 578
comosa 150
False boneset, southern 706
foxglove 725
garlic 439
jalap 680
Papo.
Farkl.Oicny 45.S!1. 132.ti57
Fii.iritiiliiiis pi)li/slii<li!/)i 377
Fftvolns. cataloguo 213
Feather grass 37U
Feathorfoil 601
Fi'iliii 740
nuUiiUi 744t
h'vildti'lld riinirii 2SJJ
Forn 4;i,74.7o, l:.'l.l:Jl,2(il.31(i,:Ul
Ala1>ania bristle ;!19
lip 312
boech 310
bladder 318
bniko .-JIS
bristle 319
brittle 318
chain 813
Christmas 317
cinnamon 310
coarse 125
eagle 312
ebony 314
evergreen wood 317
family 311
Florida wood 317
flowering 319
grape 310
lady 315
lip 312
maidenhair ..'. 10S.:ill
marsh shield 3lr)
New York sliiold 310
Peter's bristle 319
royal 123,;12(I
sensitive 318
spreading wood 317
Virginia grape .' 311
webby lip 313
woolly lip 312
Ferula ((tnudciixix 643
villosu 041
Fescue grass 386
Festnca hromoides 386
catalogue 386
fascicidaris 376
nutans 74
pratensis 827
riyidu 385
shortii 74
tem-lla ....'. 386
uristuluta 386
unioloides 387
Fetter-bush 122
downy 654
racemose — 654
shining 655
Fever root 744
Feverbush 519
Feverfew 50,813
Ficuscarica 191,235,238,240,247,831
Fig 90,106,110,136,822,831
Figs in the Coast plain 822
Figwort 717
family 494,716
Filicales 310
Fimbristylis autumnalis 183
capillaris. 401
castanea 132
INDEX.
878
Page.
Fimbristylis — Continued.
catalogue 400
puberula 133
spadicea _ ■ 133
l)ubernla _ 400
Finger grass 130,344
Fiorin 370,826
Fireweed 814
Fir miana platanif olia 835
Fissidens - 291
adiantoides 292
catalogue 298
domiellii... 293,294
mimitulus 393
polypodioides 291.393
ravenelii -., 393
subbasilaris 393
taxifolius 393
Fissidentaceae. 398.309
Fistulina, catalogue 214
Fistulineae .. _.. 213
Flag, blue.. 449
cat-tail... 326
sweet 434
Flaminula, catalogue 233
Flatwoods 21
Flaveria, catalogue 810
repanda 810
Flax family 585
yellow 585,586
Fleabaue 48
Canada 787
daisy 786,787
lilac-flowered daisy 786
Philadelphia daisy 787
southern daisy 787
Floating heart 49
pitted 673
Flora of Alabama, general character 37
relation to southern neighbors 41
Floral regions of Alabama 57
Fly poison 437
Foeniculum f oeniculum 839
Fog-fruit. 695
Fomes, catalogue 307
Fontinalaceae 304,309
Fontinalis 77,391
catalogue 304
disticha 137.289,294
lescurii 77,293
Forage crops, list 838,839
grasses, list 835-837
Forest flora 44
Forestiera 667
acuminata 667
liguitrina 668
Forests, deciduous 46
evergreen 47
Forget-me-not 691
Foistet onia difformi.s 674
Forty knot 492*
Fossombronia angulosa 285
catalogue 287
foveolata 285
Fothergilla 40
alnifolia 537
catalogue .537
gardeni 537
major 537
Page.
Four o'clock family 493
Foxglove, false 725.7."J6
Foxtail, green 360
meadow 367
water 367
Fracchiaea, catalogue 173
Fragaria, catalogue 541
illinoensis 541
indica 541
vesca - . . 174, 829
virginiana 829
illinoensis 541
Fragilarioideae 144
Frangida caroliniaiia. 609
Frankia, catalogue 139
Frasera carolinensis 75,110
catalogue _ 673
Fraxinus 193.221,255,260
acuminata 666
alba .._ 666
albicans 666
americana 46. S6, 103, 667
curti.ssii _.. 81
m icrocarpa 666
caroliniana 46,251,258
catalogue 666
curtissii 666
lanceolata 46
platycarpa 67
platj/carpa .-_ 351,258,667
quadrangulata 81
viridis 667
Freeze of 1879-80 833
1899 -- 26,833
Fresh- water plants 49
Fringe tree 71,109,668
northern 123
Ffoelichia, catalogue 493
floridana 130
Frogsbit family 333
Frogweed 515
Frullania 285
caroliniana 385
catalogue 389
dounellii 285
kunzei 385
squarrosa 285
Frustulia, catalogue 145
Fucaceae 147
Fugitive plants 55
Fuirena, catalogue 404
hispida 405
scirpoidea 131
sp 188
squarrosa 188
squarrosa 404
squarrosa CC 405
breviseta 127
hispida- 97,127
Fuligo, catalogue 141
Fumaria, catalogue 521
cucuUaria 520
Fumitory, common 531
Funaria calvescens 291
catalogue 301
flavicans 293,294
hygrometrica 291
calvescens 301
serrata 294
874
INDEX.
I'ugo.
Fuunriaceao .i«>l..lO!i
Fuufi '•'•'/
cnroliniani exsiccati !*'••
148
zm-M)
Ftma rill III
catalogue -^
. 24S
cruovscfus ""^
Fusic-ladum. catalogue 237
218
history of collections,
imporfecti
Pa^.
(iaylusHucia- I'lmtiuuod.
"I'P
45
Piisiitporium
Gaillardin hicolor
cjitalogue
liuiceolata
pulcliella
813
' »Ta
"[ m
_ 1(15,798
Galactia. catalogue '^*_*
erecta "'
Hi)
,[..... 580
"'".... 580
'"//.'.... 580
580
.. 581
581
115
floridana
glabella -
iiiacrei -
mollis
pilosa
anyustifolia
sessilifloru -
sessili folia
115 ''43
volubilis xi-j, - "
.. 115
mississipiensis
Galax
aphylla
catalogue
Galega cinerea
hispidula -
xpicata
villosa
virgin iana
Galera, catalogue
Galingales
Galinsoga, catalogue
Galium
catalogue
circaezans - - -
pilosum puncticulosum
puncticulosum
trifolium latifolium ^-J^
Gall of the earth - ^*;^
Gallberry ^~|
Gama grass, spiked *i4
Garden cress ---i '^"^
vegetables, list 838,839
Gardenia - ^^^
florida - ^l
Garlic -
wild
yellow false -
Gates, Hezekiah, botanical explora
tion - -
Gatesia
laetevirens —
Gaultheria, catalogue ..-.
Gaura
,. (Mil
78
.. 661
.. 567
.. 566
.. 566
... 566
.. 566
333
50
.. 808
161,343
.. 741
.. 75,87
.. 243
.. 741
tomenfosa 657
Goastcr, catalogue 333
Gelscniium 100
catalogue OtW
niliilum 668
seinporvirens 13:i. 169
Gemniingia, catalogue 450
chiiiensis 56
Gentian 130. 671.073
family 670
Gentiuna calj/cina r>7< I
catalogue <>71
i-aiexhaci 071,673
elliottii 75,673
ockrolcuca 673
saponaria 65
saponaria 673
villosa... 75
Gentianaceae 670
Geoglossaoeae 155,262
Geoglos.sum, catalogue 155
glutinosum 155
Qeraniaceae 583
Geranium carolinianum 153
catalogue 58;j
cicutarium 583
family 58:3
maculatum 83
.spotted 583
strawberry 541
Gerardia 52,736,737
(i/zelid 724
aphylla 131
catalogue 736
flammcae 15
flava 735
laevigata 725
maritima 133
parvifolia 727
paupercula '.. 130,131,726
pedicularia pectinata 725
purpurea crassifolia 736
fascicidata 736
paiipercida 726
querci/olia 725
setacea '3(
skinneriana 121
tenuifolia 05,74,190
»2',
439
4:59
16
16,735
735
656
638
biennis piteheri ^^
6:58
638
104
catalogue —
filipes -
michauxii --- -
Gaylussacia, catalogue •'•J'
dumosa 60,107,113.657
hirtella -
f rondosa .
19(j
asperula 63
Germander 707
Nash's . ,
(leiim album
carol iniaiiurn ■--
catalogue ^
Gherkin - ^^
Gibberella, catalogue l''^
Gilia, catalogue -
coronopifolia
Gillena
Gillenia
stipulacea
trifoUata
Ginger, wild -
Ginseng
family
543
54a
686
94
539
75,539
539
539
481
640
640
INDEX.
875
Gladiolus 25+
Glasswort, Bigelow's 490
Glaucidium it)
Glechoma hederacea 25"
Gleditsia.,. 163
catalogue 557
triacanthos 46,83,207,260
Glenospora, catalogue 237
Gloeoporus, catalogue 213
Gloeosporium ampelophagum 250
catalogue 250
Gloniella 163
Gloniopsis x>raelongum _ _ 163
smilacis -- 163
Glonium, catalogue -. _ 162
Glottidium, catalogue 568
floridanum. _-_ 12.s
floridanum 568
Glyceria 386
nervata ;?86
Glycine, American .-_ 15
apios 579
comosa 578
frutescens 567
hispida- _ 830
inonoica. 578
reflexa 583
tomentosa 582
erecta _ 582
monophyUa ._. _ 582
volubiUs 582
umbellata _, 582
Glycosma 646
Glyphideae 270,284
Glypliis._ 264
achariana 266
catalogue 270
Gnaphaliuin, catalogue 791
obtusifolium __. 791
X)latitaginifoJiiun 790
polycephalum ._ _ 791
piirpureum... 153,189,192,242
sp 184,251
undulatuin 790
Gnonionia, catalogue 177
Gnomoniaceae 177,262
Goat's rue 565-567,822
Golden aster. 769,770,771
club _.. , 127,424
drop 831
eyed grass 119
rod 64,67.83,1:30.772-778,821,822
Gomphidius, catalogue 217
(loviphrena polygonoides 491
(lonolobus 102,677
baldwinianus 678
carolhiensis 67'8
liirsutux : 678
laevis. 677
macrophyllus 678
G'onopyrum americanum 487
Goodyera 73,4.57
pubescens 4,57
Goose grass __ 741
Gooseberry, garden 67
southern t),5S
wild ti7
Page.
(Toosefoot, Eerlandiers _ 488
cutleaf 489
family _ 487
ill-scented 488
nettle-leaved _ _.. 488
oak-leaved _ 48"
(Jordonia, catalogue !; 618
Gossypium barbadense 830
berbaceum 9), 169,.
172, 174, 175, 235, 236, 242, 216, 248,
249, 250, 252, 253, 255. 256, 259, 830
Gourd... ,54,831
bottle __ 831
trumpet 831
Gracilaria, catalogue 148
Grama gra.ss 375
Gramineae _ •. 334
Grammatophora, catalogue 145
Grape 1.5,32,
69, 80, 89, 96, 110. 167, 250, 612. 613, 832
blue _ (512
bullace 15,101,12:5,613,832
Concord 823
downy 612
family _ 611
fox 832
frost .__ 61,612
Le Conte's _ _,. _ 62
mu.scadine 832
i-iver _._ 108
riverside _ 612
scuppernong 136,822
summer _ _ 71,101.122,613
winter _ 612
Grapes 106.1:54.1:56,824
in Tennessee Valley _ ._. 824
in Upper Coast Pine belt __. 823
Grapevine _ _ _ 612
Graphidaceae 269,284
Graphiola, catalogue 184
Graphis 264,269
babingtonii 270
catalogue 270
solecites . _ 267
Grass family.. _ 334
pink _ . 459
(irasses for forage or grain, list 825-827
(rratiola acuminata 720,721
(tnagaUidea _ 722
(ittenuata 722
catalogue 719
liispjda 133
monniera 721
peruviana... 720
Kubulata 720
Gravelly hill.s of short-leaf ]iine, etc 90
Greek valerian 686
Green algae 146
arum 425
foxtail : 360
Greenbrier ^ 101,444
glaucous 444
Grecnia arkuusana 369
Grevillea, descriptions of fungi 149
Grimmia 79
catalogue 299
teucuplutea 299
l)en)isylvanica 299
87('.
INDKX.
Qrimmiacoiio a!ti(,;j09
(4rinilfli!i. cutalogue 70!t
liiiii'ooluta 83
Groniwell 6ill-4J!«
Ciiroliuii false 392
tuberous-rooted 691
Virgiuiii false 393
Grossulariaci'fto 537
Ground eborry 709,710,711,713
Groundnut 69,579
Groundsel 45,789,814,815
Guadinia, catalogue 373
Guatemala grass 135,825
Gucpinia, catalogue I'M
Guignardia, catalogue 174
Guinea grass 135,820
false 95,3;»,825
Gum 651
}.lack 32,(58,117,125
Carolina black 46
liighlaud — 70
large sweet 92
l)lant 769
red 92,100,117,538
southern black 651
sweet 32,41,46,92,100,538
tupelo 110,124
Gumbo. - 830
Qyalecta 264
catalogue - 275
Gymnnflfiiid flavu 454
Gy mnoconia, catalogue 191
Gymnopogon 375
ambiguus 97,113
brevifolius - 113
catalogue 375
raccmosus 375
filiformis 375
Gymnospermae 323
Gyinnoxporangium ISB
catalogue - -- 185
Gymnosporium 237
Gymnostichum 389
Gynandropsis, five-leaved 529
pentaphylla 56
})entaphylla 529
Gyrostachys brevifolia 124
catalogue 456
gracilis 114
odorata 125
praecox 97,114
Gyrostomum - 264
catalogue 274
scyphuliferum 266
Gyrotheca, catalogue 446
tinctoria 117
tinctoria 446
Habenaria blephariglottis 126
catalogue - 453
clavellata 126
ciliaris 64.75
blepluiriglottis 454
cristata 116,126
flava 66
I'agft
Ha1>enariH -i oiitiuucd.
lacera 00
iniihauxii 455
nivea 120
repens 126
spp 51
tridentatn 45.3
I'irrscenx 4.'>4
Habitat, definition 'M
Hackbcrry 43, KKI, j(ti
southern 4<>,9;;, 47r»
Hackelochloa, catalogue IKXS
granularis .Vi
Haemodoraceae 44^;
Hairgrass :{6<i, 370, 37 1.372
Ilah'sia 89, llH. 122,t)04
Carolina VM
dijiUra 14,15,665
tetraptera 065
tctraptcra CttH
Halophytes 49,50,127,129,132
Haloph y tic plant assi )ciations 37
plants of salt marshes 1,'{2
of strand.. 129
Haloragidaceae (VJH
Hamamclidaceae .537
Hamamelis, catalogue 537
virginiana 105
virtjiniana Carolina SSi
Hammock lands 121,294
Hammocks, cedar 99
Hard-wood timber 84,87
Harpocephalum, catalogue 237
Haw 41,46,122,823
apple 46.125,.55()
black 82,88
dotted 550
downy 71,547
glandular 546
May 550
opossum 118,744
parsley 125,546
red 82,m
scarlet 71,99
southern black 743
sugar... 546
summer 99,112,550
winter 71
Hawkweed 753
Hawthorns 61,86,91,99
shrubby 68
Hay 135
Hazelnut 4;3,89
American 61
beaked 466
Heath 118
family 653
Heather 112
family 47
Hedeoma, catalogue 699
Hedera quinqnefolia 611
Hedge hys.sop - 719,720,721
Hedgehog grass 3<>l,3(j2
Hedwigia. 79,2!)1
catalogue ;505
ciliata subnudu 305
INDEX.
877
Page.
Hi'dyotis boscii 737
caerulea 737
calycosa _ 739
glonierata 737
longifolia ten nifolia 738
minima ._ 738
purpurea __ 738
stenophylla 739
Hedysarum 571
acuminatum 571
bracteosum 573
canescens 572
ciliare 574
cuspidatum 573
frutescens 575, 576
glabellum 573
grandiflorum 571
hirtuni 576
laevigatum 573
lineatum _ _ 571
lineatum 571
marylandicum 574
nudiflorum _ 571
obtusum 574
paniculatum _.. 573
pauciflorum 571
pednncidatxim 563
repens 574
reticidatuvi 575
rhombifolium 574
rigidum _ 574
rotundifolium 571
scaberrinium 573
strictum 573,576
violaceuni _ 575
viridiflorum ._. 573,573
virginicum _ _ _ 569
volubile - 580
Heleniuin 811
brevifolium 116,811
catalogue 810
curtisii 811
helenium 119
integrif olium 130
puberulum 811
2}tibescens T 811
tenuifolium 54
vernum 120
Heleochnris triflora 398
Helianthemum arenicola 130
carolinianum 114,130
catalogue 634
georgianum 845
ramuniflorum 114
correction of error 845
Helianthus 48,184,188,193
angustifolius 188
annuus 165,188
aristatus 804
atropurpureus 64
atrorubens. 74
canescens 801
catalogue 800
divaricatus 64,74,104
divaricatus ._. 801
diversif olius 803
floridanus 800
Page.
Helianthus —Continued .
glaucus 74
heterophyllus 131
hirsutus. 64,74,104,108
trachyphyllus 64
laevis _ 807
microcephalus _ 64, 74
mollis _ 91
parviflorus 801
piibescens 801
radula 115, 833
schweinitzii 64, 74
strumosus 64
tomentosus 64,a5,108
truncatus _ 803
tracheliifolius _ .64
tuberosiis 188,838
Heliomyces, catalogue _ . 222
Heliopsis 64
catalogue __ 796
gracilis 79y
helianthoides 64,74
laevis _ 64,796
gracilis 796
minor _ . 796
minor 64
sp 171
Heliosciadium leptophyllum 647
Heliotrope _ 689
Heliotr opium, catalogue 689
curassavicum 133
tenellum — ]04
Helminthocladiaceae.. 148
Hehninthosporium 243
catalogue 238
dubiuvi.. 238
inter seminatum 246
X>etersii 247
Helonias angusti folia .*... 437
dioica 436
erythrosperma 437
. graminea 437
Helotiaceae 157,263
Hel vellaceae 155, 363
Helvellales 155,363
Hemiarcyria, catalogue 140
Hemicarpha _ 405
catalogue... 405
subsquarrosa 405
Hemiparasites 53
Hemisaprophytes 51
Hemlock 34.73,334,647
water 50
Hemp 476,674
Canadian 674
water 491
Hendecandra texensis 592
Hendersonia 260
catalogue 257
cydoniae 257
donacis ^ 2.57
Hepatica, catalogue 511
hepatica 67,73,108
triloba 511
Hepaticae 286
Heppia 2ti4
catalogue 280
despreauxii 265
sTs
IN1>K\.
Hi-ptaiiuTia, i"it-!ili>^cii«' IVI
Horbaoi'ims iissormtiolis i>l l'aliii)>a Val-
K-y ... !•:.'
of Contra! Pin.- l«lt it(i
plant asscH-iat ions 03
plants grown for fruits and mi-ocIh,
list 83!)-KJl
grown for roots, li.st t^-T
Hord'sgrass 370,t«ati
JJfrilicrii i/nwlini 441)
Herniaria, catalogue — 'jO"-
Hrriwslh 731
(nii]>l<'xicaMlis 7~3
rhamacdryoides 2)e(lunrul(iris 731
monniera 133,731
nigrescens 731
pcduiirularis 731
Heri>otrichia, catalogue 172
Jlcspcris ])iiinatijidu •'')34
Hetei-anthera 49
catalogue 4:33
f/rotiihicd 4;}3
Heterosporium, catalogue 345
saiiilnici -. 246
Heterotbeca - - 769
catalogue 769
lanitirkii 769
scahra 769
subaxillaris VM
Heterothefium 364
i-atalogue 271
doniiiigense - 366
leucoxantlinni — 266
par,liy<;heiluni 366
southern 366
tubercnlosum 366
Heuchera americ;ana 73. 93
catalogue 5134
hispida hirsutioaulis 86
ricit (I rdsoii ii 534
rugolii 73,76
villosa 93
Hexalectris 51
catalogue 460
sqiKimosxis 460
Hilnscus aculeatus 115
catalogue 617
esculentus 169,193,349
esculentus 830
hoary 617
incanus - 98
incanus 617
moscheutos 50
xeaber 617
syriacus 835
virginiciis 617
Hickory 14, 46, 60, 90, 93, 99, 109, 280, 461
bitternut 100,823
mockernut 86,88,96,110,833,834
nutmeg 95, 100, Utl,4ti;5.823
pale-leaf 47,60,91
pignut 59, 60, ftS, 66, 70, 91, 98, 133, 463. 823
scaly-bark - 462.833
shagbark 60,101,824
shellbark 84.462
southern shagbark 87,463
shellbark 47
Hickory ( nntiniicd
upland
vater
wliiti'heart
Hicoria
alba
aipuitica . .
I'aKc
K23
46, 13;"), HKi
4<>2
16.3. 166, 194. 199, 2<ll, 308. 360
. 47, lOll.la'i, 197,361
441.95
ojirolinae-.septentrionalis.
catalogue
glabra
rilloxn
47. S7
461
47,6(1
4tK.'
minima 46,100
niyristicaeformis 41,95
o vata 46, 84, 178, Sti. 36(1, 46:!
Iiallithi M>3
pecan 41,lil(i.H;il
villosa 47,91
Hieracium, catalogue 7.53
gronoviihir.sutissimum 753
marianuni 64
KjKtlhiihitiiiii 753
paniculatum 64,752
scribneri .'. 64
spathulatum 7.53
venosum 64,66,7.53
Hill country of Alabama 93
pi-airies 99
Hirncitla 194
Hoarhound.-^ .56,705
black 7(«)
false 764
water 697
Hog weed 7.57
Holcus, catalogue 371
halepenats 339
laxus 383
sorghum.- ;339
Hollies 366
Holly 14.45,47.109,133,603
common 122
dahoon 45,47,125
deciduous S6.103
family 603
mountain 71
Yau))on 45
Holzinger, mosses identified 390
Homalocenchrus 50
catalogue .563
hexandrus 128
oryzoides 135
virginicus 76,135,33!)
Homotropa mucranthuni 481
Honey grass 383
Honeysuckle 71 , 745
cinnamon 6.53
common - 65:J
family 743
swamp - 653
Hop 1(>.5,476
hornbeam. - 41
tree, trefoil !>9
Ilopea tinctoria 666
Hordeum. catalogue 388
sativum 827
vulgare 188, 189
Hornbeam-- «.46.61.8(). 125,268,44i(,
hop - 41,83,.S3
INDEX.
879
Page.
Hoi-nwort 49.5(4,647
family _ 504
Horse balm 696
brier _ 71
chestnut family 607
sugar 45,666
nettle : 714
Horsemint 698,702
Horsetail family 1 .. 320
Horsetails .,. 820
Horse weed 787
Hosackia _ 562
purshiana 562
Hottonia, catalogue 661
inflata 49
Hound's-tongue _ 690
Houstonia 7:38,739
caerulea 75,108
catalogue 737
li)i7iaei minor 738
longifolia _ 66
patens 120.1.52.1.53,193,258
patens 738
purpurea cali/cosa 739
longifolia 738
tenuifolia 738
rotundifolia 114
tenuifolia... 66
Huckleberry 45
dwarf.. 107, a57
family.. 657
hairy 657
hoary 657
small-leaved 71
squaw 658
Hudsonian life zone 30
Humoria ._ 1,56
Humboldt, plant zones 28
Humuliis 165
catalogue 476
Hungarian grass 1:55,360,826
Hyacinth, wild 440
Hydnaceae 203,263
Hydnum 195,203,305
ferrugineum 205
Hydrangea 242,5a5
arborescens _ 66,536
c(jrdata 64 73
catalogue 535
cordata 53g
quercif olia 71, 92
vulgaris 535
Hydrastis 40
canadensis 75
caroli7ie)isis gjg
catalogue 5O8
Hydrocharidean plants 48
Hydrocharitaceae 333
Hydrochloa carolinensis 362
catalogue 362
fluitans 127
Hydrocotyle asiatica 650
catalogue ; 649
interrupta 649
ranunculoides 128
repanda 6.50
Page.
Hydroco tyle—Contin ued .
umbellata 189,242
ambigua 649
verticillata __ 120,128
Hydrodictyaceae _, 146
Hydrodictyon, catalogue 146
Hydrolea 688
caroliniana 688
ovata.. 688
quadrivalvis 688
Hydropeltis _ __ 503
purpurea _. 593
Hydrophyllaceae 687
Hy drophy llu m, catalogue 687
Hydrophytes 43
floating 127
hydrocharidian.. 126
Limnaeari class 126
Hydrophytic herbaceous plants of pine
barrens 126
plant associations 37,48,76
plants of Coast Pine belt ne
Hygrophila, catalogue 733
Hygrophoreae... _. 217
Hygrophorus, catalogue 217
Hymenachne striata 353
Hymeniales 197,263
Hymenocallis, catalogue 447
occidentalis 77 125
rotata 5Q
Hymenochaete, catalogue. 2OI
Hymenogastraceae __ 230 363
Hymenogastrales 230 363
Hymenopapints anthemoides 810
Hymenoscypha, catalogue ]58
Hymenoxys, catalogue 810
Hyoseris caroliniana 7,51
virginica _ 75]^
Hypericaceae. 44,619
Hypericum _ 121
acutifolium __ 622
ambiguum _ 621
amoenum _ 630
angidosuin 632
aspalathoides _ 121, 131, 621
aureum 83,620
campanulatum 623
canadense 623
catalogue 620
cistifolium 621
cistifolium, 621 022
corymbosum 623
drummondii 66,633
ellipticum 622
fasciculatum 126,620
aspalathoides 621
galioides 631
ambiguum 621
pallidum 631
gentianoides 633
glaucum _ 630
gymnathum 623
lasiautlius 618
maculatum 632
mntilum.. 186,238,250,622
myrtifolium.. 121.620
sso
INUKX.
llyiii'i-iiuiii t'oiitimuMl. Pagu.
iiilitluiii ttfll
inidiriiulc 623
niidiflorum 135
iinitifliiritiii 1521
opdciiui 121,l»22
l><tii>liti\tiii liSi
liilosuiu (i22
proliflcum 8:3,t<5.t)2(l
quhiqiienvrriunt 022
rosmariuifolium 622
narothra fi23
simplex 622
sphaerocarpon 83,104
sphaerocarpum 621
spp 120,193
virgatum 75
acutif olium 622
virginicum 186
virginiciim 623
Hyplioloma, catalogue 222
Hyphomycetes 235
Hypnaceae 307,309
Hypnum 291
(ilhulum 308
catalogue 308
homalostegium 290
inicnicarpum 307
Hypochnaceae 197,283
Hypochnns. catalogue 197
Hypocrea, catalogue 170
Hypocreaceae 170,262
Hypocreales 168,362
Hypodernia, catalogue 161
Hypodormataceae 161,262
Hypomy COS, catalogue 168
(mranthis 168
Hypomycetaceae 168,262
Hypopitys 51
catalogue 6.53
moHotrojja 652
Hypoxis. catalogue 448
erccta ,. 448
Ifl/pojylon 178.179
catalogue 180
//^(//.s 696
rudiatu 168.191,096
Hyssop, hedge.. 719,720,721
Hysteriaceae 162,362
Hysteriales. 161,262
Hy.itcriuiii 159,162
catalogue 16:5
Hysteroglonium, catalogue 163
Hysterographium, catalogue 1(>3
Hysteropatella, catalogue 159
Hystrix, catalogue 389
nex 16(J. 197, 251, 260, 267, 368, 269
ambiguu 603
angnstifolia 602
caroliniana 122,125
cassine 45,122
cassine 603
catalogue 603
coriacea 132,163
dahoon 602
myrtifoUa 603
decidua 86,102,135,248
Ilex- (."onti'iucd. Pago.
duljia 71
glabra 116,118
Ittuii/olia 602
longijies 71,109,125
lucida 118
lurhiii tm
mollis (ilH
muntdiia 6(W
monticola 67,71,78
mollis 71
myrtiflora 118
opaca 64. 132, 161. 168, 176. 2<1!t, 21 1,2.50, 2«0
prinoides 1.59
prinoides ti03
verticillata 161,180
padifolia 604
vomltoria 45, 122
correction of error 845
Ilicaceae 602
lUecebrum achyrantha 492
lUicium 15
catalogue 506
floridanura 45,96.1119, 118, 1b3
sweet 14.47.96,109
Illosporium, catalogue 248
Ilysanthes, catalogue 732
riparia 722
Impatiens aurea 1.5:^,193
biflora 65,102.187,193
catalogue 610
fulva 65
fulva 610
noli-tanyere /3 610
pallida 610
Indian corn .31, ;32, 68, 823, 825
cherry 609
cucumber 443
grass 338
physic 539
pink 669
pipe 653
plantain 815,816
rice 3<)2
tobacco 751
turnip 425
Indigo 565
false 563,-558
vermilion-flowered 565
wild 565
Indigof era, catalogue 565
Inkberry 116
tall 604
Inocybe, catalogue 233
Insectivorous plants 52
Introduced plants .53
Inidd divaricuta 771
gossypina 770
graminifoUa 769
mariana 770
scabra 769
subaxillaris 769
lodanthus, catalogue 524
hesperidoides 534
lonactis, catalogue 788
linariifolius .-- 115,823
Ipomoea 164,679,680
batatas 69,153,2.53,838
INDEX.
881
Page.
Ipomoea — Contiuucd.
barbigera 66
carnoLa 131
catalogue 678
commutata 681
hederacea 65
luteola 678
niacrorhiza 1 680
michauxii _ 680
nil 679
orbicularis _ 679
panUurata 153,181
' pes-caprae 129
purpurea .._ 56.152.181,339
sagittata 138, 133
sp 184
tamnifolia 153,681
trichocarpa .- 681
Jpomopsis elegans _ ___ 686
Iridaceae 449
Iris, catalogue 449
ci'istata .- 75
family ._ 449
hexagona 50
sp 345,346
Vfirna 114
versicolor 50,449
virginica 449
Irish potatoes 69,134,135,838
Ironweed 754,758
Ironwood 466
Irpex, catalogue 206
Lsaiitlius brachiatus 83
catalogue 707
coeruleus. _.. 707
Isaria, catalogue 247
Jiahelliformis 183
Isariopsis, catalogue 347
Ixchueinuni secundum 363
Isuardia, catalogue 636
Isoetaceae _ 322
Isoetes, catalogue 322
eugelinanni valifla 79
Jsoltpis cupillaris 401
carinatu 402
ciUutifolia 401
coarctatus.. 403
steiiophyllus.. _ 401
Isopappus, catalogue 771
divaricatus 105
Isopyrum biternatuui 93
catalogue 508
Isotheciaceae ;306, 309
Italian ray grass 837
Itea 536
catalogue — 536
Iva annua 756
catalogue 756
frutescens 45,132
imbricata 129
Ivy, poison _ 1111,601,654
Ixiachinvnsis 4.50
Lcophorus 358
Jaljorosa, catalogue 716
Jacquemontia, catalogue 681
tamnifolia 97,153
I'age.
Jalap, false 680
Jamestown weed _ 715
Japonica __. 835
Jatropha, catalogue i,94
carthaginiensis 136
stimulosa 114,213
urens stimulosa 594
Jerusalem artichoke ._ 828
cheri-y 713
Jessamine 137,668,835
cape _ 137
yellow 15,109,123
Jimson weed 715
Johnson grass 95,135,3:39,825
Joint-grass _ 340
Jointweed, American 487
slender 487
JugLindaceae.. 461
Juglans 208
alba.. 403
minima _ 463
uquaiica 463
catalogue _.. 461
cinerea _ 72. 253
glabra 463
minima 463
myristicaeformis 463
nigra -16,84
olivaeformis 461
ovata 462
X)ecan _ 461
regia _ 247,831
tomentosa 462
Jujubeberry 833
tree, common _ 609
Juncaceae 433
Junci _ 119
Juncoides, catalogue 436
Juncus-. 50,76,186
acuminatus 435
debilis 68
diffusissimus. 435
aristidatus 433
bicornis 433
bifloriis .■ 43:3
bufonius fascicularis 119
camjjesiris 430
canadensis __ 65
longicaudatus 435
catalogue 433
caudatus 435
congestus 433
debilis 435
diffusissimus 119
echinatiis _ 434
elliottii 119,'t:}5
engelmanni 434
macrostemon. 434
marginatus 76,119
aristulatus 119
murifiiuus 433
megaceplialiis 434
nodosus megacephahis 434
l)olycephalus minor 4;54
polycephalus 128
tenuifolius , ,, 434
882
TNDKX,
.Tinifus Cnntiniiod. Page.
rei)oii.s 130
roomcriiinus S0,Vii2,',VAt
scirpoides 12H
gciiiiinus CH
nidcrosieinon 1:^1
jioh/rrphnlus -CM
torreyi 114
trifjonocarpiis 117
June grass IJ^l
Jiinc'lierry •. 515
Jiiiigormauniaceae .'.'KT
Juniper ]I7
Jnniperus 161,lG2,l!»7,l!«),207,3;j"
barbadensis 42,1'):!
catalogue ;J25
virginiana 81, 102, 180, 20:5, :12U
auntralis 326
Jussiaea, catalogue.- 034
creeping 634
decurrens 242,250
diffusa 128
hirta 635
leptocarpa 242,258
leptocurpa 6;34
macrocarpa 635
rcpens 634
sivartziand 634
variabilis fi34
Jiust icia americann , 734
hnmilis 735
jjcdunculosa 734
Uietevirens 735
Kafir corn 95,125.190,823
Kale ia'),82.':!
Kallstroemia, catalogue 386
Kalmia 174
catalogue 651
evergreen 71
latifolia 4.5,04.71,78,89,118,174
Kneiffia, catalogue 637
linearis 114
suflfruticosa 68
snffruticoaa 637
Knciffiella 203
Knotweed, Virginia 486
wayside 483
Kobresia inonocephala lly
odorata 97,119
pumila 76
Koelcria pennsylvanica 378
Koellia 189,236
albescens 108,115
catalogue _ 698
nuda 109
pycnanthemoides 66,77
Kohlrabi 828
Kosteletzkya, althea-like 618
catalogue 617
virginica 128,617
altheaefolia 133
aJtheai'foUa 618
Kraunhia, catalogue . 567
chiuensis 834
frutescens 15,122
Kriqia... 751
amplexicaulis 751
AViV/(Vi— Ooutinuod. I 'age.
carotinitiiiii 751
ilnndrliiiii 752
vinjinicd 751
Kubnia, catalogue 766
rritiiuiii 766
iMijiatorioidos 106
riiri/nihuliisd ". 766
<ird(ilix , 766
kulinia 115
northern 106
paniculatd 766
sudi'i'oh-ns 766
Kuhnistei'a 83,822
Candida 104,82:1
caroliiiensis 565
catalogue 504
gattingeri 83,823
pinuata 115
purpurea 104
Kyllinga :t90,396
catalogue 395
maculata 405
inonocephala 395
ovular is ^ 394
svsqiii flora 396
Lacegrass 382
Lachnanihcs 446
iinctoria 446
Lachnea, catlogue 155
Laehnella, catalogue 157
Lachnocaulon anceps 114
catalogue 429
michauxii 429
Lacinaria 115
catalogue 766
elegaus 97,115,822
gracilis 115
graminifolia 62,03,73,184
pilosa 121
scariosa 1 15
squarrulosa 62
spicata 821
tenuifolia 768
Lac tarieae 217
Lactarius 108
catalogue 217
Ixictuca acuminata 755
canadensis 253
catalogue. 754
eJonxjata 754
(jraminifolia 754
xanguinea 754
hirsuta 74
ititegrifuliu , 7.54
leucophaea 2.58
sagittaefolia 74
sanyuinea 754
sativa 829
sp 1.52,16.5,256
Ladles' bedstraw 741
eardrops. 487
tresses. 456,457
Lady "s slipper 452.4.53
thumb 485
Laestadia 174
INDEX.
883
Page.
Lageuaria, catalogue.. 747
vulgaris clavata _ _ 54, 341, 831
gourda - 831
Lagerstroemia, catalogue. 633
indica - 136,835
Laml)"s quarters 487
Lamiuui amplexicaijle - 55,153
catalogue 707
Lantana, catalogue - 695
Lanzia, catalogue 157
Laportea ^ 477
canadensis --- 477
Lappa minor. 816
Lappula, catalogue -- 690
Larkspur, azure _ 509
dwarf 510
tall... 509
Lasiosijhaeria, catalogue 173
Lathyrus, catalogue 578
venosus 74
Lauraceae 518
Laurel family 518
mountain 45
poison 89
Laurestines 136
Laurus 101,159
benzoin _ 519
borbonia, 518
camphora 833
caroUnensis Sl8
pubescens. 519
nielissaefolia 520
sassafras . 519
Leadwort family 663
Leaf -cup _ 791
Leather flower 513
Leatherwood 74,133,(K)1,631
Leavenworthia aurea... 83
catalogue 526
tuicliauxii 52t>
torulosa 83
uniflora 83
Lecanactls 364
Lecanidion 159
Lecanora 264,365
albclla 37(3
catalogue 376
ciuerea 365
lacustris 365
muralis 2t)5
pallida .. 366
privigna 3C5
punicea 266
rubina 3(55
varia 366
xauthophana 365
Lecanoreae 374,284
Lochea 115.624,625
catalogue 634
cinerea, torreyi 625
leggettii 74,115
Leggett's 625
major 625
divaricata ... 625
minor 115
minor y ^ 625
narrow-leaf ....,.., 625
Page.
Lecbea — Continued.
novae-caesareae 634
racemose 625
racemulosa 74
racemulosa 635
spreading.. 625
tenuifolia 115
thyme-leaf _ 624
tlujmifolia 624
torreyi 131,635
Torrey's 635
villosa.. __ 115
Lecidea, catalogue 271
myrini 271
Lecideaceae 271, 284
Lecideae 371, 284
Le Conte pear in Coast Pine belt 823
Leek 837
Leersia 76,363
hexandra 363
oryzoides... 363
virginica _ _ 363
Legouzia, catalogue 748
perfoliata.. _ 359
Leguminosae. 61,91,114,833
Leguminosae 61,553
Leitneria floridana 35
Lejeunea 285
auriculata 285
austini 285
catalogue 288
mohrii 385
serpyllifolia 285
arnericana 288
Lemanea, catalogiie 148
mamillosa 148
Lemaneaceae _ 142,148
Lembosia, catalogue. 163
Lemna, catalogue 436
minor 48,126
polyrhiza 426
trisulca 48,126
Lemnaceae 436
Lemon. 2.53
Leinofrys hyacinthina 440
Lentil, wild 577
Lentibularia 739
Lentinus, catalogue 230
Lentomita, catalogue 173
Lenzites, catalogue 213
Leocarpus, catalogue.. 141
Leonotis, catalogue.. 706
Leontice thalictroides 517
Leontodon carolinianum 75t
iaraxacum 7.53
Leonurus cardiaca 56
catalogue 706
Lepachys - 7!t9
pinnata li)4,10H
■ jjinnata 799
Lepidium 152
catalogue 531
didymus 533
intermedium 533
niicranthiini apetalum 533
sativum 838
virginicum 152,2.58
884
INDKX.
I'ligf.
L('lii()tR,<"italoi;c»c 227
Lt»ptiiuiiiiiiin,<'atiiloguo , 731
virKininiiHin 53
Lfptandra, catalogue 724
J.eiitaiitliKs f/niininfus 4^12
rrtiiforniis 432
I^i'ptilon, catalogue 787
Leiitoliryuin, catalogue 3US
Lrptix-didis 648
(livaricdhi.i 648
Leptochloa, catalogue 376
fnsciriilari.1 377
luucronata 55,1%
Lei)todon, catalogue 300
iTniiiersum 294
Irirliomitrion ii~riguus 306
Leptogitim.- . 264
apalachense 265
catalogue 277
iuiiiperinum , 265
lacerum 265
inyochrouni 265
pulchelhiin 265
Leptoglossuui, catalogue 155
Leptolej>ix echinatun 648
Leptopodd hrarhi/poda 810
hrevi/olin p 811
decurrens 811
helenium 811
intef/rifolia 811
puberula 811
Leptorchis, catalogue 458
liliifolia 65,83
Leptospliaeria, catalogue 175
Lvptiiatroma hrjpophyllum 260
Lepto.stromataceae 2t)0,263
Leptostromella, catalogue 261
Lcptotliyrium, catalogue -.. 261
Ijcpuropetalon, catalogue 534
Leskea _• 291
ftdnaia 307
catalogue 304
Leskeaceae 304,309
Lespedcza .- - 74.193,822
capitata 61,67,186
catalogue 574
frutesceus 61,67
frulcscens 576
hirta 60.61,67,186
nutallii 61,67
polystachyii 576
procumbens 186
proatrata 574
rcpens tiO,115,186
reticulata 186
reticulata 575
sessiliflora 575
sp 88,171.186
striata ... 54,88,166,829
stuvei 186
stuvei 575
intermedia 575
violacoa 186
angustifolia 575
virgata 575
virginica 61,67,115,186
I'llgC.
Les(iu('reux it Jaiiu's, Manual of Mosses. 21K)
Lestiuereux Leo, moKses 289
Lettuce 829
reddish-flowered 754
sea 147
tall white 756
wild 754,755
Lcurriiitliciiiuin imlgarc 813
Lcucol)ryaceae 298, 1)09
Leucohryum 291
catalogue 298
glaucum 291
niimis 298
pumihim 2!)1,2!)4
Leucodon, catalogue 306
Leucothoe 168
axillaris 45,118,122
catalogue 654
catosbaei >168
lAutris 766
eleguim - 766
grum inifolia 767
duhia 768
heterophulla 767
odorutissitna 768
pauciflosculosa 768
resinosa 767
scariosa 767
fspicata 767
squarrosa 767
sqarrtdosa 767
Licea applanata 140
speriiioides 140
Lichen. large 78
Lichenes 267
Lichens 63. 26:5, 2tS, 267
author's collection 2()3
distributiou 264-267
history of collections 263
Licorice, wild 741
Life everlasting 791
zones of Alabama 57
Ligusticum acUtcifoliuui 643
barbiitode '642
canadense 79
catalogue 643
Ligustrum jajionicum 136,835
vulgare italicum 835
Liliaceao - 436
Lilies 96
Lilium, catalogue 439
catosbaei 124
martagon 439
viichauxii 439
superbum caroiinianum 440
Lily 4;»,440
atamasco 123
family -- 436
nodding 439
pond 504
rose-colored water 504
sacred 503
southern spotted 439
spider 50, 447
sweet-scented water 504
water - 49
INDEX.
885
Page.
Lily— Coutinued.
wild calla 425
yellow pond 504
Lima bean. 830
Limnaean plant associations 49
Limnanthemum, catalogue (573
lacunosum 49,126
Limnodea arkansana - 133
catalogue - 369
Limodoi-um 51
catalogue 459
multifloruni 120
pallidum 117
parvifloi'um 114
praecox 457
tuberosum 126
Hnifoliiim 459
Limonium carolinianum 132
catalogue 663
Linaceae.- 585
Linaria, catalogue 717
elatine 716
floridana 130
spuria 717
vulgaris 717
Linden family 613
silver-leaf ._ 84
Lindens 14,60,84,100,613,824
Lindera 519
benzoin 519
melissaefolia 520
Lindcrnia attenuata . _ _ _ 722
dilatata 722
monticola 723
refracta. .._ 723
Linum boottii _ 586
catalogiie 585
flbridanum 120
medium 131
sulcatum 104
virgin ianum floridanum . 586
medium 586
Lion's ears 706
Liparis 458
liliifolia.. 458
loeselii 458
Lipocarpha, American 405
catalogue .■ 405
Lippia, catalogue 695
cuneifolia 133
Liquidambar 158,
163, 169, 179, 181, 194, 198, 205, 213
catalogue _ 538
styraciflua 32,46,92,242
Lii-iodendron 1,58,
159, 163, 173, 181, 195, 203, 2:3t). 506
tulipif era 32, 46, 84, 166, 1 67, 184, 253
Lithophy tic plant association 49
Lithospermum cauescens 83
carolinianum 692
catalogue 691
tenellum 689
tuberosum 83,108
virginianum 692
Litmus herb 592
Littoral belt 129
Page.
Liverworts 76,285,286,511
collections 284
distribution 285
L'izard's tail 125,461
family 461
Lobelia 131,749,750
amoeua 241,242
glandulifera 65
appendaged ...■ 98,750
brevifolia _. 121
catalogue 749
claytoniana 750
ghindulosa _ 750
obtuKifolia 750
gracilis. 751
inflata &5
obtusif olia 750
paludosa 127,356
■puberula 121,189
glabella 750
syphilitica _ 65
Locust 14,834
black 77,567,8:34
clammy 568
honey 14,46,83,92,110,557
Logania family 668
Loganiaceae 668
Lolium, catalogue 388
italicum 827
perenne 827
Lonicera, catalogue 745
flava 62.612
marylandica 669
sempervirens.-- 122
symphoricarpns 744
Lookout Mountain, vegetation. 77
Loosestrife, bastard 635
family 631
four-leaf 661
lance-leaf 6;32
seaside 632
whorled-flowered 632
wing-stemmed 631
Lophidium , catalogue _ 164
Lophiola aurea 117
aurea 448
catalogue .._ 448
Lophiostoma, catalogue _ . . 174
Lophiostomataceae 174,262
Lophodermium, catalogue 162
Lopseed 696
Loquat - ^.. 32.96,8;31
tree -.- 135
Loranthaceae' 479
Lotus, catalogue 562
sericeus 5(i2
Louse wort, Canada.. 728
Canadian .52
Louisianian area or flora 94
flora 32
Love vine. 52,684
Tjower Coosa hills, vegetation 66
hill country 89
Lucern .560,829
Ludwigia alternifolia 65,75,242
angustifoUa 6155
brachycarpa 636
SSI>
INDKX.
Ltulwigia- Coutiuuod. Pago.
catalogue IKK
rylinilrica 'l^Xl
ili'currcHS *XH
hhsiitii <S35
hirtella 120
linearis 130
mollis (>36
IKihi.itris 036
jiilo.ia *iV>
Luffa acutaiigHla 341
Lungwort <>{)0
Lupino, hoary 133
IjUjiines •''>59
Lupinus, catalogue 559
diffusus 114
(iracilis 559
mittallii 114
))erennis 559
grarilis 559
pilosus 559
villosus 120,133
Luziola alabamensis 17
catalogue 3(i3
Luzula 4;i6
campestris 430
Lychnis flos-cuculi 201
Lycium carolinianum J — 133
catalogue 708
Lycogala, catalogue 140
Lycoperdaceae .-- 23fl,203
Lycoperdales 2;i0,363
Lycoperdon 2;}3
catalogue 2:30
Lycopersicum 249
esouloutum 238,830
Lycopodales 321
Lycopodiaceae - 43,321
Lycopodium alopecuroides (15, (W, 117
adpressum 127
adpressum 321
upodum 323
carolinianum 51,121
catalogue 321
cernuum 51,123
inundatum adpressum 321
pinnatum 321
rupestre 323
Lycopsis virginica ^ . . 091
Lycopus, catalogue 697
rubellus 243
virginicus - 193
Lyme grass 1388,389
Lyonia frondosa 055
viaritima 077
Lysimachia anyusti folia _ 062
catalogue 001
ciliata - 063
tonsa - — - 002
heterophyUu 603
hirsula 001
hybrida - 663
lanveolata , 662
piuictatu 661
quadrifolia 75
Ly thraceae . . 631
Ly thrum, catalogue 631
lineare -- 50,128
Lythruin-Coutinued. Page.
pftiitlatum 632
vi-rticilUitnm ('«H2
Marlura 475
auriintiaca 162, '£ii, 475, 833
McNeil. Wni.. diatoms 142
Macrantlicra, catalogue 725
fuchsiuides 15,115
Macro])homa, catalogue 255
M<icr<}p<)di(t 1,56
Macros^por in ni , catalogue 846
Madder family 737
Magnolia 1.5. :32, 47, 90,
9!t, 100, 10!t, 117, 122, 12:1, l:i5. i:j:i, i:mi, 1.58, 182,
209, 2:55, 2r>6. 267, 268, 270, 272, 2!»4, tm, S21 , 83:5
acuminata ;J2,46,72,17il, 1S0.1S2
cordata \ . . 46, 72
auriculata 14, -500
catalogue 5f)5
rorduta .505
deciduous-leaved 72
family 40,47,.5(r>
foetida 14,9.5,109,8:!;j
Eraser's it2, .506
fiisrata 83:5
(/laiica 168,178, 182, 3.56,. 5ft5
grandifloni _ 95, .505,83:3
large-leaf 92
macrophylla 14.72,92,109
obovata 8:3:3
tripetala 93
umbrella. 72
iiinhrella .506
virginiana ... 108, 178, 180, 182, 253, 256, 367, ;i74
foetida .505
gluuca 50J<^
yellow-flowered 72, .505
Magnoliaceae 46, 505
Mahogany, mountain : 467
Maiden cane 346
Maidenhair 311
Southern 86
Maize 31
millo 135
Malachodendron ovatuin 618
Malax is unifolia 457
Mallow 614-617
Brazilian - 614
Carolina 614
common 614
false 616
family 614
rose .50,614,615,017
Malus angustifolia 185
coronaria — 185
malus.,.— 165,175,185,243,254
angustifolia 545
Malva caroliniana — 614
catalogue - 014
nuttalloides - 014
papaver 614
spicata 016
iriangulata 015
Malvaceae --- 014
Malvastrum, catalogue 016
Mandrake - 517
Mangel-wurzel 82(
INDEX.
887
Page.
Manisuris 335,336,82]
catalogue 335
corrugata _ 119
cylindrica.. 336
tjranularis 336
rugosa 127
Maple 43,46,57,61,824,835
family 605
Florida 47,606
hard 47,61,606,835
Northern sugar 70
pale-bark 77,606
red 607
rock 605
Rugel'shard 606
small-leaf sugar 89,103
silver 606
soft 606
Southern pale-bark 70
sugar... 57,80,84,89,103,605
swamp 117,607
white 834
white-bark. 47,91
Marasmieae.. 320
Marasmius, catalogue 231
Marchantia 385
catalogue 286
dis.juncta 385
Marchantiaceae 386
Mariana, catalogue 818
Marigold..... 807,808,813
corn... 814
Marilaunidium, catalogue 688
Mdiixcus cyUndricus 394
echiiudus 395
ovuhirin 394
ri'irofractus 394
Maritime Pine region 106
Marrubium, catalogue 705
vulgare 56
Marsh elder 45,756,757
annual 7,56
sea.side 756
shrubby 7,57
par.sley 647
rosemary _ 663
Marshallia 809
angustifolia 809
catalogue 809
lanceolata 94
lanceolata 809
latifolia 809
Marsupella, catalogue 288
Mar tynia, catalogue. 733
lirohoscidea 73.3
Manita cotula 813
Massariaceae 176,363
Mas.sarina, catalogue.. 176
Mdstigobri/um 388
tridenticulatum 388
trilobatum, _ 288
Matricaria, catalogue 813
maritima 813
parthenium 813
Mayapple 517
Mayaca aubletii 125
catalogue 43;i
Page.
Mayaca — Continued .
moss-like 426
family 426
fluviatiUs 426
michauxii 436
Mayaceae 426
Maypop 630
Mayweed .55,813
Meadow beauty 633,634
fescue 827
grass... 68,379,380
fowl 385,386
parsnip 643
rue, mountain ,515,516
sage 701
sweet 538
Medeola, catalogue 443
Medicago arabica /. 829
catalogue 560
maculata 135
maculata 560,829
polyniorplia arahica 560
orbicularis 560
sativa 839
viryinica 575
Medlck, black 560
Medlar, Japanese 32, 96, 133, ^31
Megastachya ciliaris 381
Meibomia 60,74,186,832
arenicola 61
bracteosa 67
canescens 88
catalogue 571
dillenii 88,353
floridana 574
glabella 61,67
laevigata 61
lineata 571
marylandica 61,67
michauxii 61
mollis 341,246
obtusa 61,67
paniculata 186
pauciflora 83
rigida 61,67
rotundifolia 115,186
rotundifolia 571
rugosa 61
sp 88,106,167,193,341,353
stricta 97,115
Melampsoraceae 184,362
Melampodium austrcdc 795
humile 795
Mclampsora, catalogue 18/5
Melampsoraceae 184
Melanconiaceao 2,50,363
Melanconialfs 2.50,303
Melanconidaeeae 178, 363
Melanconis, catalogue 178
Melanconium, catalogue 353
Melanosporaceae 109,363
Melauthera, catalogue 797
halbci'd-leaf , 797
Melanthium, catalogue ■. 438
dioicum 4:36
muscaetoxiciim 4;i7
poh/gamwn 438
racemosum 436
sss
TNHKX.
I'Ugf.
Moliisniiii.i-ataloKiH' 2«i()
Meliist 0111:1 family OIH
Moliistoiiiiici'iio ... CSJ
Mi'lia a/..(lara(li 1:K),
\m. li;'.l, I7S,17!l,21(»,:.'42,:i47,248,24!»,:i">;j,f«W
'•ataloguo 588
family 588
Mi-Hca, catalogue 382
ylobra 383
miitica 73,123
fjhibra 383
Mfliaceae 588
Molilot, common yellow 561
small-fiowered 501
white KB, 51:0,83:^838
Molilotusallia 105,250,823,829
catalogue 560
parviflora 561
Afcliolti (imj^Jiitn'chn..: 164
catalogue 164
Afrlixxa caroUniana 700
roccinea 700
nepeta 700
pulcgioidca 699
Melochia hirsuta 55,619
Mvlogramma. 177,179
Melogrammat aceae . 179, 263
Melon. netted 830
sugar aSl
Melons 135
Mvhixirn sulcaid 143
Mclotliria, catalogue 747
Menispcnnaceae 517
Men ispermuni carolinum 517
hjoni 518
Mentha, catalogue 097
piperita 50,B29
rotundifolia 56
spicata : 50,829
rotundifolia 697
viridis 697
Menyanthcs pcltata 503
Mcrcnrlalis, catalogue. 594
Mercury, dog's 594
three-seeded 593
Mermaid-weed, comb.. 639
swamp 639
Mcrriam, life zones 29
Mertensia, catalogue.. 090
virginica 75,83
Merulieae 206
Morulius, catalogue 206
McruUuR 222
Meracleiiia, catalogue 815
lanceolata 50,128
plantaginea 816
plantaginifolia 104
tul)crosa 257
Mesnnhile forests 71
of Cahaba Valley ! 93
of Central Pine belt 96
of Central Prairie region 99
of Coast Pine belt . .^ 109,117
of CoastPlain 118
of pine barrens 125
of Tennessee Valley 83
I'ajfC.
Mi's< ipliil<> forosts— ( 'ont iinu'd.
Iicrb;ici'<iu8 plant nssoc'ifttioiiH 07,
72, 74,85.00
plants of Coast Pino l>elt 110,118
])lantsof CoastPlain 119
plantsof Central Pino l>olt ... 102
plant association.s 61
]>laiitsof dunes I'll
of main shore 132
of outlying islands 132
Mesophytiit iilant Jissociations 37
Mesosphaorium, catalogue 108,690
Mespihis ii})iifoli(i 54<i
arbutifoUd 545
erylhrorurpu 545
canadensis ^ ,545
cordata 545
obovalis 545
flexispina 550
pyrucantha ."VM
rotundifolia 546
Motamorphic liills, adapted crops 824
vegetation 05
vegetation .and soil 833
strata 58
Metaspermae 320
I Mctasphaeria, catalogue 175
I Metzgeria, catalogue 287
Metzgeriacoae 287
Mexican tea 488
Mezereum family 031
1 Mirhclia f usrata 130,8*3
I Micranthemum, catalogue 722
' emarijinatmn 722
1 Microcera, c-atalogue 249
j Micropeltis, catalogue 168
Microsphaera, catalogue IWJ
culocladophora 160
! semitosta 160
( Microstroma, catalogue 197
Micfostylis 457
ophiofflossoides 457
Microthyriaceae. 108,202
Mignonette 530
family 530
Mikania 765
scande7is 765
Mildew, grape 153
Milfoil, southern water 039
rough water 039
water 49
Milium compressum 339
lyasputodes 340
Milk pea 580,581
Milkweed 674-677
family 674
swamp 50
Milkwort, ambiguous 589
cross-leaf 589
Chapman's 590
.Curtiss's '. 590
dwarf 588
greenish-flowered 590
Hooker's 589
large flowered 591
low-branched 588
INDEX.
889
Milkwort — Continued. Page.
Maryland 590
nude-stemmed 590
Nuttairs 590
pine-barren pond . . : 588
polygamous 591
short-leaf 589
Milleria contrayerva 810
Millet ia5, 360, 361,363,8:^1
cat-tail 95,ia5,826
German 360
golden 135,360,826
Italian _ 95,135,360
pearl 135
Texas 346
water. 363
Milocanj mn ligustrinnm 603
Mimosa farnesiana 553
horridula _ 5.54
illinoensis ._ 5.54
juliln-issin 553
virgata 553
Mimulus alatus 93
catalogue 719
Mint 697,698
family 696
Mist flower 765
Mistletoe, American 53
family 479
Mitcliella, catalogue 739
repens 87,164
Miterwort 669
false 534
Mitreola. 669
petiolata 669
sessilifolia 669
Mitrula, catalogue 155
Muium 391
catalogue 303
spiniforme 303
Moccasin flower 453
Mock orange _ 553,8.34
Mockernut 47, 70,98. iOO, 463, 833, 834
Modiola 40
catalogue 614
multifida 239
multijida _ 614
Modotheca 288
Mohria 664
Mohrodendron 14
carolinum 61,89
catalogue 664
dipterum 66,118,123
Mollia 291
MolUa 503
catalogue 397
cdsinefolia 503
longiseta 394
viridula 294
Mollisiaceae 158,263
Momordica, catalogue 747
vlaterhwi 747
Monarda 702
(iri&tata 703
Ijradburiana : 74
catalogue 703
ciliata 703
citriodora ]i)5
Monarda— Continued. Page.
flstulosa 68,74
mollis 703
lutea 703
russelliana. 68
Monilia, catalogue. _ 235
Mouiliaceae 3;35, 263
Moniliales 235,263
Monkey flower ; 719
Monkshood, wild _ 510
Monniera, creeping 721
Monocera ..^^ 374
aromatica ... ' 374
Monocotyledones 48,336
Monotropa.. 51
catalogue _ 653
lujiiointys ._ 652
Monotropace.ae _ 652
Monn iera a mplexicaulis 723
catalogue 721
cuneifolia 721
monniera 133
Montagniella, catalogue 171
Moonseed, Carolina.. 517
Moose-wood 631
Moraceae .__ 475
Morchella, catalogue 155
Morning-glory.. 139,678-681
family 678
Morongia, catalogue 554
horridula 108
Morus.. 163,248
rubra 167,176,243
catalogue 476
nigra 831
impijrifcra 476
Moss, peat 116,117,119,125,293
Spanish 14,50,96,100,132
water _ 127
Mosses 79,266
277, 387, 288, 289, 390, 393, 293, 294, 296, 307, 429
bibliography ... 290
author's collections 290
distribution , ,390-394
history of collections 389
Motherwort [, .56,706
Mountain region, features and climate ... 58
spicewood 57
wind flower ^ 508
Mouse ears. 779
Mousetail 513
Mucedincae 235
Mucor, catalogue 151
rarnosus 151
Mucoraceae 151,362
Mucorales 151,262
Mueller, Karl, mosses identified 290
Mugwort 56,814
Muhlenbercjia aristata 367
capillar is trichopodes 366
catalogue 366
e recta 367
diffusa 65,74,171,191,243
trichopodes 97,130
willdenovii 366
Mulberry 14,41,100,476,695,831
black. 831
family 475
SIM)
TNDKX.
Mull loiry— Continued. Page.
impcT j:)4l,47«,S«
red 470
wbito 476
Atiilijoliiim acuminatum 755
Jloridtmitm 755
Mullein 716
Mullugo, catalogue 4fl4
Muscadine 013
Musci 25)0,294
Muskmelon 8.'50
Mustard, Hack 52:3
family 521
hedge - 52:J,52t
saud 524
Mutiims, <-atalogue 221)
Mycena, oataloguo 225
Mycosphaerella, fataloguc - 174
yossypina 243
My cospliaerellaceae 174, 262
Mylocarpum 602
Myosotis, catalogue 691
stricta 691
verna 1^
vcrna 691
virginiana 690
Myosurus, catalogue - 513
Myricaceae 464
Myrica, catalogue 464
cerifera 15, 45, lis, 122,164
aiborescens 464
media ■ - 464
piunila 464
iuodora 15,45,118,125
Myriogenospora, catalogue 171
Myriopbyllum, catalogue. 639
scabratum 639
laxum 127
spp '^9
My rothecium, catalogue 249
Myin-his claytoni. 646
lonc/istylis - 646
Myrtle 835
crape - 13o,632,835
wax 122,130,131,366,269
Myrtus communis 835
Myxogastrales 139
Mijxomycetes 139
Myxormia, catalogue 253
Myxothallophyta - i:39
Nabalus, catalogue 755
fraseri 74
fraseri 755
barbatus 755
Naematelia 195
Nageia chinensis 833
Naias, catalogue 329
flex His fusiform is 329
Najadaceae 327
Najasspp - 49
Nama - - 688
catalogue 688
jamaicensis 688
Kartheciuni pubens 436
Nasturtium - 534
officinale _._ 524
sessiliflorum 524
.V<i«/i(i-//'iini— Continued. Pago.
Kylvintre 624
tdiKicctifulium 525
Naturalized i>lants 5:!
Nauc<jria, catalogue 224
Ktinriilmrijid triiurvaia 810
Navicula, catalogue 145
li-tvisiana 145
maryinulu 14S
Naviculoideao 145
Neckera, <-alaloKue 306
ludoviciae .. 294
Neckeraceae 305.309
Neckweod 723
Nectarine , '. 838
Aevtria ,^ 189
catalogue 169
Nectriaceae 169,262
Ncctrioidaceae 360
Ni'f/undo aceroides 607
Aeillia 538
opulifolia .538
Nelumbium luteum 503
speciosuDi, 503
Nelumbo 49
Nelumbi) 503
lutea 127
Nemalionales 148
Nemophila 687
catalogue 687
microcalyx 123
Neocosmospora, catalogue 169
vasinfecta 249
Neokneiffia, catalogue 203
Neottia gracilis 456
odorata 4.57
pubesccns 457
tort His 4.57
Nepeta, catalogue 703
cataria - 56
Nepetaceae 696
Nephrodium acrostichoides 317
catalogue - 280
floridanum 317
liDiosiim 312
punctilobnliim 319
Nephroma lielveticum 265
Neptunia, catalogue 553
virgata 553
Nerium oleander 168,835
Nesaeavcrticillata 632
Nestronia, catalogue 479
Nettle 714
common American 477
false 478
family 477
purjilish 477
spurge 594
stinging 477
tree 475
wood - 477
Nevius, Rev. R. D., botanical collection. . . 17
Neviusia 17,40
alabamensis ..-- 35,3.), 91, 92
catalogue 539
New Zealand spinach 838
Newman, C.L., fungi - 149
Nicniidra 708
INDEX.
891
Page.
Nicotiana, catalogue 715
tabacum .-. 829
Nidularia, catalogue 233
Nidulariaceae - 2;?:3.2(J3
Nidiilariales 233,263
Niehuhria ___ _-. - T99
Nightshade, common. -. 712
enchanter's 639
family- - 708
red 713
silver-lea£ '-- -- 714
slender 713
spiny.- 713
Nimble Will 366
Ninebark -- - -- 538
Niptera, catalogue --- 158
Nitella 32»
acuminata 127
catalogue 147
Nitzschia. catalogue - 146
Nodding lily 439
Nomenclature, rules followed 13
Nondo - - - - 643
Nothoacordum, catalogue - 439
striatum 439
Nummularia, catalogue 179
Nuphar.. 504
advena - 504
sagittifolia - 127
sagittifoUa 504
Nut grass 393
rush - 411,413
Nyctaginaceae - - 493
Nyctalis, catalogue.- - 317
Nymphaea 49
advena - 126
alba.. 504
catalogue 504
odorata _ -. 504
rosea - 504
Nymphaeaceae 503
Nyssa - 237
aquatica --- -- 46,124
aquatica 651
biflora 117
catalogue 651
graiididentata 651
multiflora 68
nitdfiflora 651
sylvatica 32,70,261
hijloru 651
tomeiitoscty 651
imiflora 651
villosa 651
Oak. -.- 14,43,109,161,179,833
barren -- 96,131,471
Bartram -- 473
basket - 470
bastard - 470
black - . 47, 60, 70, 84, 91 , 96, 98, 471, 823, 824
black-jack 70
chestnut.-- 32,57,91,469
chinquapin .-.-. 83,91,469
common white I'M)
cow 46,61, 73,86,87,92,100,111). 470,82:!
Jerusalem 488
Page.
Oak — Continued.
laurel - - 14,
47, 92, 95, 100. 1112. 109, 122, 131, 266, 473, 831, 833
live a), 47. 131, 122,123,129, 130,
131, i:«, 266, 268. 370, 373, 380, 3i)4, 470, 821, 833
mountain 47, 57. .59, 60, 63, 70. 83, 469
overcup 46,9.5,100,135,469
pin 91,100,470
Ijost - 46.60,68,70,
87, 89, 91, 96,98,99, 1(X), 107, 108. 469, 833
quercitron _. 471
red .57,91.471,473.833,834
sand - 130
scarlet - 47,-57,70,471
seaside .scrub -- - 473
shingle - 473
Southern red 93,103,110,135,471
Spanish -- 32,46,
60, ;0, 86, 87, 89, 92, 96, 98, 110. 112. 131 , 473
sjjotted 471
tan-bark 70, 77, 469
Texas 61 . tlS, 86, 110, 470
white -. 9.1,100,470,833
Turkey -.. 95,96,112,471
willow - 473
water 61,92,100,109,122,135,472,833
white - 46, 60, 70, 77, 84, 86, 87, 88, 99, 214, 468, 824
willow .- 58,61,86,87,92,473
Oaks -- - 46,47,
57, 60, 61, 77, 84, 88,90,99,101,113,117,373,273
upland.- 66,90,91,823
Oake.sia puberula - 438
sessilifidia -- - -. 438
Oat grass 366,373,373
meadow 826
sea - 130
Oats 68, 104, 105, 110, 135, 372, 826
Australian- -- 387
sea - -.. 383
water - 363
wild --- 372
Obione arenaria 489
Obolaria caroUniana .- 733
catalogue - - 673
virginica 75,93
Ocimum basilicum - 839
frutescens 697
Octaviaua, catalogue 230
October flower 486
Octodiceras, catalogue 299
catalogue 144
Odontia, catalogue 203
Odontoschisma, catalogue 288
Oedera trinervia 810
Oenanthe ambigua 643
filiforniis. 641
teretifolia 641
Oenothera biennis 637
catalogue 637
fruticosa 637
linearis 638
grandiflora 637
humifusa - 130
laciniata 151 , 1.52, IfS, 192, 243, 255, 258
linearis 638
/;( ininia 637
892
INDEX.
Page.
Oeni itliera — ( "< >n t i n ucd .
siniiiitd 1137
(jruHtliJIorii 037
huitii/nsd (537
spvciosd C3X
Ohleria, catalogiio ^ 173
Oitlhtni JJS.')
Okra 830
Oldenlandid anffii.it i/ol id 739
lK)scii 126
catalogue — 737
Ulntiicratd 737
iittoralis I.'JC.IJO
pu)~pured. . 738
hnuiifolia 738
rotund if olid 738
Old-man's beard. (J68
Ole<i dmericann 'ICS
Oleaceae t)(J6
Oleander. — 835
Olive, American 14,45,47. l»>2,tJ«8
evergreen American 1~~
family <)t><j
Ombrophila, catalogue 1.57,1.58
Omi)halia, catalogue ;K5
Omplialaria 264
catalogue 378
girardi 265
melambola 265
schaereri 265
symphorea 265
umbella 265,267
Onagra biennis 65,104,165
catalogue 637
Onagraceae 634
Onegi/na 194
Onion 827
wild 43!t
Onoclea, catalogue 318
.sensibilis 125
Onopordon, catalogue 818
Onosmodium, catalogue (W2
hispidum 6!)2
Opegrapha 264
catalogue 270
tribulodes 266
Opegrapheae 270,284
Ophiobolus, catalogue 175
Ophiodothis, catalogue 171
Opliioglossaceae 43,310
Ojihiofjiossinii bidbosum 310
catalogue 310
crotalophoroides 65,66,121
nudicaule 310
tenerurn 310
vulgaturii crotalophoroides 310
midicaule 310
Ophioi-rhiza m itrrola 669
Ophryscernua 4.56
liliifolia 458
loeselii 458
pubera 460
Oplitrichum, catalogue 236
Oplismenus. catalogue 3.58
hirtellus 123
setarius 3.58
Oplothecd floriduud 493
Page.
Opoponax 5.53
sweet 136
Opos.su m wood OtW
Opulastcr, catalogue 538
Opiintia, catalogue 630
crus corvi 131
iiirsdrantha (130
rafinfs(juii 8:i.(>24
r(tfini'squii 630
vidgdris (130
Orache, halberd-leaf 48<(
sand 4K<t
Orange V.irt,KfZ
bitter y«,8:i:>
grass J 6:5!
mock 552,834
osage 475,8.33
sweet 96,832
Orbilia, catalogue 1.58
Orchard grass 384,826
Orchid 120
epiphytic 123
Orchidaceae 452
Orrhidncdrpuin pdrviflnnim .507
Orchids 51,127
Orchis 452-455
alba 454
hle.phariglottis 454
catalogue 4.53
i-ilidris 4.54
nibd 454
cUivf'llafa 453
crane-fly 459
rrir.tdta 454
family 4.52
fen 4.58
fissa 455
fisHd 455
flava 4.54
Imtnilis 453
incisa 455
incisa 455
Integra. 454
lacera 455
nivea 4.54
quinquesetd 4.55
ragged 465
showy 453
snowy- white 454
spectabilis 75
tridentata 453
virescens 454
white-fringed 4.54
yellow-fringed 454
Organotopic flora 50
Origanum Jlexuosum 698
Ornithogalum Invalve 139
hirsutnm 448
Orobanchaceae .52,7.31
Orobunche americana 731
uniftora 731
virginiana 731
Ch'ontiwn aquaticum. 77,137
catalogue 424
Orpine family 533
Orthopogon 3.58
si'turins 3.58
INDEX.
893
Page.
Orthostichella 291
Orthotrichaceae 300,309
Orthotrichum, catalogue — 300
jiumilum 300
Oryza, catalogue 364
sativa - 95,825
Osage orange 475
Osmanthus americana 164
auiericanus 45, 122, 125
catalogue _ - 668
fragrans 835,136
major 136
Osniorhiza ^ 646
brevistylis - 646
claytoni 646
longistylis 646
Osmunda bitemata 310
americana _ 46t)
catalogue 319
cinnamomea 64, 125
regalis 123,125
virginiana 311
Ostrya -.. 178
virginiana. 82,83,154,180,197,198
Otidea, catalogue 156
OtophyUa m ichauxii _ 726
Ovularia, catalogue 235
Oxalidaceae 584
Oxalis, catalogue . _ 584
corniculata stricta 584
flilipes - 114
grandis 65,79
recurva .-. 74,114
recui'va 585
stricta 585
Oxeye 796
Oxybaphus 493
ulbida 493
nyctugineits 494
Oxycaryum schotii biirkianum . _ . _ _ _ . 402
Oxydendrum arboreum 47,70,118
catalogue 656
Oxypolis, catalogue 611
teretifolia 128
Pachysandra, catalogue 599
low - 599
Pacific life area 31
Paepalanthus 429
flamdulus 429
Painted cup 52,728
Paleozoic strata 58
Pallaviciuia, catalogue 287
lyellii 285
Palm, arrowroot 137
fern 832
sago - 137
Palmae 423
Palmetto 423
blue 96,122,125,423,424
dwarf 32,41,96,423
saw 131,424
Palms 423
Paludial forest of Coast Pine belt 109, 117
of Coast plain 124
of pine barrens 125
plants .,.-, 76
Page.
Palustrian plants. 49
Panaeolus, catalogue.. 223
Panax, catalogue 640
quinquefolium 75,108
Pancratium carolinianiun .. 447
coronarium 447
niexicanum 447
occidentale 447
rotatum 447
Panic grass 351,354-357,822
Panicularia, catalogue 386
nervata 76
Panicum agrostidiforrae 65
agrostoides 357
elungatum 356
alabuiiiense 342
albo-niarginatum 349, 350
amarum 357
anceps 98,356
anceps 167
strictwii 316
angustifolium 113,348
angustifoliurn 347
arenarium 347
arenicola 113
arenicola .. 348
autumnale 104
autumnale 355
barbinode 95
barbinode 826
barbulatum 352
beaked -. 3.56
bearded 352
bifldum -. 342
cahoonianum 318
capillare flexile 3.55
minus 3.53
catalogue _ 346
caudatiini 361
cenchroides 362
ciliatifolium 349
eiliatum 349
clandestinum 65,355
cognatum 105,355
colonum 358
commutatum 65,76,88,354
consauguineum 349
conKanguineuni 348
creeping 347
crus-galli 3.57
curtifolium 3.50
curtisii - 346
dartylon 373
debile 347,3.56
demissum 351
deniissum 351
depaupei'atvim 347
dichotomum 171,24,2,3-52
digitarioides 128,346
diver gens 3.55
earlei 349
elliottianum 358
elougatum.- 65, 171,246,2.56
ramosior 357
ensifolium 359
equilaterale 845
fasciculatum 346
894
IN'DKX,
Paiiii-uiii— Coiltiuuoil.
tiliforme
Jiliformp
floxile
floriclamini
forked
fnsciim fiiscifiild tuin
I'liK'-
-.m
i(i+,iit5,;<5r)
;m
iva
.141!
Haping ;J47
(imiculdluni -SiH
tironjiniiiim 348 j
georgicum -WS '
(jermanicum 360
gibbum 12;{.:55H
fllabrum ;M4
(jlinicum '{58
(jDuini 347
grossarium 346,347
gymnorarpon 135,347
haemacarpon 352
hairy 353
hamiltonii 345
Mans 347
hirtellum 357,358
hispid 355
hispidum S57
imberbe 359
impoverished 347
insulare 345
itnlicum 3B0
joorii 355
jumentorum 135
Jumentomm 836
laeve 341
pilosum 341
Incvirjahini 359
lanuginosum 113,;}53
latifoliuin 65,171,355
m olid 355
laxiflorum 349
leucophaeum 345
lineare 344
littorale 129,347
longifolium 356
longiligulatum 351
longipeduriculatum 120
loose- flowered 349
hicidum 350
malacon. 845
mattamusketense 354
maximum 188,826
melicarium 97,98,347
viicrocarpon 353
molle 135,358,826
miiltiflnrum 353
nashianum 97,113.357
nerved 347
nervos\a)i 354
neuranthum 113,347,348
ramosnni. 348
-iiitidum barhulatum 353
oligosauthes 354
par vispiculum 351
pauciflorum 113
juiuciflnrum 354
paucipilum 350
polyanthes. 65,70, 116,353
jtorterianum 355
I)rolif erum 356
iuflatum 13;3
)':iiiiiuiii |ii-i)liliTmii Coutinuod. Pago.
Ill iiiriitiitinii . . ;{56
prostratuiii • 'Mi\
])seu<lopub»'Bcens 352
pHbcscelis 113, ;{52, 35!J
l)ul>ifol)uin 355
])urple 358
jtyrilorme 349
repeiis 129,347
cDiiferiwn 347
roanokense 351
r().stratiim 65,76,12:}, 167. :{5«
re >uiidf ruited 353
ri(/vni 343
.ifnif/uinule l.'tt, 258, 345
scaliriusculum ?. 13;{,354
scoparium 3.53
scojiuriuiii 353, 354
gemiinuvi 353
major 353
minor .'J53
pauciflonim 354
seribnerianum 353
Scribner's 353
serotinum 120
setarium 3.58
small-fruited 353
sp 171,236,2:57.238,354
sphaeroearpon 76, 113.;i53
.stenodes 127, 3K5
xt ('.nodes 356
texanum 346
thnrowii 352
trifolium :J50
variable 3.54
verruco.sum 123,;$.56
xierticilldiuvi .- 36((
parviflorum 360
villosissimum 353
villosum 349
virgatum 128,188,189,190,255,357
breviramosum 357
viride 359
viscidum 123,354
walteri 3.57
iralteri :i55,:i58
webberianum 351
woolly-stemmed 353
xauthospermum 109,348
Pannaria 264
catalogue 279
crossophylla 265
molybdaea 2t}6
nigrociucta 266
petersii 2(J5
saxicole 265
stenophylla 265,2()7
triptopbylla 365
Pannarieae 279,284
Pansy 153
Wild 629
Panus, catalogue 221
flabelliforiiiis 323
Papaveraceae 530
Papaw 86,101,103
small-flowered 507
Para grass 95,1X5,358,836
Paralia, catalogue 143
Parasitic plant associations.. 51
INDEX.
895
Page.
Pardanihus 450
chinensis ^ 450
Parietaria, catalogue 478
erecta 479
Paris 40
Parkiiisoniaaculeata 831-
catalogue _ 554
prickly 834
Parmelia 264
catalogue 282
doniingensis 281
perforata 366
1-ussellii _ 280
saxatilis 266
tiliacea.- 266
Parmeliaceae 274,284
Parmelieae 281,284
Parnassia 535
asarifolia 65
catalogue 535
Parodiella, catalogue _ 167
Paronychia, catalogue 501
riparia 130
Parosela, catalogue. 564
Parrot beak 530
Parsley .-_ 829
family 640
fool's 643
knotted hedge. 641
marsh 647
pinnate dog's 64:}
Parsnip, meadow 642
mountain meadow 642
water 50,647
Parsonsia, catalogue 633
Parthenium, catalogue 795
integrifolium 62,74
Parthenocissus, catalogue 611
quiuquefolia 101,153,174
Partridge berry 739
Paspalum 339-343,821,822
Alabama 342
altissimum 845
arenarium 341
bifldum 113,342
boscianum 65,135,343
catalogue 339
ciliatifolium 113,123,341
dasyphylluui 341
ciliatum 97
compressum 56,130,350
conipressiDii 339
conjugatum 340
curtisidiiicni 341
dasyphyllum 97,113
dasyphylliuu 341
debile 341
difforme 113,343
digituria. 340
dilatatum 56, 97, 104, ia5, 248, 342
distichum .' 104,340
vaginatum 340
early-flowering 341
eliiottii 340
filiforrne 344
floridanum 113,342
glabratmn , ;J43
Paspalum— Continued.
fringe-leaf 341
furcatiau _ ;}y)
glabratum _ 116,343
laeve 65,104,171,357
large-flo.vered 342
lentiferum . 341
longipedunculatum 341
membranaceum 137,340
michauxianum _.. 133
michanxiaiiuni. 340
ovatum 343
paspalodes. ._. 340
jilatycaidon __ 339
plicatulum 113,236,342
praecox. 97, 119, 133, 137, ;i41, 831
curtisianum 341
purplish 343
jmrpurascens. 343
racemidosum 113,342
sangtdnale 345
setaceum 113,171
ciliatifolium 341
ap 336
undulatum 342,343
vaginatum 132,310
vaginatum 340
virgatum 343
walterianum 340
Walter's 340
Paspalus macrospermus 342
Passiflora, catalogue 630
incarnata 241,345
Passifloraceae _ (530
Passion flower, common 630
family 630
yellow 630
Patellaria, catalogue 159
rhabarbarina _.. 160
Patellariaceae 159, 262
Patinella, catalogue 1,59
Paulownia _ 719
catalogue 719
imperialis 719
tomentosa 835
Pea 113
butterfly 578
chick 578
deer 577
erect milk 581
everlasting 578
family 61,67,822,823
garden 830
goober 830
Japanese. 830
milk 580,581
sensitive 556, 557
Peach 32,96,110
wild 552
Peaches 69,
80, 89, 106, 134, 136, 256, 823, 823, 832
in Coast Pine belt 832,823
Tennessee Valley 8.24
Peanut 8;J3,830
hog 578,579
on metamorphic hills... 833
Peas .,,, 135
8*.M)
iNi>i;\.
Pivjui iiKi.jei.Kil
bittor !ir..4<«
nut ^ i:t(),4f.l
Pocansin the Coast plain 8~~
Pedaliaceae 7*1
Peilicularis canadensis 52
oataloguo 728
yhulidta 7at
Pear ai.4:i.<JC, 136
1 jalsam 747
Keiflfer in Coast Pino belt 822
Keiflfer 822. Wil
Le Contc 822,831
prickly i:j3,t>J0
sand 831
Pearlwort i'M
Poars .... 69, 8(t, 89,831
iu Teunosseo Valley 824
Peat mosses, author's study 2iK)
Peavine 571
Pellaea atropurpurea 73
catalogue. , 313
Pellia, catalogue 287
PoUitury *... •178
l\'ltandra alba ■125
catalogue •125
sagittifolia Wi,;i43
utidulata 425
virginica 77,125
Poltigera 264
catalogue 380
polydactyla 266
Peltigoreae 280,284
Pencil flower 570
Penicillaria spicata 95
spU-ata -- 826
Peuuisetum typhoideum 826
Pennyroyal - 699,700
false 707
Pennywort - 649,650,673
Penthorum, catalogue .- 533
Pentstomon, catalogue — 718
hirsutus 98,114,193,243
laevigatus 719
dujiUdis 718
midtifloriis 719
piibesccns 718
Pepper, bird 714
bird's-eye 830
Cayenne - 714
Chile - 830
large red 830
sweet- 830
water 485
Pepperbush, sweet 652
Peppergrass _ 522,838
European 533
wild 531
Pepperidge - 611,651
Peppermint 56,697,839
Pepperroot 535
Peppers, red 347
Peramium, catalogue 457
repens 73
Perdiciuni semiflosciilare 819
Perennial ray grass 388
Perichaena, catalogue , , ^ 1 40
I'.lKe.
I'cricDnia.i'atalogue 237
Periderniiuiii, catalogues 182
Perilla.catahjgue 6OT
frutOKcens 5(5
I'erilla ocymuidva 097
Perisporiaceao 107,202
Perisporiales 165,202
Perisporium, catalogue 167
Peron< ).sp(jra calotheca V>,\
catalogue 1,")3
xeyinourii 153
Peronosporatieao 152.3<i2
Peronosporales 151 , 203
Persea 1.59,170,360
Pcrsca ... 260
borbonica KX)
Carolina 96
curoUnensis 518
pulustris 519
catalogue 518
palustris 164,244
Persicaria, bristly 485
dense-flowered 484
opelousas 485
Persimmon ;J2. 46, 66, 68, 70, 664
Persoonia lanccidata 809
Pertusaria 264,260
catalogue 275
sorediata 205
Pestalozzia, catalogue 251
Pestalozziella, catalogue 252
Petalostetnon 564
candidus t*'A
carneus 504
corymbosus .565
(jracilis .504
/"o.scus ., 504
violaceus 565
Peters, T. M. , 1 )otanical exploration 17
fungi 148,149
lichens 263,265
Petroselinum sativum - 829
Petunia 716
catalogue 716
Peziza 1.56,157,1.58,1.59
alboiHolacea 158
catalogue 156
jMi'bophora 156
psammophila 237
Pezizaceae 1.55,362
Pezizales 155,262
Pezizella ' 158
PczicularhahurlKirina 160
Phacelia 687,688
bipinnata 68
brevistylis 93
bipinnatifida brevistylis 687
catalogue 687
dubia 66
fimbriata 688
purviflora 688
purshii 83,93,108
inisiUa 688
Phacidiaceae 160,363
Phacidiales.. 160,263
Phacidium, catalogue 161
Pliaeodoii. catalogue 205
INDEX.
897
Page.
Phaeophyceae 147
PItalanyimn escnleutum 440
Phulavis amcricnna 3tU
catalogue 364
intermedia 364
oryzoides 363
villosa 34:^
Phallaceae 229.263
Phallales 229,263
Phallus, catalogue 230
PhanerogauKti' 323
Pharhitis burhigera ._ 679
hederacea - - . 679
hispida - --- 679
Pluirnaceuiii hiarifiruuin _ 495
Phascaceae - 297.309
Phaspolus anyfdufiis _ 581
catalogue 58 1
diversifoHiis _ 581
helvolus- 582
helvolxx 582
lunatus - - - 2.55,830
multiflorus 830
perennis... 5S1
polystacliyus 61
sp 187
vulgaris 169,187,240,250,830
nanus 830
Pheasant's eye 516
Pbegopteris catalogue 316
hexagonoptera --. 74,94
Phialea 158
Philadelphus. catalogue 535
grandiflorus 66
hirsutus --. 78
iuodorus - - 108
Philonotis 291
catalogue 303
Philotria 49
canadensis 127
catalogue - 333
PhleVjia, catalogue 203
Phleospora, catalogue 260
Phleum, catalogue 367
pratense 826
Phlomis nepetuefoUa 706
Phlox 684^686
acuniinatu 684
amoena 67,114
aristctta 685
Carolina 685
catalogue 684
divaricata 68,75
family 684
floridana 243
Florida 685
maculata 65,68,75,88,243
paniculata 65
ijilosa 686
detonsa 114
waiter i 686
pyramidalis 685
sp 165
icalteri 686
Phloxes - 823
Phlyctaena, catalogue 2.59
15804 57
Page.
Pholiota, catalogue 234
Phoma, catalogue 254
macniare 255
Phoradendron, catalogue 479
flavescens 52
Photinia serrulata. 834
Phragmicoma, catalogue 388
clypeata. 285
Phragmidium, catalogue 191
fragariastri 191
xauthocarpa _ 285
Phragniites _. 49
catalogue _ 377
communis _ 128,377
Phryma carolinensis _. 693
catalogue 696
family 845
leptostachya 75
Phrymaceae 845
Phycomycetes- 150.262
Phyllachora, catalogue 171
Phyllactinia, catalogue itJ7
guttata ig7
Pbyllanthus, catalogue 591
Phyllosticta, catalogue _. 252
desmodii 253
Physalis angulata 65, 709
angidata _ 799
linkiana 710
angustifolia 130
brasiliensis 709
ciliosa 1X0
heterophylla _ _. 711
ambigua _ _.. 711
hirsuta _ _ 799
lanceolata __ 710
linkiana _ 710
niaritima _ 712
nyctaginea 711
obscura^. 709,711
pubescens 709
viscido-pubescens 709
pennsylvan ica 710, 711
peruviana 708
pruinosa 74,
pruinosa 709
pubescens 74
virginiana 74,111), 114
virginiana _ 711
viscosa 711,712
viscosa 711
spathulaefolia 713
tomentosa 711
mdteri 711
Physalodes, catalogue 708
physalodes 65
Physalospora, catalogue 176
Physaraceae 141
Physarum, catalogue 141
chryxotriclium 141
Pbyscia 364
catalogue 381
comosa 266
crispa 266
Jiavicans 282
obscura 265
speciosu galuctophylla 281
89S
INDKX.
l'u«c.
I'hysconiitrium ~"'l
cataldguo •""
lii/ri/nrim •'"'
tui-bimitum liiugloisii --. 2ii3.au
iVi//s<)(Yi »7'fr ''^^
opulilolia -^^
Physiiia "''■*
catalogue ~'^"
Physostegia, catalogriie *"•>
Phytolacca 25t).25!t
catalogue ■*"^
(lecamlra 242, 2;i4
Phytolaccaceae ■'^■^
Pickerel weed 50,431
fiimily - ^^^
Picris, catalogue '^~
Pieris. catalogue ^^
nitida 45.66,118.122
Pigeon grass 358.3-50
Piggotia, catalogue - 260
Pigmv weed ^^
Pigmit 47.62.96.462,823
Pigweed ■ - ^^'
.spiny 4"^'
Pilacraceae 194.262
Pilacre, catalogue - 1''*
Filea 4"8
herniarioides 4i8
microphyUa lieriiiarioides 478
pumila - 4<S
Pileolaria brevipes 18^
Pilosella spathidata 7.53
Pimpernel, blue- flowered t)63
common 662
water 661, 6(52
Pimpinella integerrima 85
hiti'dcrrima - 645
Pinaceae 323
Pin-clover - SS?
Pindar S30
Pine 43,109.1.59,821
barren flats 116
Chilean 136,833
Cuban 42,47.116,117, 118,122.130,131,323
family 323
Florida spruce 324
heart 323
Jersey - 324
loblolly 47,
58, 68, 70, 92, 99, 117, 118, 122, 323
long-leaf --- 47, .58. 59.
60,62,66,91,96, 99, 106, 107, 110.
112, 1 13. 118, 131, i:i4, 323, 821. 822
meadows 123
old field 32;^
pitch. 323
rosemary 323
sand 131,324
scrub 32,57,68,70,77,324
short-leaf 47,
60, 68, 70, 77, 90, 99, 100, 117, 324. 822, 82:3
slash - 42.323
Southern 32,47
spruce 47,95,109
yellow - - 323
spruce 96.99,324
yellow 32.324
Tape.
I'in.s 4T,i)7.
H4. W 1. 95, 1 10, 1 12. 124. 247, 3.55, 333, 334. 335
Piin'sap 1 6.52
family 6.52
Pinewccd 62:1
Pinguicnla 52
inmtraliK 720
catalogue 72'.»
lutca 121)
plaiiifolia 12i;
pumila 120
Pinguicula^-eae 729
Pinguiculas 120
Pink family .". 49ti
fire 497
Indian 67,669
wild 497
Pinus 1.57. 195. 197. 206. 207, 210, 213, 225
australis 612
tnistralis 333
cnnadetisis 324
catalogue 32:1
clausa 131
cubensis 323
echinatr. 14.32.70.162.102.823
rUinttii 323
glabra 95,96.99,109
inops 324
clausa 324
tiiitis 324
palu.stris .58.192,210
serotina 192
sp 140,192,19.5,196
taeda 58,70.192,823
heterophyUu 323
virginiana 32, .57, 70, 192
Pinweed 115,625
Pipevine. hoary 480
large-leaved 480
Pipewort 428,429
family 428
Pipeworts 127
Piricuhiria 238
catalogue 236
I'iscidia lonyi folia 569
jJiDiircd .5(59
Pisum sativum 165,830
Pitcheria gcdactoides 583
Pitcher plant 117,530
family 530
Pi ttosponim, fragrant 137
tobira 137,833
Placodium 264
aurantiacum 265
catalogue 277
f errugineum 265
Plagiochila 285
catalogue 287
ludoviciana 285
Plagiothecium 291
catalogue 308
Plagiotropis, catalogue 146
micans 294
Plane tree 5^''
family 538
Plauera aquatica 46
catalogue 475
INDEX.
899
Page.
Planer tree _ 46.125.475
f/ynelini 475
Plan of present work 12
Plantago aristata 153
catalogue 7.35
major 735
occiclentalis 736
pa tagou ica aristata 736
p!(r/^ucosc<?iis 7.36
sp 152
virginica - --- 193
lon(jifolia _ 736
Plantaginaceae 735
Plantain, common _ 7^36
wayside - 735
downy rattlesnake 457
English -.- 736
family. - - 735
greater Indian . _ - 815
Indian 815, 816
lance-leaf Indian 716
many-seeded 736
mud. --- 433
ovate-leaf - 816
pale Indian 815
seaside - 736
tuberons-rooted Indian 816
water 330
Plantains 735,736
Plant associations 25
distribution, secondary influences 33
formations 35
Plants grown for leaves and stems, list- 828, 829
of Alabama, tabular statement 837
Plasmodiophoraceae -. 139
Plasniodiophorales -_ 139
Plasm opara. catalogue 153
Platanus 169,178,179
catalogue .- — 538
occidentalis 166,833
Platanaceae 538
Platanthera 453
holopetala 455
Plutygyrium repens. 306
Plectascales 164,262
Pleospora. catalogue 176
Pleosporaceae 174,262
Pleuridium. catalogue 297
Pleurocarpi 304
Pleiirosigma. catalogue •■ 145
Pleurotus. catalogue 225
Plicariella, catalogue 1.56
Plowi-ightia, catalogue 172
Phichfiii hifrons 790
camphorata 789
catalogue 789
foetida 126
foetida 789
sitbdeciirrens 790
Plum 31,43,96
American 57
botan 832
Chickasaw _ 551,831
deer 553
Japanese 831,832
Kelsey : 832
prairie 99.122..551
Page.
Plum — Continued.
red 61,8.5,833
sea _ 133
wild 83
garden 551
goose 832
yellow 551
red 551
yellow 833
Plumbaginaceae 663
Plume grass 334,335
Plums.. 46,-57.61,99.106,831,832
Pluteus, catalogue 224
Poa ambigud 378
arachnifera 827
autumnalis 74
bahiensis 380
capillar is 383
caroUniana 380
cataflogue ... 384
chapmaniana 73
ciliaris 381
compressa 104, 826
conferta 381
cristata 384
eragrostis 379
flexuosa 385
glomerata 381
hirstda 381
hypnoides 379
interriipta 380
nervata 386
nitida 380
oxylepis 380
IKirvifloru 386
pectinacea 381
pilosa 380
pratensis 826
quinquefida 378
refracta 381
reptans 379
rigida 385
serotina , 385
sesleroides 378
sp 83
striata 386
sylvestris 74
trivialis 826
viridis 384
Poaceae 73,119
Podalyria iiniflora 558
Podocurpvs sinensis 832
Podophyllum, catalogtxe 517
peltatum 75, 189,254
Podosphaera, catalogue 165
kunzei 165
Podostemon -'- . 49
abrotanoides 77
catalogue 531
ceratophyllum 77
Podosteniaceae 532
Pogonatnm brevicanle 303
Pogonia 51
catalogue 4.55
divaricata 97,120
ophioglossoides 126
V)l)<)
INDKX.
PhK.
Poison (liiriii'l
fia.r
hemlock
ivy
oak
vino
Pokeljorry. (.'onnnon
Pokeweed
:fc^s
iW
im
IJOI
(501
601
493
493
' family -^93
Polauisia, catalogue 529
uniijliiuflulosa 529
Pole bean «30
Poleniouiaceae '584
Polemoniuui, catalogue OSti
ihdihitii - t>^8
rei)tan.s 93 ,
ruliruiii l58ti |
Polytictis 235
Polycai-paea, catalogue 502
Polycarpon, catalogue 501
Polyrjdla ambigwi 590
attenuata 589
itttenuata 589
boykinii 105
catalogue 588
chapmani 12<'
lonjntbosa 588
cr uciata 120
curtisii 65
family 588
fastirjiata 590
hookeri 120
inoarnata 66,88
lutea 130
naud . 588
mariana 104
liana 66,114
polygama 120
pnhescens 591
purpurea 590
sanguinea 590
V(.'rt icillata ambigua 589
viridescens 588
Polygalaceae 588
Polygouaceae 481
Polygonatum biflorum 66
catalogue 441
commutatum 79
giganteum 442
Polygonella, catalogue 486
vricoides 48"
gracilis 130
meissneriana 487
purvifolia - 486
polygama 130
Polygonum acre 405
aviculare crectum 483
Uttorale 484
catalogue 483
densiflorum 484
dumetorum 486
fimbriutum 486
glabrum 484
gracile 487
hydropiper 183
Uiputhifolium incarnatum 484
miU 485
opelousanum 485
I'aRc.
/'.)///;/«/i (I III— Con tinned.
lii-niisylvanicum 18.3,180
liiilyi/iniiniii 486
]iortoricen»o 125
])iinctatnm 210
sagittatum 65
scandens 244,486
setaceum 187
sp 187,189
Polymnia canadensis radiata 83
catalogue 791
uvcdalia 65
Polypodiaceae 311
Polypodium ~ 41
catalogue 310
biilbi/erniu 318
diUitatnm 317
filix-foemina 315
fragile 318
hexagonopterum 316
incanum 51,311
marginale 317
iinrcboracense 316
iibtxsum 318
polypodioides 51
vulgare - 51,73
Polypogon, catalogue 369
Polyi)oraceae --. 206,2(53
Poly i)oreae - 206
Polyporus 207,208,310,211,213
catalogue 208
flarn-squai)iosus 209
nigra purpitrascens 213
perennis 211
plebeius 209
resin osus 168
Polypody -- 311
Polypremum, catalogue 669
Polysaccum, catalogue 234
Polystichuin. catalogue 317
Polystictus, catalogue 210
Polytaenia, catalogue 642
nuttalli 104.82:5
Polythriucium. catalogue 238
Polytrichaceae 303,309
Polytrichum 291
bracbyphyllum 294
capillare 292
catalogue 303
formosum^. 303
tenne 291
Pomegranate 96,136,833
Pond lily 504
yellow 504
Pond spice 519
Pond weed 327
family 327
horned 329
Pondweeds 49
Pontederia, catalogue 431
cordata '. 50,128
Pontederiaceae 431
Ponthieva 460
catalogue 460
glandulosa 460
Poplar 464,824
Carolina 465
silver ■ 833
INDEX.
901
Pagt.'.
Poplar— Continued.
silver-leaf - 4(35
white 833
yellow 84,506
Poppy family.- 520
prickly 520
Populus . 43
alba 833
angulata 465
carol inetisis - 465
catalogue 464
deltoides 185
grandidentata 185
heterophylla 185
inonilifera - 185,465
Porella 285
catalogue 288
involutu -- 288
Poria, catalogue - - 206
Poronia, catalogue 182
Porot helium, catalogue 213
Porotrichum, catalogue 308
Porteranthus, catalogue 539
stipulaceus 75.93
trif oliatus 75
Por tulaca, catalogue 495
oleracea_ 55, 152
Portulacaceae 495
Post-oak prairies 98
Potamogeton, catalogue 327
crispus 127
diversifolius 126
Jiuitans 327
hybridus 127
hybridus 328
lonchites 127
nutans 327
perfoliatus 127,329
pinnatum 639
pusillus 127
spp 49
rufescens 327
tenuissirnus 328
Potato .- 31
wild 680
Potatoes, Irish 69,80,828
sweet 80,110,134,822,828
Potentilla, catalogue 542
durandii 541
simplex 542
Pottiaceae. 299,809
Poverty grass 124,364
Prairie lielt, root and forage crops 823
vegetation and soil 823
region «»
Prairies 48
Prenunthes 755
altissinia 756
crepidinea 755
crepidinea 7.55
deltoidea 756
serpen tariu - 755
barbata 7.55
Prickly ash, southern 102.587
pear 133,630
poppy, Mexican '>20
Pride of China ;">ss
Page.
Primrose 823
evening.. 634,637,638
family 661
Primulaceae 661
Prinos ambignns 603
coriaceus _ 601
glaber 604
montanus 603
verticillatits 604
Privet 57
Carolina 6a3
evergreen ^ 835
Japan 835
Japanese 136
mountain , 603
southern 57, 102
swamp 667
Procumbent Polypremum 669
Prosartes 441
lanuginosa 441
Proserpinaca, catalogue 639
palustris 639
sp 193
Prosthemium, catalogue 257
Protococcales - 146
Prunella, catalogue 705
vulgaris 257
Prunus 201,211
americana ... 57, 61, 83, 85, 165, 172, 189, 551, 833
angustif olia 154, 172, 189, 208, 251, 831
avium - 240
caroliniana 171,834
catalogue 551
cerasus 165
chicnsa 551
hiemalis 551
injucunda 62
maritima 551
serotina 61,84,154,163,
172. 189, 209, 2.)0, 251, 254, 260, 261, .552
tnontana 552
ueomontana 62
sp 251,257
triflora.... 154,172,235,832
umbellata 90,122,172
Psammophytes 129
Psammophytes 129
Psathyrella, catalogue 222
Pseudauliscus, catalogue 143
Pseudoheloiium saccharifernm 158
Psilopezia, catalogue 155
Psoralea 88
canesoens 115
catalogue 562
dalea 564
eglandxdosa 563
meliloioides 563
pedunculata 67
simplex 116
Psylocybe, catalogue 222
Ptelea, catalogue 587
monoplujlla 600
sp : 194
trifoliata 99,108,194
Pteridophyta 312
Pteridophytes - 48,49
Pteris alabamensis 312
aquilina 123
9»I2
INDK.X.
PffTis— Continued.
iitropiirpiiri'ii '.iVi
ciitalojjne 'Mi
Pterocftiilon. catalogue 7U0
liiih/stiithyntn TiHI
l>ycii"slach!/um 120
uudulatum 120
Ptilimuium fapillaceum 128
catalogue 1548
Ptychomitrium 291
catalogue 300
Puccinia andropogi 187
(in<lri>p<)(ji 187
<-atalogue 187
coronuta 190
cyperi 189
imuculata 190,191
graitiinis 189
later itia 190
mcujiUs I!t0
pekianu 191
pruni-spinosae 2otJ
rubigovera 188
silphii 188
tanaceti.... 188
virgata 188
xanthii 188
Pucciuiaceae 185, 202
Pucciniastrum, catalogue 185
crotonis 185
Puccoon 691
red 520
yellow 508
PitlMonaria virginica 690
Purple love grass 380
Punica granatum 136, 832
Purslaue, common 4:95
family •495
sea - - 494,495
water 6;%
Pumpkin, cheese 830
large 830
Pycnunthemutn 698
albescens 699
aristatuni hyssopifolmm 698
hyssojiifolium 698
incanum albescens 699
linifoUum 698
montannin 699
nuduui 698
tullia 699
Pylaisia, catalogue 'SL)H
Pylaisiella 291
Pyracantha S'^U
Pyrenastrum 264
catalogue 268
Pyrenopsis 264
catalogue 279
melambola.- 267
Pj^renopeziza, catalogue 158
Pyreuula 264,266
catalogue 2ti7
Pyrethrwn maritimum 813
Pyrola family 652
maculata 652
Pyrolaceae 652
Pyrrhopappus 754
caroliniunus 754
I-ntrc.
Pyrus angustitolia 61, 71, U9, 123
lii)tryi(jiiitiu ,545
catalogue 545
communis 240, 354, 256, 8.31
leucocar])a 3.')3
nialus 831
oval is.. ,545
sani/riinea ,545
sinensis 831
Pyxine 364
catalogue 281
piota .'. 2f^i
sorediata 2ti6
Pi/.ridauthirri s/xitliulata 534
Quaking grass 38.3.384
Quamasia 40
catalogue 440
esculenta 98
hyacinthina 440
QuatnocUt coccinta 678
quamoclit .56
vulgaris 678
Queen of the meadow 761
Queen's delight 594
Quercus 140,157,158.
159. 162, 173, 177, 179, 180, 181, 195, 197, 199, 201,
202, 203, 204, 2a5, 206, 208,212.220.238,239,2.50
acuminata '. 32. .57, 91, 469, 591
alba ... 46. 60, 70, 77, l.i5, 165. 181 . 192, 468
tiiinnr 469
aquatica 117
aquatica 61,1.54,
161. 162, 166, 167, 177, 181, 192, 349, 250, 472, 833
boyntoni 845
brevifolia.- 154.473.822
brevilobata 16. 41. 93. 100, 470, 591. 833
breviloba. correction of error 845
castunva 469
catalogue 468
catesbaei 95,471,5.59
cineren 473
coccinea 47,57,471,473
tinctoria 471
citneata 472
digitata 32,46.60,87,154,2.54,472
discolor 471
duraudii 823
durandii 16.470
fulcata 46,87,472
pagodaefolia 472
hemispltavrica 14
heterophylla 473
hum His 473
imbricaria 473
laur if olia 95. !«), 103, 109, 117, 161. 472. 833
lyrata 46,95,100.469
marylaudica 47.60, 1.54. 166, 167, 472, 822
iiiiirifima. 470
michauxii 46.61,73,470,823
minor 46, 60, 154, 166, 167, 192, 247, 469
inontana 469
muhlenbergii 469
myrtifolia 130.473
nigra 61.109,1.54.161,
162, 106, 167. 177, 181, 192, 249, 250, 473, .559, 8*3
INDEX.
903
Pagf.
Quercus— Coutinaed.
niyra ItiT. 472
(tqudtica - 472
(ligitata 472
obtusifolia hrevilobata 470
obtnsiloba . . _ -WSO
pagodaefolia i~~
phellos 58, 61, 87, 154, 166. 167, 258, 260, 473
arenaria - V!^
hre vifolia -173
Uturifolitt - 172
luuritimit liO
prinus -. 47,57,60,469,612
acum inata W9
inichaiixii - -t70
iKoiiticola 469
rubra 57,154.166,252.471.473
rubral- 471
sempervirens -- +70
sp - 157,
161. lt>3, 166. 177. 179, 180. 192, 194. 195. 252
.'iteUuta... 469
texana 61,102,210,471.823
tinctoi-ia 823
tinctoiia 471
velutina 47. 60, 70. 160. 471, 473. 823
virens 470
luaritinui 470
v»?hiiana . 41.121,470,833
maritima 470
Queria canadensis 502
Qnillwort family 322
Quince * 831
Chinese 831
common 831
Radishes 135.827
Radulum, catalogue . 203
Ragweed. 7.57
family _ . . 7.5ti
Ragwort .- 814
Rainfall in Alabama _ 26
Rajunia ovata 487
Ramalina ._- 264
calicaris 266
catalogue 283
laevigata 266
Ramie 478.828
Ramular ia. catalogue 236
tnlasnt'i 174
Range, definition _ 34
Ranunculaceae 508
Ranunculus abortivus )nicfantlius 514
aqitatilis divuricatus 515
catalogue 513
circitidtus .51.0
divaricatus .515
fascicularis 83
Jiam inula 513
nitidus 514
recurvatus 75, 108
repens nitirylandicus 514
sceleratus 128
septentrionedis 514
trachyspennus 513.515
liudhvimeri .513
Raphanus sativus 827
Raphidostegium. catalogue 307
microcarpum 291.294
recurvans _ , . 292
Raspberry _ 832
black 541
black-cap 832
Ratibida. catalogue __. 799
Rattan vine 608
Rattlebox, Pursli"s 559
round-leaf . 558
Rattlepea 5,53
Rattlepod 553
Rattlesnake weed ._. _ 753
Ravenel, lungi __ i^g
Ray grass 827
Reana htxurians 825
Reboulea _ 373
fruncata 373
Reboulia 285
catalogue . _ 286
hemispherica 285
Recent foi-mations, cbarat-ter of soils 824
Red algae ._. ng
i"oot 446.610
Redbud 14.61.8.5,89.101,555
Redtop 370,826
false - 378.385
•Reed 45377
ifrass.-- _ 369,374
marshes 128
switch cane .._ 339
Rescue grass _.•... 827
Reseda, catalogue 530
Resedaceae ._ 530
Reticularia, catalogue 141
Reticulariaceae _ m
Rhabdospora, catalogue 259
Rhamnaceae _ _ _ gog
Rhamnus caroliniana 82,99,101
catalogue 609
niinuiiflorus 609
scandens 608
volubilis _ 608
zizijphus 609
Rhapidophyllum, catalogue 424
Rhexia angustifolia 633
catalogue _ 633
ciliosa 126
lanceolata 123
mariana 116.133
v.calbida 633
stricta 116,137
virginica 75,341
Rlthianthus viryinicus _ 735
Rhinotrichum, catalogue . 335
Rhizina, catalogue 155
Rhizinaceae 1,55, 263
Rhizocarpon 364
catalogue 271
Rhizogonium 291
catalogue 303
spinif ormo 291 , 294
Rhizopogon, catalogue 330
Rhododendron a rboi-escens 653
catalogue 654
Catawba 654
catawbiense 77
\.KH
IN1»KX.
Page.
K/ii'r/..</.)if/ro(i— Coutinuoil.
iiudifliirinii
SPP
spp., correction of error
n'.tco.i}tin
RbodopUy<-eai'
853
45
845
653
148
Rhodvnu-niales H'*
Rhus". 100.250
aroiiiatica 57,85
riniadi'usis (501
catalogue Sl'O
copallina ti6,244
cotiiiokU's 600
glabra 66,344
radicans 101
toxicodendron l!ST,244
qiiercifolimn 601
raclica7is S'^l
vulgnre 601
venenata 600
vernix 244
Rhynchosia, catalogue 582 ;
(lifformis 5*^2 |
galactioides H5
rcniforni is 582
simplicifolia 115
tiimen tosa erecta 582
monophylla 582
Rbynchospora. (<S'ee Rynchcspora. )
Rhynchostegium 291
catalogue 307
Rhytidhysterium, catalogue 162
RhytigUissd viricU flora 735
Rbytisma, catalogue 161
peicrsii 161
Rib grass 736
Ribbon cane 825
Ribes, catalogue. 537
sp
244
Riccardia ^ 285
catalogue 287
Riccia 285
catalogue 286
lamellosa 285
Ricciaceae 286
Ricciella .- 285
catalogue 286
Rice 32.95.134.362.364,825
Indian 362
water 49
wild 362
Rich weed 478
Richardia africana 244
catalogue 740
scabra 55, 135
Richardsnnia 740
scabra 740
Ricinus, catalogue 594
communis 56
Rinodina 264
catalogue 275
flavonigella 266
thomeae 265
River marsh plants 127
River system 22
Riverweed 532
family. 5iJ2
I'llKC.
Robinia 14
catalogue 567
liispida Wj
l)suu<lacacia 77,208.834
risiraria .'itjs
viscosa (112
Rock houses 17,75
Rocket, violet 524
wall 523
Rockrose, Carolina 624
family 624
Georgia 624
.seaside 624
Rocktripe 63
lioistvUd aurantiaca A Ifa
Jlaviformis l>5ti
pirata 185
Rolling pine uplands 112
Root crops, list 827
parasite 731
Roripa. catalogue .524
nasturtium 828
Rosa 165,2.51
alba V.n
Vianksiana 833
bracteata 834
Carolina 61
caroliniana 543
catalogue 543
centifolia 834
damascena 83t
vijUi ntcria 544. 834
humilis 63,68,191
indica 834
laevigata .54,833
hicirla . 54^3
multitlora 834
parviflora b^i
rnbifolia .543
sinica 544
sp 246
sua veolens 543
Rosaceae 538
Rose, Banks 8*3
bay 654
Cherokee. 54,133,544,833
eglantine 544
family 538
hedge. 544
lowwild 543
Macartney .544,8:34
many-flowered 834
prairie 543
Rosellinia. catalogue 173
Rosemary - t;63
Rosinweed 14.48.ti4,74.792,;j;93,794,82}
Rotala. catalogue Oil
Rotiboellia 335
coi'rugata 3 i5
fireolata 336
iliiiiidiata 3i32
rni/osd 335
chajrinaiii 335
Roubieva. catalogue 489
Roxburghia 40
Royal paulownia 835
Rubia bron-nei 742
p('rf(jri)ia 742
inde:
905
Page.
Rubiaceae 73i'
Rubns 162,251,252,258
argutus . . 163, 164, 176, 184, 191, 192. 247, 249, 832
bfiilei/anits 540
canadensis 62
invisits .540
catalogue 540
cuneifolius - . 191.244
ensleuii 78
floiichts 540
frondosiis 540
hispidus 78
idaeus 832
iuvisus 832
occidentalis- - 832
ovalis 541
parvifoUus .... 541
sp 191,258
sube rectus 540
trivialis 191.258,833
villosus 62, 612
villosus 163,164.176,184.191.192.249,540
frondosiis 540
humifusus 540
Rudbeckia 48,64
amplexicaulis 105.812
apetala 801
catalogue 797
chapmani 846
chrysomela 798
discolor 798
heliopsidis 64
hir ta 74
liii-ta (3 iS45
lacinlata 65
nitidu longifolia 798
pallida 799
pinnata 799
purpxirea 799
radulu 801
spathulata 64. 74
strigosa 845
triloba 64
trilobata 104
Rue family 587
meadow 515,516
Ruellia 733,734
catalogue 733
ciliosa 241
ambigua 734
Qumilis 115
loagiflora 734
hirsutu 734
humilis 734
hybrida 734
noctiflora 121
pedunculata 115
Rumex. 236
altissimus 50,128
britannicus 482
britannicus 482
catalogue 481
engelmannii 482
orbiculatus 482
sp 235
viridis 4.^2
Page.
Ruppia 49,329
catalogue 328
maritima 127
Rush, beaked 406-410
black.. 50
elub 400
common wood 436
family 433
grass 368.369
Guinea 393
born 119
horned 405,406
nut 116,411,412
round 50,116
salt 374,432
salt-water 402
scouring 32
soft 432
spike l=-
twig 410
weak 435
Rushes 50,119,432,433,434,435,436,821
beaked 116, 406, 407, 408. 409, 410
Russian mulberry 831
Russula 168
catalogue 219
Ruta-baga 523.827
Rutaceae 587
Rye - 68,80,135,827
Rynchospora 821
alba 407
a.x;illaris 97,126,407
baldwinii 119,408
caduca 128,410
capitata 405
catalogue , 405
cephaluiitha 407
chapmani 119,406
ciliaris 119,408
ciliata 4O8
compressa 409
corniculata 128,406
cymosa 119,409
compressa 409
globularis 119, 409
distans 408
distans 408
divergens 119,406
dodecandra 132,409
elliuttii 408,410
fascicularis 126,408
distans 408
fllifolia 407
fiUfoUa 408
f oru" .ition 119
f uscoides 408
glomerata 187,407,421
paniculata 407
gracilenta 119,136,408
grayii 114,408
inexpansa 410
intermedia 114,407
inter mixta 406
laniprosperma ... 406
longirostris 406
megalocarpa 409
\HH\
INltKX.
Ryiicho8i*.rii (.liUtiiiui'tl. Pas'.-.
iiiiir-cftriiii lllt.4<lli
niilia.-e;i l-*"*!"
inultiHora H"
multifloro *1"
oUgantha ll»S.lllt.40r,
paiiiruhitd ■*"'
pi'iDtist'tti ■'"'•
plumosa n.U14».4(W
intenni'dia "*"'
pusiUa llti-ll"
rariflora 110.119. 4<«»
scboouoidi'S ■^^"
steuophylla ■*!"
temufolia ■'I"
torrevana 131.409
tracyi ^'^
Ryiiohosporae 1'^
Sabal 41.182
adansonii 96,122,177.184
1 42.1
ailansoni *'^-'
catalogue ^-'^
sp/ - l''-tl''
Sabbatia angustifolia _ m
boykinii ~\^^
Boy kin's *^'^
bruchkda - "^'^
calycina ^'^
calycine '^'0
calyco.ia *" 0
cainpanulata ■ H^
catalogue *^'>^
chloroides ^^1
stricta 671
dodecandra 11*'
gentiau-like t'71
gentlanoides - 1~'^
gracilin 670.t)71
large-flowered ^'^
large-leaf *^"^
macrophylla - H'
seaside *''0
slender •>'!
stellaris 133
Saccharum offioinarum 95,237.249.82.5
Sage - ^29
blue 13
meadow 'IJl
vervain-leaf - ''J2
wood '"'
Sagedia. catalogue 268
fuscella 265
Sageretia, catalogue 609
michauxii --- 122
michauA-ii 609
Michaus's 609
Sagina, catalogiie 498
snlmlaia smithii 498
viryinica 6(3
Sagittaria .50,116,128,382,333
catalogue 330
chapmani 116,126
cycloptera 116
falcata 3^32
lanceolata - 128
flliformis 127
Sagittai-iiiCUntinuod. Pai^e.
ijniiiiiinii 333
ch<ii>iiiaiii 333
cijrlnjitirii 3.32
lilatyiilii/llti 3!$)
hiixtdti, 3:*)
hnirifiiliii iiii-dia 332
latifolia 77. 128.244.S11
lougirustris iiustralis 77
iiiobri 126
Hiuutevidensis . 128
nutans 49
lorata :B1
l.latypbylla • 126
jiiilji-nrcitx , 330
jinxilht :«i
iinlicaim 330
.iitgitttivfiilia varhibilis ... 3.30
nnyittifolitt lougirostra 331
subukitii Sll
lorata Sll
variabilis 330
piibescens SW
St. Andrew's Cross 619
St. Augustine grass 362
St. Johns- wort 621,622.623,833
family 44,619
long-leaf marsh 815
shrubby 85
St. Peter's-wort. dwarf 620
southern 619
Salicaceae 464
Salicorniaambigua 132
bigelovii 132
catalogue 489
miicrondta 490
Salvia 115
azurea 15.115.701
graudiflora 189
catalogue 701
d>njtuui 702
nettle-leaf 701
officinalis 829
scarlet-flowered 701
urticaefolia 83
major 701
Salviuiaceae 320
Salix 182,204,212
babylouica 833
caroliniana 465
catalogue 465
fragilis 185
humilis 845
lont/irostris 466
nigra - 184
wurdi 465
sp 18*
tristis 88
tristis, correction of error 845
j Salsify 828
Salsola caroli)iia>ui 490
catalogue -t^O
kali 130
linearis 489
Salt grass ^0
marsh grass 374
Saltwort, common ■^^O
INDEX.
907
Page.
Sambucus canadensis. .. 166. 194,:i-K). :i-H,24tJ. 258
catalogiie 742
Samolus, catalogue ti61
valermuH americana titil
Samphire, shi'iibby _ 190
Sandalwood family -_. 170
Sand bin- 129.130,361
grass 377
purple . _ - 139
southern 129
hills 1(15
vine 677
Sandwort. Miehaux"s. ._ 499
Pitcher's.... 500
shortleaf 500
thymeleaf - 500
Sauguinaria canadensis 75, 93
catalogue 520
Sauicle, Canada 645
gregarious 641
Maryland — 644
white 765
Sanicula canadensis. 123,645
■ catalogue 644
floridana 645
floridana 645
marilandica 66.75
ci'iKidensis 645
sp 151,184,190,194
viscosa 138
.Santalaceae 479
Sapiudaceae 608
Sapindus. catalogue 608
marginatus 834
Sapium. catalogue. _ 595
sebiferum 136,834
Sapodilla family 664
Saponaria. catalogue 497
vaccaria 4tl8
Sapotaceae 664
Saprolegnia. catalogue 151
Saprolegniaceae 151,263
Saprolegniales 151.263
Saprophytic plant association 51
Saprophytes 51
Sarcoscypha, catalogue 157
Sargassuni, catalogue 147
Sarothra druniDtondii 623
gentianoides 623
Sarracenia 53.117,120,127
catalogue 530
catesbaei 79
drummondii 117, .5:30
flava 531
psittacina 117
purpurea 117,530
rubra 117,.530
Sarraceniaceae 530
Sarsaparilla 444
wild 507
Sassafras 32, 46, 66, 70, 84, 160, 519
catalogue 519
officinale 519
sassafras 32.46,198,213,257
Satiircia on'oanoides 698
Satu reja th ym us virgin icns 698
Saururaceae 461
Page.
Saururus, catalogui- 461
cernuus 125, 344
Savin... 43,43.326
Saw grass 49. 411
Saxifraga, catalogue .533
virginica 73
virginiensis _ 93
Saxif ragaceae _ .533
Saxifrage family _ 533
Scabious, sweet ... 786
Sea blite. tall 489
island cotton 830
lettuce ._ 147
rocket _ 522
Sebastiania, catalogue 594
Secale cereale 174, 188. 189. 239. 259, 827
Sechium edule. 831
Sedge ...._• 130.412-423
broom.. 337,432,833
family 390
grasses 98
Sedges ... 50.138,413^22
Sedum, catalogiie 533
nevii 94
pulchellum 83
jnisilluni 532
ternatum 79
Segestria, catalogue 269
Selaginella. catalogue. .- 333
family 332
Selaginellaceae 43,332
Self-heal 705
Seiifbieia 533
coronopus 533
didymu 533
pinnatifida 533
sp 152
Senecio angustif olia 814
'in re us angustif olia 814
ohovatus _ 814
balsamitae 68
catalogue 814
earlei 68
elliottii 814
h ieracifolius 814
lyratus 815
millefolium 815
obovatus 73
tomenfosus 814
Senna, wild 5-55
Sensitive brier 554
Sepedonium, catalogue 335
Septogloeuiu, catalogue 252
Septonema. catalogue. 338
Septoria .-. 259
catalogue 257
Serenoa — 41
catalogue 434
Sericocarpus asteroides 63,66,74
bifoliatus 63,115
catalogue 778
conyzoides . 779
solidagineus 778
tortifolius 60
tortifoUus 779
Serinea, catalogue 7.53
<M),s
INDKX.
Svrriitiilti iirriiisix 8I.1
jlilllSlI '^
KcarioMi '•'■
itjiiviitn ''"
stjiiiirrnsii '"'
Scritiiriiiii hiipht/iiilnioirh'S **"*'
Scrvic.' Wrry 4<!.54o
Sesiuno family "*'
Sesl )aii . cat rt lugue 5*'''
Svslnntiii ciiranillesii '^^
macrtK-ai'pa 128
plutycarpn 5l>8
punicea 5t59
i'c.s(f< ()•/(( 5(58
Sesuviuiu, catalogue - ^^^
IjintandrxDi ^^'^
porUilacastttun 129, 49o
stihsessile j» ^^^
xessile •*'•*
Setaria 2tiO.*}S
cnudata ^1
germanica •■'''"
glaucct ^^
gracilis 339
imberbis *^^
italica. 360.826
laevigata 359
magna 361
perennis 359
pseudo-verticillata 360
verticiUata 360
ambigua 360
viridis 360
Seutera maritima ^"
Sevenbark ri,5a5,5:36
Seymerin '-■*
pectinata '-^
tenuifoUa '^4
Scandix. catalogue - ^^^
priirumheiis ''*'
Scapania ■- ^^
catalogue '^^
Scarlet basil 115
Scilla *"
esculenta 'i^"
fraseri ^^"
Scirpus ublepharus ■^"~
acicularis 398
americanus 131
anisochaetus 397
autnmnalis 401
cunbyi 403
capillaceiis 402
capillaris 401
capitatns - 397
catalogue 402
cejjiialotes ^ 4<W
chaeturius 398
cilintifoliiis 401
coarctatiis 402
cj'lindricus - 127
cyperinus eriophorum . - 187
dictyospermiis 396
equisetoides 396
eriophoruiii 40-t
exaltatus 40+
fer)-u(iineiis -lUI
Sri rpu.i—Vi>ntmnvi\ .
fluviatilis
iiitirstixvUm
liicustris
Iijitiilijii.i ,
inacrostacbyus
inaritiuius
ci/liiulriciia
Jlnviatilix
iiiarnislachyus
micranthus
tttotitatnts
iinicrounlatMS
iiintaiKS «...
obtliMiis
ncfeaing ,
olueyi
ovatns
palustfis
})arvulHS
polypbyllus
]iHhi'rnlns
jiuitgeiiK
qiiadraiigtdatits
r<-trofractu.i
robustus
srh ocnoides
simplex. ,
spadiceus
snathaceux
spp
stcniijiliylhis
subsquarrosus
tvttuis
toftilix
trichodes
triqueter
iubercxdosa
i-alidus
Scbeuchzeriaceae
Schizandra
catalogue
coccinea
Schizophylleae . -
Schizopbyllum, catalogue. ..
Schizotbyrella. catalogue...
8chl<itlieimia
catalogue
sullivantii
Schoeiius alba
axillaris
capitcllatus
ciliaris
colora tiis
cornicidaUis
cymosus
distans
effiisiis
Jascicula ris
glomerotiis ^.
inexjiansus
mariscoides
1)1 iliaceiis
rariflortis
sparsvs
Schollera
gram inea
I'nife.
128
12.S
403
4<«
49, .')0
4ii:{
4<J?
4(W
4<>.".
39x
44J1
31H5
397
397
128
397
398
4(r2
76
4<J(I
402
396
394
1:33
410
398
400
396
49
401
405
399
398
398
MYl
399
403
:e9
40
507
101
220
. 220
261
291
3<X)
. 294
407
.. 407
407
408
400
406
409
411
408
407
410
410
410
409
410
432
432
INDEX,
909
Page.
Schrader's grass 827
t^chriinkia 554
angiistata _._ _.-..-. 554
hratliycarpu 554
liorriduhi. 554
Schiibertia disticha 325
Schwalbea aaiericana 114
catalogue - - "2*
Scliweinitz, Baron von, fungi ll''
Scirrhia. catalogue - iT'2
Scleria baldwinii .- .- *. -.. — 412
caroliniana '54, llfi
catalogue 411
ciliata 114
elliottii-- 114
gracilis 131
hirtella.. _ 412
strigosa 411
interrupta 412
laxa - - • 411
niichauxii — 412
pauci flora ^ - 412
glabra .- 131
reticularis -. 411
torreyana 124,127
triglomerata 98
Sclerodermataceae 234, 2ti3
Sclerodermatales . . 234, 263
Scleroderris, catalogue 160
Sclerolepis, catalogue 760
verticillata 760
Scleropa, catalogue 385
Scleropusatiiarcintoides ._ 491
catalogiie 491
Scolecotrichum, catalogue _ 238
Scolymus. catalogue 752
Scoparia, catalogue.- 723
Scorias, catalogue 167
Scorzonera pinnatiflda 754
Scrophularia, catalogue. 717
Scrophulariaceae 716
Scuppernong grape in Coast Pine belt . . . 823
Scutellaria campestris 83
canescens 7(J4
punctata 108
puncta ta 704
catalogue 703
hyssopi folia 704
incana 75
mollis - 704
parnda mollis 7(14
pilosa 114
rugosa 7(14
serrata 704
versicolor 6S
minor 703
Shadbush 545
Shallot S27
Shell hammocks 1*3
Shepherd's purse 527
Shittimwood 82
Shooting star 663
Shrubs.. 99,101
evergi'een 132
hardy 136
low 130
Shrubby plant associations 44
Sibthorpia i-volndawa (if<-'!
Prtge.
Sickle pod... 528
Sicyos. catalogue 748
Sida abut Hon 614
acute-fruited 615
alceoides 615
cai pinifolia 615, 616
catalogue 615
elliottii 108
Elliott's 616
glabra 615
gracilis 616
hispid a 616
rbombleaf 616
rhombifolia 55
spinosa 55, 188
spiny 615
velvety 615
Side-saddle flower 530
Sideroxylon lanuginosum 664
lycioides 664
Siegesheckia occidentalis 803
Sieglingia 377,378
americana . . 129
catalogue 377
chapmani 120
poaeformis 119
purpurea 129
seslerioides 73,104.189.191,255,257
Silene caroliniana 73
catalogue 496
gullica 497
uvata. ...: 105
pennsylvanica 497
regia 94
rotundif olia Ti
stellata 63
virginica 67,259
Silk tassel tree 834
Silk tree 136, .553
Silphium 14
asperrimura 64,108,793
asteriscus... 190,793,794
angustatum 115
dentatum 794
laevicaule 794
scabrum 794
catalogue 792
comp"situm 62, 66, 74. 244
niichauxii 792
ovalifolium 792
reniforme 792
dentatum 64
gatesii 74
gummiffrum . 792
iutegrifolium 794
intermedium 64
laciniatum 48,104,108
laevigatum 64,74,108,190
mohrii 74,794
pumilum 795
radula 793
scaberrimum 104,793
scaberrimiun 793
sp • 192
terebinthinaceum 64
ternifnlium 794
trifoliatum 64,74,104
latifoliuin 794
'.tld
IN'DKX.
I'liKi'.
Silurian tlnluinitcs «T
siimlstiUK's '.Kt
Silvorl)ell M.US.l-T)
Carolinii Wt.9-'
f.l
IL':.'
mi
1505
773
mountain
tree
Carolina..
Southern .
Silver r.ul
Siluhiim 81H
miiridniim 1S18
Simaruba family .' 587
Simarubaceae 58"
Sinapis alba 828
)i iyrci 523
Siphonychia, catalogue , 502
diffusa i:io
erecta 13(i. i:Jl
Sison canmi 647
ccouidense 617
Sistotrema. catalogue 206
Sisymbriiim, catalogue 523
mitraU' -. 52}
nasturtium 524
sylvestre 524
tanacetifolium 525
tenuifolium 524
thaliamim 527
waiter i 525
Sisyrinchiiim anceps 450
bernnuUanum 450
catalogue 450
gramineum 450
gramineuni 450
Sitilias caroliniana 18X
catalogue 754
Sium, catalogue 647
ciciitaefolium 128
latifolium 50
lineare 647
longifoUum 642
rigidius 641
teretifolium 641
Skullcap 703-704
Slime molds 139
Sloe.soutbern 551
Small grains on metamorphic hills 823
Smart weed 485
Smilaceae 444
Smitacina 253,441
racemosa 441
Smilax 123,163,174.177.181
auriculata 130
beyricini 445
bona-nox 68. 101
pandurata 107
caduca 445. 446
catalogue 444
coral 446
dwarf - 446
ecirrhata 66
family 444
glauca 243
hastata 445
liederaefolia 445
herbacea 444
ecui'hata 444
Pajre.
Smilax - I ipiinnm-'i.
liineL'i>lata liil
laurifolia 08.1I7, 101.'243
ovata 443. 44»
livduncxdoris 444
pubern Ui,
pulvendf'nta 4U
I)umila 66
(iiKidrdin/idatd 443
rutundifolia 62,71
si> 176.178,244,248
sweet-scented 416
titmnoides ; 443
Smoke tree .. 84
American 16. 34. 84, 85. 000
Smut grass 307
StinjruhiDi rordat}ini 647
/)( tviji rriiii vt)t 045
Snake-month 4.55
Snakeroot 672
button 64:}
Sampson's 672
spiked button 767
thick-leaved 448
Virginia 480
Sneeze weed 810,811
Snowdrop tree .. 665
Soapberry 608
family. 608
tree 834
Soap wort 497
Soja bean 8:}0
Solanaceae 70S
Sola7iu))i holbisii 713
carolinense 165
catalogue 712
hirsiitum 713
Diaiitiiiosiint 713
melongena 830
nigrum 240,244
nodiflorum rubrum 713
tuberosum 244,249,288
Solea concolor 629
Solenia, catalogue 202
Solidago 115,158,161,2:36
Solidago 130
altingiiiKi 775,777
amplexicaulis 66.68,83,93.774
angustifolia 121,773.821
arguta 64,776
bicolor -- 63.64,773
concolor 773
boottii 775
hiiichi/phylla 773
yddkinensis 773
Vjrachyphylla 66,775.776
l)uckleyi 773
caesia 74,184,772
axillaris 68
paniculata 772
canadensis 161,192,246,777
scabra 777
scabruiscula 777
catalogue 773
cordatu ..'. 778
cnrtisii --- 68.93,773
erecta 6:3,64,74,774
fistulosa 774
INDEX.
911
Solkhif/o — Continued. Page.
flexicaulis 75.93. 77:i
Higanteu 77ij
(jratilis - 773
yraminifoliu 778
hirsiita 773
hispida 773
hinceolata 77S
Utter I flora 784
latifoha 68
latifoha .- 772
muhh'tibergii 776
neglecta tU, 65. 775
nemoralis - 62, 64, 93, 777
odora (30,63,115.774,822
inodora G4.774
ovata - - - 67
pallesoens - 65, 776
patula 774
strictula. 774
pauciflosculosa 683
jia^iciflosculosa 771
petiolaris -- 97, 115.773
puberula pulverulenta 1 15, 773, 822
pnlveruienhi 773
pyramUlata ._ _ 774
retrorsa -. --- 774
rugosa 184,775
salicina ..- 774
scabra .- --_ 777
sempervirens 128.773
serotina.- _ 259
gigantea 776
sp 184,192,236
speciosa aiif/nstata * 774
sphacelata 778
stricta. 121,773,821
angustifolia.. 773
tenuif olia 771
tenitifolia 777
ulmif olia _ 775
vaseyi 7.5,776
villosn 774,775
virgata _. 773
yadkinensis 775
Solomon's seal 441,442
Sonchus acaminatus 755
carol inianus 756
catalogue 756
floridanus 755
oleraceus 259
asper 756
■ynmilosus 7.56
Sonoran life area, lower 32
area, upper 32
So2)hora lanceolata 558
So})liro)\anthe hisjjhla 720
Sorghum 32,68,135,823
catalogue _. 339
cernuum 190
halepense " 95,
104, 105, ia5, 171, 190, 339, 245, 251, 2.55, 825
on metamorphic hills 823
nutans , 338,339
saccharatum. 69
sativum 104
sp 183.255,2.56
Sorghum— Continued. Page,
vulgare 95,190,251,256
cernuum... 835
durra 825
saccharatum 835
teehnicum 823
Sorosporium. catalogue 183
everhartii 183
Sorrel, common yellow .584.585
Eugelmann's 452
sand 481
Sour grasses. 119
Sourwood 47,70,88,656
Southern juncaceous formation 133
Sow-thistle, common. _ 756
prickly _.. 756
Soybean 830
Spanish cypress 686
dagger.. 47,131,440
moss 409
needles go?
Sparassis, catalogue 203
Sparganiaceae 337
Sparganium , catalogue 327
simplex undrocladum 307
sp- 50
Spargunophorus verticiUatus _ 760
Sparkleberry (557
Spartina, catalogue 374
cyuosuroides j^S
glabra 3-^
Jiincea _. 374
patens J33
polystachya 128,133.133
spp 49,.50
Spatter-dock 49
Spear grass 380,384,385
Spearmint _ 697 839
Spearwort, slender 513
small 513
Sx>eculuria 748
biflora 748
Speedwell, corn ',23
thyme-leaf _ 723
water _ 724
Spegazzinia, catalogue 249
Spergula arvensis 55
catalogue ." 500
decumbens 493
Spergularia 50I
rubra.. 501
salina 501
S}jergiUastrum lanuginosum 500
Spermacoce, catalogue 740
diodina 740
glabra 189,190
Spermolepis, catalogue 648
Spermophyta 323
Sphacelia, catalogue 248
Sphaerella 174
Sphaeria 173,174.175,17(5,177,180
catalogue 182
Spaeriaceae 173,262
Sphaeriales 172,182,262
Sphaerococcaceae 148
Sphaerocarpus 285
catalogue 287
*.)12
I N 1 » !•: \ .
Siihaerooarims— (."oiitinui'tl. Pavje.
tiiiclirli -'*•
ti-rrosti-is -'«o
Sphaerocephiilus 291
Ciitalogu-i i^K
SphatToui'ma 255
Sphaeropsidaceae :J52,203
Sphaoropsiilales 2o»',~'ti;i
Si,h<i<n>i,sis 253,25+,-'55.25t>
catalogue 255
IIKKltldllX 253
Spliaerospora, catalogue 13*5
Spbaerostemon W
Sphaerostil be, catalogue ltJ9
Sphaerotheca, catalogue Itio
Sphagna Exsiccata, Eaton & Faxon 2vi0
Sphagnaceae 21>4.:W9
Sphagnales 294,309
Sphagnum 232.291,293
catalogue 294
compactum 119,291
cuspidatum 295
torreyanum " 292
cyclophyllum 292
cymbifoliiun purpnntscens 295
Intmile 295
imhricatum cristatum 116.119,292,293
intermedium 116
ludovicianum 293
macrophvlhim 116,292,293
medium." - 292.293
microcarpum 293
mooiliense 290,293
mohrianum 293
uiohrii 290
molle mixelleri 292
mueUeri 295
papillosum 292
portoricense 291
recur vum 116,292,293
recunuuu 295
riijidum 295
rufescens .- 293
Spice bush 101
pond 519
Spice vrood 14,519
mountain 518
Spiderwort 431
Spigelia, catalogue 669
marilaudica 67
Spike-grass 3X2,383
Spikenard 640
Spike-rush, bright green 397
Spike-rushes 39(>-399
Spiranthe.s 114
Spirodela 48
polyrhiza 126
Spleen worts 314-316
Sporobolus asper 172, 189, 244
asper 368
drummondii S^iS
catalogue ;367
indicus 171,239
junceus 114
longif olius 114
minor 368
neglectus 114
vaginaeflorus .. 114
Spuroliokis- i"ontnine<l. Page.
viitjiiiiifjfliirns .. 368
liijjiniruK 309
Spurodesniium, catalogiie 248
Sporoncma, catalogue 2.19
Sporotrichum. catalogue 236
Si)ilanthes, catalogue 797
creeping 707
Spinach 828
Spinacia oleracea 828
Spirttfu 539
(intiicHx 539
hehtlaefoliii corymbosa 538
catalogiie , 538
opnlifolia 588
xtipidacea . . 53!<
siipnlata .-. '39
trifoliuta 539
Spiranllies 456
brevifolia 457
cernna 4.'itj
odorata 457
praeco.v 457
Spirodela, catalogue 426
Spontaneous flora, relation to agricul-
ture S21
Sporidinia, catalogue 151
Spring beauty, Virginian 496
Spumaria, catalogue 141
Spumariaceae 141
Spurge .594-598
family 591
Spurry. corn .500
sand 501
Squash 830,831
Mexican 831
Squashes 135
Squaw root 731
Stachys. catalogiie 705
cordata 75
hispida 706
sylvatica 706
Stachytarpheta 694
jamdiceiisis 694
prismatiai 694
Staehelina elegans 766
Staff tree 604
family 604
Staganopsis, catalogue 260
Stagonospora, catalogue 2.57
Staphylea, catalogue 605
trifoUa - 80
Staphyleaceae 605
Star grass 443,448
Starwort 436, 779
soft hairy -- 499
spreading 500
pine 788
water 598, .599
Statice 663
caroUniana 663
limonium carolinianuni 663
Stcnironeis nspera 145
catalogue .. 145
pulchella 145
Staurothele, catalogue 268
disfractella 265
petersii 265,267
Steganosporiuni. catalogue 2.52
INDEX.
913
I'Ugt'.
Steironema, catalogue OHS
intermedium. 1562
ciliatum 65,88,98
lanceolatum 88,98
^P- -- ^51
tonsuin 6:')
Stellaria 199
lanitginosa _ - 5lW
pubcra -- -499
Stemmodontia, catalogae 799
Steuioiiaceae Hi
Stenioiiitaceae - lil
Stemonitis, catalogue 141
Stenactis bcijrichii 786
Stenanthium angustifolium 437
catalogue 137
Stenophragina, catalogue 537
Stenophyllus 401,-103
caespitosus _ 401
capillaris - 63
capillar is 401
catalogue - 401
ciliatifolius 114
Stenotaphrum americunmn _ _-- 363
catalogue 363
secundatum _ 129
Stepbauandra _ 40
Sterculia, catalogiie 018
family. - -- - 618
Sterculiaceae - 618
Stereodou 291
curvifolius 393
Stereiim 199,201
versicolor - --- 247
Stewartia - - 14
catalogue 618
virginica __ 15,618
Stick-tight - -- 807
Sticta -- 264
aurata 266
catalogue 280
quercizans 266
rarcnelii ._ 380
Stictidaccae 160,263
Stilbaceae 347,363
Stilbuin, catalogue 247
Stillingia, catalogue 59-1
ligustrina 594
sebifcra 595
sylvatica 114
Stipa burbata 306
catalogue 306
neesiuiia 366
Stipulicida, catalogue 501
setacea 130
tiny . 501
Stokesia, catalogue 759
cyanea 759
laevis 108
Stoiiecrop, ditch 533
little - 532
Nevius' --- 532
pretty 532
teruate 5;ii
three-leaf : . _ 79
15894 oS
Page.
Storax -- 43
American 665
bush 14,118
large-leaved 109
family _ 664
large-flowered 665
powdery 665
Stramonii folia 715
semeu 715
Strawberry 80.110.822,829
bush 604,605
Japanese 835
in Upper Coast Pine belt •.. 833
wild 541
Strawberries 134
Streptopus laiiuginosus 441
Streptothrix, catalogue -- 337
Strigula _.. 264
catalogue 267
Strobilomyces, catalogue 316
Stropharia, catalogue 234
Strophostyles angulosa 581
helvola 67
peduncular is i 583
Stylisma 681
aquatica 681
humistraUt, 681
Stylosanthes -.. 88
biflora hispidissima 115
catalogue 570
elutior 570
hispida hispidissintci 570
nudiuscula 570
Styracaceae 664
Styrax americaua 125
catalogue 665
glabrum _ .-_ 665
grandiflorum 665
grandifolia 109
laevis 665
pulverulenta _ 118
Stysanus, catalogue 247
Stuartia, fringed 71
pentagyna 57.71
Virginia 71
virginica... 71
Subcarboniferous limestone 67,84,93
rocks 69
Sueda 129,489
linearis 489
Sugar beet 827
cane 32,134,822,835
Chinese 68,835
in Coast Pine belt 833
com .- 339
maple 57,80,84,89,103,605
small-leaf 89
melon 831
Sugarberry, scrubby 475
SuUivant. Alabama mosses -289
Sumac 57,66,88
aromatic - 57,85
dwarf , 600
fragrant — 601
poison 6(10
.■-mooth OiK)
'.11!
IN1)KX.
8HU.U-W. l'.MlT.l-><i.5:il
tiiinily ■>"
Siiiidfws W. LJ7
Suiidrops ''•^'
pinc-bivrreu "•'•'*
Siiiifluwor :w-mi
Sunflowers 4.s.tU.74.8*J..s-^
Supple jiu-k 71.101.tMI8
Suriraya, catalogue IW
Surirelloideue l^t>
Sweet aoaoia 831
basil S29
brier •">-W
cieelv 8-Mi
fennel f*2{t
gum 33^
leaf COO
olive ^5
potato 32,09.80.110.134.822.828
potatoes in Coast Pine belt 822
vernal grass 304
William 084.080
Swedish turnip - -- 827
Sycamore -- 538,833
Symbiotic plant association 51
Symbiots 51
Sympetalac 0.52
Symplioricarpos, catalogite... 744 '
o)liici(U(t(t - Til
sympUoricarpos 80
nilyaris 744
Symplocaeeae 000
Symplocos -.- 201.2.59
catalogue 000
tinctoria .. 45
Synchytriaceae 150,202
Synch ytriuni, catalogue 150
Syndesmon. catalogue 511
thalictroides 67.75.93
Syntherisma, catalogue 344
filiforme 344
fllabrum 344
2}raecox 345
sanguinale 50. 05. laS, 183, 221, 230. 258
serotina - 120
Syringa 535
vulgaris 160
Syrrhopodon --- - 291
catalogue 300
floridauus 294
texanus - 294
Systematic arrangement followed 12
073
074
837
645
42
495
495
79
63,79
595
834
154
7.53
7.53
753
TftlHriKiviiioiitana amsonid
angustifoliu
Tabulai' statement of plants of Alabama.
Taenidia. catalogue
Talauma
Taliniim, catalogue
purple
round-leaf
teretifolium
Tallow tree
Tallow-berry tree . . _
Taphria, catalogue
Taraxacum, catalogue
deiis-leonis
officinale
Taxodiuiii 43
catalogue 325
disticluim 4B
imbricaria 117
Taxus fluridana 34
Taylor. Dr. George H., diatoms ...j 142
Tea 256
Chinese KVi
family 018
Mexican 488
Xew Jersey 010
Tear-thumb, arrow-leaved 486
Teasel family 746
wild 748
Tecoma. catalogue 733
radicaus 71.101, UJO. 244
Telanthera, catalogue 493
polytjonoidvs 491
jiHiKjens 493
Temperatures in Alabama 25
Tennessee Valley, features 80
region of 21
vegetation 81
vegetation and soils 834
Teosinte 1^5,825
Tvphrosia 115,505
chrysophylla 1 507
cinenc 507
fle.vuosu 5(50
/( ispidnlu 560
intermedia 566
onohrychoidcs 566
prostrata 507
spicata 506
virginiaitft 506
Terp-inoe, catalogxie 144
Terrell grass 388
Tetragonia expansa 82<
Tet ragonotheca, catalogue 799
helianthoides 114
Tetraploa, catalogue 246
Teucrium, catalogue 707
Thalesia. catalogue 731
uniflora 53
Tladktrum aiwinonoides 511
(•((riiliiiiainitti 516
catalogue 515
clavatum - 73,78
corn^iii 516
coryncllnm 516
debile 16,110
dloicum 85
laei-igatum 516
2ntbL'scens -- 516
revolutum 516
rwjnsum 516
Thallophytes 143
Tliaiuniuiii 338
Thaspium aureum - 102
aureitni 012
trifoliatum 74
irifdluitum 642
barbinode - 79
catalogue - 043
pinnatifidum ..- - 79
trifoliatum apivrum 647
Theachinensis.- - -- 835
japonica 835
INDEX.
915
I'a.yv.
Theaceae.-- 01?
Thecospom viii-r/ti'yrum ISo
Thelephora 200
Vl-ic'iiiicri . 201
Tlielephoraceao 197.20:)
Thelia 201
asprella 203
catalogue 305
lesciirii _ _ 203
Theloscbistes, catalogue 2S2
chrysoptbaluius flavicans 200
Tbelot rema 204. 200
catalogue _ 274
Thflypodiiun _.. 524
Therm opsis, catalogue _ .5.58
Therofon aconitifolium ^ 73
catalogue 533
Tliesiinii nmbellatniii 479
Thin grass _. 70,370
Thistle 816,817,818,819
blessed .50,818
Cauada 817
common 818
cotton _ 818
cursed- 817
Elliott's... ._ _ 817
family.. 758
milk 818
smooth 817
star 819
tall M7
Virginia 817
yellow 810
TJilas})! biirsci-2}((storis .527
tuberosum _ 525
Thorn apple 54.714,715
common 715
purple il4
biltmore 548
black 99
eockspur 71, 99. .548
dwarf - .550
evergreen .544
fire... .544
Tboroughwax 045
Thorougbwort 700,764
Thuidiura 2£tl
catalogue 307
delicatulum 291
microphyllum 291. 293, 294
Tliurbvria 133,309
arkansana 369
Thuya sphaeroidea 325
Thymbru caroUtiiuna 700
Thyme 698,700,829
Thymeleaceae 631
Thymus carol in iamis 7(X)
serpyllum 829
vulgaris 829
Thyrsantbema. catalogue 819
Thysanella, catalogue 480
fringed 4n)
Tiarella, catalogue .534
cordifolia 75,79
Tick seed 1 572, .573, 574. 804, 805, 800
Tick trefoil 07. 88. 99, 571-.574. 822
Tiedemannia 0-U
TaL'.
ri'jtaa
^vrL'tiJolia
Tilia .. 2aj.~"0'>.
americana 72,
catalogue
beterophylla 72.84,
sp
Tillaoa 533,
catalc gue
simple.r ._ ]2;>.
Tillandsia _
catalogue
usneoides
Tilletiaceae 1S4,
Timothy . 367,
Tinker's root
Tipularia, catalogue
discolor _
unif olia _
Tissa. catalogue
marina ._
Ti-ti- 47.90,122,
black
Titbymalus
Toad-flax
Tobacco 715.
in Upper Coast Pine belt ...
Indian
leaf
Tofleldia, catalogue
pubens.
pubescens
racemosa.
Tolyposporella, catalogue
Tomato 135,238,249,
Tombigbee River, physiography
Toothache grass 124,
Toothwort ..
Tordylium umericaiutm
nodosum
Torreya
taxif olia
Tortula, catalogue
Touch-me-not
Toxylon, catalogue
pomiferum 102,2.53.255.
Trabutia, catalogue
Trachelospermum, catalogue
Trc(cltynotia Juticea
pohjstachya
Tradescantia canaliculata
catalogue
Tragia, catalogue
inuocua
Uvearifolia
urticaef olia 74,
urticaefoi ia
Tragopoyon dandvlivii
porrifolius 1.52,
virginicum
virginicum
Trailing arbutus
Trametes. catalogue
Transition life Z(jne
Trattcnivkia laiicenlata
Traut vetteria carolinensis
catalogue
palnifittt ...
(ill
20i)
195
013
109
252
013
513
5^53
41
4,29
.50
202
826
744
459
4.59
73
501
i:«
mi
coi
595
717
82it
823
751
823
436
66
436
127
183
830
23
374
526
642
641
34
U4
299
610
475
833
177
674
374
374
431
4;{1
593
.593
594
105
.593
.S22
751
751
31
809
*nt;
INDK.X.
Tree of lioft vcu ">ST. KU
Tiv«'«iu)d shiulis for I'niit Kll.SIK
for shade or ornament, list 8.12-834
Trefoil, lessor yellow HiiH
tick (HI. 88, 99.571, 823
shrubby 587
Tromatodon 291
catalogue 297
loujjioollis 291
Tremella, latalogue 195
sp - 255
Troinellaceae 194.202
Tremellales 194.20.2
Treiiiellodon, catalogue 195
Trepocar pus 102
catalogue 641
aethusae 102
Triadciuim, catalogue 023
longi folium 845
Trianosperma. catalogue 747
Tribiilux iiKi.rintHS 5S0
Trii'eratium. catalogue 144
sciil])tiiiii - - 144
Trichia. catalogue - 139
Trichiaceae 139
Trichoilium clnfum 371
hixiflorum - 370
• pereunaus 370
Tricholaena. catalogue 345
Tricbolonia. catalogue 220
Trichomanes, catalogue 319
petersii 17,39,76
radicans 70
Trichophonun Ihieatum 404
Trichosphaeria, catalogue 173
Trichosteina hrnrhiatittti 707
catalogue 707
Trichostomum 291
catalogue 299
macrostegium 21il
jHillidum 299
Tricbothecium, catalogue 235
Tricuspis 377
nmbigiia 378
purpurea 377
sesleroides .,. 378
TrifoUuni Jiiflornm 570
carolinianum 153
catalogue 501
ereviuui 582
hybridum 187,238,828
incaniatum 828
nicUhiiua offici.iale 501
minus - 5(i2
prateuse 187, 82>''
procnmhens minus ,5()2
psoraloides ,503
reflexum 74,238
simplicifolium ,582
sp 187
Triglocbiu. catalogue 329
striata 128
triiindra 329
Trirjonrlla americana 502
Trilisa, catalogue 708
odoratissima > 114. l:.'l . 822
Page.
Trilliitiii riit<:slMiri 44^1
catalogue 442
cernuum 443
Ifiiirrdlatuiii 44:1
iicrvDsiim , 44-3
nodding 44^1
]ii}i(liihiiit 443
rliDtiihiiidcutn 443
sessile 44;!
iwiUdUii 412
stylosuni (Hi. 79
under woodii ftii
viridcsvcns _ 442
Triodia 377
omhigna 378
ruprea 378
strict (1 377
Triosteum, catalogue 744
major 744
ininus 744
Triplasis america na 377
purpurea 377
Trijjodiscus argus j!^
Tripolium diraricatum 785
Triposporium, catalogue 247
rz-fyj-svirij (/I. catalogue 334
cylindricutn 33G
dactj-loides 189,248
Tripterella vnerulea 4.52
capitata 452
Trisetum, catalogue 372
2Kdustrc 372
Triticum vulgare 183. 189. 827
Tropaeolum 245
Tropical life legion 33
Truck farming in Alabama _. 134
Trumpet vine 15.71
Trumpet-leaf mXbSl
Trumpet-weed , 761
Tryblidiaceae 100.262
Tryblidiella, catalogue 100
Trypetbolium 204.266
catalogue 268
("dtervarium 267
Tsuga 197,200.208
canadensis 34.72.158
catalogue 324
Tubercularia, catalogiie 247
Tuberculariaceae 247.263
Tubulina. catalogue 140
Tuckermau, Alabama lichens 263
Tulip tree 31,46,00. 70.84.89.92. 100. .500, 824
Tidlia pycnautheinoides 099
Tumble weed .-. 491
Tumion taxifolium 34
Tuomeya, catalogue 148
Tupelo gum 46
Turnip 13,'), 523. 827
Indian 425
Swedish - 827
Turritis laevigata 528
Turtle-bead "18
Tussilago in tegri folia 819
Tylostoma. catalogue ---- 230
Ti/tiipanis 159
pinastra 100
INDEX.
917
Page-
Typiia, catalogue 326
latifolia 138,173
sp 49
Typhaceae 336
Udora 137.333
Ulmaceae 474
Ulmus 164,171
alata _. 46.167,253
americana 46, 73, IfK), 103, 167, 3i>4, 351
australis 47
catalogue. 474
pubescens 46.474
7-acemosa - 474
UlocoUa foliacea 195
Ulva, catalogue 147
Ulvaceae 147
Umbelliferae 833
Unibilicaria 63
catalogue 281
pustulata papulosa 78,265
Umbilicarieae 265,281,384
Umbrella grass - _ 404
tree 73,93,136,506
Umbrella wort, heart-leaf... 494
pale _. 493
Uncinula, catalogue... 166
Underwood, Prof. L. M., botanical collec-
tion 18
fungi 149
liverworts revised 285
Unicorn plant 733
root 436
Uniola, catalogue 382
gracilis 383
latifolia 104
laxa 98
maritima 383
paniculata 130
spicata 383
Uralepsis cornuta , 377
purpurea 377
Uredinales 184,363
Uredo 3.56
appendiculata 186,187
catalogue 191
hiijifidis 191
h-fpiminosorwn 187
miniaia 191
Urnula, catalogue 160
Uromyces, catalogue 186
medicaginis-falcatae 186
s])ennacoces 190
terebinthi 187
trifolii 186
Urosporella. catalogue 176
Urtica canadensis ■ 477
capitata 478
catalogue 477
cylindrica 478
divaricata 477
herniarioides 478
nivea 478
jirocera 477
puniila 478
}utrpiirascens 477
Urticaceae 477
Page.
Urticastrum. catalogue 477
Usnea 364
barbata 366
catalogue 283
Usneae 283,384
Ustilaginaceae 183,363
Ustilaginales 183.263
Ustilago avenae 349
catalogue 183
cesatii.... 183
Ustulina, catalogue 181
Utricularia 53
biflora 136
catalogue 739
ceratopluiHa 739
fibrosa 730
fornicata _ 730
gibba ...'. 136
inflata 49.136
juncea 117
longirostris 730
minor 730
personata _ 730
purpurea 49,127
saccata 730
setacea 731
striata 730
subulata 117
vulgaris... 49,137
Uvaria pcn-vi flora 507
triloba .507
Uvularia, catalogue 4-38
grandiflora 85. 93
perfoliata 66
minor 438
puberula 75. 85
sessilif olia 66. 75. 93
Vaccaria, catalogue 498
vidgaris 498
Vacciniaceae 657
Vacciuium 45, 166. 196, 201
amoenum 660
arboreum 45. 123. 161, 254
catalogue 6.57
constablaei 660
corymbosum 67.185
jmUidum 660
fuscatitm 660
disomorphnm 660
diimosrim - 6.57
elliottii G.59
frondosinti 657
galezans C.59
h irtellum 6.57
ligustrimim 655
melanocarpum 67. 78
niyrsinites 107. 112
glaucum 113
mi/rtilloides 659
])alliduni 78
stamineum 60. 71. 107. 113. &58
nii'ldnocarpuDi 658
tenellum 71
vacillan.s 66, 67, 71
virga i u »i pa rvifoUum C.59
tenellum 659
\n
I .N : ) 1- A .
Viu'iioni, i-atalDgii.- Wl
iMciMuosa - tits. 75, iW
V:iU'lian •«*<>
family "W
V'aloriaimceao "■Wi
Valeriaiu'lla. catalofjue 740
liiriixtd riiih'dta 7-K>
Vallisneria 4<J,.Kfl
fiiiivricana SM
catalogue 334
spiralis 127
Valsa. catalogue 178
Valsacoae 177,262
Valsaria, catalogue 178
Vanilla plant 7(58,832
Varnish tree, Japanese 618,835
Vegetable marrow 831)
Vegetables, early, in the Coast plain 822
Velvet grass 371
leaf. ^ t'l-t
Venns's comb W6
hair 311
looking-glass, perfoliate 749
two-tlowered 748
Veratrum angustifolium 4137
hiieuin 436
Verbascum blattaria 2.59
catalogue - 710
Verbena 245
augustifolia 104
aubletia 104.693
Aublets 093
bonariensis 712
canadensis .-. 104,108
canesceiis 693
Carolina 115
car oliniaua 97
caroUniana 093
catalogue 692
jamaiceiisis 694
Uicaeanu 692
nodiflora - 695
panivulata 693
prismatica - 694
rigid 694
spuria.. 693
urticaefolia 105
i-eiiosa - 694
Verbenaceae 093
Verbesina 64
alhit 796
alternifolia -. 65,93
aristata 64,66
catalogue 803
helianthoides 93
midicctulis 60,804
occidentalis 190
siegesbeckia 803
Ver mieularia, catalogue 355
Vernonia 184. 7.58
altissima 184
'cdtissiinu 758
augustifolia 245
antjnstifdUa -- 759
catalogue 7.58
f asciculata _ 05
Page.
Vornonia— Continued.
gigantea 138,7.5.'<
graniiuifolia 97,115
nnvcboracensis 345
praealta 7.58
Hvalivrrima 75U
Veronica arvensis .55
curolhiinna 73.'J
catal(jgue 72;j
I)eregrina .55
virijiHicu 724
Verrucaria ^ 264
catalogue 368
i-upestris purpurascons 265
Ver r ucariaceae 367, 384
Verrucaria.s 265
Verrucarieae 207,284
Vervain 693,693
blue 693
Carolina 693
common 693
family 693
narrow-leaf 693
white 693
Vetch 1*5, 553, .568. .509, 576, 577, 839
common 577
family 5.53
hairy .577
milk .568
Viburnaceae 743
Viburnum 238
acerif olium (W, 107
cassinoides 78
catalogue 743
Chinese 136
dentatum 78
scabrellum 743
ferruyineum 743
molle 118
nitidum 118
nudum 118,153
angustifoliuDi. 744
cassinoides 743
chujtonii 744
odoratissimuni 136,835
lirunifolium 82,743
ferruginexim 743
scabrellum 743
sp 181
Vicia caroUniana 74
catalogue 576
mitchellii 577
parvi flora 577
sativa 135,829
Viciaceae 61, 55;^
Vigna, catalogue 579
catjaiig 169,170,237,241.246,255,201
glabra 128
glabra 579
sinensis 830
Vilfa 307
drninmondii : 368
tenacissiina 308
vaginacfloru 368
ViUarsia cordata 763
Ictcunosa 673
INDEX.
91V)
Pa.tje.
Vincetoxicum baldwinii . ... .- 110
catali)gue .- -- — 677
hirsutum _- - 75,103
laeve 102
pahtstre 677
Vine, peppei-idge - 101
trumpet _ 101
Viola.- Ift3.201
aJsophila .- 627
ainoenu - 627
arveiisis 629
(itla)itica 626
blanda 73,78,190
ttmoena 627
pcilusfrifoniiis 627
can inn .-- 629
DuiUicavlis 629
catalogue 626
communis _ 627
concolor — 629
cucullata 627
cordata 627
imhnata. _ 626
debilis - 629
hastata 75
(jlaberrima _ 628
ti-ipurtita (528
heterophyUa _ 626
insiynift 626
vuililenln'rc/ii niHlticanlis 629
multicaiilis 73,75,78
obliciua 193.627
odorata 215
palmata 114
villosa 687
vulgaris 626
papilionacea 193.627
pedata 193
bicolor - C28
inornata 626
pensylvanica 628
primulaefolia.- 2.59
pubescens 75,93
scab7-inscula 628
raflnesquii 1.53
rostrata 73. 78
sagittata 93
septemloba 114
sp -- 190
striata 73
tenella 1.53,629
tricolor 56,1.53,176.254
arvensis 629
villosa 65,245
Violaceae 626-629
Violet ... 626
water 661
wood 6,26,627
Virgilia liitea 557
Virginia creeper 611
Virgin".s bower 71,512
Viscum fl((vescciis 479
Vitaceae 611
Viticulture on table-land.s SO
Vitis 15.5, 1&3, 167, 169,
1 72. 174. 179. 181 , 197, 207. 225, 245. 2.-)0, 252
aestivalis 71,101,832
Page.
Vil is— Continued.
aestivalis... 612
bicolor (U2
cineri'a 612
arborea 611
bicolor - - - - 62
bipinnata _ 101
catalogue 612
cor dif oiia 61
riparia (')12
cinerea 122
incisa (ill
inclivisa 611
lal-rusca 832
riparia 108
riparia 612
rotundifolia 101,
153. 163. 172, 173, 174. 195. 248. 254 . 832
vinifera - — 174.013
v(r?j.)(iio 613
Vogelia capita fa 452
Volutella, catalogue
M^aboo - --
Wake-robin — 442.
Walking leaf
Walnut 43,44,824,
black - 14.46,84.87.92,100,
English -
family
white
Waltheria. catalogue _ -.
Warming's classification _--
Warnstorf, peat mosses identified
Warrior and Coosa table-lands
vegetation ._
Washingtouia, catalogue
claytoni.
longistylis
Water feather.
fern family -
hemlock
hemp
lily --- 49,
family- ----
milfoil family -
milfoils - 49,
plantain
creeping ..
family
pepper, mild
rice- -
shield, purple
star 49,
star wort family
Waterleaf -
family
Watermelon- 134,240,822,
Watermelons in Coast Pine belt ,
Water weed
Wax myrtle. 1.5,41,45,47,122,130,131.266,269,
family •
tree
Waxwork
Wei )cra. catalogue -
^V^■(l<■lia :
aspcrrima
buplitlialmoides .
248
474
443
316
831
461
831
461
401
619
36
290
C9
70
646
85
93
49
320
50
491
504
503
039
639
329
330
329
485
49
503
432
.598
687
687
830
822
3;i3
464
464
15
605
304
799
800
800
\):1()
INDKX.
yntiv.
Weisiai-eae 31t7
irc/.t/ii vii'iiliila 2UT
It astral is 2517
Wheat iW,ttO,823,82r
White akler family (iTil
White iirrow-aruin 4:iu
White Krass ,m
mustaril &l»
uak timber 87
Whiteweed " 813
Whitlow grass 527
Whit lowwort, Bald win's 502
larger 503
low 502
Wioky . (554
Wild l.eau 581,583
cherry 61.62
China 008
garlic 439
ginger, southern 481
large-flowered 481
lamb salad 746
lettuce 755
oat grass 373
onion 439
Willey, Henry, lichens identified 263
Willow 4:3,88,89,465,466,833
black 125,465
dense-flowered 734
. family ^64
heart-leaf 465
prairie 465
Wards 465
weeping 833
herb,colored 636
Willughbya scaudens 128, 165, 190, 243
Wilhighbaeya, catalogue 765
Wilson. Maria, lichens identified 2&
Wind flower, American .• 510
Winds in Alabama 26
Windsvj-ia stricta 377
Winter berry 604
Wintergreen 656
spotted 652
Wire grass 109,113,365
Wistaria 834
American 123
corrected to Wisteria 845
Wisteria 567
chinensis 834
Chinese 834
frutescens 15,567
speciosa 567
Witchhazel 537
family 537
Withered 743
Whortleberry 45,89
Wotlastonia 799
asperrima 800
Wood betony 728
Woodbine 122
Woodsia, catalogue ..- 318
obtusa 73, 94
Wood sorrel family 584
violet . 626,627
Woudwardia angustifoliu 133, 125,313
aruolata 1^5
catalogue ;ji3
virgiuictt 123,125,120
Woolgrii.s8.... 123,4<J4
Wormseed 488,814
Woundwort 705
liJspid 706
woodland 70(j
Xanthium e:uiadonse 165,191
catalogue 757
echinatuui 757
sp 359
strumarium 19]
Xantliosotiia smjittifoliu 425
Xerophile campestriau flora 63
forests 59,70
of Cahaba Valley 91
of Central Pine belt 90
of Cen t ral Prairie region 98
of Coast Pine belt 107, 112
of Tennessee Valley gi
herbaceous associations. 72.82,96
plants of Coast Pine belt 108, 113
Ijlant associations ,. 48,67
plants of dry sands 129
of dunes _. 130
of sandy dry hammocks 131
rupestrian associations 63
Xerophytic plant associations 37
Xerotus, catalogue 220
nigrata 220
Ximinesiu euceliuides 804
Xolisma, catalogue 655
ligustrina 64,66,161,166,185,196
Xylaria, catalogue 182
Xylariaceae 179,202
Xylogramma, catalogue 160
Xyloplcniriim nuttuUii 038
catalogue 638
speoiosum 105,703,833
Xyridaceae 119,427
Xyris 110,238
ambigua 137
bulbosa - 437
caroliniana 97
catalogue 437
communis... 137
conocephala 438
cliff ormis 437
data - 437
flmbriata 127
flexuosa 75
gymnoptera 427
iridifolia 66,97
juiicea 428
laxifoHa 427
rhombipctula 437
serotina 127
setacca 428
stricta 427
tenuifolia 428
torta 97
pallescens 131
INDEX.
921
Page.
Yam family 419
wild 449
Yams 828
Yard grasses 135
Yarrow 813
Yaupon 47,123,603
Yeatesia, catalogue 735
laetevirens 94
Yellow-eyed grass 427,438
family 437
Yellowroot, shrub 508
Yellowwood 80,557,609
Northern 85
Yew, Florida 34
Y^ucca aloif olia 47,96,131
catalogue 440
filameutosa 96
treculeana 137
Yuccas 137
Zamia integrifolia 137
Zamiichellia 49,329
catalogue , 339
palustris 137
Zanthoriza apiif olia 64, 75
catalogue 508
Zantho.vyhim carolinianum . „ 587
catalogue 587
clava-herculis 103,133
tricarpum 587
Page.
Zeamays 68,95,167,183,190,256,835
Zephyronthes 97,133,447
Zinnia multiflora 245
Zizania 49
aquatica 138
catalogue 363
clavulosa 363
fltdtans 362
miliacea 363
Zizaniopsis 49
catalogue 363
miliacea 138
Zizia, catalogue 647
integerrima 645
pinnatifida 643
Zizyphus, catalogue 609
vulgaris 833
vulgaris 609
Zornia bracteata 114
catalogue 570
tvtraphylla. 570
Zygadenus 437
augustifoiius 114
catalogue 437
glaberrimus 130
Zygodesmus, catalogue 237
Zygodon 300
Zygophyllaceae .586
Zythiaceae 260,263
15894-
-59
o
QK 150 .M6 1901 C.2 Qen
Mohr, Charles Theod/Plant life of A labam
3 5185 00129 0137
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